What to lay concrete blocks on. How to lay expanded clay concrete blocks. Laying solution

Today, relatively inexpensive and reliable materials such as blocks are increasingly used for construction, from which walls and interior partitions are laid. In this case, laying walls is very simple; heavy construction equipment or complex technologies are not required.

is an artificial material that has numerous advantages:

light weight compared to many other materials used for construction;
excellent thermal insulation properties, that is, there is no need for additional expensive insulation;
ease of installation, laying such blocks is much easier than using wood or concrete, and this reduces the time for building a house while maintaining its quality.

Block characteristics

Before moving on to the specifics of using building blocks for laying walls, it is necessary to determine exactly what they are. Today, numerous varieties are used, but, as a rule, these are expanded clay, gas silicate or foam concrete rectangular blocks of certain sizes. Similar products are manufactured using technology that ensures their strength and reliability, excellent heat and sound insulation characteristics.

Most commonly used gas silicate blocks represent a material that contains quartz sand, Portland cement, lime and plain water. Such blocks are processed under pressure of ten to twelve bars, they are exposed to steam at a temperature of 190 degrees. All this guarantees high density and excellent performance properties.

Masonry options

We lay down the blocks using one of two methods:

masonry can be carried out using ordinary cement mortar(the proportion should be one to four for cement and purified sand);
using special glue.

Which masonry is more profitable to use? There is no definite answer, but the use of an adhesive solution allows you to make warmer and better-quality walls, since the thickness of the seam here is much less than when using cement. But there are also some disadvantages here:

glue is more expensive than cement mortar;
laying the first row from the foundation is necessary only with a cement-based mortar.

The use of cement mortars is less expensive, but the layer thickness is not 1-3 mm, as for glue, but 6-10 mm. It is this large thickness that creates the so-called “cold bridges”, that is, when finishing the surface of a wall made of blocks, the creation of an additional insulating layer is required.

Wall laying technology

Building walls is not as difficult as it may seem, but it always requires a foundation. Before starting work, it is necessary concrete surface cover with a waterproofing layer, for example, plastic film or roofing felt. Such material must be laid in several layers, after which a solution of cement and purified sand must be applied to it, the ratio of ingredients for which should be one to four, respectively.

So, but before that, the bottom of each block should be slightly moistened so that the block itself does not absorb too much water. Without this, the mortar used for the blocks very quickly loses its bonding properties, that is, the masonry itself turns out to be of poor quality.

Work should begin from the highest angle, which can be easily determined using a building level. All blocks must be leveled horizontally, the surface must be perfectly flat. This can be adjusted using cement mortar or glue, which allows you to lay the blocks evenly and efficiently. The solution for this purpose is laid in a layer of different thicknesses.

When laying, often the last block in a row does not fit in size; to do this, it is necessary to trim it using a hacksaw.

Construction expanded clay blocks and others are very easy to process; they can be cut and holes drilled.

Attention:

When doing masonry, it is necessary to reinforce every fourth row of blocks with metal reinforcement. To do this, it is necessary to groove the surface of a number of blocks, a rod with a diameter of up to 8 mm is placed in the resulting hole, which is filled with cement mortar;
When laying the reinforcement, it is necessary to ensure that the rod is completely immersed in the groove and does not protrude above its surface.

Applying a layer of plaster

After laying the blocks is completed, it is necessary to completely clean the surface of dust, construction waste, solution residues, leaks. After this, the wall must be carefully primed, for which they use special mixtures, having the property deep penetration. This helps prepare the surface of the block wall for further plastering. The third stage is the installation of a mesh for fiberglass reinforcement, which should have a number of advantages such as high density, tensile strength, tearing.

Only after this can you begin plastering the surface of the blocks, which is carried out using special beacons. For this purpose, you can use ordinary guide strips that are aligned along the surface of the wall. After this, the space between them is simply filled with solution.

Plastering the surface is carried out in several layers or in one, but you need to pay attention to the thickness. If only one layer is applied, its thickness should be at least 15 mm. If there are several layers, their thickness will be from 8 to 9 mm. The solution must be leveled using a lath, removing all excess. After the plaster has dried, the surface is grouted.

Attention:

when applying several layers of plaster to the surface of blocks, each layer should be thoroughly dried before proceeding to the next;
plastering of the surface must be carried out at an air temperature of five to thirty degrees Celsius, in which case the work will be performed efficiently.

Facade finishing

After the masonry is completed, the wall surface requires finishing work, which is not much different for walls made of other materials. Such walls are characterized by high thermal insulation properties and excellent noise insulation, but their surface requires additional decorative finishing for both internal and external parties. The most common option is plastering, but this method is good for the facade; inside the house it is best to use finishing materials such as ceramic tiles, plastic or wooden lining and so on.

