Shade trees. These are shade tolerant plants. Ornamental plants for gardens and parks

There is no single type of wood green leaf which would not love the light. But some of them can get by with less light, while others cannot. Accordingly, they are divided into light-loving and shade tolerant trees .

If trees did not have an eternal craving for light, no one would have seen the slender trunks of pines or birches. Therefore, all our tree species are light-loving, and some adapt and survive with less light. But all trees, without exception, need light, because it is in the light that they absorb the carbon of the air.

But even the effect of shading over a long season is not a cause for despair. Shade from evergreens and deciduous trees can be reduced by careful pruning. Simply removing one or two of the lower branches for more light from the side can instantly increase planting options. In fact, the lower branches coniferous trees, especially firs and spruces, often become rather sparsely leafed, and their removal not only allows for light, but also improves appearance trees. For example, classic tree specimens, cedars and weeping beeches should be left out; we won't be able to plant them under them, but we can enjoy their mature elegance.

Light-loving breeds

How to determine which species a particular tree species belongs to? The crown is looser, more transparent, the more light-loving breed. For example, in, it is not possible to hide under, her crown is so transparent. But under the tree it is dry, its thick crown did not miss a single drop. This means that birch is a light-loving breed, a fir-tree is shade-tolerant.

More skilled work is crown depletion, the deliberate removal of branches from the crown of a tree. This is a task for a skilled tree surgeon. Thinning the crown will allow more light to pass to the ground below so that the plants can thrive. So while some shady areas are not a problem, than they first appear and tree shadows can be softened - what about drought? Drought is the more serious part of the problem.

Tree roots obviously take moisture from the soil, but this is a problem we can solve. In some situations, simply working well to rot, moist humus into the soil will improve conditions enough to greatly expand the range of plants. But of course, the very presence of these roots can complicate this.

Shade-tolerant breeds

Trees with denser crowns are more shade-tolerant breeds.

thinning the forest

The next sign by which you can determine the ratio of various breeds to light is thinning of the forest. The faster the forest thins out, the more photophilous the trees are. There is certainly logic here. The thinner the forest, the more light.

Use stone, planks, bricks, logs to save the new soil, lay down landscape fabric over the entire area to contain uprooted tree roots for a while and fill in with new soil. The obvious solution is to turn on the sprinkler. This is the most wasteful way of water. A seepage hose, sometimes called a dryer hose, is much more efficient. This micro-perforated black pipe, often made from recycled car tires, is laid on the ground and when connected to a faucet, a steady stream of water seeps out of its pores and soaks directly into the soil.

Trying to compile an accurate scale of photophilous and shade tolerance of various breeds, they used different methods, and that's what happened. It turned out to be the most light-loving breed of our forests. It is followed by a birch, then , willow, ash, maple and so on. The most shade-tolerant fir, beech, hornbeam.

If it goes under the mulch, all the better. There are two ways to select plants for dry shade. If you've added moisture to your dry shade, you'll love the classic floral shrubs and spring forest flowers. If, however, this is not possible, choose from a range of attractive yet resilient plants that will handle the situation.

It is an upper dry shrub. A butcher with a broom and Butcher's poetics steadily expands prickly lumps from which the stems can be cut without destroying the effect. Both develop long lasting red berries, Danae is somewhat more orange in tone, but unless you choose your Ruscus carefully, you will need both a male and a female plant. 'Wheeler's variety', the very compact 'John Redmond' and a number of plants simply known as the hermaphrodite form will only produce berries.

But everything in the world is relative. And the shade tolerance of rocks is not a constant value. The need for light varies with age, soil and climate. Determining the degree of light-requiring and shade tolerance of trees is of great importance in forestry, it helps to correctly resolve issues when changing species from less valuable to more valuable when growing forests and regulating its density.

Among perennials there is a huge choice: Arum-Italic is a winter perennial, it appears in late summer, and the amazingly conspicuous foliage with bright white veins is bright all winter, and in late summer there are bright heads of orange-red berries. Forget about leafy varieties for a dry shade. Finally, we always think of ferns as they need a lot of moisture, but some of the shield ferns, Polistichum, are happy in dry shade when planted.

