The oil industry of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Development of production in the USSR during the Great Patriotic War
More than sixty years have passed since our Victory in the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). IN terrible years During the Great Patriotic War, everything was mobilized to achieve the main goal - to defend the freedom and independence of our Motherland. We look back at the path we have traveled in order to better comprehend and appreciate what has now become history for us, but has not lost its significance.
Our oil workers contributed a large share in achieving Victory. The importance of oil on the path to victory was enormous. Without petroleum products, neither the army, nor the air force, nor navy. It’s not for nothing that oil is called “black gold”, “the blood of the earth”; oil is the source of existence and has become the driving force of peace and war...
Victory over an enemy that had huge industrial complexes exploiting the captured production capacities, reserves and resources of almost all of Europe did not seem possible without fundamental changes in the economy. As a result, a decision was made to locate evacuated oil enterprises in the East of the country and rebuild the entire industry on a war footing, which created a solid basis for victory and had great influence on the economic life of the country.
To reorganize the work of the USSR oil industry on a war footing, it was necessary to solve two primary tasks: the all-round increase in oil production in developed oil regions and the rapid increase in oil production potential in the areas between the Volga and the Urals and in the East of the USSR. At the same time, it was necessary to prepare for the destruction of the existing fund oil wells, oil field facilities and oil refineries during a forced retreat.
In July 1941, the State Defense Committee decided to develop a military-economic plan for the country's defense. N.A. Voznesensky was entrusted with control over the production of metal and fuel. A special headquarters for supplying the front with fuel was created under the People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry, headed by N.S. Baibakov
The entire industry was transferred to a 12-hour working day until the end of the war, without days off or vacations.
In 1941, special regulations were adopted on the operation of the oil industry in wartime conditions. The resolutions specified specific tasks for transferring the work of the oil industry to a war footing: on material and technical supplies, providing enterprises with labor, organizing geological exploration and locating evacuated factories.
In the first months of the Great Patriotic War in Azerbaijan, urgent measures were determined and taken to restructure the oil industry on a war footing. The oil industry of the Azerbaijan SSR fulfilled the oil and gas production plan for 1941 by 102.2%. Strengthening labor discipline, the use of technical improvements, increasing the utilization rate of equipment and introducing innovative methods into the production process made it possible to increase the productivity of oil workers in 1941 compared to 1940 by 17.3%, and reduce the cost of oil and gas compared to the plan by 2% .
The oil industry of Maikop in 1941 significantly increased the production of high-quality fuel. Kuban oil refineries successfully completed the task. The production of aviation gasoline was mastered to perfection. In the summer of 1942, during heavy defensive battles, Kuban oil workers disabled the Maikop oil fields. The enemy was unable to take advantage of the oil riches of the Krasnodar Territory. Kuban oil workers mostly evacuated equipment, partially blew it up or buried it in the ground, and destroyed wells
On June 30, 1941, a national economic mobilization plan was adopted for the third quarter of 1941, which provided for the widespread use raw materials Ural-Volga region and Western Siberia, movement industrial enterprises from the front line and putting them into operation in eastern regions countries. It was planned to form military production in the East of the country necessary for the needs of the Great Patriotic War. For the fourth quarter of 1941, the volume of drilling work in these areas was set at 340 thousand m, of which 135 thousand m for exploration drilling. The volume of operational and exploration drilling in these areas was established for 1942. The total volume of drilling was planned in 1,760 thousand meters, including 650 thousand meters of exploration drilling. In addition, in 1942 it was planned to put into operation 1550 drilling production wells. It was necessary to develop the production of high-octane gasoline and aviation oils, as a result of which the urgent construction of a number of oil refineries and installations was set. In the Second Baku, it was necessary to speed up the construction and increase the capacity of the Ufa, Saratov, Syzray, Ishimbay and other oil refineries.
On September 22, 1942, a resolution was adopted “On measures to fully speed up the increase in oil production at the Kazakhstanneftekombinat, Permneftekombinat and in the trusts “Buguruslanneft”, “Syzranneft”, “Ishimbayneft”, “Tuymazaneft”, “Turkmenneft”, “Kalininneft” and “Voroshilovneft” " The document was a program for the development of the oil industry in the East of the country. Average daily oil production in the eastern regions by the end of 1942 was to be increased by 1.5 times compared to August of the same year. The volume of production drilling by the end of 1942 was set at 208.7 thousand m, and the volume of exploration - at 93.4 thousand m. By the end of the same year, 482 wells were to come into operation, and in the first quarter of 1943 - 580 wells.
The main base for supplying the country with petroleum products during the war years was the Azerbaijan SSR. But in the first half of the war, the Baku oil industry experienced great difficulties in exporting finished products. Therefore, the oil production plan in Baku was reduced and increased in the eastern regions. Also, the military-economic plan provided for an increase in oil production and production of aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, ammonium nitrate, strong nitric acid, toluene in the Ural-Volga region. State reserves of fuel and petroleum products were created there through current oil production, its refining and the movement of fuel reserves from the western regions of the USSR to the eastern.
The restructuring of the USSR oil industry in wartime conditions required the implementation of measures to improve the management structure of geological prospecting and field work. To increase the efficiency of geological prospecting, drilling and field operations and improve the operational management of the oil enterprises of the Second Baku, in April 1942, three combines were organized in the Ural-Volga region - Permneftekombinat, Kuibyshevneftekombinat, Bashneftekombinat and the Vostokneftemash trust.
Also, great work was carried out in the field of search and exploration of new oil fields. They were subordinated to a common strategic task: to increase oil production deep in the rear in the East of the country. New oil fields had to be discovered between the Volga and the Urals, high-yield oil deposits had to be found and prepared for development. For this purpose, large geological exploration organizations and special expeditions were sent from the southern oil regions to Second Baku. In the fall of 1941, the powerful geological exploration trust "Aznefterazvedka" (renamed the trust "Bashnefterazvedka") was transferred to the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from the Azerbaijan SSR, which included highly qualified specialists - organizers of geological exploration work A. A. Kamladze, A. F. Rustambekov, I. Y. Weiner, O. A. Mezhlumov, N. A. Muganlinsky, G. I. Safronov and others. At the same time, an expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences was sent to Bashkiria, which included prominent geologists A. A. Blokhin, A. A. Bogdanov, V. E. Ruzhentsov, K. R. Chepikov, M. I. Varentsov and other. This expedition did a great job of identifying the gas and oil prospects of the Bashkir Urals.
The successful development of the oil industry of Uzbekistan began during the Great Patriotic War. IN pre-war years About 50 oil fields were discovered in the republic; during the war years, oil production and refining increased sharply, the Fergana Valley became an important fuel base for supplying the front and rear with high-quality fuels and lubricants. From the very first months of the Great Patriotic War, oil workers of the Uzbek SSR achieved remarkable production successes. By the end of 1941, oil production at the fields of the Kalininneft trust amounted to 184% of the 1940 level.
