Add to favorites

History of the Altai Territory. Altai Territory. History of the Altai Territory

- 93.50 Kb

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

Biysk Technological Institute (branch)

state educational institution of higher

vocational education

"Altai State Technical University. I.I. Polzunova

(BTI Alt GTU)

Department of Humanities

Cultural development of Altai in the 19th - early 20th centuries

Fulfilled

Shmoylov D.P.

student group IITT-84

Checked:

Kosachev V.G.

Biysk - 2009

INTRODUCTION

The history of the development of culture at various stages of the formation of statehood knows ups and downs, grinds prejudices to hone its best qualities. The process of purification of ideas not only on the scale of the world or the country, but also in various areas of our vast state. The culture of Altai in this regard is a grain of the vast cultural mass of the country, but this grain serves as a contribution, without which people who live and lived in Siberia, in Altai, cannot exist.

The Russian Empire could not help but include an extreme variety of regional cultural traditions; the immensity of the territory turned its individual parts, including vast Siberia, into closed cultural organisms. In assessing the identity of the Siberian culture, contradictory trends are clearly traced, the roots of which go back to the 19th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, when the advance of the Russians beyond the Urals was gaining strength, various aspects of colonization were widely discussed on the pages of periodicals, while government structures, liberals, and democrats were unanimous in the statement: “Siberia is the same Russia »

Beginning of culture (first half of the 19th century)

As in previous years, the process of formation of culture proceeded at a slow pace. The frequent change of kings in the country only held back cultural development. During the period under review, Russia was ruled until 1796 by Catherine II, then Paul I, Alexander I, Nicholas I and Alexander II.

AT last years The reign of Catherine II was characterized by the strengthening of serfdom. However, in 1786, in the field of education, the Charter on public schools was promulgated, the new provincial division of Russia provided opportunities for cultural development in the regions of the country. Catherine II herself was actively engaged in literary activities.

Paul I released some political prisoners in a short period of his reign, which temporarily weakened the cultural reaction. The Catherine and Mariinsky Institutes were founded in St. Petersburg, and the Department of Empress Maria's institutions was opened. At the same time, the strictest censorship was introduced, private printing houses were closed, the import of foreign books introduced emergency measures to persecute advanced social thought.

Alexander I began with moderately liberal reforms, which were prepared by a secret committee. The Secret Expedition introduced by Paul I was destroyed, the emperor gave the lower class - merchants, burghers and state settlers the right to buy uninhabited lands, issued a Decree on free cultivators, which allowed peasants to be freed from serfdom with land through transactions with landowners.

In 1802, the Commission of Schools was approved with a regulation on the organization of educational institutions. Schools, parish and provincial gymnasiums, institutes, lyceums were founded. However, after the victorious war with Napoleon, the situation changed. The right of landowners to exile serfs without trial to Siberia was restored, and military settlements hated by the people were created. Advanced science and culture were persecuted. Various religious organizations flourished.

The reign of Nicholas I was the highest flowering of the absolute monarchy in its military-bureaucratic form. Barracks rules prevailed in all institutions, gymnasiums, universities.

Alexander II began with a long-recognized evil - serfdom. In addition to its abolition, the first state reforms were carried out to please the bourgeoisie. Universities under the charter of 1863 received self-government. Women's education was transformed on a broad basis: there were higher courses for women in university programs. The press became much freer than before, and provincial newspapers began to develop.

In the struggle against routine and conservatism, advanced culture increasingly took possession of the consciousness of broad sections of the Russian people, exerted a growing influence on all other peoples of Russia. This makes it possible to evaluate the culture of Siberia already in a higher range. Public education and health care received further development. In education, religious, military and vocational schools were replaced by general education schools. special schools began to be based on general educational disciplines. In Barnaul, there was a Mining School that trained cadres of mining masters. It studied the basics of metallurgy, mineralogy and other special disciplines. Schools for the children of workers appeared at some distilleries, where teachers were exiled settlers. On the basis of soldier and Cossack schools, military orphanage departments appeared, in which by 1820 there were more than 7 thousand people. Here children were taught literacy, arithmetic, geometry, playing the flute, drumming and military science. Some Cossack schools in the villages turned into rural ones.

According to the new school reform of 1803-1804. Russia was divided into 6 educational districts headed by universities. Siberia became part of the Kazan educational district. After Tobolsk and Irkutsk in 1838, the third gymnasium was opened in Tomsk. If gymnasiums and district schools were provided with buildings and equipment at the expense of the state, then parochial schools, the most accessible to the general public, were transferred entirely to the maintenance of the local community. In the first quarter of the 19th century, school education did not have a clear class character. But in 1860 in Western Siberia, the children of nobles, officials, clergy and merchants accounted for 85% of all students in gymnasiums, 32% in district schools, and only 13% of students in parish schools. The rest of the share in these educational institutions are the children of peasants, Cossacks, philistines and other urban inhabitants. The class character of the school stands out distinctly.

Among the Siberian teachers there were wonderful teachers, enthusiasts of their work: I.P. Mendeleev (father of the great chemist), poet P.P. Ershov, naturalist S.S. Schukin, geographer R.K. Maak and others. In Western Siberia in 1817 there were 4 urban parochial schools, in 1830 their number increased to 7, by 1840 to 9, and by 1855 to 15. The bulk of Siberia was illiterate and this was reflected in cultural development. Only the Buryats and Tatars had their own written language. Pictography was widely used among most peoples. And in the education of the local population, the role of Christian missionaries is great. Among the missionaries there were many enlightened people, sincerely striving to benefit the people.

Such was the missionary Makarii Glukharev who worked in Altai. For the Altai Turks, he created a special national script based on the Russian alphabet. Glukharev adhered to liberal-bourgeois views and was associated with individual Decembrists. He was not alone in his cultural vocation, and knowledge of the Russian language spread among the peoples of Siberia, and many already mastered Russian literacy.

Health care in Siberia also made its new steps. If in the first half of the 18th century hospitals appeared in military units and at some factories in Siberia, then in 1783 and 1784. the first civilian hospitals were opened in Tobolsk and Irkutsk, in 1807, created at the expense of the merchant Chupalov, a hospital was opened in Tomsk. In 1822 in the Tomsk province there were 6 hospitals, hospitals were created at some factories. In the Altai mountain district, the entire medical service was united under the leadership of the chief physician.

In 1851, there were already 18 hospitals in the cities of Western Siberia. However, there were very few medical workers. Cholera, smallpox, anthrax, measles often led to epidemics. The indigenous non-Russian population of Siberia was in the worst sanitary and hygienic conditions of life.

Of great importance for the cultural development of Siberia was the study of its natural resources, geography, ethnic characteristics, and history. The considered time in this direction gave new pages of Siberian studies. The study proceeded in two directions: by sea and by land. At the same time, not only representatives of central Russia, but the Siberians themselves sought to know their land, its nature, wealth, and population.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the Altai mining master P.M. Zalesov developed the project of the first Russian turbine, at the Barnaul plant S.V. Litvinov designed an air duct machine. Technical thinkers did not always find support, but they enriched the formations of production. And these were not only technical achievements, but they enriched cultural life.

The development of literature, theater and art of Siberia was already influenced by the fact that in the period under review the progressive people of Russia knew about it, found in its wide expanses a lot of beauty and wonder. However, it should be noted that even then there were two opposite directions in the assessment of Siberia. Some saw the growth of Russia in the development of Siberia, while others doubted and saw a waste of effort and money. Therefore, probably, the Russian people were wary of Siberia, especially when Siberia was increasingly turning into a place of exile for objectionable people.

We talked about the role of the clergy in the formation of culture. For Biysk, this was of particular importance. Brick in the city began to be made in 1785, and with it stone buildings began to appear. The earliest was the new stone Assumption Cathedral. Near the city, upstream of the Biya, a monastic women's community appeared in 1813, which later turned into the St. Nicholas Convent.

Since 1828 the positions of the clergy have been expanding. By decree of Tsar Nicholas I, the Altai Orthodox Mission was approved in the city, the archimandrite of which was Father Macarius, highly erudite and cultured for his time. That year he turned 36, and he was full of strength to join the peoples of Altai to Orthodoxy.

2. Culture. The rise of capitalism. (Second half of the 19th century).

The period of historical development under consideration is associated with changes in the economy and culture, which were influenced by the abolition of serfdom and subsequent bourgeois reforms in Russia. It was the reign of Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II. The reforms carried out by Alexander II had a profound moral impact on society. Universities under the charter of 1863 received self-government. Women's education was transformed on a broad basis: there were higher courses for women in university programs. The zemstvos and city dumas took the elementary public education into their own hands and placed the public schools on firm ground. The press, under the provisional law of 1865, became much freer than before, and provincial newspapers began to develop.

2.1 Development of literacy in Altai.

The bourgeois era made higher than before, the requirements for the literacy of the population. The development of capitalism in agriculture and industry determined the need for competent employees and workers. In the 60s. 19th century. The question arose of expanding the network of schools, primarily primary schools. The progressive public demanded universal primary education. The government was forced to start reforms in the field of education, which affected the primary, secondary and higher schools. network expansion primary schools contributed to the "Regulations on elementary public schools" in 1864. In the same year, a new charter of gymnasiums - secondary schools was approved. They could be classical, with a predominance of the humanities, and real, in which more attention was paid to mathematics and natural science. Formally, the school in Russia became classless, that is, representatives of all classes could study. But the lack of educational institutions, the poverty of the masses and the reactionary policy of the tsarist government preserved the feudal tradition in the education system (primarily class) and doomed the children of peasants and workers to illiteracy.

In the pre-reform period, there was not a single secondary or incomplete secondary general education school in Altai. There were only 16 elementary schools in the entire district. After 1861, Altai remained one of the culturally backward outskirts of the country. Educational issues were resolved extremely slowly. For example, for 10 years there have been talks about opening a women's gymnasium in Barnaul. And only when the wife of a mining engineer, E. Preobrazhenskaya, donated a house for a progymnasium, it was opened in 1877. The first female progymnasium in Altai at that time included a preparatory department (26 students) and a first class (24 students). Education in it was paid, it was intended for the education of children of privileged classes. So, in the 1879/80 academic year, out of 82 students, there were 66 persons from noble families, 6 from the clergy, 8 from merchants and philistines, and 2 from others. There were not a single student from the peasants. Throughout the post-reform period, correspondence continued between various authorities (the Cabinet, the Tomsk administration, the Barnaul City Duma, etc.) about the opening of a male gymnasium in Barnaul. A positive solution to the issue was frustrated due to the lack of a building and funds; in the 19th century, the inhabitants of the city did not receive a gymnasium.

Big role the progressive intelligentsia, among which there were many political exiles, played in the spread of literacy. So among the exiles was the liberal populist V. K. Shtilke. On his initiative in Barnaul in 1884, the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" was organized. Members of the society carried out a wide campaign to raise funds for the construction of schools. Thanks to the activities of the society, Nagornaya was opened in Barnaul in 1885, and in 1891 - Zaichanskaya schools, both in areas where the poor lived. In schools, not only education was free, but also textbooks, and some children from the poorest families received free breakfasts, shoes and clothes. Free libraries were established at these schools. By 1896, the number of students in them reached 400. In 1897, Sunday schools for adults were organized at the schools of the Society for the Care of Adults, in which up to 200 people took a course every year.

Work description

The Russian Empire could not help but include an extreme variety of regional cultural traditions; the immensity of the territory turned its individual parts, including vast Siberia, into closed cultural organisms. In assessing the identity of the Siberian culture, contradictory trends are clearly traced, the roots of which go back to the 19th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, when the advance of the Russians beyond the Urals was gaining strength, on the pages periodicals the most different aspects colonization, while government structures, and liberals, and democrats were unanimous in the statement: "Siberia is the same Russia"

The content of the work

INTRODUCTION 3
1. Beginning of culture (first half of the 19th century) 4
2. Culture. The rise of capitalism. (Second half of the 19th century). eight
2.1 Development of literacy in Altai. 9
2.2 Exploration of Altai. eleven
2.3. The development of the architecture of Altai. 12
3. Culture. The period of building socialism. (Early XX century). 13
CONCLUSION 16
REFERENCES 17

XVII-XVIII centuries The origin of Altai metallurgy

Settling of the Upper Ob and Altai foothills by Russians began in the second half of the 17th century. The development of Altai went faster after the Beloyarskaya (1717) and Bikatunskaya (1718) fortresses were built to protect against the warlike nomads of the Dzhungars.

The long Northern War with Sweden posed a number of problems for Russia, one of which was obtaining its own metals and especially copper, which is necessary for the manufacture of cannons, minting coins, and casting bells. Before the war, Russia imported from Sweden over 17 thousand pounds of copper annually, but now the government of Peter I had to turn to its own natural resources. For this purpose, search parties were equipped, and private initiative was encouraged.

Altai has long been known as a region of metal mining. The largest Ural factory owner Akinfiy Demidov took advantage of this - on September 21, 1729, the first-born of Altai metallurgy, the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant, started working. The bowels of Altai were also rich in silver. In 1744, Demidov's clerks started silver-smelting production. The result of the activities of Akinfiy Demidov in Altai was the creation of a feudal mining industry based on the serf labor of bonded peasants and artisans.

Landmap of Demidov's possessions in Altai.
TsHAF AK. F.R-1736. Op. 1. D. 17. Photocopy

In 1747, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna issued a decree transferring Altai to the personal property of the Russian tsars - the former Demidov enterprises came under the jurisdiction of the tsar's Cabinet, under whose leadership the subsequent industrial exploitation of the silver-bearing deposits of the region was carried out. Over the next five years, more than 750 pounds of silver and more than 20 pounds of gold were smelted in Altai, which was estimated at 150 thousand rubles - a huge amount for those times. The tomb of Alexander Nevsky weighing 90 pounds, now in the Hermitage, was made of Altai silver.