Mikawa Yatsubusa. This small maple is considered by bonsai experts to be one of three the best varieties regarding form and branching. The leaves are slightly larger than other small Japanese maples, bright green before transitioning to fresh medium green for the summer. Autumn color is yellow-orange. The leaves grow in clusters and slightly stick together on top of each other.

Usually, only two opposite groups of plants are considered - light-loving and shade-tolerant; the latter are sometimes called sciophytes, thereby using the term in a slightly different, broad sense. In any case, the boundaries of the groups are conditional; There are quite a number of species that various features or at different phases of development could be attributed to one group or another.

This is one of the few truly weeping Japanese maples. Its name translates as "spirit of the dragon", its green leaves are arranged vertically on long branches that often run along the ground. This tree reaches an average height of 6 feet. 'Waterfall'. This maple is aptly named, as its bulky, cascading shape resembles a waterfall. Its bright light green foliage is slender in appearance and covers the tree profusely. The falls grow to a height and width of 6 to 10 feet. Its autumn color is yellow to orange.

Murasaki Kiyohime. This maple is ball shaped and has a short habit, often growing wider than taller. In spring, its green leaves occupy a dark purple edge. I like to plant Murasaki Kiyohime under a vertical Japanese maple like Shishigashira.

The term is also widely used in crop production. shade tolerance- it means the ability of cultivated plants to endure reduced illumination in general, or in comparison with illumination in natural habitat conditions. Shade tolerance is a relative term, its correct understanding largely depends on the context. When comparing different woody plants, "shade tolerance" will have one semantic content, but when comparing shade trees with shade tolerant shrubs or herbaceous plants, "shade tolerance" can mean completely various levels illumination. Shade tolerance is a rather complex, multifaceted property of plants, depending on many factors, including how much various kinds shade adaptation. Plants of the same species grown in various conditions, may show varying degrees of shade tolerance: it is affected by soil fertility, water availability and other abiotic factors.

'Kiyohime. This dwarf maple is similar to Murasaki Kiyohime but has a denser, more obese habit. It can be pruned in autumn or winter to emphasize this habit and become a prime candidate for bonsai. This Japanese maple is one of my favorites. Its classic shape and lacy foliage are reminiscent of the "red crown," the rich red Japanese maple that comes to mind when you think of these trees.

Viridis reaches 5 feet tall and wide in 10 years and sports yellow foliage in fall. When the tree reaches 10 years of age, appropriate pruning can be done to emphasize its structure. We've covered bulk, cascading, and weeping Japanese maples that work well with partial or light shade.

Key points

Sunlight is necessary for the survival of all plants, except for a few species. However, in quantitative terms, high light intensity does not always contribute to the normal development of plants. With a lack of water in the soil and moisture in the atmosphere, it is easier for plants to exist in shaded habitats than in the open sun.

There are two classic upright varieties worth considering, the first of which is the Shishigashira, a small upright tree with an outstanding structure, reaching a height of 15 feet. Shishigashira has the richest heritage of any Japanese maple variety. It is named after the mythical lioness in Japanese drama and is commonly known as the Japanese lion maple. Its thick, curled foliage, along with its rich golden yellow color autumn foliage deserved this nickname.

This maple is different from any other, unique in that it is a sporty split leaf on vertical tree. Other cultivars with dissected leaves mature or weep in shape. This shade-like tree grows to a height of 15 feet and sports typical golden-orange foliage in fall. "Butterfly". 'Butterfly' is probably the best known white maple variegated Japanese maple in the trade. It is a tree with dense foliage and a green chest. Butterfly is a slow growing variety reaching a height of 9 feet.

Plants absorb light energy mainly from the violet-blue and partly from the red zones of the visible light spectral range. Light radiation in the red range is mostly absorbed by light-loving plants that form the upper tiers of forests, but radiation close to infrared penetrates through the foliage to plants that form the lower tiers. Shade-tolerant plants living here are able to absorb light from the extreme red zone of the spectrum (with a wavelength of 730 nm).