Oil production increased so much that existing oil tanks could no longer provide for the reception and storage of oil. Moreover, due to the threat of an enemy invasion in Transcaucasia, the oil warehouses of Krasnovodsk had to accept Baku oil. The Baku-Batumi oil pipeline was dismantled already in August 1942. Before the cessation of communication along the Volga, out of 6 million tons of oil stored in Baku warehouses, only 1.6 million tons were able to be removed. By government decision, in the fourth quarter of 1941, work began in Krasnovodsk on the construction of oil tanks and the construction of additional overpasses, which could provide loading of at least 1,500 oil tanks per day.
In August 1942, the Baku-Batumi oil pipeline was removed and transported to the Volga region. Azerbaijani oil workers dismantled some of their equipment and sent it to the eastern regions, which led to a reduction in oil production in Baku.
Introduction
In the life of the Soviet state, with the advent of the war, a completely different stage in the economy began. The war required the USSR to widely mobilize financial resources in the interests of economic support for military operations. The volume of state budget resources used for military purposes in 1941-1945. amounted to 582.4 billion rubles. In the decisions of the All-Union communist party(Bolsheviks), Soviet government and the instructions of Comrade Stalin in the very first days of the Great Patriotic War, a program was defined for the transition of a peaceful socialist economy to the rails of a military socialist economy. The creation of the State Defense Committee, which united the Soviet executive and legislative powers and the party leadership in the country, ensured orderliness and unity of action in mobilizing all the resources of the national economy for the needs of the Great Patriotic War. The war posed extremely difficult and responsible tasks for Soviet finances. It was necessary to provide financing for military activities, to cover the costs caused by the transfer of the economy to a war footing, and the evacuation large number industrial enterprises and the population from the front-line zone and the restoration of the economy in the liberated areas. The solution to these problems took place in a situation where ordinary sources of income were unable to cover the increased financial needs of the state.
Industry during the Second World War
The Great Patriotic War required the immediate transfer of industrial enterprises in most sectors of the national economy to the production of military products. However, the implementation of military orders was complicated by the fact that initial period During the war, most of the military industry enterprises were evacuated to the eastern regions. Over the three months of 1941, more than 1,360 large enterprises were moved to the eastern regions. The country's gross industrial output during the six war months of 1941 decreased by 2.1 times. Rolled ferrous metals, the basis of the military industry, were produced 3.1 times less in December 1941 than in June 1941. The production of rolled non-ferrous metals decreased by more than 400 times, and ball bearings by 21 times. The last two months of 1941 were the most difficult and critical in the history of the war economy. Huge losses of raw materials, materials, and food products were replenished mainly from state reserves. Despite strict rationing of supplies to the population and the introduction of a rationing system from the very beginning of the war, the soldiers were dressed and shod, and provided with food. State reserves made it possible to organize the smooth operation of transport, communications, power lines, and allowed enterprises to quickly move to the production of military products, repair and manufacture military equipment, even if connections with supplier companies are broken. During the Great Patriotic War, all work with state reserves was subordinated to one main task - the uninterrupted supply of the front, industry, agriculture and population. During the war, it was released from the state reserve for the needs of the army and industry. huge amount material resources, namely: bread - about 20 million tons, various food products- about 3 million tons, ferrous and non-ferrous metals - about 2 million tons, coal - 16 million tons, petroleum products - about 9 million tons, timber - about 6 million tons. For sowing work only in the spring of 1942, 53 thousand tons of high-quality grain were allocated from reserves to agriculture for sowing purposes. At the beginning of the war, part of the accumulated reserves was spent, but, paradoxically, the volume of state reserves during the war years not only did not decrease, but for some types increased by more than 1.8 times by 1942. Total turnover for laying and releasing reserves throughout the country amounted to 43 billion rubles. These resources came mainly through Lend-Lease (a system of transferring the United States to its allies through anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War, loan or lease of weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food, etc.). During the entire period of the war, domestic copper production amounted to 534 thousand tons, and 404 thousand tons were supplied under Lend-Lease, or 77.1% of all domestic production; aluminum production amounted to 283 thousand tons, and 301 thousand tons were supplied under Lend-Lease, or 106.4%; tin, respectively - 13 thousand tons and 29 thousand tons (223.1%); cobalt - 340 tons and 470 tons (138.2%); high-octane aviation gasoline - 4,700 thousand tons and 1,087 thousand tons (23.1%); car tires - 3988 thousand pieces. and 3659 thousand units. (73.4%); wool - 96 thousand tons and 98 thousand tons (102.1%); sugar - 995 thousand tons and 658 thousand tons (66.1%); canned meat - 432.5 million and 2077 million cans (480.2%); animal fats - 565 thousand tons and 602 thousand tons (106.5%). The system of state reserves demonstrated high efficiency in the war in the Far East with militaristic Japan. For destruction Kwantung Army it was necessary to mobilize not only numerous military units and weapons, but also significant material assets and, above all, fuel. Many local leaders of the state reserve system, together with the commanders of the Red Army, as well as the commanders of the Chinese People's Revolutionary Army, ensured the rapid advancement of fuel routes along the Chinese Eastern Railway. During the war, the volumes of state and mobilization reserves increased, the reserves became more mobile, prepared to solve complex tasks requiring special urgency and efficiency.
Pomelov V.S.
Introduction
Within the framework of this work, the process of formation of industry in the city of Kuibyshev will be considered, as a result of the evacuation of industrial enterprises to the city of Kuibyshev from other cities and towns of the USSR and the creation of new industrial facilities.
The purpose of our research is to analyze the formation of Kuibyshev’s industrial potential during the Great Patriotic War, systematize information regarding this process, and create a fairly complete picture of industrial development in 41–45.
To achieve this goal, it seems necessary to solve the following tasks: first, analyze documents (including acts of government bodies) relating to this issue. Secondly, to identify industries that took shape during the Great Patriotic War. Thirdly, briefly highlight the history of the formation of some enterprises of the factories in the city of Kuibyshev.
The source base for this work was a complex of published and cartographic materials.
As the main research methods, we used historical-descriptive (description and characterization of the process of formation of the industrial potential of the city of Kuibyshev before, during and after the Great Patriotic War), statistical (visual presentation of data regarding the volume of industrial growth), chronological (this method is essentially formative for this work, since the entire narrative is built on the principle of historicism and continuity of time).
Separately, it should be noted the use of cartographic material, designed to give the work clarity, as well as to help clarify the geographical aspects of some issues.
1. General provisions on industry
Under industry in Bolshoy Soviet Encyclopedia is understood as “industry, the most important branch of the national economy, which has a decisive impact on the level of development of the productive forces of society; is a set of enterprises (factories, factories, mines, mines, power plants) engaged in the production of tools both for industry itself and for other sectors of the national economy, as well as the extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production, logging and further processing products obtained in industry or produced in agriculture."