Barnaul plant Akinfiy Demidov. 1747 Reconstruction by M.A. Yudin. TsHAF AK. F.R-1658. Op. 1. D. 6. L. 72.

By the end of the 18th century, 8 mining and metallurgical plants operated in the region. The annual smelting of silver reached 1 thousand pounds. The Zmeinogorsk mine in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries was the main supplier of silver-bearing ores.

The tomb of Alexander Nevsky, made of Altai silver.
Leningrad, Hermitage. TsHAF AK. Photopositive No. 721.

Formed in the second half of the 18th century, the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (since 1834 - Altai) mountain district is a vast territory that included the modern Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, part of the Tomsk Region and part of the East Kazakhstan Region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with a total area of over 500 thousand . sq. km. The reigning monarch was the owner of the Altai factories, mines, lands and forests, the main management of them was carried out by the Cabinet, located in St. Petersburg. The backbone of local control was made up of mountain officers. The Kolyvano-Voskresensky Mining Board was located in Barnaul, the administrative center of the district.

Plan of the Barnaul plant and its environs, indicating the location
main buildings, roads, arable land and mowing,
compiled by non-commissioned master I.I. Polzunov and geodesy by P. Popov.
1757 TSHAF AK. F. 50. Op. 13. D. 1.

At the end of the 18th century, all the most important deposits of ornamental stones were discovered in Altai, which brought him world fame: Korgonskoye, Revnevskoye, Beloretskoye and Goltsovskoye. Since 1786, the stone-cutting industry has been developing in the region (grinding mill at the Loktevsky plant, since 1802 - a grinding factory in the village of Kolyvan). She specialized in the production of large items: vases, candelabra, fireplaces, and other products. Here the famous “Queen of Vases” was made from Remnev jasper, which adorns one of the halls of the Hermitage.

Drawing of a candelabra made of gray-violet jasper.
The author of the project is the architect Galberg.
TsHAF AK. F. 1. Op. 2. D. 4023. L. 7. Original.

From 1766 to 1781, the mint of the Suzunsky copper smelter produced Siberian copper coins, which were in circulation only in Siberia; from 1781 to 1847 - all-Russian.

Siberian copper coins

All-Russian copper coins,
minted at the Suzunsky factory

XVIII-XIX centuries Agriculture is the basis of the regional economy

In the first half of the 19th century, Altai ranked first in Russia in the production of silver, second in copper, and third in gold. It has become the second industrial region in the east of the country after the Urals. In 1806, Barnaul, along with Yekaterinburg, was officially recognized as a mountain town.

Drawing of the coat of arms of the city of Barnaul, approved
Emperor Nicholas I on May 8, 1846
TsHAF AK. F. 2. Op. 1. D. 8200. L. 725.

After the reforms of the 60s-70s of the 19th century, feudal remnants in Altai were preserved to a greater extent than in the center of the country and other regions of Siberia. The belonging of the mountain district to the kings remained inviolable, and this determined many features of the development of Altai in the post-reform period. The mining industry, which was the main branch of the economy of the district, entered after 1861 into a period of crisis. From the beginning of the 1870s, unprofitable factories began to grow uncontrollably, and by the end of the century almost all of them were closed.

Panorama of the city of Barnaul. Second half of the 19th century
TsHAF AK. F.R-1771. Op. 1. D. 10. L. 36, 37.

In the post-reform Altai, private gold mining was most developed. The largest companies in the gold industry were the Altai Gold Mining Business and the South Altai Gold Mining Business. By the end of the 19th century, there were 70 mines and up to 100 pounds of gold were mined annually. The private manufacturing industry was represented by flour and grain mills, distilleries, fur-rolling and sheepskin coat workshops. Black sheepskin coats made in Barnaul were famous all over Russia.

Map of the Altai District showing the locations of useful
fossils. 1908 TsHAF AK. F. 50. Op. 12. D. 242.

At the Karakachinsky mine. [Beginning of the 20th century]
TsHAF AK. Photopositive No. 8814.

Gradually, agriculture becomes the basis of the Altai economy. Along with the cultivation of grain crops (wheat, oats, rye), potato plantings expanded, and beekeeping received significant development. At the beginning of the 20th century, dairy farming and butter production came to the fore. Altai oil was even exported to countries Western Europe.

Sheepskin degreasing workshop at a private sheepskin coat factory. 1912
TsHAF AK. Photopositive No. 2137.

By 1915, the Altai railway was built, connecting Novonikolaevsk, Barnaul and Semipalatinsk. Improved and water transport.

Altai in the Patriotic War of 1812

The events of the Patriotic War of 1812 did not bypass the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district.

On its territory, the Siberian and Irkutsk Dragoons, Tomsk, Shirvan Musketeers and the 18th Jaeger regiments were quartered, which took an active part in the Patriotic War of 1812. For ten years, the Tomsk Musketeer Regiment was in Altai.

Plan of the area near the camp of the Tomsk Musketeer Regiment at the Barnaul Plant
GAAC. F. 50. Op. 21. D. 1472.

The headquarters of the regiment, food warehouses, the regimental infirmary and the grenadier battalion were located in the Barnaul plant, and the companies of the regiment were located in Talmensky, Beloyarsky and other villages. The organized withdrawal of dragoon and musketeer regiments from Siberia to Kazan was carried out by Lieutenant General G.I. Glazenap and a native of Biysk, Major General A.A. Rock.

From the book: Patriotic War and Russian society 1812-1912. Moscow. 1912. Vol. IV. S. 104.

As part of the 24th Infantry Division, our fellow countrymen fought near Smolensk and Borodino, Maloyaroslavets, Krasny and on the Berezina. Residents of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district voluntarily donated funds for the needs of the army and the victims of hostilities.

To the Office of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky Mining Administration
on the admission of a student of the Mining Cadet Corps
Nikita Popov in the St. Petersburg militia. October 21, 1812
GAAC. F. 1. Op. 2. D. 1213. L. 95.

Head of the Kolyvano-Voskresensk plants I.I. Ellers
about the donation of money to the foundation of a patriotic women's society by the Purtov family. June 28, 1813
GAAC. F. 1. Op. 2. D. 1492. L. 53.

In 1813-1814. As part of the regiments of the Russian army, the Siberians, together with the Prussian, Austrian, English and Swedish soldiers, completed the defeat of Napoleon's army and liberated the peoples of Western Europe from the French conquerors. Among them were residents of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky mining district, who, at the end of the war, returned to their native places with military awards for the liberation of European cities, including Paris, Leipzig, Warsaw ...

Stored in the Altai State Museum of Local Lore.

Early 20th century Stolypin agrarian reform and Altai

P.A. Stolypin and A.V. Krivoshein in the village. Slavgorod in autumn 1910
From the book: Asian Russia. St. Petersburg, 1914. T. 1. S. 488.

Outstanding Russian statesman, Minister of the Interior, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (since 1906) Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin (1862-1911) in 1910, together with the head of the Main Directorate of Land Management and Agriculture A.V. Krivoshein visited Siberia and Altai in order to get acquainted with the practice of resettlement. During the trip P.A. Stolypin, in addition to other areas, crossed the territory of the entire Altai district, covering hundreds of kilometers. The solemn foundation of the resettlement village of Slavgorod was held, it developed rapidly and four years later received the status of a city.

The beginning of the implementation of Stolypin's resettlement policy in Altai was initiated by the publication of a decree on September 19, 1906 "On the provision of free land for resettlement in the Altai District."

The colonization fund of the Altai Okrug was formed from free lands, segments from the land management of old-timer peasants and the aboriginal population, cabinet dues. The bulk of the resettlement areas were allocated in areas of the district that had not previously been affected or only slightly affected by agricultural colonization, including in arid areas (Kulunda and Belagachskaya steppes). The land allotted for village, farm and cut-off plots was enough to accommodate no more than 2/3 of all resettlement families who arrived in the Altai Okrug. The rest of the settlers settled in the old-timers' villages. Compared with 1897-1906. the geography of resettlement of settlers in the district expanded from 162 to 211 volosts.

The most active part in the resettlement was taken by immigrants from the Central Black Earth provinces, Ukraine, Novorossia and the Volga region. During the Stolypin period, the share of migrants from the Urals, the Baltic states and the western provinces decreased. With a certain isolation in the cultural and everyday sphere, agricultural labor and the desire for survival contributed to the establishment of cooperation in the economic and production sphere between settlers and old-timers, as well as foreigners.

Agricultural work in a pre-revolutionary Altai village
GAAC. Photopositive No. 8819.

The Stolypin resettlements became an important milestone in the development of the Altai Okrug, which became the place of the most massive settlement of migrants. This process contributed to a wider involvement of the Siberian region in the all-Russian economic and socio-cultural processes. Many new settlements have appeared in the region, where in the most difficult natural conditions there were new methods and techniques for organizing economic life, industries that glorified our region far beyond its borders (grain production, butter and cheese making, beekeeping, maral breeding, etc.)

Altai in World War I

On the eve of the war, the Altai District had a developed agriculture, the majority of the population lived in rural areas. The district produced annually over 100 million poods of grain. Peasant farms kept 15 million heads of various livestock. Beekeeping, cattle breeding, dressing of leather, sheepskins and fur goods were developed.

The main contribution of the district to the cause of helping the front was the supply of bread and meat and dairy products to the army. An equally important task that the district authorities solved as part of providing material assistance to the front was horse and automobile service. Horses, cars, motorcycles, all kinds of carts, water vehicles. Formed in the summer of 1915, the local military-industrial committees (VPK) on a large scale produced infantry-style boots, sheepskin coats, hats, felt boots, horseshoes, saddles, wagons, entrenching tools, etc. for the needs of the army.

From the very beginning of the war, the mobilization of the population of Altai began. During the three years of the war, Siberia as a whole and Altai in particular experienced 20 military recruitment of the male population. Over 600,000 conscripts and recruits were mobilized in the Tomsk province. In the Altai District, with a population of just over 3 million people, over 400 thousand people were mobilized for the war.

On the fronts of the First World War fought 7 Siberian army corps, 22 Siberian rifle divisions, 9 regiments of the Siberian Cossack army and a significant number of individual military units and connections. In the first days of the war, the Barnaul battalion of the 44th Siberian Rifle Regiment left for the front. At the beginning of 1915, the 617th, 618th, 619th and 626th foot squads of the State Militia were formed in Altai. In February 1916, as part of the army, the squads were transformed into the 492nd Barnaul and 681st Altai infantry regiments. Many residents of our region showed courage and heroism on the battlefields and became Knights of St. George. G.A. Galdin, T.M. Zyryanov, P.D. Tibekin, G.L. Pozharitsky, A.A. Alyabiev, N.N. Kozhin - just some of them.

Announcement of the Biysk district police officer on holding the Divine Liturgy
at the Trinity Cathedral in honor of the victory of Russian troops over
Austro-German armies in the Zavislyansky region and in Galicia.

GAAC. F. 170. Op. 1. D. 608. L. 156.

The general patriotic upsurge of the population was expressed in the creation of numerous charitable organizations. Their activities were aimed at collecting money, things, food for all those in need and affected by the war, the families of soldiers, organizing infirmaries and food points both in the rear and on the front line. The main charitable organizations that functioned in war time on the territory of the Altai District, were: the Altai branch of the Red Cross Society, the Siberian Society for Providing Assistance to Wounded Soldiers, the provincial branches of the Committee Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and the Committee of Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna, the Alexandrovsky and Skobelev Committees, the Altai Ladies' Committee for Assistance to Sick and Wounded Soldiers, local branches of the All-Russian Union of Cities, etc.

Poster of the Committee of Her Imperial Highness the Grand Duchess
Tatyana Nikolaevna about rendering assistance to refugees. 1915

GAAC. F. 170. Op. 1. D. 648. L. 60.

First World War had a huge impact on the Siberian province, rebuilding on a military footing all spheres of society. The Altai District made a huge contribution to the common cause of supporting the army in the field. There was a unity of efforts of the government, regional authorities and the public, which manifested itself in the supply of the army, the course and conduct of mobilization campaigns, assistance to the families of those called up for military service, as well as to all those affected by the war.

1917-1941 Industrialization of the Altai Territory

The events of 1917-1919 led to the establishment of Soviet power in Altai. In June 1917, the Altai province was formed with the center in the city of Barnaul. It lasted until 1925.

Map of the Altai province showing the borders of the counties
and volosts superimposed on the map of the Altai District.
TsHAF AK. F. 50. Op. 21. D. 404.

From 1925 to 1930, the territory of Altai was part of the Siberian Territory, from 1930 to 1937 - in the West Siberian Territory. On September 28, 1937, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR decided to divide the West Siberian Territory into Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory with the center in Barnaul.

Throughout the 1920s, Altai remained an agrarian region and therefore the main political and socio-economic processes were associated with the development of the village. By the early 1930s, the collectivization of peasant farms was completed.

The end of the construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway affected the economic development of the Altai province in the late 1920s. For the processing of Central Asian cotton, the Barnaul melange plant is being built - the first large textile enterprise in Siberia. Its construction began in June 1932, in November 1934 the first stage of the plant was put into operation. In 1940, the enterprise reached its design capacity.

Construction of the main building of the Barnaul melange plant
1933 TsHAF AK. Photo positive No. 6632.

Elevators were built in Barnaul, Biysk, Kamen-on-Ob; in Biysk and Aleysk - sugar factories; in Biysk, Rubtsovsk and Pospelikha - meat processing plants. Metalworking and production of building materials grew rapidly, transport network. By the end of the 1930s, Altai had become one of the largest agro-industrial regions in Siberia.

Stuffing the finished oil into barrels at the butter and cheese factory
plant of the Altai butter-making artel, with. Altai.
TsHAF AK. F.P-5876. Op. 5. D. 608. L. 9.

1941-1945 Altai Territory during the Great Patriotic War

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War required the restructuring of the work of all National economy. The Altai Territory received more than 100 evacuated enterprises from the western regions of the country, including 24 plants of all-Union significance, among them plants of agricultural engineering, tractor, tractor equipment, mechanical presses, hardware-mechanical, car-building, two boiler houses, etc. The war fundamentally changed the economic appearance region, giving a powerful impetus to the development of its industry. The evacuated enterprises were located in Barnaul, Biysk, Slavgorod, Rubtsovsk, Chesnokovka (Novoaltaysk). At the same time, the region remained one of the main granaries of the country, being a major producer of bread, meat, butter, honey, wool and other agricultural products and raw materials for industry.

1945-1990 The formation of the region as an agro-industrial region

The first post-war decade was a period of mass development of new equipment and technology. The region's industrial growth rates were six times higher than the average Union ones. Altai diesel engines were presented at world industrial exhibitions in Berlin, Leipzig and other cities, where they received high marks and awards. At Altayselmash in the mid-1950s. The country's first automatic plowshare production line was put into operation. The Biysk Boiler Plant for the first time in the history of boiler building used a production line for the manufacture of boiler drums. The Barnaul plant of mechanical presses has introduced the design of new embossing presses with a pressure of 1000-2000 tons.

Meeting of virgin lands at the station. Topchikha. 1954
TsHAF AK. Photo negative No. 0-3412.

By the beginning of the 1960s, Altai produced more than 80% of tractor plows, over 30% of freight cars and steam boilers produced by that time in the RSFSR.

The priority development of industry, characteristic of the post-war decades, affected the state of agriculture, which continued to develop by extensive methods. The grain problem remained the key one for the region. The development of virgin and fallow lands provided a temporary way out of the situation. Collective and state farms of the region developed 2619.8 thousand hectares of virgin and fallow lands, 20 virgin state farms were organized in the region. For the successful development of virgin lands, the increase in grain production, the Altai Territory was awarded the Order of Lenin in October 1956 (Altai Territory was awarded the second Order of Lenin in 1970). In the future, the development of virgin lands resulted in the loss of sown areas as a result of soil erosion. Under these conditions, the need to intensify agricultural production, turning it into a complex closely connected with the processing industries, became urgent.

In the 1970–80s, there was a transition from separately operating enterprises and industries to the formation of territorial production complexes: agro-industrial units, production and production and scientific associations. Rubtsovsko-Loktevsky, Slavgorodsko-Blagoveshchensky, Zarinsko-Sorokinsky, Barnaul-Novoaltaisky, Aleisky, Kamensky, Biysk agro-industrial complexes were created with centers in large cities.

Coke plant in Zarinsk: collection workshops
and processing of coke oven gas. 1989
TsHAF AK. Photopositive No. 10435.

In February 1972, the construction of the Altai Coke Plant began, and in December 1981, the first coke was produced.

Time for a change

Since the late 1980s, signs of an impending crisis began to appear in the region, as well as throughout the country, in all sectors of society. The years 1990-2000 were the years of an acute budget deficit and the decline of the construction industry. The region's economy turned out to be unadapted to the new conditions. On the other hand, elements of self-development began to take shape in the economic environment. There was an opportunity to enter the international market. The economic policy of the region was focused on improving the quality and competitiveness of the region's products, increasing the export of Altai goods.

In the early 1990s, instead of collective farms and state farms, farms, many of which received state support. By the end of the 1990s. The Altai Territory was among the top ten regions of Russia in terms of their number.

In 1991, the Administration of the Altai Territory adopted a resolution "On the opening of a regional medical diagnostic center", the construction of which was completed in 1993. The main objectives of its activities were to provide highly qualified consultative, diagnostic and medical assistance to the population of the region using the most modern, sophisticated hardware and instrumental methods.

Photo by V.M. Sadchikov. 1994 GAAC. F.R-1910. Op. 1. D. 1185.

During this period, territorial changes took place in the Altai Territory: in 1991, the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region (currently a subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Altai) was withdrawn from its composition.

In the spring of 1992, the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin visited the Altai Territory.

Photo by V.M. Sadchikov. 1992 GAAC. F.R-1910. Op. 1. D. 194.

His visit served as an impetus for solving some of the strategic tasks of the region. Already on June 24, 1992, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On measures to improve the health of the population and the socio-economic development of the settlements of the Altai Territory located in the zone of influence of nuclear tests" was issued, in 1993 the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the social protection of citizens exposed to radiation effects due to nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site”, and later - the State Program on this issue. Citizens of the Altai Territory exposed to radiation received the right to appropriate compensation and benefits. Many social and healthcare facilities were built precisely at the expense of the Semipalatinsk program, which continues to this day.

At the same time, a decision was made to build a new road bridge across the Ob River, which was opened in 1997.

Photo by V.M. Sadchikov. 1994 GAAC. F.R-1910. Op. 1. D. 1376.

On December 6, 1993, the Decree of the Council of Ministers - the Government of the Russian Federation "On the development of gasification of the Altai Territory" was adopted, which provided for the commissioning of the Novosibirsk-Barnaul gas pipelines in 1994 and Barnaul-Biysk in 1995-1996.

Gas came to the capital of the Altai Territory in December 1995 through the Novosibirsk-Barnaul single-line main gas pipeline.

In 1995, Barnaul Airport received international status.

With the start of market reforms, the situation in the social and cultural spheres is changing. The leadership of the region adopted resolutions on the prevention of unemployment, the allocation of land plots for orchards and orchards, and the development of measures to provide assistance to refugees and internally displaced persons. This time was marked by attempts to preserve the system of public education and medical care for the population, to minimize the costs of transition to a market in the field of culture, and so on. On July 20, 1993, a resolution of the Administration of the Territory “On the transfer of religious buildings and other property to religious organizations” was adopted, and in 1994 a program for the revival of the Kumandin people was developed.

In 1993, the Joint Stock Company for Energy and Electrification of the Altai Territory, JSC Altaienergo, was established as part of RAO UES of Russia. The structure of the enterprise included: CHPP-1, CHPP-2, CHPP-3, Barnaul heating plant, as well as branches of electrical networks and energy sales.

New projects and enterprises that appeared in the early 1990s are moving to the forefront of the economy. In 1991, the Evalar company was established on the basis of the Federal Research and Production Center "Altai", which later became one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Russia, specializing in the production of natural preparations for maintaining and strengthening health, medical cosmetics.

In 1992, on the basis of a grain processing enterprise, the Aleyskzernoprodukt Open Joint-Stock Company was organized - a powerful agro-industrial complex with a full technological cycle for growing and processing grain, manufacturing and packaging products.

In 1993, the Rubtsovsky Bakery Plant was transformed into the Melnik Joint-Stock Company, which produces flour, pasta, cereals, sunflower oil and feed for farm animals.

In order to revive the extraction of polymetallic ores on the territory of the Altai Territory, in 1998 the Administration of the region established Siberia-Polymetals OJSC, which is engaged in the extraction of polymetallic ores, gold, and the production of copper, zinc, and lead concentrates.

In order to preserve the natural state of valuable natural complexes On December 15, 1998, the decision of the regional Legislative Assembly "On the Tigireksky State Nature Reserve" was adopted. And on January 21, 1998, in order to prevent the loss of the gene pool and preserve rare and endangered species of plants and animals, a decree was issued on the publication of the Red Book of the Altai Territory.

In 2003, the draft program for the development of the city of Biysk as a science city of the Russian Federation for 2003-2007 was approved. In 2005, the Government of the Russian Federation supported the initiative of the Governor of the region Alexander Karlin, the administration of the city of Biysk to assign the status of a science city to the second largest city in the Altai Territory. In 2011, by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation, the status of the science city of the Russian Federation was retained by the city of Biysk for another 5 years. On January 19, 2017, a Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation was adopted, which retained the status of a science city behind Biysk for 15 years.

Altai Territory in ancient times

People first appeared on the territory of Altai about one and a half million years ago. The glacial shell then covered vast expanses of Western Siberia, so all the sites of ancient people were located south of the glaciers, in the swampy plains adjacent to them, cold steppes and forest-steppes of that era - the Stone Age.

At the end of the 6th - beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. groups of newcomers appear on the territory of Altai. The culture of the alien population was called "Afanasievskaya" - after the name of the mountain in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, near which the first burial ground dating back to this period was excavated. The Afanasiev tribes settled in Altai along the Biya and Katun rivers in the south and along the Ob in the north. These were the early cattle-breeding tribes of the Proto-Europeans, whose basis of life was distant pastoralism.

In the 1st century BC e in Altai there was a culture of the Scythian type, which left a huge number of unique monuments. The main occupation of the population of Altai at that time was cattle breeding. In the summer people roamed the plains and foothills, and with the onset of winter they drove the cattle to the mountain valleys. The settled tribes of Altai in the Scythian era lived in the range from modern Kulunda in the west, to the Kuznetsk Alatau in the east and to the Altai Mountains in the south.

From the end of the III century - the beginning of the II centuries BC. e. until the end of the 1st century BC. e. Altai was in the sphere of influence of the tribal union of the Xiongnu - the ancestors of the Huns, who subsequently conquered many European peoples in the process of the "great migration of peoples". The Xiongnu created the first early class state in Central Asia. The mass movement of nomadic tribes to the west greatly changed the appearance of the population of Altai. In the forest zone, the culture of the Samoyed population, West Siberian Ugric peoples and early Turkic elements began to take shape.

Altai Territory in the XVII-XIX centuries.

The long Northern War with Sweden posed a number of problems for Russia, one of which was obtaining its own metals and especially copper, which is necessary for the manufacture of cannons, minting coins, and casting bells. Before the war, Russia imported from Sweden over 17,000 poods of copper annually. Now the government of Peter I had to turn to its own natural resources. For this purpose, search parties were equipped, and private initiative was encouraged.

Altai has long been known as a metal mining area, as evidenced by the so-called "Chudsky mines". The father and son of Kostylev are rightfully considered the pioneers of ore deposits in Altai. These discoveries were used by the largest Ural breeder Akinfiy Demidov.

For reconnaissance, Demidov sends his clerks and artisans from the Urals to Altai, who confirmed the rich content of the local ores. In addition to rich ores, Altai had dense pine forests and numerous rivers. Thus, there were all conditions for the creation of the mining industry. September 21, 1729 earned - Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant.

In parallel with copper production, silver smelting began. The result of the activities of Akinfiy Demidov and his clerks in Altai was the creation of a feudal mining industry based on the serf labor of bonded peasants and artisans.

Rumors about the smelting of silver by Demidov reached St. Petersburg, and on May 1, 1747, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna issued a decree by which Altai was transferred to the personal property of the Russian tsars.

During the first five years (from 1747 to 1752) more than 750 pounds of silver and more than 20 pounds of gold were smelted in Altai, which was estimated at 150 thousand rubles. The tomb of Alexander Nevsky weighing 90 pounds, now in the Hermitage, was made of Altai silver.

Formed by the 2nd half of the 18th century, the Altai mining district is a territory that included the current Altai Territory, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, part of the Tomsk and East Kazakhstan regions, with a total area of over 500 thousand square meters. km and a population of more than 130 thousand souls of both sexes. The emperor was the owner of the Altai factories, mines, lands and forests, the main management of them was carried out by the Cabinet, located in St. Petersburg. The backbone of local control was made up of mountain officers. But the main role in production was played by non-commissioned officers and technicians, from whose ranks came talented craftsmen and inventors I. I. Polzunov, K. D. Frolov, P. M. Zalesov, M. S. Laulin.

The well-known statesman and reformer M.M. Speransky visited Altai in the 20s of the 19th century and came to the conclusion: “Nature itself destined this region for a strong population and for the richest products of agriculture, trade and industry. But these last with a real device

impossible to expect." He considered it expedient to replace the mining artisans and ascribed peasants with hired workers and to attract settlers to the lands of Altai. But the tsarist Cabinet for many decades did not agree to small concessions that could shake its monopoly position.

And after the reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century, feudal remnants in Altai were preserved to a greater extent than in the center of the country and other regions of Siberia. The belonging of the mountain district to the kings remained inviolable, and this determined many features of the development of Altai in the post-reform period.

The mining industry, which was the main branch of the economy of the district, entered after 1861 into a period of crisis. From the beginning of the 1870s, unprofitable factories began to grow uncontrollably, and by the end of the century almost all of them were closed.

In the private industry of the post-reform Altai, gold mining was most developed. The largest companies in the gold industry were the Altai Gold Mining Business and the South Altai Gold Mining Business. By the end of the 19th century, there were 70 mines and up to 100 pounds of gold were mined annually.

3. Explorers of Altai

(Materials from the book: Tourist regions of the USSR. Altai Territory. M .: Profizdat, 1987.)

The Altai Territory and its natural resources were known in Russia long before it became part of the Russian state. However, knowledge of the distant outskirts for a long time remained very scarce, often legendary.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the southeast of Western Siberia found itself in the sphere of economic development. The pioneers were attracted here by the reserves of table salt in the lakes. In 1613, the Cossack chieftain Bartasha Stanislavov came with a fishing team of several hundred people to the Yamyshevsky lakes (they stretch in a chain from the Irtysh towards the current Petukhovsky lakes in the Klyuchevsky district).

On the other side of the region, in the upper reaches of the Tom, near the Kuznetsk fortress, attention was drawn to the possibilities of iron ore mining.

In 1626, a new salt expedition headed by Groza Ivanov and Dmitry Cherkasov visited the lakes of the western part of the Kulunda steppes. A geographical description of the area was drawn up.