Since its foliage is mostly white, it can be easily scorched in sunny locations, making it an ideal candidate for shade. His light color illuminates a shady corner of the garden. The butterfly sometimes sends out new shoots dressed in green foliage. They are best loosened in autumn or winter to preserve the integrity of the tree.

This Japanese maple is commonly known as floating clouds due to the amount of white in its foliage and its horizontal branching. It is a small, flightless maple growing to a height of 10 feet and a width of 8 feet. Like a butterfly, it will fade when planted in too much sun, so plant it in a spot with a light shade or morning sun with afternoon shade.

However, less light means less energy is available to plants. Just like in sunny and dry environment the limiting factor in the growth and survival of plants is the lack of moisture - in shady habitats, the limiting factor is usually the lack of solar energy.

Plant uptake nutrients often differs between those living in the shade and in a sunny place. The shading usually comes from the trees that form the upper tiers of the forests. This causes differences in soils, which are regularly enriched with nutrients in forests due to the decomposition products of discarded foliage. Compared to forest soils, the soils of sunny habitats are the same climate zone usually poorer. shade tolerant plants in comparison with light-loving ones, they are better adapted for greater absorption of nutrients; and shade tolerance as such depends to some extent on the fertility of the soil.

"Toyama Nishiki". This little maple starts the season with white foliage tinged with pink and green. The white and green varieties keep well through the summer. This maple is heaped by habit and grows to a height of 6 feet. Placing in a lightly shaded area will prevent leaf scorch during the warmer months.

Shade-tolerant plants in crop production

"Peaches and Cream". This variety is typical of a newer line of bred offerings that concentrate on fine variegation with pronounced veining in the foliage. Its autumn color is a diffuse but rich red to orange. Peaches and cream reach a height of 10 feet and a width of 8 feet.

Features of the morphology and physiology of shade-tolerant plants

Shade - tolerant plants are characterized by a relatively low rate of photosynthesis . Their leaves differ from the leaves of heliophytes in a number of important anatomical and morphological features. In the leaf of shade-tolerant plants, columnar and spongy parenchyma are usually poorly differentiated; characterized by enlarged intercellular spaces. The epidermis is rather thin, single-layered, the cells of the epidermis may contain chloroplasts (which is never found in heliophytes). The cuticle is usually thin. Stomata are usually located on both sides of the leaf with an insignificant predominance on the reverse side (in light-loving plants, as a rule, stomata are absent on the front side or are located mainly on the reverse side). Compared with heliophytes, shade-tolerant plants have a significantly lower content of chloroplasts in leaf cells - on average, from 10 to 40 per cell; the total surface of leaf chloroplasts slightly exceeds its area (2-6 times; while in heliophytes, the excess is tens of times).

Since the species is delicate, be sure to place it close to the path where its magnificent beauty can be easily seen. "Khana Matoi". This cultivar shows up more than any other Japanese maple in my garden. Its rich tricolor variegation of hot pink, white and green is unique. Spring coloring flies quite well in summer. autumn coloring red to orange. Hana Matoji is a very small, bulk tree, perhaps 3 feet high and 6 feet wide. It is usually grafted to a higher standard, with a typical 10-year-old height closer to 6 feet.

Some shade-tolerant plants are characterized by the formation of anthocyanin in the cells when growing in bright sun, which gives a reddish or brownish color to the leaves and stems, which is uncharacteristic in the natural habitat. Others show paler leaf color when grown in direct sunlight.

Prepare the landing hole

The pink and white varieties make it susceptible to scorching in a sunny location, so a light shade is preferred. While many trees tolerate shade, none survive well, at least not through a few hours of filtered sun. Trees are not recommended for dense shade areas or areas that receive less than four hours of patchy sunlight. Shade-grown trees may have a thinner canopy and may not flower or fruit fruits as widespread as those grown in sunlight, and trees with bronze or purple foliage may appear greener when grown in shade.