Industry consists of two large groups of industries - mining and manufacturing industries.
Definitions of the Extractive and Manufacturing Industry are given in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
“Extractive industry, branches of production engaged in the extraction of various raw materials and fuels from the bowels of the earth, from waters and forests. Main branches of the extractive industry: mining (coal, oil, natural gas, slate, peat, iron ore, ores of non-ferrous, rare and precious metals, non-metallic raw materials, etc.), hunting, fishing, harvesting sea animals, whales and seafood, timber harvesting. Products from the mining industry are predominantly used in the manufacturing industry.”
“Manufacturing industry, branches of production engaged in the processing or processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials. Unlike the mining industry, which finds its subject of labor in nature, the manufacturing industry deals with objects that are themselves products of labor. The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and others. building materials, light and food industry products, as well as repair enterprises industrial products and others."
1.1. Reasons for choosing our city as the main location for evacuated facilities
In the fall of 1941, “the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Party, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Council partially moved from Moscow to Kuibyshev.” People's Commissars USSR, Central Committee of the Komsomol, People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic corps. During the Great Patriotic War, 40 industrial enterprises were evacuated to Kuibyshev.”
The city of Kuibyshev was chosen for a number of reasons:
– Geographical location. Kuibyshev was quite far from the front line.
– Provision of the region with the resources necessary to supply the army (labor and natural)
“Before the Great Patriotic War, the population of the city of Kuibyshev was 390 thousand inhabitants, but in the first four to five months, due to the evacuation of enterprises and population from the western regions of the country, the population increased sharply to 529 thousand inhabitants.
Party and business organizations Since the beginning of the war, it was necessary to resolve the difficult issue of how to provide the growing industry of the region with labor. Women, pensioners, and youth took the place of those who went to the front. Tens of thousands of boys and girls and educational institutions, institutions, collective farms joined the ranks of the working class.”
– the city of Kuibyshev is the largest transport hub of the Middle Volga. It has direct railway connections with the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia. The city is located on the banks of the Volga, an important transport route.
"During the period Battle of Stalingrad great value acquired the labor of railway workers and river workers. During the navigation of 1942 alone, the rivermen of the Middle Volga Black Shipping Company delivered 340 transports of military cargo to the Stalingrad Front, often under bombing or shelling from the enemy.”
“During the first three years of the war, 27.8 million passengers, about 9 million tons of oil and petroleum products and millions of tons of other economic cargo were transported.”
– The Volga was a natural barrier from the Nazi invaders.
2.1. Mining industry
Minerals are solid, liquid and gaseous, and according to their composition and methods of use they are divided into three groups:
2) fossil fuels
3) non-metallic minerals (mineral raw materials)
In the depths of our Province there are representatives of all three groups of minerals and, if you look at the map of deposits of the Samara region, you can be sure that on the territory of the modern Samara region there are deposits of: oil, oil shale, sulfur, limestone, dolomite, chalk, sand, etc. .(See Appendix – I)
We are especially interested in fossil fuels, since during the Second World War, oil production and refining acquired special strategic importance.
The search for oil fields in the Samara region and their development covers a long historical period.
“The period from the beginning of the 18th century to the mid-30s was an unsuccessful search for oil fields. Both industrialists and prominent scientists were engaged in the search for oil (P.S. Pallas, I.I. Lepyokhin, I.P. Falk, G.D. Romanovsky, S.N. Nikitin, A.P. Pavlov, I.E. Yakovlev , P.V. Eremeev, A.V. Zaytsev, A.N. Zamyatin and many others). Since 1900, numerous attempts have been made for several years to drill wells to a depth of 400-500 meters, but no oil was discovered. And development was temporarily stopped.
Since 1918, the search for oil in the Middle Volga region has developed with renewed vigor. The depth of the wells reached 1302 meters, but attempts were again unsuccessful. In 1930-1934, only signs of oil were again discovered (See Appendix II - V.P.). And only in 1936, near the city of Syzran, the first oil was recovered from a depth of 687.3 meters.”
In March 1939, the tasks of the third five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1938-1942 were approved. One of these tasks included creating a new oil base in the area between the Volga and the Urals - Second Baku. “According to this plan, oil production was to increase from 17.3 in 1937 to 1,160 thousand tons in 1942, or by 679 percent.”
“By the decision of the XVIII Party Congress, the task was set to create a new oil base “Second Baku” in the region between the Urals and the Volga. In terms of its wealth, the Samarskaya Luka fields occupy one of the first places in the “Second Baku” system. Carrying out the task, oil workers of the Kuibyshev region systematically increased oil production from year to year. In 1941 alone, oil production increased by 34% compared to 1940.”
For example, in 1941, more than 200 thousand tons of oil were produced per year.
But the war began. The Nazis managed to cut off the country from the oil regions of the Caucasus. That’s when all hopes were placed on “Second Baku” - that’s what our region was called. In the decisive battle of Stalingrad, more than 1,000 tanks were refueled with Kuibyshev gasoline every day.
Table - I
In 1944, the billionth ton of oil was produced, but now oil production has decreased.
“So, if in the seventies they mined more than 30 million tons per year, then in 1988 8.2 million tons were produced, in 1999 – 7.8 million tons, in 2000 – 8.1 million tons.”
Currently, 266 oil and gas fields have been discovered in our region, of which 166 are being exploited, 13 are prepared for development, 17 are mothballed, 2 are depleted.
The oil reserves of old wells have been depleted; the search for new deposits requires additional investment. Oil exploration has currently been stopped due to lack of funds. Some deposits are mothballed.
2.2. Manufacturing industry
Of the industries that make up the manufacturing industry sector (see Chapter 1), the following have developed in the city of Kuibyshev:
Table II
Aircraft industry
This industry was very important for the further history of our city. “The work of the aircraft plant was under special control: its products were urgently needed by the front.<…>The development and introduction into the series of the IL-2 aircraft was once entrusted to one of the best enterprises in the aviation industry. Four months after receiving the drawings, the plant began mass production of attack aircraft, and then other plants also built them in the most difficult conditions of evacuation.
It only took the workers of the evacuated factories two months for the IL-2s to go to the front again.”
Thanks to the military work of the Kuibyshev builders, according to the memorandum of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in the State Defense Committee on the creation of an aviation base in the city of Kuibyshev (January 1942): “<…>in one year, 1941, the following were built: 1. Aircraft construction plant No. 122, where plant No. 1 evacuated from Moscow is located. 2. aircraft construction plant No. 295, where plant No. 18 evacuated from Voronezh is located.<…>7. Plant No. 305, which produces normals.”