Both the flat part and the mountains become the object of further study. The campaigns were carried out systematically. In 1632, a detachment of service people from Tomsk climbed the Ob to the latitude of Barnaul, the following year, a detachment of Cossacks led by the boyar son Peter Sabansky from Kuznetsk passed along Lake Teletskoye. Ataman Pyotr Dorofeev also visited there in 1639. These campaigns gave the first information about the natural features of the North-Eastern Altai, about the life of the local population.

A few years later, a new detachment under the command of Peter Sobansky came to the lake and wintered there. In the unsubscribes, places suitable for settlement were marked. In 1673, a large military fishing expedition passed through almost the entire region. It included the ore explorer Fedka (Silver), who delivered ore to Moscow from the area of Lake Teletskoye.

The pioneers, the industrial men who had been active over a vast area for decades, could not get together and thus form a true picture of the places they were developing. But their replies got to the central cities - Tomsk, Tobolsk, Moscow. The government needed to have a generalized idea of Siberia in order to organize the management and development of the eastern lands. In 1667, the Tobolsk governor P.I. Godunov drew up a blueprint of the whole of Siberia. In the 80s. a new General drawing Siberia.

Especially large and generalized information was collected by S.U. Remezov. In his Drawing Book of Siberia (beginning of the 18th century), many geographical names of the Altai Territory that have survived to this day are marked, including 23 rivers and 4 lakes. Of these, such as Chumysh, Kasmala, Chesnokovka, Barnaulka, Aley, Charysh, Anuy, Nenya, Maima, Baigol, Bekhtemir. A lot of other useful information is given. For example, mineral deposits are indicated, approximate distances are indicated.

According to our modern ideas, such maps were primitive, non-scale, without the correct orientation of the cardinal points, without a mathematical basis.

The first real map of the Altai Territory was made by the surveyor Pyotr Chichagov. He worked as part of the military search expedition of Guards Major I. Likharev, which passed along the Upper Irtysh in 1719-1720. In his other map (1729), made with exceptional accuracy, the whole situation of Altai is correctly depicted, the outlines of Lake Teletskoye are relatively correct form, in the upper reaches of the river. Alei marked the existing mines.

From this period begins a new period in the study of the Altai Territory - the research of scientists. The explorations of explorers can no longer satisfy the need for knowledge of the region, although they played a significant role in the future.

In 1734, an expedition of the Academy of Sciences headed by I.G. Gmelin and G.F. Miller visited the region. It included S.P. Krashennikov (future academician) and surveyor A. Ivanov. Along the route of the expedition, A. Ivanov made astronomical measurements of the Omsk, Yamyshov and Semipalatinsk fortresses, the Kolyvanovo-Voskresensky plant and the Kuznetsk fortress. So the geographical position of the main points of the Altai Territory was determined for the second time.

In 1745, by decree of the Senate, an expedition was organized to explore the northeastern part of Altai - the upper reaches of the Biya, Lake Teletskoye, the interfluve of Chulyshman and Bashkaus. It was headed by the explorer and explorer Pyotr Shelygin. This expedition can be considered the last expedition of the period of explorers, discoverers and the first local (local history) expedition.

According to the results of her cartographer and draftsman P.Startsev compiled the Land Map of the Kuznetsk district. The map and the journal note contain a lot of valuable geographical information, a dense river network is plotted, minerals are described, there is data on fauna, on the possibility of economic use of land not only along the route of 1745, but throughout the entire region.

In connection with the transfer of factories to the department of the tsar's Cabinet, new extensive studies were undertaken. So, in 1760, the government issued a decree on the occupation of places in Siberia from the Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress along the river. Bukhtarma and further to Teletskoye Lake. Within two years, five expeditions were sent. Their routes covered thousands of miles of untrodden places. The upper reaches of the Irtysh, Bukhtarma, Kan, Katun, Central Altai, its northern ranges, Lake Teletskoye, Biya - this is the main area of extensive research.

Expeditions of the 60s were truly comprehensive both in terms of the selection of specialist leaders and the results achieved. They included Major-General Petrulin, Schichtmeister Ivan Denisov, doctor Yakov Kizing, second-major Polivanov, ore explorer D.F. Golovin, ore explorer I. Chuporshnev, Major Eiden, surveyor Pimen Popov.

The reports of the leaders contained a lot of new data on the natural resources of Altai, flora and fauna. Previously unknown places were marked on the maps, dozens of mineral deposits were discovered, mountain steppes - Kanskaya, Yaboganskaya, Abaiskaya were discovered, roads were outlined, places for settlement were determined.

The reports of the expeditions contained the most interesting facts on geography, they provide brief meteorological reports, indicate the distances from one point to another, the depths of the rivers, and describe the difficulties of crossings in mountainous areas.

In the 70-90s. In the 18th century, the region was studied by prominent scientists, mining specialists, among them P.S. Pallas, I.M. Renovants, I.F. German. They created summarizing works on the geology of Altai, the history of mining, paid much attention to the economic condition of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories.

In 1788, by order of Catherine II, the Cabinet organized expeditions to the mine of various porphyries and other stones and ores.

The leaders of the search parties were exclusively local mining specialists: P.T. The search party of P.I. Shangin indicated 145 points of deposits of ornamental stones, and the main one is Korgonskoye.

As a result of the work of the search parties in 1786, knowledge about the nature of the Altai Territory expanded even more. Local mining specialists and ore explorers ensured the discovery of new deposits of polymetallic ores raw material base for the operation of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky (Altai) mining and metallurgical complex.

The head of one of these parties, Pyotr Ivanovia Shangin, belongs to the galaxy of major researchers.

The map of 1816 compiled by L. Pansner from the latest private maps of the Barnaul Mining Archive was a kind of result of the achievements of the researchers of the 18th century. It outlines a large hydrographic network in the right-bank valley of the Irtysh, Bukhtarma, and especially along the Ob. Those territories where the mines are located and where the routes of the search parties passed were marked in detail. However, the territory between the rivers Ob and Chumysh remained almost a white spot, as well as the vast plain from the foothills through the entire Kulunda and Baraba (with the exception of the Barnaul Kulunda forest, by that time well surveyed). Almost the entire Altai Mountains remained unexplored.

Great merits in the study of the Altai Territory belong to Grigory Ivanovich Spassky (1783 - 1864). He studied the history and geography of Altai, described the deposits of many minerals, collected a lot of information about the animal world (in particular, about the distribution of the tiger in Altai). In addition, G.I. Spassky conducted extensive archaeological research.

Large studies of the Altai Territory were carried out by local specialists A.A. Bunge, P.A. Slovtsov, A.I. Kulibin, F.V. Gebler, V.V. Radlov, S.I. Gulyaev.

VV Gebler discovered the first glaciers of Altai on Mount Belukha in 1835. The glacier he discovered now bears his name. Gebler's research served as an important milestone in the study of the process of reduction of Altai glaciers over 150 years.

At the beginning 19th century The Altai Territory continued to be a field of research for visiting scientists, travelers, and foreigners. In 1826, the expedition of professor of botany K.F. Ledebour was equipped (it included A. Bunge and K. Meyer). In 1829, the largest German scientist A. Humboldt visited Altai. The German geologist Bernhard Kotta studied the Altai in 1868.

A wide geological expedition worked in Altai in 1834. It was led by geologist GP Gelmersen. He visited Lake Teletskoye, as well as the region of the upper reaches of the Uba, Ulba and Koksa rivers. In his works, he gave a general geological description of the Lake Teletskoye area, detailed mineralogy of the constituent rocks of the surrounding ranges, and compiled a special geological map of the lake.

One of the largest expeditions of the XIX century. was the expedition of Pyotr Aleksandrovich Chikhachev. She arrived in Altai in 1842, worked here for more than six months and turned out to be the most productive in the entire previous history. geographical discoveries in Altai.

Numerous routes of the expedition covered the whole of Southern Siberia. P'tr Chikhachev discovered a number of mineral deposits, gave an orthographic division of the mountainous country, created an integral geological outline of Altai. Based on the information presented to him and his own observations, he compiled a detailed and most complete geological map of the southeast of Western Siberia and a geographical map of his route.

For the merits of P.A. Chikhachev to the fatherland, one of the ridges of Altai is named after him.

Detailed geological and mineralogical studies of the mines of the Altai Territory were carried out by a member of the Moscow Society of Naturalists G.S. Karelin, in 1844 a professor at Moscow University G.E. P.P. Semenov (Tyan-Shansky).

A great contribution to the study of Altai was made by local historian Stepan Ivanovich Gulyaev (1806-1888). He studied separate remote places of the region, explored mineral springs, collected an excellent collection of minerals and paleontological finds. S.I. Gulyaev studied the possibilities of local natural resources for the purpose of their industrial development.

In 1891, the Society of Altai Exploration Lovers was founded in Barnaul, which a few years later passed to the charter of the Geographical Society. Representatives of the local intelligentsia, political exiles, democratically minded teachers, land surveyors, and competent prospectors were united by the idea of knowing their land, the idea of emancipating its productive forces, placing them at the service of Russia.

Dmitry Ivanovich Zverev (1862-1924) was one of the initiators of the creation of the Society of Altai Exploration Lovers. He created a network of meteorological stations, systematized data on the impact of weather and climate changes on crop yields by zones, and compiled agricultural surveys over the region over a number of years.

Another local researcher, a prominent soil scientist I.P. Vydrin, together with Z.I. Rostovsky in the 90s. conducted several expeditions with the aim of zoning the Altai district according to soil differences.

Starting in 1902 and over the course of several years, made a number of expeditions to the right bank of the Irtysh, to the Kulunda steppe, in the vicinity of Barnaul, ornithologist, doctor Andrei Petrovich Velizhanin.

A remarkable researcher, scientist and public figure Viktor Ivanovich Vereshchagin (1871 - 1956) devoted his life to studying the nature of the region. He enlisted in Barnaul as a teacher of natural history at a real school. He began to study the surroundings of the city, make long-distance excursions, and then expedition trips, becoming one of the founders of children's (school) tourism in Altai. Since 1901, V.I.Vereshchagin has been making scientific trips to various regions of the Altai Territory and adjacent territories. In more detail, he explored the Chuya steppe, Gornaya Kolyvn, the Narrow steppe, the steppes of the Ob plateau, traveled a lot around Rudny Altai, the sources of the Katun, Bashkaus, Chulyshman.

Scientific and local history activities of V.I.Vereshchagin especially unfolded in the Soviet era. He was awarded (without defense) the degree of Candidate of Biological Sciences.

General geographic research in Altai was carried out by prominent scientists and public figures, such as G.N. Potanin, N.M. Yadrintsev, V.V. Sapozhnikov. They visited many regions of the region, but studied Gorny Altai in more detail.

For many years, studied and collected Altai folklore G.N. Potanin - a prominent Russian scientist, geographer, ethnographer, explorer of Mongolia, China, Siberia. His activities served to further develop Russian-Altaic cultural and literary ties.

Vasily Vasilyevich Sapozhnikov (1861 - 1924), professor of Tomsk University, a naturalist, a student of K.A. Timiryazev, was the largest explorer of Altai. He began research in the Altai mountains in 1895 and continued them with short breaks until 1911.

V.V. Sapozhnikov studied the entire Altai Mountains, was the first to establish the presence of traces of ancient glaciation here, discovered, in essence, the modern glaciation of Altai, described and surveyed all large glaciers, determined the heights of many mountain peaks, including Belukha. The scientist devoted a lot of effort to studying the nature of the mountainous territories adjacent to Altai, discovered the largest glaciation node in the Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola massif. V.V. Sapozhnikov created the first truly tourist guidebook for Altai, which has not been surpassed so far in terms of detail and accuracy of route descriptions.

On July 26, 1914, the most interesting local event in the history of the study of the region took place: on this day, the brothers Boris and Mikhail Tronov made a direct ascent to the top of Belukha. The previously inaccessible summit was conquered.

We meet many famous names in the history of the study of the Altai Territory in the early years of the 20th century: V.A. Obruchev, G.I. Granet, B.A. Keller, P.P. Pilipenko, P.G. Ignatov, P.P. .Sushkin, P.N.Krylov, V.I.Vernadsky, A.E.Fersman and others.

P.P. Sushkin is a prominent specialist in ornithology and zoogeography of Siberia, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1912 - 1914. he traveled along the edge to the little-explored places of the North-Eastern and Central Altai.

From 1891 to 1925 P.N. Krylov made five trips across Altai. A number of his works are recognized as classics.

In the first decades of the twentieth century academician V.I.Vernadsky comes to Altai with a research program. A talented naturalist, he possessed vast knowledge in mineralogy and crystallography, studied chemical composition the earth's crust, ocean and atmosphere, became the founder of geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, the doctrine of the biosphere and noosphere - the sphere of the mind. V.I.Vernadsky dealt a lot with the history of the study of Siberia and Altai.

Academician A.E. Fersman, a well-known Soviet mineralogist and geochemist, one of the remarkable students and followers of V.I. Vernadsky, came with him. During a tour of the Altai mines in 1916, A.E. Fersman collected the richest collections of ores and stones, the collection of the Zmeinogorsky mine was especially complete.

Extensive research of Altai has enriched science with new information. One of the most interesting regions of our country - Altai still attracts the attention of scientists and local historians.

IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - EARLY XX centuries

"GGY" 1 P ° Compared with feudal serfdom, presented side-koi p fopm 1Sh ZN g IYa "UR ° VNYu education of the population. Implementation of the “peasantry and in support of the USK ° RIVSHee in the article R ane "° SHWal0 POT R e6nost "literate farmers, workers and employees. In the 60s of the XIX century, the question arose of expanding the network of schools, first of all

LiG ™G - ~ which-G document could-
„PT by the predominance of the humanities, and real,

Where more attention was paid to mathematics and natural science. Formally, the school in Russia became classless, i.e. representatives of all segments of the population had the right to study. But the lack of educational institutions, the search for the masses and the reactionary policy of the tsarist government created the prerequisites for the preservation of feudal traditions (primarily estates) in the education system and doomed the children of peasants and workers to illiteracy. So, expressing the interests of the aristocrats, the Minister of Public Education, Count I.D. On June 18, 1887, Delyanov issued a circular ordering that “children of coachmen, laundresses, petty shopkeepers, etc.” should not be admitted to the gymnasium. This legal act, known as the “circular about cook's children”, closed the way to the gymnasium for representatives of workers, children from low-income families and meant a departure from the “Charter of gymnasiums and progymnasiums”, approved on November 19, 1864 by V.I. Lenin rightly noted: the era of reforms of the 60s. “left the peasant a niche, downtrodden, dark, subordinate to the feudal landowners both in court, and in administration, and at school ...” (24).

By the time of the mentioned reforms, Altai remained one of the culturally backward outskirts of the country. Questions of education here were resolved extremely slowly. For example, for ten years there have been talks about opening a women's gymnasium in Barnaul. And only when the wife of the mining engineer E. Preobrazhenskaya donated her house for the gymnasium, it was opened in 1877. This first secondary general education institution in Altai had at that time a preparatory department (26 students) and a first class (24 students) . It was intended for the education of children of privileged classes. In the 1879/80 academic year, out of 82 students of the gymnasium, there were 66 persons from noble families, 6 from the clergy, 8 from merchants and philistines, and 2 from others. There was not a single student from the peasants. A fee was charged for tuition at the progymnasium.

And yet, in the post-reform period, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of primary schools, primarily in cities. By 1889, in comparison with the previous period, the number of schools increased from 16 to 226. Table 1 gives an idea of the types of schools. one.

Table I

The number of primary schools in Altai and the number of students in them (1889) (2, 31, 74)

№	Types of schools (colleges)	Number of schools	Number of students (people 1
1	Urban	22	1S74
2	Mining	11	376
3	Cossack	8	236
4	Church-parish	89	1755
	RniocTHbie	66	2059
	Instantaneous	27	623
	Chyagtnye	3	91
	TOTAL	226	7014

There were 1,354 girls in the primary school population.

City ™ sh.sha - elementary schools of an increased type, transformed according to the Regulations of May 31, 1872 from district schools. Their goal is to give craftsmen to children.

small employees and merchants increased primary education and some mishch, -mvh applied knowledge. Children no younger than seven years of age were admitted to city schools. The school studied: the law of God, reading, writing, Russian, Church-Noahavian reading, arithmetic, practical geometry, geography and national history, information from general history and geography, from natural history and physics drawing, drawing, gymnastics. Pupils (boys) mastered the skills of working with wood and metal. G.u. divided into 1-class, 2-, 3- and 4-class. The term of study in any of them was 6 years. In 2-class G.u. the duration of the course of the 1st "class" was 4 years, and the 2nd - 2 years. In the 3rd grade - the course of each of the "classes" lasted 2 years, and in the 4th grade - the course of the 1st and 2nd "class" lasted 2 goals each, and the 3rd and 4th - one year each . Each "class" initially had only one teacher. Then subject teachers began to work with senior schoolchildren. Graduates of G.U. the right to enroll in lower vocational schools or in 1- and 2-year pedagogical courses was granted. Junior classes (departments) gradually lost their popularity and closed. In 1912 G.U. were transformed into higher primary schools (36).

With the abolition of serfdom, mining production lost cheap labor and began to decline. One by one, mines and factories were closed in the district. The need to train young people with mining specialization otpat. Therefore, mining schools in 1879 were transferred to the Ministry of Public Education. Nevertheless, as we see from the table, they still worked in the 80s. Then they were transformed into two-year rural and urban schools, devoid of a practical bias.

Cossack schools of Altai - stanitsa and village primary educational institutions intended for the Cossacks of the Siberian troops. The term of study in them was set by atamans arbitrarily - from 2 to 4 years. The specifics of their work consisted in increased attention to the military training of students, in fostering respect for the traditions and customs of the Russian Cossacks, in instilling in the younger generation a sense of patriotism. In 1916, these schools, in solving a number of administrative, educational and pedagogical issues, came under the control of the Ministry of Public Education.

Church-parochial schools are the most massive elementary educational institutions run by parishes. We must give them their due - they played a big role in the spread of literacy. In 1884, the "Rules on parochial schools" were approved. According to this document, two types of CPSh were created: one-class (two-year) and two-class (four-year). Classmates studied: the law of God, church singing, reading, writing and basic information in arithmetic. In two-class TSPSH, in addition, the students were armed with information "from the history of the church and the fatherland." At the beginning of the XX century. the term of study at the Central School of Education has increased: in one-class schools up to 3 years, in two-class schools - up to 5 years.

In Altai, all rural schools, opened by the decision of the Synod in 1838, functioned as TSPSH. The so-called jubilee schools later belonged to their number in the district. They were called Jubilee because they were established to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Altai District. According to order No. 19 of the Ministry of the Imperial Court dated April 30, 1897, 400 rubles were allocated for the construction of each of the 30 school buildings in the resettlement settlements. The wood was released free of charge. In addition, it was prescribed for ten years by the estimates of the Altai District to annually provide for the allocation of 360 rubles for each anniversary school. on the salaries of teachers and 40 rubles.

"*inwil.DWI4 \iy\JJ) and others.

KvneifA TTJ.ZI TsPSH NS last R™b played charity. For example. K S ne U A.B. Sokolov built one parochial school at his own expense (

Work January 14, 1890 d) Yeshebalin I" SCORE~" 3apt4HoC " hour ™ Biisk Kiyskoy - 70 Kvnni.i u-, ™ ShealinsK0 "school began to study 30 children, in
Shetpali Tutorials " school technical staff
poavG 1990 8 TTT "" pl ™™* Local historian V. Shipilov (Altai

Sh1Sh in from Stapo Tk "Thu ° In BIYSK Uyezd from 1Sh p ° 1885 g 6yl" are open

ObGskoy" Ts b ~ rV H0 No. "T f'f.shki"e, in the village of Krasny Yar, the village of n "ovo-Obinskoi, in Sychevsky and Bystroy Istok, in the village of Verkh-Anuiskaya, in the village. Kokshi. This became possible thanks to philanthropy and the great general support and assistance of the pit schools.

Volost schools in Altai were elementary schools that gave elementary knowledge to peasant children and prepared them for work in rural administrations. In Centraz-non Russia, according to the Decree of 1830, one was opened per volost and supported by a special collection of funds from the peasants; according to the new Regulations in the 60s, such fees were recognized as optional. As a result, V. sh., having lost a source of funding, began to close almost everywhere. As the table above shows, V. sh. in the Altai region in the 80s. in terms of the number of students they even surpassed parochial schools; they enjoyed the support of the peasantry.

Missionary schools are primary educational institutions opened in Russia by missionary organizations in national regions with the aim of spreading Christianity and training missionaries from among the local population. Such schools were created by the Altai Spiritual Mission in Gorny Altai. They were given the task of preaching Christianity among the children of the Altaians. The first of them was opened in 1856 in the village. Wash. Soon they began to be created in other villages: in Black Anuy (1858) Paspaul (1860). Ongudai (1861), Kebezeni (1867), and others. According to the 1897 census, there were already 30 primary schools in Gorny Altai, with 601 students (74). Of these, 25 were missionaries with 474 boys and 166 girls (18, p. 361).

In order to prepare teachers for work in missionary schools in Biysk in IS83, a catechism school was opened.

The relatively rapid growth in the number of schools in Altai in the second half of the 19th century. and at the beginning of the 20th century. explained by a number of reasons.

After the abolition of serfdom, which led to the release of bonded peasants and artisans, wage labor became widespread in the district, as in other parts of the country. Capitalist relations are getting stronger, trade is developing widely. Thanks to the construction of the Siberian railway, Altai was drawn into the all-Russian and world market. In cities and large villages there are different kind industrial enterprises - wine and vodka, leather, boots, sheepskin coats, cheese, butter, sawmills, woodworking, etc. There are many private craft workshops, and handicraft production is developing. Therefore, every year the need for competent workers and specialists increased.

The peasant reform affected the intensity of the resettlement of the inhabitants of European Russia in Siberia, in particular, in Altai. In 1862, 432 thousand people lived in the district, and in 1897 - 1326 thousand. In the next two decades, the population doubled here (1897 - 13 million 1916 - 2.6 million people) (78, t 1, pp. 125 and 128). Settlers from more culturally developed regions of the country became champions of reforms in the matter of education.

It should be noted that in the second half of the XIX - early XX century. the tsarist government began to exile its political opponents to the Altai. Although Altai was not the main region of the Siberian exile, the number of political exiles in this territory was also significant. For example, in the 80s and 90s 19th century quite a few populists settled in Altai. During this period, 6 such exiles lived in Novokuznetsk, 19 - in Biysk, 28 - in Barnaul. In addition, the lilas, who were under the covert supervision of the police, lived in Kolyvan, Zmeinogorsk (78, vol. 1, p. 163).

Among the exiles was the liberal populist V.K. Shtilke. On his initiative, in Barnaul in 1884, the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" was created. Members of the society carried out a wide campaign to raise funds for the construction of schools. Thanks to the selfless activity of Vasily Konstantinovich himself and other members of society - enthusiasts, Nagornaya (1883) and Zaichanskaya (1895) elementary schools were opened in the city, both in areas where the poor segments of the population of Barnaul lived. In schools, not only education, but also textbooks were free and some children from the poorest families received free breakfasts, shoes and clothes. With these sheets, free libraries were created. By 1896, the number of students in these educational institutions* amounted to approximately 400 people. In 1897, at both schools, the society established Sunday schools for adults, in which up to two hundred people took a course each year. Later, members of the society initiated the opening of summer playgrounds and a folk gymnasium. The first teacher at the Highland School was A. A. Yufereva, the wife of a political exile. In Sunday schools, classes were conducted by P.E. Semyanov, A.F. Veronsky, Ya.P. Shmakov, who became members of the RSDLP in 1905

A strong blow to the remnants of serfdom in 1905-1907. inflicted by the first Russian revolution. According to V.I. Lenin, tsarism was forced to rapidly destroy the remnants of the bourgeois. patriarchal life in Russia, as a result of which its bourgeois development began to march "remarkably fast" (25).

The development of public education in the province was greatly influenced by the speeches of the workers demanding to expand the network of schools and improve the organization of education in them. An important role in awakening the consciousness of the people was played by the exiled Social Democrats, whose flow intensified in the 1990s. 19th century and especially after the revolution of 1905-1907. Despite their supervised state, they carried out political and agitational mass work among the working people, engaged in their education, often becoming teachers in unofficially organized "free schools".

Many peasants also showed a conscious craving for knowledge. During the years of the revolution, the number of "sentences" of peasant communities on the creation of new schools increased markedly. In the name of the inspector of public schools of only one of the inspector districts of the Barnaul district, by January 1. In 1911, 51 "sentences" were received from various rural societies, which petitioned for the opening of new schools. By that time, there were already 188 schools operating in this - the 2nd inspectorate district, of which 65 were departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and 123 - MNP (32).

By the end of the XIX century. there was a significant expansion of the network of schools in Barnaul and Biysk.

At that time there were more than 20 elementary schools in Barnaul, including: a parochial school opened in 1860, a city school (1865), a two-class women's parish school (1868 from 1902 - Aleksandrovskoe), an elementary parochial men's school (1S77), a two-class men's a city school (1880), a four-year city school (1880), a men's parochial school (1894), mining, Nagornaya and Zaichany schools, etc. In addition, a women's gymnasium worked here.

In connection with the closure by the beginning of the 90s. the majority of mining mines and factories, the question arose about the fate of the Barnaul Mining School and the opening of a men's secondary school (real school) on its basis. Its structure at the time of transformation into a real school (1897) was as follows: the first three classes corresponded to the course of county schools, and the last three fit the type of lower technological students with a mining specialization (73. 11).

„, „!!! T 0С ° of the reorganization of the Barnaul district school into a secondary educational institution-bTna™1T LELEN by specialization b ™ was raised in 1896. In this regard, at a meeting of 3 N! U!. LS AND ™ ROYASKOI Duma reproached: “The region is entering the right economic

IinfiCHHQ LI "imiiUnviuiiiir" i "ii vi™ " ■" "* n.\j.wmn\. i Dinnui and wave mi-

Teno mezheZoyeeni "G" * "" agricultural). photographs (at the construction and land surveying department). According to the head of the mining district, the opening of a river

ZGdesh "G and teTsTyTp" "shsh -" "° - lie both ™eSx

In BiHK where is eshGv PbT "*** PREPARATIONS "U™™*"™ specialists (II,.

In Biisks, where else in P 65 and 1797. established garrison schools for soldiers

Children and where in 1847 the first private school opened by the exiled priest

Shishko, in the second half of the XIX century. the following elementary schools were established

the first parish school for boys with 46 students (18601 and
parochial school for girls, which was attended by 23 people. (1861). In 1875, with funds
merchant Morozov built a stone building for the men's parish school in
In 1878, there were 215 students in two schools;
Nicholas Parish School (1880);
women's gymnasium (1880).

Since 1883, a catechism school has been operating in the city, preparing priests, translators and teachers for missionary schools (26).