Can be applied to masonry textured plaster or glue regular wallpaper– it all depends only on the wishes of the owner of the house. The technology of such finishing work is no different from other building materials, except that it is not necessary to install an additional layer of insulation or carry out serious work to level the wall (you just need to apply a layer of putty).

Today, laying blocks when constructing external, interior walls And interior partitions more profitable than using other materials. Gas silicate and foam concrete are not only very easy to install, but also have numerous positive properties, including heat insulation and sound protection. The masonry technology is simple; the blocks themselves are easy to lay due to their size and shape and relatively low weight. Finishing work for walls made of blocks do not differ in any serious features, except that it is not necessary to carry out complex work for leveling and insulating the wall.

Posted By: 03/03/2017

In the previous article we told how we found it. It is with this that the construction of the first row of walls made of aerated concrete blocks will begin. This is done due to the fact that by changing the thickness of the sand-cement mixture, we can later easily level the first row of blocks, which will become the basis of the entire masonry.

By the way, we also checked our measurements using a water level. To do this, they poured water into it, installed it on corner blocks, and then checked the values. We will definitely devote one of our future articles to this measuring tool and its use. Now let’s just summarize that our measurements with water level are completely identical.

Now we will tell you step by step about the procedure for installing and laying aerated concrete blocks, and to be precise, about how we did it and what nuances we encountered.

How to lay the first row of aerated concrete blocks.

Installation of corner blocks on the foundation. First of all, we placed 4 corner blocks. I would like to note that at first we carried out all the manipulations by eye, then we took measurements. Our blocks are located outside the foundation. Thus, when installing the blocks, we checked the dimensions of the outriggers several times. different parts block. To ease the conscience, we checked the indicators using a water level laser level. Then we needed to check the distances between the blocks, they must match the design of the house. And it would be good to check the diagonals; just like when marking a house, they should be equal. Unfortunately, we did not have the opportunity to check the diagonals, since the foundation was filled with flying blocks, but in terms of the size of the future walls, everything agreed.
Guide for laying blocks. We stretch the mooring. Now we need to tighten the guide, which will later serve as a guide when installing the first row of aerated concrete blocks on the foundation of the house. For this we used the most ordinary rope (construction cord) yellow. It is better to choose a brighter color so that it is clearly visible. We tried 2 options. The first involved stretching the rope between the remnants of reinforcement driven into the ground. The second one is in the mount metal corners to the blocks, and then tighten the lace in a similar way. In both cases, the rope must pass through the corners of the blocks. With its help, you not only set the masonry guide, but also double-check whether the corner blocks are aligned correctly. If the lace clearly passes along the border of the blocks, then you have done everything correctly, and you can begin full-fledged masonry. By the way, we liked the second option with the placement of the mooring more.
Laying corner blocks on the mortar. We laid the first row of blocks on a ready-made sand-cement mixture, to which you just had to add water according to the instructions. We started with corner blocks. To ensure that the blocks do not move from their proven location during the installation process, we pre-circled the boundaries of the block with a white construction marker, not only on the foundation itself, but also on our roofing felt sides, which we talked about in the article about waterproofing the foundation. Thus, having accidentally moved an aerated concrete block, we clearly understood to what place on the foundation it needed to be returned. Then they applied sand-cement mortar to the foundation and then laid the block on it, clearly understanding the boundaries beyond which it should not go. Using building and water levels, as well as a rubber mallet (special hammer), we achieved even masonry. Then the first 4 corner blocks were allowed to dry on sand-cement mortar to secure the position.
Laying the first row of blocks. The corners were ready. Now you need to continue laying the first row. By the way, before laying the blocks, we recommend that you quickly clean them, going over them literally a couple of times with a spatula and a brush to remove possible unevenness and then construction dust. Let's return to the masonry. After counting required quantity blocks per row, it became clear to us that we need additional blocks, i.e. blocks that need to be adjusted to length. It is not recommended to make an additional block less than 10 cm. If such a small gap remains, it is better to first reduce 2 blocks in order to eliminate the need to install one. It is better to place smaller blocks not in a row, but on different sides. This will simplify the laying of aerated concrete in the future. The entire first row is placed on a sand-cement mortar, and the bases are lubricated with it. We lubricate the sides of the blocks special glue, intended for aerated concrete. In the future, glue will be used when installing all other rows except the first one instead of sand-cement mortar. We use a mallet to level the blocks and remove excess mortar. At the same time, we knock down the blocks not only from above, but also from the sides, constantly checking their location and joints with a level. I would like to remind you that we started laying blocks from the upper corner of the foundation, so now is the time to reverse special attention to level out all foundation defects using sand-cement mortar. That is, in the place where the highest corner of the foundation was located, the layer of mortar will be smaller than in the lowest corner of the foundation. Thanks to this manipulation, we lay the first row in such a way that it removes all the unevenness of the foundation and prepares good foundation under the remaining rows, ensuring us in the future smooth walls Houses.