Factory "Progress". Founded in 1893 in Moscow as a workshop for the production of bicycles. In 1900 it was transformed into JSC "Duks", in 1910 the enterprise was repurposed for aircraft construction. Since 1918 – State Aviation Plant No. 1 (GAZ-1). In 1923 it was named after ODVF, in 1925 - named after. Aviakhim. In 1927, GAZ-1 was renamed Plant No. 1 named after. Aviakhim, since 1941 - plant named after. I.V. Stalin. In October 1941, the plant was evacuated to Kuibyshev to the territory of plant No. 122 NKAP and received the name Kuibyshev Aviation Plant named after. Stalin. In 1958 it was repurposed for the production of rocketry with the transfer of GKOT. Since 1961 - Progress plant.
Samara plant "Gidroavtomatika". The company was founded and began producing products in September 1938, as a specialized plant for the production of aviation normals. The plant was located in Moscow. In November 1941, by decision of the State Defense Committee, the plant was evacuated to the city of Kuibyshev. At the new location, right from the wheels, the equipment was being installed, and within 12 days the production of products necessary for the defense of the Motherland began. By 1955, the product range amounted to almost 1000 items. Parts made of rubber and plastics are widely used instead of metal. This plant is developing and operating to this day.
Also, during the Great Patriotic War, other aviation industry enterprises were evacuated, including an airfield equipment plant. It was Kiev Aircraft Plant No. 454. Airfield equipment plant begins its history in July 1941, when, on the basis of an experimental plant evacuated from Kyiv, the production of small arms, cannon and bomber armament units for aircraft was organized. Since 1952, the company began developing and producing aircraft ground support equipment.
In addition to the production of military aircraft in Kuibyshev, evacuees were accommodated in the village of Mekhzavod Podolsk plant named after. S. Ordzhonikidze, which by January 1942 began producing armored hulls for IL-2 and IL-10 aircraft. “At the same time, the development and production of armor protection parts for the IL-4, TU-2, PE-8, YAK-1, YAK-3, LA-5, ER-2 aircraft was underway. During the war years, about 16 thousand sets of armor protection were manufactured.
By the Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR of December 25, 1941 and the order of the NKAM of the USSR of December 31, 1941, the Kuibyshev Mechanical Plant NKAP No. 207 was formed on the basis of the Central Metallurgical Plant of Osobstroy.
Within the aircraft industry, we can separately highlight engine manufacturing, which included the original Kuibyshev enterprise Motorostroitel.
It was founded long before the Great Patriotic War, more precisely in 1923. During the war, the company produced AM-38 engines, which were installed in the famous IL-2 attack aircraft. Currently this plant produces gas turbine engines, intended for use in block-modular power plants.
Metalworking
During the war years, a new industry for Kuibyshev—metalworking—developed on the territory of our city.
The largest of the evacuated enterprises was and is the Metalist plant. Before the Second World War, plant No. 525 was built in Artemovsk. In 1941 he was evacuated to Kuibyshev. Workers and equipment from dozens of factories from different cities of the country - Moscow, Tula, Kovrov, Venyukovo - poured into new team to become the famous “Metalist” here in Kuibyshev. In December 1941, Plant No. 525 produced the first batch of DShK machine guns. One of the types of products of the enterprise in wartime there were anti-aircraft artillery guns.
Samara Steel Mill(SSZ) began its history in 1941, when in the warehouse building of the engine plant named after. M.V. Frunze opened a foundry, equipped with evacuated equipment. Later, the workshop became a branch of the Frunze plant and specialized in the production of complex aluminum castings for aircraft engines installed on IL-2 attack aircraft. Currently, JSC "SSZ" is undergoing bankruptcy proceedings.
There is another enterprise located in our city. Plant "Strommashina-Shield".“On November 2, 1942, the first corps entered service<…>plant "Strommashina" and began production of urgent military products. During the war, the plant produced drying drums, crane trolleys, bridges for the NKPS, water heaters for refueling aircraft and tanks, and metal structures for the legendary Katyushas. The plant manufactured and installed radio masts in Novosemeikino, overpasses across railway tracks on Bezymyanka. Produced installation work at the Bezymyanskaya CHPP and at aircraft factories.” Currently, the Strommashina-Shchit plant is modern enterprise for the production of metal-intensive, large-sized, on-site assembly of equipment for the industrial production of building materials.
Bearing
By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the country had only one bearing plant in Moscow, which the Nazis heavily bombed from the very first days. And Western countries stopped supplying us with bearings. They understood that neither tanks, nor planes, nor cars would work without bearings. And so in January 1942, trains with equipment from the Moscow Gas Processing Plant arrived in Samara. In the former stables of the Lindovsky market, fires were lit, floors were concreted, and machines and equipment were installed. And already in the spring of 1942, the city began to produce bearings independently. Now the Shar joint-stock company, former 4GPP, is a leading plant in the industry. Next to it, the buildings of the Research Institute of Bearing Industry of Russia grew up. Our factories supply thousands of types and brands of roller and ball bearings throughout the country and abroad. Below we provide data on the volume of production of bearing products during the Great Patriotic War.
Table III
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Volume of products thousand pieces |
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Oil refining
Construction of the Kuibyshev Oil Refinery began in 1943, and two years later the first batch of oil was processed at the plant. Over the decades of its operation, the Kuibyshev Oil Refinery has experienced several stages of modernization and expansion of production. Thus, in 1970, the plant began producing high-octane gasoline for passenger cars, produced by the Volzhsky Automobile Plant.
Conclusion
Based on an analysis of sources regarding the development of industry in the city of Kuibyshev, we identified industries that took shape in the late 30s - 1940s, and gave a relatively detailed description of the basic industries that developed in the pre-war and subsequent years. And, in addition, the process of formation of a number of enterprises in the city of Kuibyshev is highlighted, and the historical significance of these enterprises for our city is also shown.
Drawing up a location map industrial facilities of the city of Kuibyshev (See Appendix – III) is intended to illustratively supplement the textual material of the work.
The use of historical and chronological methods made it possible to create a fairly systematized picture of the design of the city’s industrial potential. Thus, during the Great Patriotic War, the following sectors of the national economy took shape or received further development in the city of Kuibyshev:
- Aircraft industry
- Machine tool industry
- Metalworking
- Motor industry
- Bearing industry
- Oil production and oil refining
- Electrotechnical
Perhaps there was not a single major operation of the Great Patriotic War that did not use military equipment created by the hands of the workers of the region. In the USSR as a whole, during the war years the gross output of the aviation industry increased 4 times.
The volume of defense products of industry enterprises in 1945 increased by 4.6 times compared to 1940.
The military-industrial complex of the Samara Territory, which was ahead of other Volga regions in its development, played a huge role in the victory over the enemy during the Great Patriotic War.
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Notes
1. TSB. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. 3rd edition. - Moscow: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1972, volume 21 "test - remens". - 640 C.S. 81
2. TSB. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. 3rd edition. - Moscow: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1972, vol. 8 "debtor-eucalyptus". - 592 s. P. 378
3. TSB. Ch. ed. A.M. Prokhorov. 3rd edition. - Moscow: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1972, volume 18 "nikko - otoliths". - 632 s. P. 214
4. History of the Kuibyshev region (1917-1980) / Edited by prof. V. V. Ryabova, L. V. Khramkova. Saratov: Saratov University Publishing House, 1981 - 222 p. P. 96
5. Ibid., P. 97
6. Ibid., p. 114
7. Ibid., P. 115
8. Voronin V.V. Geography of the Samara region. - Samara: publishing house "NTC", 2005. - 280 p. P. 22
9. A. Kurashev “Kuibyshev oil” Kuibyshev book publishing house 1969, 238 p. From 22
10. "Samara Volga region in the 20th century." Documents and materials. Publishing house of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2000 - 512 p. P.361
From a memorandum of the regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the development of oil production in the Second Baku region.
11. Geography of the Samara region. Uch. village for students in grades 8-9 of secondary school. – Samara, 2002. – 125 p. P. 65
12. History of the Kuibyshev region (1917-1980) / Edited by prof. V. V. Ryabova, L. V. Khramkova. Saratov: Saratov University Publishing House, 1981 - 222 p. P.110
13. "Samara Volga region in the 20th century." Documents and materials. Publishing house of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences; 2000 - 512 p. P.359-360
14. Khramkov L.V., Khramkova N.P. Samara and the Samara region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Essay on history. Chronicle of events. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. - 292 p. 49
15. Khramkov L.V., Khramkova N.P. Samara and the Samara region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Essay on history. Chronicle of events. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. - 292 p. P.48
16. Khramkov L.V., Khramkova N.P. Samara and the Samara region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Essay on history. Chronicle of events. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. - 292 p. P.42
Data taken from Study guide for students of grades 8-9 “Geography of the Samara Region” Samara 2002 – 125 p. S, 64.
Data taken from the Textbook for students in grades 8-9 “Geography of the Samara Region” Samara 2002 - 125 p. P. 65.
The table is compiled according to the book by A. Kurashev. “Kuibyshev Oil” Kuibyshev Book Publishing House, 1969, 238 p. C 41
According to 2004 data “Geography of the Samara Region” by V.V. Voronin 2005. 280 p. P. 23
The information provided on the history of the enterprise was taken from the website (http://www.militaryparitet.com).
The information provided was taken from the website (http://www.gidroavtomatika.ru/).
The information provided about the company is taken from the website (http://www.zaozao.org/).
The information provided was taken from the website (http://motor-s.ru).
The data provided is taken from the website (http://www.metallist-s.ru).
The information provided was taken from the website (http://www.strommash.ru/).
Material taken from the book: Geography of the Samara Region. Uch.pos. for students in grades 8-9 of secondary school. - Samara, 2002. - 125 p. P. 72.
The table was compiled according to the book by Khramkov L.V., Khramkov N.P. Samara and the Samara region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Essay on history. Chronicle of events. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. - 292 p. From 44.
The information provided is based on data from the website (http://www.rosneft.ru).
Khramkov L.V., Khramkova N.P. Samara and the Samara region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Essay on history. Chronicle of events. Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2004. - 292 p. P. 56
- Russian local history
During the implementation of the project, state support funds allocated as a grant were used in accordance with the order of the President Russian Federation No. 11-rp dated January 17, 2014 and on the basis of a competition held by the All-Russian public organization “Russian Youth Union”
Industry during the war
The Great Patriotic War required the immediate transfer of industrial enterprises in most sectors of the national economy to the production of military products. However, the fulfillment of military orders was complicated by the fact that in the initial period of the war most of the military industry enterprises were evacuated to the eastern regions. Over the three months of 1941, more than 1,360 large enterprises were moved to the eastern regions.
The country's gross industrial output during the six war months of 1941 decreased by 2.1 times. Rolled ferrous metals - the basis of the military industry - were produced 3.1 times less in December 1941 than in June 1941, the production of rolled non-ferrous metals decreased by more than 400 times, and ball bearings - by 21 times. The last two months of 1941 were the most difficult and critical in the history of the war economy.
Huge losses of raw materials, materials, and food products were replenished mainly from state reserves. The illustrious Marshal G.K. Zhukov assessed with great respect the importance of the material reserves laid down on the eve of the war: “They pursued the goal of ensuring the transfer of the economy to a war footing and feeding the troops until the economy was fully operational for the needs of the war. Since 1940. by June 1941, the total value of state material reserves increased from 4 billion to 7.6 billion rubles. This included reserves. production capacity, fuel, raw materials, energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, food. These reserves, laid down on the eve of the war, although they were quite modest, helped the national economy, despite the difficult year of 1941, to quickly acquire the pace and scope necessary for the successful conduct of the war."
Despite strict rationing of supplies to the population and the introduction of a rationing system from the very beginning of the war, the soldiers were dressed and shod, and provided with food.
State reserves made it possible to organize the smooth operation of transport, communications, power lines, and allowed enterprises to quickly move to the production of military products, repair and manufacture military equipment, even if ties with supplier enterprises were broken.
During the Great Patriotic War, all work with state reserves was subordinated to one main task - the uninterrupted supply of the front, industry, agriculture and the population. During the war, a huge amount of material resources were released from the state reserve for the needs of the army and industry, namely: bread - about 20 million tons, various food products - about 3 million tons, ferrous and non-ferrous metals - about 2 million tons. , coal - 16 million tons, oil products - about 9 million tons, timber - about 6 million. To carry out sowing work, only in the spring of 1942, 53 thousand tons of high-quality grain were allocated from reserves for agriculture for sowing purposes.
At the beginning of the war, part of the accumulated reserves was spent, but, paradoxically, the volume of state reserves during the war years not only did not decrease, but for some types increased by more than 1.8 times, as evidenced by the table data.
| Type of reserves | Change in the volume of reserves in relation to their availability as of January 1, 1941, % | ||||
| 1942 | 1943 | 1944 | 1945 | 1946 | |
| Bread | 107,7 | 122,5 | 93 | 137,8 | 171,1 |
| Canned meat | 108,3 | 94,5 | 117,3 | 141,2 | 182,3 |
| Sugar | 54,6 | 28,6 | 11,3 | 20,7 | 59,4 |
| Copper | 30,2 | 19,9 | 53,3 | 60,3 | 77,7 |
| Zinc | 82 | 67,2 | 215,5 | 226,2 | 364,7 |
| Tin | 112,8 | 300 | 382,9 | 468 | 470,2 |
| Nickel | 200 | 300 | 533,3 | 466,6 | 193,3 |
| Aluminum | 29,7 | 13,5 | 67,6 | 262,2 | 902,7 |
| Natural rubber | 273,3 | 313,3 | 120 | 101,3 | 92 |
| Motor gasoline | 249,90 | 109,5 | 52,4 | 117,8 | 158,9 |
| Diesel fuel | 70,5* | 39,9* | 45,4* | 35* | |
| Coal | 79,2 | 51,6 | 55,7 | 42,7 | 71,8 |
The total turnover for laying and releasing reserves across the country amounted to 43 billion rubles. These resources came mainly through Lend-Lease (the US system of transferring weapons, ammunition, strategic raw materials, food, etc. to the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition during the Second World War.