Nevertheless, the problem of school education in the district during the period under review was solved unsatisfactorily. The 1897 census revealed a depressing picture. Literate people turned out to be 9.1% in the Barnaul district (in Barnaul - 34.5%), in Biysk - 8.3% (Biysk - 27.7%), Zmeinogorsk district - 9.0% (in Zmeinogorsk - 17.7Ж) (46). The literacy rate of the rural population was: for men - 14.4, for women - only 2.7%. It was somewhat higher in the cities: in Barnaul, there were about 45% of literate males, and 24% of females; in Biysk there are about 40 such men. women - about 16%. Moreover, the majority of literate people by the time of the census had completed only primary school or had learned to read and write outside the school walls.

Lia with higher education in Barnaul was counted during the census 79, in Biysk - 17. with secondary education - respectively 842 and 297 (29 thousand people lived in Barnaul then, in Biysk - 17 thousand). Moreover, representatives of the nobility had higher and secondary education , officials, clergy and merchants.

Even worse with the training of people, the situation was in the rural areas of the district. At the end of the XIX century. in entire regions of Altai, no persons were found who had ever studied at school. Thus, about 800 people lived in the Charysh region that existed at that time, and there was not a single literate one among them. In the Western region, out of 6,500 inhabitants, only 6 people were literate (12).

Literacy was especially low among the local population of Gorny Altai. So
according to the 1897 census, 41,983 people lived here, including 4,635 resettled
tsev from the European and Siberian provinces. Only 14S0 people turned out to be literate
century, or 3 5%. If we subtract 414 literate settlers from the above sum, then
the percentage of literacy of the local population is reduced to 2.3 and (74, p. 7). _

The elementary schools of Gorny Altai were not able to educate all the children. For example, in 1896, 32 people attended the Chemal school, although at the same time 120 boys and girls of school age were not covered by education. There were about 120 school-age children in Shebalin. 92 of them did not attend schools. Similar picture

H3 Gnny

go=GGa= IZ 1 ™-

Whereas for the maintenance of police for e TO the same period - 1.3607 rubles. 18 kopecks, or 2.2 times

It had a profound effect on the financial situation of teachers and schools. Because of the very low level of pay for tutors, it was difficult to find suitable pedagogical staff for work in the elementary school.

A survey conducted by Tl894 of 114 elementary schools showed that only 48 6% of the teachers in them had an education in the volume of 7 classes and above; more than half of the number of mentors did not have training for an incomplete secondary school, no longer about teacher education (31).

Vili! one of these teachers received a report from one village to the district authorities: “The teacher misses 2/3 of the lessons, sits in the classroom only for half an hour, is lazy, careless, does not know either the teaching methodology or the subject itself, is incapable and inexperienced in teaching.”

Such teachers were by no means unfortunate exceptions. In Gorny Altai, as a rule, graduates of the Biysk catechetical school worked as school mentors. But often classes were conducted and random people. For example, in 1897 at the Cherginsky school ♦the teacher was a reserve corporal, who had once studied in the elementary grades. In She-balino, he taught "expelled from the second grade of the city school" Biysk hodgepodge (18. p. 361).

The improvement of education in the district was hindered by the fact that many poor peasants could not send their children to school due to a shortage of labor on the farm.

The development of the school business in Altai was also hindered by some officials. For example, the opinion of the mediator of the Altai District was that he did not yet recognize the people as "able and in need of literacy" and that he resolutely abandoned the initiative to "establish schools", did not recognize the existing ones.

Even in Barnaul, elementary schools eked out a miserable existence. Here is what the archpriest of the Barnaul Cathedral wrote to the City Council on this matter: “There are six parochial schools in Barnaul: Cathedral, Bogorodskaya, Znamenskaya, two Intercession Schools (male and female) and at the Charitable Society. All of these schools have their own buildings, contain servants. The teaching staff of these schools receives maintenance from the treasury in the amount of 420 rubles. in year. This modest salary, given the high cost of city life, barely satisfies the necessary needs of those who use the ready-made apartment at the school ... As for those who live in private apartments, they are in a very difficult situation. Further, the archpriest points out that there are not enough funds for the repair of school buildings and the purchase of educational visual aids. He asks the council for appropriations for the school, “in order to have a normal academic year .. The council, in response to the petition of the archpriest, recommends that he “recourse to the search for persons who could donate non-burdensome amounts to the school” (56, 18, p. 362) .

In the same, if not worse, position were the ministerial schools.

Although the local bourgeoisie was not interested in the broad development of public education, nevertheless, they sought from the authorities that the children of working people receive the minimum knowledge necessary to improve the Altai economy. This minimum was extremely needed to increase labor productivity and ensure high profits for entrepreneurs.

"To learn simple literacy, which is as necessary as air" - this seemingly progressive statement expressed the general aspiration of the bourgeoisie (9). It is no coincidence that in 1909 the Barnaul City Duma conducted a census of school-age children and *° ° INTRODUCTION ALL | ° o6 »»« in the ™ kind, the implementation of which is the nose of the cGY MVeri T b 0 During * « ™ . It is pertinent to note that the general

OlZopnTCb. 00 ™ 11 NS BSHU VVDEN ° NI V ° DN0M On "lennoy" * "" * NI on The bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907.

CHTST napriG pHtel L." 1°™° VYAZ n R inimala UR ° D ™vye forms, “.-gaiyashshvyapag,. - fidelity of the academic year in the village primary schools HtTkGog,? depending ™ on the timing of the start and end of agricultural
At the same time, the task was set - “to get a worker with a true eye and a dexterous hand., Which entrepreneurs needed. The tasks of improving the quality of education, mental, spiritual development of the child's personality were ignored.

Although in Altai at the beginning of the 20th century. failed to introduce universal primary education, it nevertheless received development. In 1913/14 school. 808 primary schools functioned here. In addition, there were 5 seven-year and 6 secondary schools. The schools enrolled 52,069 students and employed 1,212 teachers (30).

In Barnaul, the network of primary schools continued to expand, new types of educational institutions arose. In 1912, city schools were transformed into higher elementary schools - men's, women's and mixed. They consisted of four classes with a one-year course each. Those who graduated from three-year elementary schools were admitted to them, i.e. completed a course of study at the first, elementary level of the school. As of 1916, there were twenty urban parochial schools in the county center with 2,759 students. (1479 boys and 1280 girls): two male and two female higher primary schools with enrollment

Content

Introduction 3

1. Altai in the second half of the 18th century 4
2. Altai in the first half of the 19th century 8
3. The establishment of capitalism in Altai in the second half of the 19th century 12
4. Revolutionary movement in Altai in 1905-1907 16
5. Altai in the period from the first to the second
bourgeois-democratic revolution 21

Conclusion 27

References 28

Introduction

With the arrival of the Russians on the territory of Altai, here in short time happened significant changes in economics. The first settlers played a huge role in this. As they settled, they began to turn the region, which almost did not know agriculture, with the exception of the former primitive hoe in some places, into arable, agricultural with a set of almost all crops that existed in the previously developed regions of Siberia and European Russia.
The end of the 1880s is an important time in the history of the social and economic development of the Altai mining district. In fact, under the influence of relatively free capitalist entrepreneurship, the backlog and decline of the mining cabinet feudalized economy became noticeable. There is a reorientation of economic activity in the department of the Cabinet: private capital is allowed on the territory of the district (so far only in parallel, to a limited extent), and the Cabinet itself is switching to extracting the main income from the land monopoly. The structure of administrative relationships in the system of district administration and provincial bodies is being rebuilt.
The purpose of this work: to study the literature on the history of the Altai Territory and consider the stages of the social development of the AK in the pre-revolutionary period.
The tasks are as follows: to present in the work the development of AK in the second half of the 18th century, in the first half of the 19th century, as well as the establishment of capitalism in Altai in the second half of the 19th century and the revolutionary movement in Altai in 1905-1907.

1. Altai in the second half of the 18th century
With the transfer of mines and factories into the ownership of the royal family, the development of mining production went even faster. In 1763 the Pavlovsky copper-smelting plant was put into operation, in 1764 the Suzunsky copper-smelting plant, in 1775 the Aleisky lead-smelting plant, and in 1783 the Loktevsky silver-smelting plant. During the second half of the XVIII century, the annual smelting of gold increased from 80 to 340 kilograms, silver - from 3 to 18 tons. .
In order to increase the income from copper smelting, in 1766 a mint was opened at the Suzunsky plant. Until 1781, a special “Siberian” and later all-Russian copper coin was minted on it in the amount of 200-300 thousand rubles a year. In addition to ore deposits, peasants discovered outcrops of colored stones in the Altai Mountains. Craftsmen sent from St. Petersburg made several items from them. Empress Catherine II liked them very much, and by her order in 1786 a grinding factory was opened at the Loktevo plant.
By the end of the 18th century, Altai had become one of the largest mining regions in the country. At the same time (1767), industrial salt mining began on Lake Burlinskoye. Agriculture also developed. The Russian population grew rapidly. By the end of the 18th century, there were already about 500 settlements. Over the last third of this century, the sown area has increased by 3, and the grain harvest - by 4.5 times. Along with agriculture, cattle breeding also developed.
Settling along the banks of rivers and lakes, in remote uninhabited places, ordinary Russian people plowed the land, cleared meadows and pastures. With hard work they mastered the natural resources of the region.
The labor of serfs was still exploited in mines and factories. Ascribed peasants were considered state-owned, but they were obliged to work out at the factories a poll tax in the amount of 1 ruble 70 kopecks from the revision (male) soul. The rates for work were low. For the transportation of a pood of ore from Zmeinogorsk to Pavlovsk, only 5 kopecks were paid.
Ascribed peasants, in addition, built and repaired roads and dams, extinguished forest fires, maintained a yam chase, and river crossings. They also delivered grain to factory barns in a mandatory manner, for which they were paid 3-5 times lower than market prices.
Workers were also recruited from the peasants. Their position was even more difficult. They lived in barracks or chicken huts. In a month they were given a pood of caked flour per person and 50-60 kopecks in money. The working day lasted 12 hours. The mines were damp and cold all year round. The factories were unbearably hot in the summer, and icy drafts were blowing in the winter. In the mines (from gunpowder, which blew up the ore) and in factory shops (from smelting furnaces), the air was poisoned by poisonous gases.
Working people were considered military personnel and were subject to military discipline. For the slightest offense or disobedience, they were punished with rods, sticks, and whips.
Due to the constant shortage of workers, children from the age of 10-12 were involved in the dismantling and sorting of ores.
So the development of mining led to the strengthening of serfdom. Tens of thousands of peasants who were looking for free land, who settled, explored and mastered the harsh land, turned out to be enslaved by the insatiable dynasty of the “first landowners of Russia”.
The feudal oppression caused discontent and protests of working people and ascribed peasants. Some of them expressed it by committing suicide. There were cases when working people deliberately mutilated themselves in order to free themselves from work in mines and factories. Often, driven to despair, they attacked their tormentors. Runaways were a frequent occurrence. They ran alone, and sometimes in groups. The most daring armed themselves and took revenge on their oppressors. In 1772, 5 large detachments of the fugitives acted simultaneously.
The class struggle in Altai became especially aggravated under the influence of the peasant war led by E. I. Pugachev.
The frightened government in 1779 issued a law according to which the prices for the performance of factory work were doubled, but the struggle did not stop. In the winter of 1781-1782, more than half of the peasants from the villages of Beloyarskaya Sloboda did not appear at their place of work. In 1786, 5 thousand peasants of the Biysk district refused to carry coal. The authorities managed to suppress these movements only with the help of military teams.
At that time, Pyotr Khripunov, a participant in the peasant war, walked through the villages along the Kulunda River, who, on behalf of the “emperor Peter III called on the peasants to prepare for an armed uprising. The tsarist authorities found out about him only a year later, when he was betrayed by a wealthy peasant.
Thus, the working people of Altai waged a stubborn struggle against feudal oppression.
In the second half of the 18th century, a foundation was laid school education in Altai. The first educational institution was the Biysk garrison school. In 1753, mining schools were opened in Barnaul, and later in Zmeinogorsk, Pavlovsk, Kolyvan and Lokta.
Mining production required not only competent workers, but also educated craftsmen and engineers. They were trained at the Barnaul Mining School, opened in 1779.
Many remarkable specialists and inventors came out of the graduates of this school. They helped build metallurgical plants and establish mining in Eastern Siberia and the Transcaucasus.
In 1758, the outstanding Russian physician N. G. Nozhevshchikov opened the first medical school in Siberia in Barnaul. Until the end of the 18th century, 60 doctors graduated from it. They worked in Altai and other regions of Siberia.
The doctor of the Zmeinogorsky mine, Timofey Andreev, was the first in Siberia to begin vaccinating people.
But of the numerous inventions of the Altai engineers, only a few were implemented, and even then after a long red tape. Serf labor was cheap. Therefore, the Cabinet paid little attention to the mechanization of production.
The riches of Altai aroused great interest of scientists in it. In the second half of the 18th century, members of two expeditions of the Academy of Sciences visited Altai to study it.
Local historians Pyotr Ivanovich Shangin (1741-1816) and Eric Lacoman (1737-1796) made a great contribution to the study of Altai. For their Scientific research they were elected academicians.
Hundreds of people were also studying Altai ordinary people. Their observations and discoveries helped scientists in many ways.
The 18th century was the time of settlement, study and development of the region. Altai becomes one of the main cultural centers of Siberia. But the fruits of developing Russian science and culture were available only to a very small circle of people.

2. Altai in the first half of the 19th century

In the first half of the 19th century, the Russian population in Altai continued to grow.
It grew mainly at the expense of the fugitives, who settled on the land and increased the number of peasants. New villages appeared. The areas of arable land and mowing expanded. The number of livestock grew. The collection of bread and livestock products increased.
In the field of cattle breeding, the breeding of marals was new. Beekeeping, which originated in the 18th century, is now also becoming widespread, especially in the foothill areas.
But the technical equipment of agriculture remained the same. They plowed with wooden plows with iron coulters, harrowed with wooden harrows, sowed by hand, harvested with sickles, threshed with flails, winnowed in the wind.
The fallow system of land use continued to dominate. After three to five years, the arable land was transferred to a new place, and the plowed areas became a wasteland for 15-20 years. Even so, the yields were low. Only in the best years they rose to 10-12 centners. In dry years, and there were two or three of them every decade, bread was removed so little that a significant part of the population went hungry.
The brake on the development of agriculture was serfdom. The exploitation of the peasants intensified. If at the beginning of the 19th century one revisionist soul accounted for an average of 0.86 annual lessons, then in the middle of the century it was already a whole lesson.
The development of commodity-money relations contributed to the appearance of usury. The poorest peasants also fell into bondage to kulaks, merchants, and buyers. By the 60s of the 19th century, more than 10% of the peasants could not run their own household and were forced to work for hire.
The crisis of serfdom manifested itself even more strongly in the mining industry. The Kolyvano-Voskresensky plant was closed due to the destruction of forests in its vicinity.
To use the dam, a grinding factory was moved here. In 1805, the Zmeevsky silver-smelting plant was put into operation. At this, the construction of factories stopped. Their overall performance began to decline. For 50 years, silver smelting has decreased by 15%. Neither an increase in the number of ascribed peasants, nor an increase in their exploitation helped. This was explained by the fact that the possibilities for the development of the mining industry on the basis of the exploitation of forced labor and manufactory equipment were exhausted. The richest and most accessible ore deposits have been depleted. The factories were outdated and could not compete with technically better equipped private and state-owned factories in the Urals and other regions. It required the introduction of new technology, which means that the transition to hired labor was also necessary. The serf worker was not interested in preserving the machines, since he worked under duress, and not for pay.
Founded in 1828, the Altai Spiritual Mission began to pursue a Russification policy.
The intensification of exploitation aggravated the class struggle. In 1813, there was a new mass uprising of peasants who refused to perform factory work. Group escapes of working people became more frequent. In 1818, 248 people immediately fled from the Zmeinogorsk mine.
Many of the fugitives united in detachments, armed themselves, attacked representatives of the administration, merchants, and priests. They shared the captured money with the poor. Therefore, the working population helped them, supplied them with food, sheltered them in case of danger. Thanks to this help, the fugitives became elusive for the authorities and for a long time instilled fear in them. The names of the leaders of such detachments - Seleznev, Krivolutsky, the Belousov brothers - were very popular among the people.
Thus, in the first half of the 19th century, the crisis of serfdom intensified in Altai. It manifested itself, firstly, in a drop in the productivity and profitability of factories; secondly, in the development of commodity-money relations and the acceleration of the stratification of the peasantry; thirdly, in the strengthening of feudal exploitation and the ruin of a significant mass of peasants; fourthly, in the intensification of the class struggle.
Increasing the exploitation of the working people of Altai, tsarism still sought to keep them in darkness and ignorance.
Very little was done in the field of education in the first half of the 19th century. And everything was done only in the interests of the Cabinet. To more successfully Russify the root; population, the Altai spiritual mission in 1830 opened a small primary school for the Altaians. Selfish interests also dictated the organization of the drawing class at the Kolyvan factory. It was expected that its graduates would create drawings for new products of the factory and select the color of the stone for them.
Much attention continued to be paid only to the training of technical specialists. In 1823, at the initiative of Pyotr Kozmich Frolov (1775-1839), a museum was opened in Barnaul. The rich collections collected in it characterized the nature of the region and the development of the mining industry. They helped to better acquaint new employees with them. In 1829, the first printing house began to work in Barnaul. But it printed only factory documentation (forms, orders, reports, etc.).
Work continued on the study of Altai. In 1830, the first meteorological station in Siberia appeared in Barnaul, which began to conduct constant weather observations. In 1816, geographical information was generalized and a detailed map territory of the region.
A large expedition in 1826 explored Gorny Altai. Its participants collected about 400 plant species previously unknown to scientists.
As before, Altai was the center of scientific and technical thought in Siberia. The circle of inventors expanded. Polikarp Mikhailovich Zalesov designed and built a working model of the first Russian steam turbine. Stepan Vasilyevich Litvinov invented a new type steam engine. P.K. Frolov designed and built the first horse-drawn railway in Russia in Zmeinogorek. Ore was transported along it from the mine to the plant at a distance of about two kilometers. The horse freely pulled a cart with a load of 2.5 tons. . Pavel Grigoryevich Yaroslavtsev built original water and ore lifting devices at a number of mines.
The mechanization of stone-cutting production after the death of F. V. Strizhkov was continued by Mikhail Sergeevich Laulin.
The craftsmen of the Kolyvan grinding factory glorified our region with their unsurpassed beauty and finish products made of hard stone: jasper, porphyry, quartzite. During the period from the founding of the factory until 1861, more than 800 different products were manufactured and over 3,000 samples of different types of stone were polished. Dynasties of remarkable craftsmen were formed at the factory - Okulovs, Ivachevs, Golubtsovs, Podnebesnovs, Murzintsevs, Vorotnikovs and others. The vases, columns, tables, candelabra made by them are in the Moscow Kremlin, cathedrals and palaces of Leningrad.
The most famous work of art of the Altai stone cutters is the famous "Tsar Vase", weighing about 20 tons. It is made of green-wavy jellyfish jasper. Large diameter its oval bowl is 5 meters, and the small one is 3.2 meters. It is stored in the Hermitage.
Granite slabs for the monument in honor of the 100th anniversary of mining in Altai were also processed at the Kolyvan factory.

3. The establishment of capitalism in Altai in the second half of the 19th century

On March 8, 1861, Tsar Alexander II signed a decree on the release of the Altai peasants. According to this decree, only working people received full exemption. And even then not all at once. In 1861, those who had worked in mines and factories for more than 20 years were released. In 1862 - worked from 15 to 20 years. And only in 1863 - all the rest. This was done so that factories could gradually switch to the use of hired workers.
Working people were released without ransom, but also without land. They were only allowed to use the estate and tithe mowing, which were not enough to feed themselves. And the worker was forced to be hired by the same mine or plant and agree to any conditions. This was used by factory managers.
Ascribed peasants were also exempted from performing factory work for 3 years. They were left with the lands that they had until 1861, but not in ownership, but in use. For this, they had to pay annually 6 rubles per male soul. This means that the peasants were not freed from feudal oppression, but only its form changed. Corvee was replaced by cash dues. Therefore, the Altai peasants were also dissatisfied with the reform and continued to fight for real freedom. In 1861, there was an uprising of the peasants of several villages located between Barnaul and present-day Novosibirsk. It was suppressed by armed force. In 1864-1865, peasant unrest swept a number of villages in the Biysk district.
The remnants of serfdom persisted in Altai longer than in the center of the country. If the allotment of land to landlord peasants ended in 1881, then in Altai it began only in 1899.
After the abolition of serfdom, the decline of the royal mining industry began. No matter how low the wages of hired workers were, they were still several times higher than the "salaries" of working people. The costs of paying for the transportation of ore, coal and other goods also increased. Profits began to decline, and in the 90s years XIX century factories became unprofitable. The Cabinet decided not to spend money on updating factories and closed them. Only the Kolyvan grinding factory continued to operate. In Barnaul, in the buildings of the former silver-smelting plant, the Cabinet opened a small sawmill.
The private industry also developed very slowly. The Ka¬binet did not allow building large factories. Therefore, only mills and small workshops were opened, mainly for the processing of agricultural products: leather, rolling, oil mills. In the early 1880s, there were about 150 industrial enterprises in the region. In the next decade, their number doubled. About one third of the enterprises were concentrated in Barnaul and Biysk. This accelerated the growth of the urban population.
The stratification of the peasants, which began before the reform, went even faster. According to the census conducted in 130 villages of Altai in 1894, it turned out that even among the old-timers, 23% of households did not have agricultural equipment. Among the migrants there were even more of them (35%). At the same time, large kulak farms had dozens of working horses, agricultural machines, 200-500 acres of sowing each.
In 1865, free resettlement to the Altai was allowed for peasants from other regions of the country. The number of immigrants began to grow rapidly. Coming here and not receiving help, many of them also became farm laborers. Taking advantage of this, the kulaks reduced the wages of their workers even more. In winter, a man received 4 rubles a month, and women were paid 5 kopecks a day.
There were still many virgin lands in Altai at that time. But they belonged to the Cabinet, which did not allow them to settle. The preservation of feudal ownership of land hampered the further development of agricultural production.
The preservation of the remnants of feudalism led to the fact that Altai from a world-famous mining region turned into a backward agricultural region.
The semi-colonial position of Siberia, the weak development of capitalism, and the dispersal of the population made it difficult for the development of the revolutionary movement. But the activity of the political exiles, among whom the Narodniks predominated, had an effect here as well.
In the 1880s, most of the populists took up cultural and educational work.
In Barnaul, Vasily Konstantinovich Shtilve (1843-1908) did a lot in this regard. On his initiative, the "Society for the Care of Primary Education" is being created. With donations collected, the society built two new schools. They also operated Sunday schools for adults, in which more than 200 workers were educated annually. The same school existed in the suburban village of Vlasikha.
Later, on the initiative of Shtilke, the society built the People's House. Under him, a free library was organized, a drama circle worked.
The policy of the tsarist government hindered the development of industry in Siberia. But the presence of powerful gold deposits attracted capitalists. Therefore, in the second half of the 19th century in Siberia, and in particular in Altai, the gold mining industry developed rapidly. Many workers from the European part of Russia arrived at the mines.
Difficult working conditions, seasonality of work forced workers to move frequently from place to place. The experience of the struggle against the exploiters also spread with them. It was also passed on to the workers of Altai.
In 1865, the miners of the Zmeinogorsk mine rebelled. Troops were called in to quell it.
In the early 1880s, there were unrest at the Barnaul, Pavlovsky and Loktevsky silver smelters. The workers of the Barnaul plant achieved an increase in wages.
The success of the Barnaul people contributed to the intensification of the struggle in other mines and factories of Altai. The workers were joined by peasants who were hired to carry ore and coal. The cabinet was forced to make concessions. In 1882, he raised the rates for all mining work. But the fight didn't stop.
The struggle brought the workers to an understanding of the need to act in a united and organized manner. Small working circles began to form. One of the first was a circle of Barnaul printers.
After the abolition of serfdom, the peasants did not begin to fuss about opening schools. Their number began to grow. By 1882, there were 22 rural schools on the territory of the region, and in 1894 there were already 143. They were maintained at the expense of the peasants, but priests were in charge of them.
Schools were located in peasant huts. Teachers were often people who did not have the proper training. Not everyone who started studying graduated from school.
In terms of literacy, Altai continued to occupy one of the last places in Russia. In 1897, in the central part of the country, literates accounted for 23% of the population, in Western Siberia - 11%. in Altai - only 9%, and among Altaians - about 2%.
With the decline of the mining industry, inventive activity ceased. A significant invention for (the entire second half of the 19th century was only the discovery of a local historian Stepan Ivanovich Gulyaev (1805-1888) of a method for permanently dyeing sheepskins black. They began to sew “oarnaulka” fur coats from them, which became widely known throughout Siberia.

4. Revolutionary movement in Altai in 1905-1907

Economic entry of Russia into the era of imperialism, the development of the region somewhat accelerated the development of the economy in the outlying areas. Their ties with other regions of the country became more frequent. Of great importance for Siberia was the construction of the largest railway line, stretching from the Urals to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Its construction continued from 1891 to 1904.
Altai is located hundreds of kilometers from this transport route, but is connected with it by the Ob River. Therefore (the influence of the railway also affected its economy. It became easier for immigrants to get to Altai, industrial goods were transported faster and cheaper from central regions countries. It became possible to export agricultural products not only to the north, but also to the west.
This led to an increase in the number of large mills, rolling, leather, and fur coat industries. The first monopoly associations are beginning to take shape, and the influence of finance capital is growing stronger. The owners of steam mills from Barnaul and Novonikolaev created a large association, the Altai Flour Mill. Branches of the Siberian and Russian-Asian banks were opened in Barnaul. In the villages, small usurers are being squeezed out by credit companies, which have rendered considerable assistance to kulak farms in acquiring machines.
At the same time, the import of industrial products is increasing, which further slowed down the development of local industry.
Altai was increasingly turning into an agrarian and raw-material region. In an effort to prevent further intensification of the struggle for land, the Cabinet tried to prohibit resettlement in the Altai. This reduced, but did not stop, the influx of peasants from other regions. The rural population continued to grow, and the struggle for land intensified. It was expressed in unauthorized seizures of it through the formation of new settlements and estates, in clashes between old-timers and new settlers, between the wealthy and the poor: this forced the tsar to complete the peasant reform for the Altai peasants.
In 1899, the law "On the land arrangement of the peasants of Altai" was issued. The lands used by the peasants were separated from the cabinet lands and transferred to the ownership of the state. The peasants now had to pay the quitrent tax to the treasury.
During the allotment of land from rural communities, 1350 thousand acres were cut off in favor of the Cabinet, more than 21% of the land that they had before land management.
In many villages there was not enough allotment land, and the peasants were forced to rent it from the office.
All this accelerated the process of stratification of the peasants. In 1897, in the village of Chnstyunke, families whose members worked as laborers for others accounted for 37% of households.
Part of the ruined peasants went to the cities in search of work, joining the ranks of the unemployed.
The difficult situation of the workers encouraged them to fight. In the summer of 1901, strikes took place at the mines along the Swan River (Turochaksky district), in 1902 - at the enterprises of Barnaul. Among the workers and the intelligentsia, the influence of political exiles, especially the Social Democrats, increased. In one of the letters of N. K. Krupskaya, written in 1901, it is said that the editors of Lenin's Iskra had an address for sending newspapers to Barnaul.
The composition and views of the exiles were heterogeneous. This led to circles, disputes and disagreements. But the Social Democrats dragged into the discussion " political issues workers, introduced them to illegal literature, the experience of the struggle, revolutionary theory. This paved the way for the emergence of a social democratic organization that took shape and led the struggle of the working people of Altai during the years of the first Russian revolution.
In the circles created by the political exiles, the Social Democrats gained more and more influence. The advanced workers grouped around them, declaring their desire to join the Bolshevik Party. They laid the foundation for the existence of the Barnaul organization of the RSDLP. Alexey Matveyevich Maslov, a student of the Tomsk Polytechnic Institute, played a major role in its design. He worked together with S. M. Kirov and received combat training in the fight against the Mensheviks. Sent by the Tomsk Bolsheviks IB at the end of 1905 to Barnaul, A. M. Maslov developed an energetic activity. The organization grew stronger and throughout the years of the revolution firmly pursued the Bolshevik line. It had over 100 people. He headed its committee, which maintained contact with the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Party. Groups worked under the committee: organizing, propaganda, soldiers, peasants.
In 1906, with the help of members of the Barnaul Committee, the Biysk group of the RSDLP was formed, which consisted of about 20 people.
Both organizations paid great attention to the countryside. 13 circles were created in the villages, contacts were established with 50 villages.
The Bolsheviks successfully carried out propaganda work among the senior students of the Barnaul Real School and the Women's Gymnasium. The realists Valerian Kuzmin and Nikolai Bodunov were members of the RSDLP in 1907. High school students organized gatherings, took part in political rallies and demonstrations.
In 1906, the Barnaul Committee organized an underground printing house. It reprinted the proclamations of the St. Petersburg and Moscow committees of the RSDLP, published leaflets written by members of the committee and the soldiers' group. Leaflets were multiplied in circulation from 2 to 8 thousand copies. They spread not only in cities, but also in villages. Several leaflets were also issued by the Biysk group of the RSDLP. The literature that the committee received from the center was also sent out.
Under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, active actions of the workers began. In Barnaul on October 20, 1905, after a rally in People's House The first political demonstration was held. About 8 thousand people took part in it. The workers marched with red banners and slogans "Down with the autocracy!", "Long live the democratic republic!" Mass rallies and demonstrations took place the next day as well. This frightened the bourgeoisie.
On October 23, 1905, the local authorities and the priests of the city's main church, having gathered policemen, Cossacks, merchants' markets and criminals, organized a Black Hundred pogrom.
Dozens of revolutionary-minded intellectuals and labor activists were beaten. Many of them had to go underground or leave the city.
But it was not possible to intimidate the Barnaul proletarians. In 1906 there were several strikes. In March 1907, more than 3,000 workers took to the streets again, demanding the release of their arrested comrades. The demonstrators were dispersed by 4 companies of soldiers sent against them. In April 1907, the watermen of the Bobrovsky backwater went on strike. The police arrested the leaders of the strike, but the employers were forced to accept part of the demands of the workers.
The workers of Biysk in January 1906 expelled from the city a large gendarmerie official who had arrived from Barnaul. To the sledge on which he was leaving, the workers, in derision, tied a broom, which covered his trail. But even here, having strengthened the garrison, the authorities suppressed the labor movement with harsh repressions.
Peasant unrest began under the influence of workers' uprisings. The first to rise were the peasants of the village of Cheremnovsky and the village of Saranskaya. About 50 Barnaul workers (pimokats) arrived in these villages. As the cabinet forester reported, "under the influence of their stories, the mood of the peasants changed dramatically." In December 1905, Cheremnovtsy and Saraytsy began a massive felling of the cabinet forest.
The movement quickly spread throughout the Barnaul district, transferred to Zmeshogorsky and Biysk, and then to Gorny Altai.
The peasants opposed the tsar, local authorities, merchants and kulaks. They burned royal portraits, beat and drove out the elders and forest guard, smashed the volost governments, seized cabinet and kulak lands, refused to pay taxes, cut cabinet wood. Similar performances took place in the villages of Ust-Pristan, Krasnoyarsk, Gryaznukha, Kurye, Talovka and dozens of others.
Following the advice of the Social Democratic leaflets, the peasants armed themselves and helped their neighbors. Armed demonstrations took place in the village of Gilev Log, in Zmeinogorsk. In the village of Zavyalovo (Verkh-Ozernoye) of the Pautovokoy volost, peasants armed with stakes, pitchforks and hunting rifles, to whose aid the inhabitants of the village of Bystsry Istok came, for two days - January 17 and 18, 1907 - resisted the punitive detachment.
The frightened authorities sent telegrams with requests to send troops, since most of the soldiers of the Barnaul and Biysk garrisons declared their support for the workers. Punitive detachments were formed only from "hunters" (volunteers) - kulak sons.
The government paid special attention to "restoring order" in the royal estate. In December 1905, martial law was declared in Barnaul, and in January 1907 in Biysk districts. Minister of the Interior Stolypin telegraphed: "Act in the most resolute manner and suppress the movement by force of arms."
sent against the peasants military commands and Cossack detachments. In Volchikha and other villages, kulak squads were armed.

5. Altai in the period from the first to the second bourgeois-democratic revolution

The defeat of the revolution led to a new intensification of reaction. Repressions against workers became more frequent. At the same time, in an effort to prevent a new revolutionary explosion, the tsarist government launched an agrarian reform. It also affected Altai. But even here the reform was carried out in the interests of the landowner-tsar. In 1906, a decree was issued on resettlement to Altai. The cabinet allocated plots of land for which the treasury was obliged to pay him redemption payments for 49 years. The plots were allotted in the treeless steppe, on salt licks, far from the existing villages.
New settlers huddled for years in huts built of earthen layers. They were starving, trying to raise money for the purchase of a tax, a plow. And even at the cost of such hardships, not all of them managed to start a household. Many, finally ruined, returned to their homeland.
But the wave of immigrants was so great that dozens of new villages quickly grew up in the Kulunda steppe. The city of Slavgorod became the economic center of this region.
In the old-timers' villages, the allocation of land to rural communities continued. At the Cabinet, more and more new "cuts" were added, which the peasants were forced to rent.
The influx of immigrants created a surplus of labor. Unable to find work in the countryside, part of the migrant poor went to the city, surviving on odd jobs. The increase in the number of unemployed made it possible for entrepreneurs to keep wages at a very low level. The working day continued to last 12-16 hours.
Altai continued to be an agricultural region. In 1913, industrial products accounted for only 19% of the total “production. But the industrial boom that began in 1909, although to a small extent, spread to Altai as well.
In 1913, the construction of the Altai railway began (Novonikolaevok-Semipalatinsk with a branch to Biyok). New enterprises appear, such as a glass factory in Akutikha, an iron foundry in Barnaul. In 1910, a linen-weaving factory in Biysia began to operate, equipped with mechanical machines. It employed 450 workers. The number of lo factories grew rapidly (butter production. A significant part of it was exported.
Most of the butter-making enterprises belonged to cooperatives that united kulaks. But they, in turn, fell into dependence on Danish and British firms.
Foreign capital was increasingly introduced into the economy of the region. He exploited the Zmeshyugorsk mine, took over the trade in agricultural implements, sewing machines, and the export of butter abroad.
The English, French and German capitalists made huge profits through the cruelest exploitation of the working people of Altai and other regions of Siberia. This intensified the class struggle.
The beginning of a new revolutionary upsurge was also manifested in Altai. Despite the failures, arrests, exile of the most experienced workers, the Barnaul Bolsheviks managed to restore the organization in 1911. In 1912, an underground printing house was again created in Barnaul, and the publication of leaflets began. The Barnaul organization was headed by a committee. Ivan Vonifatievich Prisyagin (1885-1918) soon became one of its active members. In 1911 he graduated from the school of propagandists organized by V. I. Lenin in the town of Longjumeau near Paris. Returning to his homeland, IV Prisyagin worked in the Moscow party organization.
Being arrested and exiled to Eastern Siberia, in the autumn of 1912 he fled to the Altai.
The Party organization intensified its work. But the gendarmes managed to send in “her provocateur, who betrayed both the printing house and the entire asset. The police immediately arrested 25 people. The organization was left in limbo for a long time.
In 1911 there was an uprising of the peasants of the village of Pavlovsky. Under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the active performances of the working people became more frequent. On May 1, 1910, the workers of Barnaul celebrated with a rally and a strike. In 1913, in one Barnaul district, more than a hundred villages were engulfed by peasant unrest.
The further development of capitalism led to some shifts in the field of education and culture.
Gymnasiums for men and women were opened in Barnaul and Biysk, a trade school in Barnaul, and in 1914 a mechanical and technical school.
The number of rural elementary schools also increased. Teachers' seminaries appeared to train teachers, first in Pavlovsk, and later in Barnaul. However, the literacy rate rose very slowly.
Altai still attracted the attention of scientists. They organized several expeditions.
Local historians continued to work. The "Society of Altai Exploration Lovers" in 1902 was transformed into the Altai subdivision of the West Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society. The botanist Viktor Ivanovich Vereshchagin (1871-1956) and other scientists included in it collected valuable materials about the nature, economy and history of the region. They also restored the Barnaul Museum.
After the revolution of 1905-1907, newspapers published by the owners of private printing houses began to appear in Barnaul and Biyok.
Thanks to the support of A. M. Gorky, the skill of the Barnaul working poet Ivan Ivanovich Tachalov (1879-1929), who wrote the autobiographical "Gloomy Tale", the satirical poem "Egorka" and other works, grew.
Altai was much more reflected in these years in painting. At this time, the work of the artist from Barnaul Andrei Osipovich Nikulin began. A remarkable singer of Gorny Altai was a student of I. I. Shishkin, Grigory Ivanovich Gurkin (1872-1937), an Altaian by nationality. His paintings "Khan-Altai", "Lake of mountain spirits" (several versions) and others were exhibited in large Siberian cities, at a traveling exhibition of the Association of Artists in St. Petersburg.
The First World War had a detrimental effect on the economy of the region. The mobilization of workers and taxes undermined the economy of the poor and middle peasants.
The sown area during the war years decreased by 13%. Yields have dropped significantly. The number of livestock also decreased: horses - by 25%, small horned lambing - by one third.
The same effect was exerted by the war on industry. Construction has stopped. Industrial production has declined. The remountable equipment at many enterprises was so worn out that by the end of the war it required a complete replacement. Labor productivity declined. There were not enough raw materials.
The reduction in the production and import of goods from the center caused serious violations of trade. Prices for kerosene, sugar and other goods rose significantly already in the first weeks of the war. The price of bread doubled in 1915 alone.
All this could not but cause discontent. Popular indignation often turned into open speeches. On July 22, 1914, in Barnaul, soldiers called up from the reserve destroyed a food item, several shops and stores, and tried to release arrested comrades from prison. The city was declared under a state of siege. Fire was opened on the crowd of mobilized. 10 people were killed, 52 wounded, about 300 people were arrested and brought to a military court. The indignation of the reserve soldiers and peasants also took place in the villages. Only in the Barnaul district, unrest swept 40 villages. They were suppressed by a punitive expedition. However, the struggle did not stop.
In 1916 the textile workers of Biysk and the builders of Barnaul went on strike. At the beginning of 1917 there were strikes by printers. In 1916, unauthorized seizures of cabinet lands by peasants again became more frequent. At the beginning of 1917, unrest occurred in Khairyuzovsky, Verkh-Shubiyokom and other villages of the Viysky district. In with. Lokte during the fair, the soldiers forced the merchants to lower their prices. In Ust-Pristan, the shop of the merchant Trapeznikov was destroyed. In with. The peasants put up armed resistance to the police detachment to Marushka.
In 1916, the tsarist government announced the mobilization of Altaians into the army (for rear work). Its implementation met with stubborn resistance from the working people of Gorny Altai. The news of the victory of the February Revolution stirred up the masses. Fearing them, the meeting of representatives of the bourgeoisie and the conciliatory parties of Barnaul "formed a new body of power, calling it a committee of order.
The Bolsheviks these days were working among the workers' collectives, organizing elections to the Soviet of Workers' Deputies.
On March 8, 1917, the first meeting of the Barnaul Soviet of Workers' Deputies took place. On the same day, the Council of Soldiers' Deputies began its work. In early April 1917, they merged. As I am in the center, dual power has been established in Altai. In other cities of Altai, the organization of the Soviets took place later: in Biysk - at the end of March, in Kamen - only at the beginning of May 1918.
At first, even in the Altai, the majority of the Soviets were Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries.
Despite this, on the initiative of the Bolsheviks and under the pressure of the workers, the Soviets carried out separate measures in the interests of the working people. On April 16, 1917, the Barnaul Soviet adopted a resolution on the introduction of an 8-hour working day. On April 17, he announced the establishment of a minimum wage. This strengthened the position of the Soviet and the authority of the Bolsheviks.

Conclusion

So, on the basis of the foregoing, it follows that Altai played a leading role in the economic life of Siberia. here at the end of the 19th century. moved the main stream of immigrants. By 1917, Altai was the most developed and populated region of Siberia. 92% of its population were peasants, which accounted for 41% of the inhabitants of Western Siberia. Altai in the pre-revolutionary period was considered the breadbasket of Siberia.
The pre-revolutionary period in the AK differed significantly from the Soviet one not only thematically, but also the working conditions, which depended on the political situation in the country.

Bibliography

1. Altai collection. Issue 14. / Ed. Sergeeva A.D. –B., 1991.
2. Saveliev N.Ya. Sons of Altai and Fatherland. Part 2. -B., 1985.
3. Khudyakov A.A. History of the Altai Territory. –B., 1973.