The appearance of shade-tolerant plants also differs from light-loving ones. Shade-tolerant plants usually have broader, thinner, softer leaves to capture more diffused sunlight. In shape, they are usually flat and smooth (whereas heliophytes often have folded, tubercular leaves). The horizontal arrangement of foliage is characteristic (in heliophytes, leaves are often located at an angle to the light) and leaf mosaic. Forest grasses are usually elongated, tall, have an elongated stem.

However, many trees originate as subglacial trees or grow along the edges of forests, making them good candidates for landscapes with partial shade or dappled sunlight. Dogs can be distinguished by their characteristic colors. The actual flowers are clustered at the center of each bloom and surrounded by bracts of white and pink flowers. Dogs grow naturally at the edge of the forest, and although they tolerate shade, they need at least dappled light. All varieties require well-drained soils. Tone-tolerant types such as the Pacific, Blooming, Spit and Pagoda Kisits all have flowers with four to six white bracts.

Many shade-tolerant plants have a high plasticity of their anatomical structure, depending on the illumination (first of all, this concerns the structure of the leaves). For example, in beech, lilac, oak, leaves formed in the shade usually have significant anatomical differences from leaves grown in bright sunlight. The latter in their structure resemble the leaves of heliophytes (such leaves are defined as "light", as opposed to "shadow").

These kizas have several varieties of pink and pink flowers, as well as varieties with a golden or white variety. Business Endurance Zones Agriculture 5. Magnolias are ancient trees with fossil plates dating back millions of years. AT wild nature many are subglacial plants that grow in the shade of large trees. Star magnolia and sweetness are both tolerant and leafy; however, the flowers look very different. Star magnolias have loose, smooth petals that open in early spring before the leaves emerge and are either white or pink.

Non-woody shade tolerant plants

Although most plants grow towards the light (see phototropism), many shade-tolerant tropical vines (for example, monstera attractive and many species of the genus Philodendron) initially, after germination, move away from the light. This helps them locate the tree trunk that supports them and which they climb as they grow, reaching areas of brighter light.

Shade Tolerant Trees

In forests where rainfall is sufficient and water is not a limiting factor to growth, shade tolerance is one of the defining factors that characterize various tree species. However different types trees show different adaptations to shading. For example, Canadian hemlock, one of the characteristic shade-tolerant plants native to North America, is able to germinate and develop fully under a completely closed forest canopy. The sugar maple is also classified as a characteristic shade-tolerant tree; it also germinates under a closed canopy and can thrive well as an undergrowth dweller, but unlike Canadian hemlock, it only reaches full size and development when an open space forms above it. Shade-tolerant trees - heliophytes, such as willow, aspen, birch - cannot develop as plants of the lower forest layer. They prefer open habitats with plenty of light: they often grow in wetlands, along rivers and lakes, or on the site of former fires. Shade Tolerant Trees temperate climate compared to light-loving plants, they usually have greater resistance to lower daytime temperatures during the growing season.

Shade-tolerant plants in crop production

agricultural plants

Some shade-tolerant plants are valuable fodder crops. Vetch grown for these purposes is also used as green manure.

Ornamental plants for gardens and parks

Greenhouse and indoor plants

For more on this topic, see: Shade Tolerant Houseplants.

Notes

Literature

Lysikov A. Shadow society. Shade-tolerant plants // Gardener: journal. - 2007, No. 8.

Links

Flower garden in the shade. Master's recommendations. Lecture notes by Yu. B. Markovsky.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Shade-tolerant plants" are in other dictionaries:

Sciophytes, plants that tolerate some shading, but develop well in direct sunlight. Leaves T. r. with poorly differentiated columnar and spongy parenchyma; cells with a small number of chloroplasts and a relatively low ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

Plants (mainly woody, many herbaceous under the canopy of deciduous species, greenhouses, etc.), which tolerate some shading, but also develop well in direct sunlight. With age, as well as in high latitudes, mountains, in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia