How to choose expanded clay concrete blocks. Choosing expanded clay concrete blocks. Distinctive qualities of gas and expanded clay concrete

Today, there are so many offers for the sale of expanded clay blocks on the building materials market that the client's eyes run wide. Block prices can vary greatly, and this raises questions about the reason for the price reduction. By the way, if you are interested in the production of expanded clay concrete blocks, go to the site bloksochi.ru.

To help you understand and right choice upon purchase, we conducted a survey of blocks from various manufacturers and compared their properties.

The composition of the expanded clay block

The block consists of 4 elements, any of them does some functions:

Crushed expanded clay sand - increases the properties of thermal conductivity, makes the block "warm". Fine-grained material combines better with cement mortar and increases the strength of the block.
Cement - increases the reliability of the block.
Sand and water - serve to "hitch" the elements.
Many "garage" manufacturers, trying to offer a fairly low price, save on the components of the block. As a rule, the quality of the blocks decreases, and the construction of them will be unreliable or not even safe.

Compliance correct proportions expanded clay sand, cement, sand and water provides good quality expanded clay block.

There are several options through which manufacturers can save on unit cost.

good
Bad quality
We respect our customers and recommend only good blocks with certificates.

We recommend purchasing blocks only from well-known manufacturers, because, as everyone knows, "the greedy one pays more." By saving on blocks, you put yourself at risk for the quality of your structure, its safety and reliability.

More sand, less expanded clay sand and cement.

Blocks of this type are distinguished by a "more yellow" color and heavy weight. Because the proportion of expanded clay sand and cement is reduced, such a block will not be warm and not very durable.

Often, in order to hide the excessive "yellowness" of the block, manufacturers use an organic methylene blue dye, better known as blue.

Ultramarine blue is a blue mineral paint in powder form, popular for its ability to eradicate yellowness.

appearance such a block is no longer so sharply different from a good one. But if with great attention look closely, you can see the blue stains.

good
Bad quality
Minimum of expanded clay sand

Due to the large amount of cement, these blocks are the strongest, but not warm. Their use increases the load on the foundation itself. Also, due to the decent weight, the delivery of such blocks is much more expensive.

To distinguish blocks of this type, it is enough to weigh them. The less expanded clay sand and more cement in the block, the heavier it will be. The approximate weight of a normal block is 13 kg.

good
Bad quality
A lot of expanded clay sand

If the block is oversaturated with expanded clay sand, then it turns out to be excessively fragile. There is no doubt that these are the warmest blocks, however, for bearing wall they do not fit, because can break with a simple punch.

There are also situations when the manufacturer does not save on raw materials, but vice versa. Some managers have exceeded the norm of expanded clay sand content in blocks.

The difference between the blocks must be understood in order to acquire construction material, which is one hundred percent suitable for solving your problems.

Slotted (hollow) or solid blocks?

Solid blocks of expanded clay concrete are characterized by high strength and are ideal for the construction of load-bearing walls. country houses and cottages. They can also be used to fill the frames of monolithic houses. They are quite heavy, in terms of cost - more expensive than slotted (hollow) blocks. Another one important feature such building material - any fasteners are securely held in it: dowels, anchors, etc.

Slotted or hollow blocks are cheaper, weigh less, but are inferior in strength to solid blocks. They are used in the construction country cottages, garages, outbuildings. The shape of the voids is not of fundamental importance.

How to choose strength?

The strength of an expanded clay concrete block is indicated by the letter M followed by a number, usually from 25 to 100. The larger the number, the stronger the material. Blocks with a strength below M 50 are used for the construction of garages, fences, and various outbuildings. To build a residential building, expanded clay concrete with a strength of at least M 50 is required. M 50 blocks are used with a wall thickness of about 40 cm, if the planned wall thickness is 20 cm, it is necessary to take M 75 blocks.

Combining strength and energy saving in one wall material is the cherished goal of every developer.

Unfortunately these two physical properties directly opposite, so in practice the best option is a compromise between them.

One of the successful examples of the union of reliability and warmth is a house made of expanded clay concrete. This structure retains heat better than traditional solid brick. In terms of load resistance, the expanded clay block is superior to brittle gas and foam concrete.

In Europe, where every calorie of heat is saved, this material has already won a place of honor.

It will not hurt us to get to know the features of building from expanded clay concrete blocks in order to make an informed choice from those offered on the market. wall materials.

Features of expanded clay concrete blocks, their advantages and disadvantages

Expanded clay concrete is a three-component material consisting of cement, quartz sand and expanded clay gravel (baked and foamed clay). In terms of environmental friendliness, it is impeccable, since no chemicals are used in its production.

Thanks to lightweight expanded clay granules, the weight of the material is reduced, and its energy-saving ability is increased. Due to cement, the structural lattice of expanded clay concrete blocks is strong and stable. An additional reduction in weight is achieved due to the voids created during the molding of the blocks. They are used to reinforce masonry with reinforcement or to install additional connections in frame houses.

Before making a purchase and starting construction, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate.

In addition to those already mentioned, their advantages include:

moisture resistance;
resistance to fire, rodents and insects;
durability;
low thermal conductivity (0.14 to 0.66 W/mK);
frost resistance (for heat-insulating blocks 15-50 cycles; for structural and heat-insulating blocks - 100, for structural blocks up to 200);
good vapor permeability (from 3 to 9 mg/m h Pa);
high speed and low labor intensity of laying (one bricklayer lays up to 3 m3 of blocks per shift);
solution savings (compared to brickwork reaches 50%);
reliable fixation of fasteners during the installation of external and internal finishes;
low cost.

We also note that the construction of a house from expanded clay concrete blocks has its drawbacks:

it is impossible to save on the foundation, since expanded clay concrete walls are heavier than foam and gas-block ones;
cold bridges through the masonry seams (walls must be insulated);
the house is not recommended to be left without an external protective finish for more than 2 seasons (the strength of the walls decreases).

Construction features

Everyone who wants to build a house from expanded clay blocks should know the intricacies of the technology of such masonry.

Firstly , you need to decide on the type of material used. For low-rise construction, structural and heat-insulating blocks are optimal (density from 700 to 1200 kg / m3). Lighter ones are suitable only for insulation, while heavier (structural) ones are used in multi-storey construction.

Secondly , correctly choose the size of the blocks. In order for the costs of insulation of expanded clay walls to be minimal, their thickness must be at least 40 cm (for middle lane Russia). The most popular size used for load-bearing walls is 190x188x390mm. For self-supporting partitions, blocks with a thickness of 90-120 mm are purchased.

Thirdly , keep in mind that the foundation for the walls must be powerful and deep enough. The depth of the trench is chosen based on local soil conditions, but they do not dig it smaller than 1.0 -1.2 meters. A sandy cushion compacted with a rammer (thickness 20 cm), under the foundation is required. In addition, you will have to fill in a reinforced concrete belt (15-20 cm), making a frame for it from 4-6 reinforcing bars with a diameter of 16-20 mm. In case of uneven ground settlement, it will protect the foundation and walls from cracks.

Fourth , it is economically more profitable when the insulation and finishing of the house from expanded clay blocks are performed simultaneously. Therefore, you should decide in advance on the cladding material (siding, face brick, facade plaster, blockhouse) and insulation (basalt or ecowool).

The laying of expanded clay blocks does not fundamentally differ from the technology of erecting walls from block aerated concrete. Here, the seams are also dressed and the deviation of the wall surface from the vertical is controlled (using a plumb line and level). Horizontal evenness is achieved by installing a mooring cord at the corners, marking the line of the row.

When building from expanded clay concrete blocks, there is one important nuance - use of jute insulation tape. It is laid in the middle of the masonry, thereby cutting off access to the cold through the solution inside the premises.

You can save money by refusing such a solution, but in this case, heat will leave the house through thick masonry seams (12-15 mm).

Another significant point of technology is masonry reinforcement.. It should be done after 3-4 rows, laying two reinforcement bars with a diameter of 12-14 mm into special grooves on the block.

Despite the fact that expanded clay concrete is stronger than aerated concrete, for the installation of floor panels, it will also have to make a monolithic reinforced belt for it. It will distribute the load from the plates and prevent them from pushing through certain sections of the walls. Outside, cold reinforced concrete must be insulated with foam inserts 5 cm thick.

As we have already said, the laying of expanded clay concrete stone is not too complicated, so not only a professional builder, but also any neat beginner, if desired, will be able to complete it. The main condition for quality independent work- careful study of the orders (block layout schemes) and the use of control tools - plumb, level and mooring line.

Since the sizes of the blocks are quite large, it is not difficult to lay out an even row of them. The holes made in them increase the accuracy of splitting with a hammer when it is necessary to make a “half” or “three-four” for dressing seams.

Blocks of expanded clay concrete are well drilled, perfectly hold fasteners and plaster. Therefore, the installation of a ventilated facade on them, finishing with decorative mortar, drywall and other sheet materials is not particularly difficult.

Having ordered a detailed project of such a house, most home craftsmen will be able to drive out the masonry with their own hands.

Speaking about the reviews of people living in buildings made of expanded clay blocks, it should be noted that most of them are positive. Most often, the owners note the good heat-saving qualities of the material, its strength and comfortable microclimate in the premises (subject to well-executed masonry and decoration).

Counting the number of blocks

In order to accurately determine the volume of purchases, you need to make a preliminary calculation of expanded clay concrete blocks for the house. To do this, sum up the length of all external walls and separately calculate the length internal partitions building.

The results obtained are multiplied by the height and thickness of the walls and partitions. Then the total volume of masonry is divided by the volume of one standard block - 0.014 m3. So get the amount of material in pieces. As a working margin, 20% is added to the final figure, or when calculating, the volumes of window and door openings are simply not subtracted from it.

Estimated construction cost

It is made up of several components:

The cost of work;
Rebar prices;
The cost of the solution;
Block prices;
Delivery costs to the object.

With self-laying, the first price factor zero. If you order a team, then you will have to pay about 1200 rubles / m3 for the work. Approximately the same is the cost of building walls of aerated concrete.

For 1 m3 of masonry, 65 hollow blocks will be required, with an average cost of 40 rubles per 1 piece. Considering the price of rebar, cement, sand and their delivery, we get that the minimum cost of building a wall from expanded clay blocks is about 2900-3100 rubles / m3 (without work).

In order to compare this figure with other types of masonry, let's say that Brick wall costs twice as much on average. Difference from aerated concrete masonry not so big. However, it also exceeds the cost of expanded clay by 10-15%.

Recently, the construction of the walls of a private residential building from lightweight concrete has been gaining popularity. Such materials can reduce the load on the foundation compared to ordinary concrete or brick and have fairly good thermal insulation characteristics. To understand what better blocks to build a house, you need to study their types and consider the features of each.

Product types

Lightweight concretes differ depending on the materials used for their production and manufacturing technology. There are the following types of material:

foam concrete;
aerated concrete;
expanded clay concrete;
expanded polystyrene concrete;
wood concrete;
sawdust concrete;
slag concrete.

To choose which types artificial stones most preferred for building walls, it is better to consider them separately. Not all options have received mass distribution. If you say what lightweight concrete is used most widely, the following types can be called: foam concrete, aerated concrete, wood concrete. Further in popularity is such material as expanded clay concrete.

Products that can be used for construction are mainly made on the basis of Portland cement (gypsum binders). Sand is used as a filler. Reducing the mass and increasing the thermal conductivity is achieved by the formation of voids in the concrete body.

aerated concrete

Gas silicate blocks for building a house are made on the basis of a silicate binder and a foaming agent, which allows you to get a porous structure. If you use materials from this group, you should remember several disadvantages:

low strength of the walls for the construction of which are used gas silicate blocks, does not allow the construction of high-rise objects, these types as load-bearing structures apply only to low-rise buildings;
products are characterized by strong shrinkage, the value of which can reach 1.5 mm per meter of height (gas silicate blocks are characterized by the largest indicator among lightweight concretes);
the moisture resistance of the material is low (it is able to absorb water), therefore, it requires high-quality finishing using waterproofing materials, which can increase the final cost of work;
as a cladding, it is better to use products with frost resistance of at least 30-50 cycles (according to the standards, it is allowed to use from 30), but gas silicate blocks can withstand only 10 cycles of alternate defrosting and thawing, therefore, they need additional insulation to protect against destruction;
the coefficient of thermal conductivity decreases with increasing density and strength, products that can be used for the construction of load-bearing walls, according to thermal insulation characteristics close to the brick; and require an additional layer of insulation.

The advantages that gas silicate blocks have include:

exact dimensions of products that allow you to reduce the consumption of mortar or special glue;
attractive appearance of masonry walls;
ease of machining;
resistance to fire;
safety and environmental friendliness;
increase in speed and decrease in labor input of works thanks to the enlarged sizes of products.

Further, the types of lightweight concrete are represented by such material as foam concrete. Gypsum binders act as the main component. To understand which blocks are better to choose, it is worth considering the advantages of this group:

The main component of foam concrete is gypsum binders.

ease of processing and styling;
reduced solution consumption compared to small-format materials;
reduction of construction costs due to the thickness of the walls, insulation and less massive foundations;
good sound insulation;
fire resistance;
environmental friendliness and safety (the composition includes such components as sand, cement and water);
greater moisture resistance than aerated concrete, which increases the durability and frost resistance of walls.

In general, we can say that the use of foam concrete allows you to build structures that better resist adverse effects. But the material has disadvantages:

Fragility and low bearing capacity. You should not choose a material that has a low density for load-bearing walls, this can lead to cracks and destruction of the walls.
The simplicity of manufacturing technology has led to the fact that many small enterprises produce blocks. When choosing, it is important to pay attention to which manufacturer manufactured the products. To choose warm and quality materials walls, it is better to give preference to large firms and carefully check the geometry when buying.

In terms of efficiency in terms of thermal insulation, this material is inferior to the previous ones. Expanded clay concrete includes particles of baked clay and gypsum binders, which acts as a heat insulator. The advantages compared to the previously discussed types include:

Expanded clay concrete consists of baked clay and gypsum binders acting as a heat insulator

more secure fixation fasteners, products do not crumble and do not crumble;
increased moisture resistance;
low cost and the possibility of self-manufacturing;
chemical resistance.

Compared with foam concrete and aerated concrete, there are the following disadvantages:

higher density and mass;
reduced thermal insulation characteristics;
uneven edges, which increases the consumption of masonry mortar.

It is important to know that expanded clay is even less warm than brick, and about the same in mass. Save on foundations when using it will not work.

Arbolit

Such blocks for the manufacture of walls recent times are gaining more and more popularity. Main components:

cement (gypsum binders);
sand;
water;
sawdust.

At this material There are the following advantages compared to those indicated earlier:

High thermal insulation efficiency. If this factor is decisive, then it is better not to find wood concrete among lightweight concretes. Due to the inclusion of wood in large quantities, the material acquires the same properties as high-performance warm plaster.
Ease of laying. But here it is important to remember that there are irregularities on the surface of the blocks, therefore a thicker layer of masonry mortar will be required.
light weight, thanks to which less massive supporting structures can be used.
small cost and the possibility of self-production.

When deciding which blocks are suitable for a home, it is important to know the features and disadvantages. Arbolit has them in a fairly large amount. Gypsum products are characterized by the following qualities:

the destruction of sawdust high humidity, reduced service life and strength (requires plastering for protection);
instability to fire due to wood inclusions;
susceptibility to damage by rodents;
low strength, the value is comparable to foam concrete and aerated concrete, the material is suitable only for low-rise construction.

In generalization, we can say that arbolite will become the most effective in waterproofing.

Expanded clay concrete exhibits increased resistance to negative external influences, but its thermal insulation efficiency leaves much to be desired.

Construction country house from modern heat-efficient ceramic blocks is economically less expensive than from expanded clay concrete blocks.

If we do not limit ourselves to comparing the cost of 1 m 3 of blocks, but consider all costs, it becomes clear that when choosing heat-efficient ceramic blocks, the savings will be 250-350 thousand rubles.

At the same time, in all main characteristics, heat-efficient ceramic blocks are superior to expanded clay concrete blocks:

strength grade of heat-efficient ceramic blocks - M75, expanded clay concrete blocks - M35-M50;
thermal resistance outer wall from heat-efficient ceramic blocks - 3.73 m 2 *S/W, thermal resistance of the outer wall of expanded clay concrete blocks with the included layer of mineral wool insulation 100mm - 3.48 m 2 *S/W.

The argument for this thesis is given below. No ads - just numbers!

AT last years construction low-rise buildings from expanded clay concrete blocks rapidly losing popularity.

Main reasons 2.

The need to use a layer of insulation in the construction of the outer wall. Otherwise, the constructed housing does not meet the requirements (below is a thermal engineering calculation of the structure). Insulation is the weak link in construction, its service life is 30-35 years, after which an expensive facade repair with replacement of thermal insulation will be required (more on this below).
Higher construction costs compared to the main competitors - heat-efficient ceramic blocks and aerated concrete blocks.

Expenses when choosing expanded clay concrete blocks for the construction of a house with an area of 140-150m 2 are below for about 100-150 thousand rubles.

And this is true if we consider conventional large-format ceramic blocks with void geometry rectangular or diamond shape. The technology for the production of ceramic blocks with such a geometry of voids was adopted by German manufacturers building ceramics in the early 80s. Majority Russian manufacturers ceramic blocks were able to master and are currently implementing this outdated technology.
The thermal characteristics of such blocks make it possible to provide SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" when using blocks with a diamond-shaped void geometry with a thickness of 440mm, and in the case of using blocks with a rectangular void geometry with a thickness of 510mm.

The construction industry does not stand still, 15 years ago German engineers developed a technology for the production of ceramic blocks with a more heat-efficient lattice (void geometry). In Russia, this technology was the first to be mastered by the Samara Combine of Ceramic Materials, and for 10 years it has been producing blocks of the line Superthermo.
In the middle of 2017, the Samara plant discontinued the production of blocks of the line Superthermo, because they were replaced by blocks with an even more heat-efficient design - these are the blocks of the line Caiman.

What is the difference between the best bloc in Russia from usual ceramic block?

4 signs of real warm ceramics.

1. When we choose from which multi-hollow slotted ceramic block to build our house, important parameter is not overall size block, and the length of the ceramic tracks. It is along them that the heat flow moves, because. the air in closed chambers is an excellent insulator. In a more modern ceramic block Cayman30, the path that the heat flow will have to overcome is longer;

2. Please note that the ceramic track at the block Cayman30 has a smaller thickness than conventional ceramic blocks, the smaller the thickness of the path, the less heat flow will pass through it per unit time;

3. Real warm ceramics cannot have a strength grade of M100 or more, because. increase in brand strength is achieved due to more high density clay, the denser the material, the better it transmits heat. At Cayman30 compressive strength grade M75, this is due to the fact that heat-efficient ceramic blocks Cayman30 high porosity of the clay itself. Air microchambers also increase the path length for heat flow. At the same time, the strength grade M75 allows you to use Cayman30 as a self-supporting unit in buildings up to 5 floors.;

4. And finally, the last, patented know-how in block design Cayman30, this is a heat-efficient lock of side docking of blocks, Cayman30 the castle is a long sawtooth path for heat to escape from the house, in an outdated model of ordinary ceramic blocks, the heat in the castle flows along a straight and thick path.

Here you can see Thermal conductivity test report for Kerakam Kaiman 30 ceramic blocks
You can find the value of the thermal conductivity coefficient in the operational state at the end of the document.

Let's compare expanded clay concrete blocks with heat-efficient ceramic blocks Cayman30 on the example of a specific house, with an area of 166.6 m 2, designed by our design office.

1,200 projects of houses of our development can be viewed on the page Projects of houses included in the action Project a house for free.

Below is a comparison of the main characteristics of the materials under consideration, as well as the features of their installation.
The thermotechnical calculation of the structures of external walls made of expanded clay concrete blocks and ceramic blocks Cayman30, prepared according to the methodology of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings".
And to top it off, a comparative calculation of the cost of building a house was made when choosing expanded clay concrete blocks or ceramic blocks Kerakam Cayman30.

Looking ahead, I inform you that the choice in favor of building a house from a ceramic block Kerakam Kaiman 30, superior in all characteristics, will not lead to an increase in costs, but, on the contrary, to their decrease by 252 420 rubles.

You can see the calculation in numbers below, at the end of the article. In the comparative calculation, the price was used expanded clay concrete block 45 rub/piece, the cost of a heat-efficient ceramic block Cayman30 was taken equal 95 rub/piece including delivery to the object.

Let's compare the considered materials - expanded clay concrete blocks and ceramic blocks Kerakam Cayman30 by characteristics.

1. Strength.

The strength of wall materials is determined by the ultimate pressure of the distributed load on the test sample and is characterized by the number of kilograms of force (kgf) applied to one square centimeter of the material surface.

So ceramic block Kerakam Cayman30 has a strength grade M75, which means that one square centimeter is able to withstand a load equal to 75 kg.

The value of the strength grade of expanded clay concrete block is quite low and different manufacturers ranges from M35 to M50. As a result, according to the instructions of the manufacturers of expanded clay concrete blocks, every third row of masonry should be reinforced; for this, grooves are made in the expanded clay concrete blocks for laying reinforcement.

Ceramic block masonry Kerakam Kaiman 30 reinforced only at the corners of the building, per meter in each direction. For reinforcement, a basalt-plastic mesh is used, which is laid in the masonry joint. Labor-intensive chasing and subsequent covering of the reinforcement in the strobe with glue is not required.

Masonry mortar during the installation of ceramic blocks is applied only along the horizontal masonry seam. The bricklayer applies the solution immediately to one and a half to two meters of masonry and starts each next block along the groove-ridge. The laying is very fast.

When installing expanded clay concrete blocks, the mortar must also be applied to side surface blocks. It is obvious that the speed and laboriousness of masonry with this method of installation will only increase.

Also, for professional masons, sawing ceramic blocks is not a problem. For this purpose, it is used reciprocating saw. In each row of the wall, only one block is required to be cut.

2. The ability of the structures under consideration to resist heat transfer, i.e. keep the house warm in winter, cool in summer.

To ensure the SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" in the construction of the outer wall, erected from expanded clay concrete blocks, it is necessary to include a layer of thermal insulation. As noted above insulation is the weak link in design, service life 30-35 years old, after which an expensive repair of the facade with the replacement of thermal insulation will be required. As a heat-insulating layer can be used:

mineral wool insulation
expanded polystyrene PSBS M25,
extruded polystyrene foam.

Extruded polystyrene foam material is quite new, but it is believed that its service life in the structure will exceed 30-35 years, which is the limit for mineral wool and M25 expanded polystyrene. The cost of extruded polystyrene foam is higher, but the thermal characteristics of this type of insulation are superior to those of mineral wool boards and expanded polystyrene. As a result, using extruded polystyrene foam, the required thermal resistance of the structure can be achieved with a smaller layer thickness, i.e. it will be required less, which partially compensates for the high cost cubic meter extruded polystyrene foam.

At the same time, it is necessary to understand that expanded polystyrenes have a very low vapor permeability, which affects the comfort of living in houses made of expanded clay concrete blocks insulated with expanded polystyrenes. Also, you should pay attention to the fact that this type of insulation contains styrene. Styrene is a poison of general toxic action, it has an irritant, mutagenic and carcinogenic effect, belongs to the second (GN 2.1.6.1338-033) hazard class. For more information on the toxic properties of styrene, see Wikipedia.

Mineral wool insulation, unlike expanded polystyrenes, has good vapor permeability. This improves the indicator of living comfort in the house, but imposes requirements for the arrangement of multi-layer vapor-permeable structures, in particular, between the surface of the insulation and the masonry of the front brick, it is necessary to arrange an air gap of 40-50 mm, ensuring free air circulation in it, for this, air ducts are arranged in the front masonry. Vertical masonry seams are cleared from the mortar, one seam per 3 m 2. Creating a ventilation gap increases the overall thickness of the outer wall, which will entail an increase in the thickness of the foundation wall, and this, in turn, will affect the cost of foundation work.
It should also be noted that most mineral wool insulation (yellow-green-brown boards) contains phenol, which is used to glue stone or glass fibers to give them the shape of a plate. Phenol is a poison of general toxic action, it also belongs to highly hazardous substances of the second (GN 2.1.6.1338-033) hazard class. For more information on the toxic properties of phenol, see the Wikipedia website.
Also, it is necessary to understand that during the operation of the house, the phenolic glue will gradually evaporate, as a result, after about 30-35 years, the stone fibers will remain without an adhesive bond with each other, which will lead to the loss of the mineral wool slab of its original shape. The fibers will begin to settle, exposing sections of the outer wall and filling the ventilation gap. Would need overhaul facade, with the dismantling of facade cladding and insulation residues.

The thermal characteristics of the ceramic block Kerakam Caiman30 are such that the inclusion of thermal insulation in the design is not required. Thermal resistance of an external wall built from blocks Cayman30 and lined with slotted brick - 3.73 m2*S/W, which with a margin provides SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" for residential buildings in the city Novosibirsk.

Below is a thermotechnical calculation of an external wall made of expanded clay concrete block, 390 mm thick, insulated with a layer of extruded polystyrene foam 80 mm, and a wall made of heat-efficient ceramic block Caiman 30, made according to the method described in SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings".

Thermal engineering calculation was made for the city of Dmitrov, Moscow region.

The ability of a structure to retain heat is determined by such a physical parameter as the thermal resistance of the structure ( R, m 2 *S/W).

Let us determine the degree-day of the heating period, °С ∙ day/year, according to the formula (SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings") for the city Dmitrov.

GSOP = (t in - t out)z out,

where,
t in- the design temperature of the internal air of the building, ° С, taken when calculating the enclosing structures of the groups of buildings indicated in table 3 (SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings"): according to pos. 1 - by minimum values optimal temperature corresponding buildings in accordance with GOST 30494 (in the range 20 - 22 °С);
t from - average temperature outdoor air, °С during the cold period, for the city of Dmitrov meaning -3,1 °C;
z from- duration, days / year, of the heating period, adopted according to the set of rules for the period from average daily temperature outdoor air not more than 8 °C, for the city Dmitrov meaning 216 days.

GSOP \u003d (20- (-3.1)) * 216 \u003d 4,989.60 ° C * day.

The value of the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings is determined by the formula (SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings)

R tr 0 \u003d a * GSOP + b

where,
R tr 0- required thermal resistance;
a and b- coefficients, the values of which should be taken according to table No. 3 of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" for the corresponding groups of buildings, for residential buildings the value a should be taken equal to 0.00035, the value b - 1,4

R tr 0 \u003d 0.00035 * 4 551.0 + 1.4 \u003d 3.1463 m 2 * C / W

The value of the required thermal resistance for the external walls of residential buildings in a number of Russian cities

The formula for calculating the conditional thermal resistance of the considered structure:

R0 = Σ δ n /λ n + 0,158

Where,
Σ – symbol of summation of layers for multilayer structures;
δ - layer thickness in meters;
λ - coefficient of thermal conductivity of the layer material under the condition of operational humidity;
n- layer number (for multilayer structures);
0.158 is a correction factor, which can be taken as a constant for simplicity.

Formula for calculating the reduced thermal resistance.

R r 0 \u003d R 0 x r

Where,
r- coefficient of thermal engineering homogeneity of structures with inhomogeneous sections (joints, heat-conducting inclusions, porches, etc.)

according to standard STO 00044807-001-2006 according to Table No. 8, the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity r for masonry of large-format hollow porous ceramic stones and gas silicate blocks should be taken equal to 0,98 .

At the same time, I draw your attention to the fact that this coefficient does not take into account the fact that

we recommend laying with a warm masonry mortar (this significantly eliminates heterogeneity at the joints);
as connections between the bearing wall and the front masonry, we use not metal, but basalt-plastic connections, which literally conduct heat 100 times less than steel connections (this significantly levels out the inhomogeneities formed due to heat-conducting inclusions);
window slopes and doorways, according to our design documentation, they are additionally insulated with extruded polystyrene foam (which eliminates heterogeneity in the places of window and door openings, porches).

From which we can conclude that when the requirements of our working documentation are fulfilled, the masonry uniformity coefficient tends to unity. But in the calculation of the reduced thermal resistance R r 0 we will still use the tabular value of 0.98.

R r 0 must be greater than or equal to R 0 required.

We determine the operating mode of the building in order to understand what thermal conductivity coefficient λ a or λ in taken when calculating the conditional thermal resistance.

The procedure for determining the operating mode is described in detail in SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" . Based on the specified normative document Let's follow the step by step instructions.

1st step. Let's define hmoisture content of the building region - Dmitrov using Appendix B of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings".

According to the city table Dmitrov located in zone 2 (normal climate). We accept the value 2 - normal climate.

2nd step. According to Table No. 1 of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" we determine the humidity regime in the room.

At the same time, I would like to draw your attention to heating season humidity in the room drops to 15-20%. During the heating season, air humidity must be raised to at least 35-40%. Humidity of 40-50% is considered comfortable for a person.
In order to raise the level of humidity, it is necessary to ventilate the room, you can use humidifiers, installation of an aquarium will help.

According to Table 1, the humidity regime in the room during the heating period at an air temperature of 12 to 24 degrees and a relative humidity of up to 50% - dry.

3rd step. According to Table No. 2 of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" we determine the operating conditions.

To do this, we find the intersection of the line with the value of the humidity regime in the room, in our case it is dry, with humidity column for city Dmitrov, as explained earlier, is the value normal.

Summary.
According to the methodology of SNiP "Thermal protection of buildings" in the calculation of conditional thermal resistance ( R0) should apply the value under operating conditions BUT, i.e. it is necessary to use the coefficient of thermal conductivity λ a.

Here you can see Thermal Conductivity Test Report for Ceramic BlocksKerakam Kaiman 30.
The value of the coefficient of thermal conductivity λ a You can find it at the end of the document.

Consider the laying of the outer wall, using ceramic blocks Kerakam Kaiman 30 and gas silicate blocks D500, lined with ceramic hollow bricks.

For ceramic block use option Kerakam Kaiman 30 total wall thickness without plaster layer 430mm(300mm Kerakam Caiman 30 ceramic block + 10mm technological gap filled with cement-perlite mortar + 120mm face masonry).

1 layer
2 layer(pos.2) - 300mm masonry wall using a block Kerakam Kaiman 30(the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the masonry in the operational state is A 0.094 W / m * C).
3 layer(pos.4) - 10mm light cement-perlite mixture between the laying of the ceramic block Kerakam Kaiman 30 and facing masonry (density 200 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficient at operating humidity less than 0.12 W/m*C).
4 layer

Pos. 3 - warm masonry mortar
pos. 6 - colored masonry mortar.

Consider the masonry of the outer wall, using expanded clay concrete blocks, insulated with a layer of extruded polystyrene foam and lined with ceramic hollow bricks.

For the option of using expanded clay concrete block, the total thickness of the wall without taking into account the plaster layer 605mm(390mm expanded clay concrete block + 5mm adhesive layer + 80mm extruded polystyrene foam layer + 10mm technological gap + 120mm face masonry).

1 layer(pos.1) - 20mm thermal insulation cement-perlite plaster (thermal conductivity coefficient 0.18 W / m * C).
2 layer(pos. 2) - 390 mm wall masonry using expanded clay concrete block (the thermal conductivity of the masonry in the operational state is 0.45 W / m * C).
3 layer(pos. 4) - 80mm extruded expanded polystyrene (thermal conductivity coefficient 0.030 W / m * C)

4 layer(pos.5) - 120mm masonry wall using slotted facing brick(the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the masonry in the operational state is 0.45 W / m * C.

* - the layer of facing bricks in the calculation of the thermal resistance of the structure is not taken into account, because in the technological gap between the extruded polystyrene foam and the facing brick, free air convection occurs.

We consider the conditional thermal resistance R 0 for the structures under consideration.

Kerakam Kaiman 30

R 0 Cayman30 \u003d 0.020 / 0.18 + 0.300 / 0.094 + 0.01 / 0.12 + 0.12 / 0.45 + 0.158 \u003d 3.8106 m 2 *S/W

R 0 expanded clay concrete \u003d 0.020 / 0.18 + 0.390 / 0.45 + 0.08 / 0.03 + 0.158 \u003d 3.8026 m 2 *S/W

We consider the reduced thermal resistance R r 0 of the structures under consideration.

The design of the external wall in which the block is used Kerakam Cayman30

R r 0 Cayman30 =3.8106 m 2 *C/W * 0.98 = 3.7344 m 2 *S/W

The design of the external wall in which the expanded clay concrete block is used

R r 0 expanded clay concrete\u003d 3.3179 m 2 * C / W * 0.98 \u003d 3.7266 m 2 *S/W

The reduced thermal resistance of the two structures under consideration is higher than the required thermal resistance for the city of Dmitrov (3.1463 m 2 * C / W), which means that both structures comply with the SNiP "Thermal Protection of Buildings" for the city of Dmitrov.