This step by step instructions laying aerated concrete blocks is theoretically correct, but we encountered some nuances that caused our masonry to go downhill. We will now tell you about these mistakes and tricks.

Attempt No. 1 of laying the first row of aerated concrete blocks.

Everything was done according to the instructions. At the stage of laying corner blocks, it was discovered that the building level, when changing its position, slightly changes its indicator. At a distance of 11 meters, this error in calculations can give quite unpleasant results.

Conclusion: for laying aerated concrete or any other blocks, it is necessary to use the most accurate building level. In this case, the proverb “the miser pays twice” has direct relation to the situation...

Attempt No. 2 of laying the first row of aerated concrete blocks.

We acquired a new, more accurate construction level. We installed corner blocks, then installed the entire first row around the perimeter. All measurements showed excellent results. But we encountered another problem, which you can find out about in the second part of the article HERE.

In the meantime, we offer you a video from our YouTube channel with a detailed step-by-step story about installing corner blocks on the foundation and complete installation the first row of aerated concrete blocks. Enjoy your viewing and look forward to your feedback and comments.

Best wishes,

Yana and Zhenya Shigorev.

How to properly place blocks on the foundation surface? In this case, it is necessary to adhere to generally accepted work technology and not neglect the advice experienced craftsmen. Then it will be possible to as soon as possible produce, preventing any defects at the initial stage of work.

Required materials and tools

To construct a structure made of aerated concrete, it is necessary to prepare a number of tools and additional materials:

adhesive solution;
sand with cement;
construction drill, equipped with a mixer attachment;
grater;
rubber mallet;
building level;
cord or fishing line;
scraps of reinforcement;
spatula.

Technology of work execution

How to build a wall from blocks if the foundation is already ready? To install enclosing structures, it is recommended to follow the instructions provided:

Drawing right angles. Work begins with drawing right angles on the foundation, for which a building level is used. They also check the diagonals of the building, which must be level. If any defects in the base are identified, they are leveled using gas blocks. Otherwise, after several rows of masonry, all non-joints will be visible to the naked eye.
Reinforcing rods are installed along the edge of the structure. They are designed to stretch the fishing line, which indicates the direction of the masonry.
Installation of building envelope elements on the mortar. How to lay the first row of gas blocks? In this case, it is usually recommended to use a cement-sand mixture (proportion 1:4). First, lay the corners, carefully checking them with a building level in all directions. This process should be approached responsibly, excluding even the slightest deviations. To move the gas block in the desired direction, use a rubber mallet.
The first row of blocks is mounted on a solution that will provide reliable connection with the underlying structures. The end sides of the material are connected to each other with special glue. It is also used for the installation of all subsequent rows.
During the installation process, it is recommended to constantly remove the solution that protrudes outward. To do this, use a spatula and a grater.

How to lay the first row of blocks on the foundation

Types of adhesive mixtures

If foam is used in construction concrete blocks, special adhesives should be used for their installation.

The most commonly used types are:

standard adhesive composition. Designed for installation of most materials used in private construction;
frost-resistant compounds. Able to withstand low temperatures without losing their properties;
heat-saving compounds. When creating seams, the area of freezing is limited.

The price of adhesive solutions depends on their brand and manufacturer. Domestic options are cheaper than imported analogues. To prepare the glue, just follow the instructions on the package. The dry powder is mixed with water and used to combine the ingredients. construction mixer.

How to place blocks on a foundation to achieve best quality? To facilitate this process, you should follow the advice of experienced specialists:

waterproofing is laid on the finished foundation, which will prevent the spread of moisture from the soil to the walls;
for more reliable fixation it is recommended to buy materials with special grooves;
It is best to install the guide cord along the outer edge of the gas block, which will facilitate its installation;
Before installing aerated concrete, it is recommended to go over its surface with a grater to remove small irregularities;
if during the installation process there remains a gap of 10 cm, it is recommended to reduce the size of several blocks rather than install a small piece;
It is advisable to lay the reduced pieces on different sides, and not in a row;
foundation unevenness can be easily leveled out with the thickness of cement-sand mortar;
to increase the strength of the enclosing structures, it is recommended to lay reinforcement with a diameter of 6-8 mm between the third and fourth rows;
additional reinforcement of the walls should be done every 3-4 rows along their entire height;
When installing each row, you should not forget about bandaging, which significantly increases the durability of the enclosing structure.

If you adhere to this technology, there will be no question of how to lay the blocks to form reliable and durable enclosing structures.

Moreover, all of the above operations can be performed even by a novice builder.

Modern buildings are created using building blocks. But depending on the type of such material, the masonry technique will also depend. And at every stage you need to know how to place blocks correctly.

Let's consider each construction moment separately. But first you need to stock up the following materials and tools:

building blocks;
adhesive or cement mortar;
construction drill with a mixing attachment;
grater;
building level;
spatulas.

To work with the foundation, the following steps must be followed.

The first step is to measure right angles on the foundation pad using a building level, after which the reinforcing bars are driven in. After which guides are stretched between them. The foundation blocks themselves have a significant mass, so manual laying is quite difficult and it is better to use a crane.

All work is carried out according to a pre-developed project. If you act according to the plan, then the walls, and the house itself, will be smooth. Due to severe distortions, the building itself may collapse.

Concrete blocks under the foundation should be laid in the same way as others, only a different mixture is used. For this part of the building, solid blocks with special openings for communications or U-shaped ones are used.

The laying is carried out using cement-sand mortar. When making it, a proportion of 1:4 is observed. After laying in mandatory all seams are sealed.

If you use masonry as a foundation, you should not forget about waterproofing, which is laid immediately after the second row. Next, soil is poured from the outside.

For an ordinary building, two rows of masonry are enough, but if you plan ground floor, then add 2 more rows of 0.6 m blocks.

Return to contents

What blocks is the adhesive solution intended for?

If foam concrete or aerated concrete blocks, then in this case it is permissible to use special glue.

Eat following types adhesive mixtures:

Standard. Designed for expanded clay concrete, foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks.
Resistant to low temperatures. If construction takes place in winter, then ordinary mortar will freeze and crack. And this brand of glue has non-freezing components that are resistant to sub-zero temperatures.
Heat saving. The finished adhesive solution has a certain consistency, which, when creating a seam, limits the area of its freezing.

The price range is affected not only by the purpose of the glue, but also by the manufacturer’s brand. Domestic analogues are always an order of magnitude cheaper than foreign ones. And at the same time they are not always inferior in quality.

The instructions for preparing such a solution are quite simple: water is mixed with the dry mixture and, using a mixer, brought to a homogeneous mass.

Return to contents

It should also be noted that the technique of laying blocks largely depends on the material of manufacture.

When laying foam concrete and aerated concrete blocks, a cushion along the guides is prepared in advance. Glue is used to fix them.

Before laying the first row, you need to take care of waterproofing. The blocks in the corners are laid out first, followed by those intended for the walls. In this way the evenness of the corners is maintained. You should know that only the internal walls are covered with waterproofing, the external ones are not touched.

Some models of foam blocks have special grooves, due to which additional fixation occurs. The adhesive solution is applied from the top and sides, in a layer of 5 mm. This is done to prevent the seams from blowing out.

To control the evenness of the masonry, you must use a building level. If unevenness and roughness are found, you can get rid of them using a grater.

To control the evenness of the wall, you must adhere to the guides.

Expanded clay blocks can also be used for the construction of external and internal walls. Their laying is quite easy, since their weight is not significant in comparison with concrete analogues. But for their adhesion, specially designed glue is used.

In general, the technique of laying building blocks is similar to laying ordinary bricks. And it doesn’t cause any particular difficulties even for a beginner.

The starting row receives the most attention. The work is carried out carefully. The ease of laying the walls of the house and the quality of the entire finished structure depend on the evenness and horizontality of the first blocks laid.

Installing the first row can take a team of masons a whole day. And this is considered normal. Here the basis of the future building is formed. The ease of subsequent wall laying depends on the accuracy of its placement.

Foundation preparation

A feature of aerated concrete is not only maximum lightness, but also high hygroscopicity. Any noticeable increase in humidity levels provokes loss of building material thermal insulation properties, therefore houses made of aerated concrete must be built on a plinth usually made of concrete or brick.

The main purpose of the plinth is to protect the walls from precipitation, such as snow and rain, as well as from moisture that comes from the ground through capillary suction.

The height of the base for a house made of aerated concrete is determined based on the depth groundwater, average amount and nature of precipitation. It should be above the average snow cover for the area.

So for the Moscow region, the average snow depth reaches its maximum in February and averages 25-35 cm in open areas and 40-45 cm in protected areas. Protection can include fences, neighboring structures and vegetation. Based on this, a 40 cm base will be enough.

More the height of the plinth is influenced by aesthetic appearance buildings, number and height of steps, design of vents. As well as the presence or absence of basements and semi-basements, the location of communications underground.

Attention!

Do not forget to perform cut-off waterproofing using any roll material on a bitumen basis. When using less durable roofing material, I recommend laying it in 2 layers.

A guarantee of high-quality masonry will be the use of cut-off waterproofing, which will complement the standard waterproofing of the foundation base.

What should I put the first row on?

If the difference in the base is more than 5 mm, which is quite common, then the usual one will not work. Here you will need to combine the laying of the initial row with leveling the surface for the subsequent laying of blocks.

In this case, the installation of the starting row must be carried out exclusively on properly prepared, high-quality cement-sand masonry mortars. Since the base of the plinth is not perfectly flat, with minor differences and roughness allowed, the use of expensive glue will be an unacceptable luxury for laying on the foundation. In addition, the glue is more flexible and is intended for thin-seam masonry.

Recommended for laying the initial row of blocks standard proportion cement and sand passed through a sieve in a ratio of 1:3, with the addition of water until the mixture has a relatively thick consistency.

A properly prepared solution will not only allow you to obtain the most reliable connection between aerated concrete and the base, but will also help correct all existing irregularities. It is also possible to use ready-made, factory-made mixtures made on the basis of cement and sand, supplemented with hydrophobic, water-retaining additives and plasticizers.

Preparation of the solution

The cement-sand mortar should have the most uniform consistency, so to prepare it, it is advisable to use a concrete mixer, in which you need fill a bucket of water, fill a bucket of M500 cement and add three buckets of sifted sand.

Manual mixing of the solution is also acceptable.

During the mixing process, you need to add water in small portions, which will bring the mixture to the required consistency. It is recommended to add a water-retaining additive to the solution to prevent rapid absorption of moisture into aerated concrete.

Cement mortars prepared under aerated concrete masonry, should be used within a couple of hours from the moment of mixing.

Step-by-step masonry technology

At the first stage you need check the height and horizontality of the foundation. Differences of up to 5 cm are allowed, since with such a thickness the solution does not shrink.

Other cases are considered defective and require repair. Any imperfections that are not too pronounced need to be cut or filled. cement mixture. Very significant unevenness will require the installation of additional formwork and subsequent filling of the surface concrete mixture with plasticizers, and further leveling. The height of the leveling layer should be about 30-50 mm. Laying can be done after the layer has dried.

At the next stage Cut-off waterproofing is being laid. The surface is covered with rolled waterproofing with overlapping material at the joints.

A waterproofing layer has been made, blocks are placed evenly in the corners according to a level or level, the lace is stretched in a horizontal position.

The laying begins from the corners, and serves as a guide highest point foundation. It is at this point that the first block is installed. Then blocks are placed in other corners. Installation of corner blocks with a tongue-and-groove connection is carried out with the ridges facing outward.

After placing the blocks in the corners, measure the heights again and mark the thickness of the required layer of mortar on each corner block with a pencil.

The correct installation of corner aerated concrete blocks can be checked with a building level or an optical level. If necessary, adjustment of corner block elements is carried out with a special rubber hammer.

Attention!

Before installing the blocks on the mortar, measure all sides and diagonals again. In a rectangular building, opposite sides should be parallel and equal. Adjacent sides must be perpendicular, which is checked by measuring the diagonals.

Install corner blocks on mortar, checking the mortar thickness written on each block. Install the blocks exactly level. Use an optical level to check the height of the block corner. If there is a discrepancy, press down the block with a mallet, or add mortar.

After installing the corner blocks, the lace is tightened and the row is filled with gas blocks. The cord makes it easier to perform strictly horizontal masonry.

Attention!

When the wall length is ten meters or more, a block is placed in the central part to prevent the cord from sagging.

Solutions for installing aerated building blocks must be applied to the surface of the base using a trowel. The first row of gas silicate blocks is laid on cement-sand mortars, and all subsequent rows are mounted exclusively on adhesives. Side surfaces in both cases they are coated with adhesives.

A rubber mallet is used to adjust the blocks. The dimensions of the elements, if necessary, can be adjusted using . Here you will need a special power tool. In this case, the grouting of the cut is carried out using a trowel or aerated concrete plane.

Before further installation, you need to wait until the solution has completely hardened, which will prevent the risk of deformation of the starting blocks by the weight of subsequent rows.

Useful video

This short story shows the main points that you should pay attention to when laying the first row.