During the entire period of the war, domestic copper production amounted to 534 thousand tons, and 404 thousand tons were supplied under Lend-Lease, or 77.1% of all domestic production; aluminum production amounted to 283 thousand tons, and 301 thousand tons were supplied under Lend-Lease, or 106.4%; tin, respectively - 13 thousand tons and 29 thousand tons (223.1%), cobalt - 340 tons and 470 tons (138.2%), high-octane aviation gasoline - 4700 thousand tons and 1087 thousand tons (23.1%). ), car tires - 3988 thousand pieces. and 3659 thousand units. (73.4%), wool - 96 thousand tons and 98 thousand tons (102.1%), sugar - 995 thousand tons and 658 thousand tons (66.1%), canned meat - 432.5 million . and 2077 million cans (480.2%), animal fats - 565 thousand tons and 602 thousand tons (106.5%).
The system of state reserves demonstrated high efficiency in the war in the Far East with militaristic Japan. To defeat the Kwantung Army, it was necessary to mobilize not only numerous military units and weapons to the Far East, but also significant material assets and, above all, fuel. Many local leaders of the state reserve system, together with the commanders of the Red Army, as well as the commanders of the Chinese People's Revolutionary Army, ensured the rapid advancement of fuel routes along the Chinese Eastern Railway.
During the war, the volumes of state and mobilization reserves increased, the reserves became more mobile, prepared to solve complex problems requiring particular urgency and efficiency.
Features of agricultural development
The main centers of agriculture were moved to the East - to Kazakhstan and Siberia. If the USSR industry supplied Soviet Army military equipment, agriculture provided the front and rear with food, and industry with raw materials.
During the war economy period of 1941–1945, the need for marketable bread in the USSR increased immeasurably. Both urban and army consumption of bread increased. Nevertheless, the food problem, despite the temporary loss of fertile Ukraine and the North Caucasus, was successfully resolved in the USSR. The solution to the food problem in the USSR during the Patriotic War became possible:
firstly, thanks to the collective farm system, which ensured high marketability and a gross grain harvest;
secondly, thanks to the concentration of the bulk of marketable grain in the hands of the state, which organized the correct accounting and distribution of food;
thirdly, due to the new location of bread production in the country, which increased the share of the eastern regions of the USSR.
The successes of socialist agriculture ensured the accumulation of significant state grain reserves in the USSR by the beginning of the Patriotic War. This created stability in the supply of food to the Soviet Army and population, despite the exceptional difficulties of wartime and the decrease in grain supplies in the 1942 and 1943 war years compared to 1940 due to the temporarily occupied areas. An uninterrupted supply of bread to the Soviet Army and population was organized.
During the period of the war economy of the USSR, socialist discipline was strengthened on collective farms, labor productivity increased, and new cadres of collective farm intelligentsia grew up, which replaced the collective farm cadres that retired due to conscription into the Soviet Army. Soviet women played a decisive role in this personnel renewal.
The following figures clearly indicate the increase in the proportion of women among the cadres of tractor drivers, combine operators, machinists and foremen of machine and tractor stations, as well as among the management cadres of collective farms. Specific gravity women among MTS tractor drivers increased from 4% at the beginning of 1940 to 45% in 1942, the share of women among MTS combine operators increased from 6 to 43%, the share of women among MTS drivers - from 5 to 36%, the share of women among foremen of tractor crews, MTS increased from 1 to 10%.
Labor discipline was strengthened on collective farms. Not only individual collective farms appeared, but also entire regions where there were no able-bodied collective farmers who had not worked the established minimum workdays.
At the same time, the productivity of collective farm labor increased, which was reflected in the growth of sown areas per collective farm yard and per able-bodied collective farmer, as well as in traction force.
However, this increase in productivity and labor discipline could not completely compensate for the weakening technical base agriculture, mainly in liberated areas, due to a decrease in the fleet of tractors, combines, agricultural machinery and cars, which placed agriculture in serious difficulties. These difficulties were overcome by limiting the mobilization of labor from the countryside, increasing the production of spare parts in every possible way and restoring the production of tractors and agricultural machines, the production of which was discontinued during the first period of the war economy.
Despite the serious weakening of the technical base of agriculture and the decrease in the labor force, the total cultivated area of the regions of the USSR that were not subject to occupation on collective farms not only did not decrease, but even increased. However, the increase in sown area in the eastern regions of the USSR could not compensate for the loss of sown area due to the richest agricultural regions of Ukraine temporarily occupied by the Germans and North Caucasus.
The peculiarities and difficulties of the military economy of the USSR in the first period of the Patriotic War required further strengthening and development of the grain economy. The acreage of grain crops on collective farms in 1942 in the eastern regions of the USSR increased by 2.3 million hectares compared to 1940. If in the collective farms of the Center and Volga region grain crops were slightly reduced in 1942, in Siberia, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia and the Far East they increased significantly. The highest growth rate took place in the regions Far East- by 30% and Central Asia - by 20%. The largest absolute increases in the area under grain crops took place in Central Asia, Kazakhstan and Siberia.
During the war years in the USSR produced significant changes in the placement of industrial crops. The planting of oilseeds and sugar beets has been expanded in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The sown areas of industrial crops moved to the east of the USSR. The highest growth rate of industrial crops in 1942 compared to 1940 took place in the regions of the Far East - by 37% and in Siberia - by 27%. During the war years, sugar beet crops were expanded in the regions of the Center, Volga region, Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. But in general in the USSR, the area under sugar beets in 1942 decreased compared to 1940 due to the temporary occupation of beet-growing areas - Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Kursk region and partly the Voronezh region.
The share of vegetable crops and potatoes in suburban areas around large cities and industrial centers has increased. The highest growth rates of acreage under vegetables and potatoes in 1942 compared to 1940 were in the regions of Siberia - by 44%, the Urals - by 37%, the Far East - by 30%, Central Asia and Kazakhstan - by 32%.
In the development of wartime agriculture, 1943 and 1944 are in many respects watershed years. Starting from the second half of 1943, the restoration of agriculture in the liberated areas proceeded at a rapid pace. As a result of the increase in acreage and grain yields in 1944, the Soviet country received 1.1 billion poods of grain more than in 1943. Along with the task of restoring and developing agriculture, the tasks of restoring livestock numbers and developing livestock farming were put on the order of the day.
During the war years, serious changes occurred in the number and distribution of livestock. In the USSR as a whole, due to the temporary occupation of a number of agricultural areas, the number of livestock in 1942 and 1943 decreased compared to 1941. At the same time, collective farms in the eastern regions of the USSR increased the number of cattle - from 11.4 million heads at the beginning of 1941 to 2.5 million heads at the beginning of 1943, the number of sheep and goats increased from 28.1 million heads to 34 .2 million heads and only the number of pigs remained unchanged, which was primarily due to limited resources of concentrated feed.
In the development of livestock farming, 1944 was also a turning point. The decrease in livestock numbers has stopped. Most low level left behind. At the beginning of 1945, the livestock population in the USSR compared to the beginning of 1943, i.e., over two years, increased in the following amounts: cattle - by 15.8 million heads, sheep and goats - by 8.4 million. heads, pigs - by 2.8 million heads and horses - by 1.7 million heads. An increase in the number of livestock occurred both in the liberated and in the rear areas, both on collective farms and among peasants for individual use.
State of the monetary and banking system
At the first stage of the war, there was a decrease in the absolute size of the budget revenues. If in 1944, out of the total state budget revenue of 180 billion rubles. Due to the turnover tax and deductions from profits, the country received 127.6 billion rubles, then in 1942 the total amount of state revenues decreased to 165 billion rubles, and receipts from these income items - to 81.3 billion rubles .
Due to the reduction in revenues from regular budget items, the importance of other financial sources has increased. At the beginning of the war, budget reserves, free funds of state enterprises and economic bodies (director’s fund, surplus own and working capital) were used for the defense of the country. Tax revenues from the population increased. In the second half of 1941, military allowances were established on income and agricultural taxes, which the following year they were replaced by a war tax. A tax was introduced on bachelors, single and small-family citizens. The increase in taxation of the population increased the share of this source in state revenues.
Government loans played a major role. Four war loans were distributed among the population of the USSR in significantly excess of the amount established by the government. They gave the state 90 billion rubles. Cash and clothing lotteries totaling 12 billion rubles were held with great success.
As a result of the measures taken, state revenues began to grow since 1943; they increased from 177 billion rubles. in 1941 to 302 billion rubles. in 1945
The increase in state income made it possible to better finance the front and increase expenses for economic restoration.
Of course, the war affected the expenditure side of the budget. The bulk of the funds were directed to military needs. In 1941 - 1945 582 billion rubles were spent for these purposes. or 50.8% of all budget expenditures. In 1945, about 20% of all expenses were directed to the restoration and development of the economy and more than 20% - to finance social and cultural events.
In the first period of the war, as a result of a sharp increase in military expenditures with a reduction in usual sources of income, the USSR budget was in deficit. The budget deficit was covered by emission paper money. During the war years, the amount of paper money in circulation increased 3.8 times. But even in 1942 - 1943, when emissions reached their highest level, the ruble was relatively stable. This was determined by the state price policy (maintaining fixed prices for rationed goods, unchanged prices for agricultural products). In 1944, the state abandoned the issue of money.
As a result of the restoration of evacuated industrial enterprises and the construction of new production facilities, especially in the eastern regions of the country, on the basis of the heroic labor of the peoples of the USSR, there was a rapid growth in military production and all branches of the military economy that met the needs of the Patriotic War. The continuous growth of production and capital investments during the war years indicates the high rates of expanded reproduction during the war economy of the USSR.
Expanded socialist reproduction means, first of all, the growth of the total social product; then, it means an increase in the existing means of production (tools and objects of labor); further, expanded reproduction means the growth of the working class and its wage fund; finally, it means the allocation of a certain share of the social product (profit) for the needs of socialist accumulation and capital construction.
During the war economy of the USSR, the laws of expanded reproduction continued to operate in full, although on a limited territory. After the critical point of production decline was passed at the end of 1941, throughout 1942 the growth of industrial production in the USSR continued from month to month. The gross output of all industries of the USSR from January to December 1942 increased by more than 1.5 times. In 1943, production increased again in all key sectors of industry, transport and the entire military economy. Gross industrial output increased in 1943 compared to 1942 by 17%. In order to imagine the significance of these rates of industrial production, let us recall that the average annual growth rate of production over the three peaceful years of the Third Five-Year Plan amounted to 13%.
The volume of capital work in the USSR during the three years of the Patriotic War (1942, 1943 and 1944) amounted to about 79 billion rubles, not counting the cost of evacuated equipment. During the same three years of war, 77 billion rubles worth of new and restored production facilities were put into operation on the territory of the USSR. 2,250 large industrial enterprises were rebuilt and put into operation in the eastern regions and over 6,000 enterprises were restored in the liberated areas. 100 thousand metal-cutting machines, 24 blast furnaces, 128 open-hearth furnaces, 4 Bessemer converters, 70 electric furnaces, 56 rolling mills, 67 coke batteries, coal mines with a capacity of 73 million tons of coal per year, power plants with a capacity of 3.4 million were put into operation. ket, new railway lines with a length of 5,860 km.
Productive forces developed rapidly in the eastern regions of the USSR. The creation of a powerful industrial base for the military industry in the east of the country was prepared by the entire policy of the Soviet state in the field of deployment of productive forces. By the beginning of 1941, the power of power plants in the Urals alone exceeded by 1.2 times the power of power plants in all of pre-revolutionary Russia by the beginning of the 1914 war. Coal production in the eastern regions of the USSR alone in 1940 was 1.7 times higher than coal production in all of pre-revolutionary Russia in 1913. Steel production in 1940 in the eastern regions of the USSR exceeded steel production throughout Russia in 1913 by 1.4 times. For metalworking and chemical industry The eastern regions of the USSR exceeded the production of the entire pre-revolutionary Russia by tens of times.
The high level of industrial development in the eastern regions of the USSR, achieved by the beginning of the Patriotic War, served as a solid base on which industry developed rapidly during the war. Along with the restoration of evacuated enterprises in the eastern regions of the USSR, new construction was launched on a broad front, especially metallurgy plants, power plants, coal mines and military industry factories. For the restoration of evacuated enterprises and new construction in the eastern regions of the USSR - in the Urals, on the Volga, Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia - only 36.6 billion rubles were invested in centralized capital expenditures over the four years of the war economy. (in estimated prices), or on average per year 23% more than what was invested in national economy these areas in the pre-war years.
In the eastern regions of the USSR, during the four years of the Patriotic War, new coal mines with a capacity of 29,800 thousand tons of coal, turbines with a capacity of 1,860 thousand kW, blast furnaces with a capacity of 2,405 thousand tons of pig iron, open-hearth furnaces with a capacity of 2,474 thousand tons were put into operation steel, rolling mills with a capacity of 1,226 thousand tons of rolled products. With the growth of industry in the eastern regions of the USSR, the size of the working class and urban population increased. The urban population at the beginning of 1943 in the eastern regions of the USSR was 20.3 million people compared to 15.6 million people at the beginning of 1939.
The Patriotic War brought changes to the distribution of the productive forces of the USSR. The main supply base for the front and the military economy became the eastern economic regions countries. In 1943, the production of all industrial products in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia increased by 2.9 times compared to 1940, and their share in the entire industrial production of the USSR more than tripled.
During the war, high-quality metallurgy was created in the Urals and Siberia, which met the needs of the military industry. The production of pig iron in the Urals and Siberia in 1943 compared to 1940 increased by 35% in terms of pig iron, the production of steel in terms of ordinary grade increased by 37% and the production of rolled products in terms of ordinary grade increased over the same time by 36 %.
Let us consider the results of expanded socialist reproduction during the war economy in individual economic regions of the USSR.
VOLGA REGION. In 1942, in the Volga region, the volume of industrial production amounted to 12 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 13.5 billion rubles. against 3.9 billion rubles. in 1940. The share of the Volga region regions in the industry of the USSR increased 4 times during this time.
In the second half of 1941 and at the beginning of 1942, about 200 industrial enterprises were evacuated to the Volga region, of which 60 were restored in 1941 and 123 in 1942. During the four years of the Patriotic War, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of the Volga region amounted to 6.0 billion rubles, not counting the costs of defensive construction and the cost of evacuated equipment.
The structure of industry in the Volga region changed radically during the war years. The growth of the metalworking industry was especially significant. In 1942, the gross output of the metalworking industry in the Volga region amounted to 8.9 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 10.5 billion rubles. against 1.2 billion rubles. in 1940. The share of the metalworking industry in the entire industry of the Volga region in 1942 was 74% compared to 31% in 1940. During the war, new industries arose in the Volga region: the production of aircraft engines, aircraft, ball bearings, the automotive and cable industries, the production of locomotives, which was re-created gas industry, capable of radically solving the fuel problem of the Volga region.
URAL. During the war, the Urals became the main most powerful industrial region of the country. Gross industrial output in the Urals in 1942 increased to 26 billion rubles. and in 1943 - up to 31 billion rubles. against 9.2 billion rubles. in 1940, which means industrial production more than tripled. The share of the Urals in industrial production of the USSR in 1943 compared to 1940 increased by 3.8 times.
455 enterprises were evacuated to the Urals, of which over 400 were restored by the end of 1942. During the four years of World War II, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of the Urals amounted to 16.3 billion rubles, or on average 55% more per year. , which was invested in the national economy of the Urals in the pre-war years.
If in 1940 the volume of production of the engineering and metalworking industry in the Urals amounted to 3.8 billion rubles, then in 1942 in the Urals the output of the engineering and metalworking industry amounted to 17.4 billion rubles, or 4.5 times more than in 1940. The share of mechanical engineering in the Ural industry was 66% in 1942 compared to 42% in 1940.
The main and most important branches of mechanical engineering in the Urals during the Patriotic War were military engineering branches. During the war economy, the Urals provided up to 40% of all military production. During the war, new branches of mechanical engineering arose in the Urals: tank building, automobile manufacturing, production of motorcycles, ball bearings, production of electrical equipment, pumps, compressors and machine tool building.
During the war years, the Urals, along with Kuzbass, became the main metal production base in the country. During World War II, Ural metallurgy became the main source of high-quality and high-quality steels for all branches of mechanical engineering.
The Ural metallurgy provided the tank industry with armor. Pipe production was widely developed in the Urals, ensuring the production of the famous rockets.
The importance of the Urals as a base for the country's non-ferrous metallurgy has increased. In 1943, more aluminum and magnesium were produced in the Urals and Western Siberia than throughout the entire territory of the USSR in 1940. An industry for the processing and rolling of non-ferrous metals and the production of hard alloys has been completely newly created in the Urals. The production of non-ferrous rolled products in the Urals during the Patriotic War exceeded the pre-war production level throughout the entire territory of the USSR.
During the war years, the fuel industry in the Urals grew significantly. If in 1940 coal production across all deposits of the Urals amounted to 12 million tons, then in 1942 16.4 million tons were produced here, and in 1943 - 21.3 million tons.
The energy base of the Urals industry was significantly strengthened during the war years. Electricity production amounted to 9 billion kWh in 1942 and 10.5 billion kWh in 1943, compared to 6.2 billion kWh in 1940. The construction of small and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants has begun, capable of reducing the shortage of thermal coal in the Urals.
WESTERN SIBERIA. During the war, the role of the regions of Western Siberia in the national economy of the USSR increased significantly. The volume of industrial production in 1942 amounted to 8.7 billion rubles. and in 1943 - 11 billion rubles. against 3.7 billion rubles. in 1940, i.e. increased 3 times. The share of Western Siberia in the production of all industrial products of the USSR increased in 1943 compared to 1940 by 3.4 times.
About 210 enterprises were evacuated to Western Siberia. During the four years of the Patriotic War, the volume of capital investments in the national economy of Western Siberia amounted to 5.9 billion rubles, which exceeds the level of capital investments in the pre-war years by 74%.
The mechanical engineering and metalworking industry of Western Siberia in 1942 increased industrial output compared to 1940 by 7.9 times and in 1943 by 11 times. During the war, a number of new branches of mechanical engineering were reorganized in Western Siberia: the production of aircraft, tanks, machine tools, tractors, motorcycles, ball bearings, tools, and electrical equipment.
In Western Siberia during the Patriotic War, production was organized high quality metal and ferroalloys. Non-ferrous metallurgy has grown significantly. Zinc production capacity has increased, and the production of aluminum and tin has been reorganized.
CENTRAL ASIA AND KAZAKHSTAN. During the war, the role of the regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the production of industrial products of the USSR increased significantly. In 1942, in the union republics of these regions, the gross industrial output amounted to
5.7 billion rubles and in 1943 - 6.6 billion rubles. against
4.8 billion rubles in 1940.
In 1941 and early 1942, over 250 enterprises were evacuated to the regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, which were restored as soon as possible. The volume of capital work during the four years of the Patriotic War amounted to 6.7 billion rubles.
During the Patriotic War, the industrial structure of Central Asia and Kazakhstan changed radically. Greatest growth was achieved in the metalworking industry, which in 1942 produced products worth 1.7 billion rubles. and in 1943 - by 2.3 billion rubles. versus 0.6 billion rubles. in 1940.
The fuel and metallurgical industries received further development in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Coal production in 1942 amounted to 9.4 million tons and in 1943 - 12.0 million tons versus 8.7 million tons in 1940. Small processing metallurgical plants were built, and ferrous metallurgy was created - the basis of industrial development.
The restoration of evacuated enterprises in the industrial centers of Kazakhstan and Central Asia required significant development of the energy base. Electricity generation in the Tashkent energy system alone amounted to 1,728 million kWh in 1942 and 882 million kWh in 1943, against 210 million kWh in 1940. Massive construction of new small and medium-sized hydroelectric power plants began.
The non-ferrous metallurgy of the regions of Central Asia and Kazakhstan has grown significantly and has been enriched with new industries. During the war, new capacities for the extraction and enrichment of lead and tungsten ore were put into operation, additional capacities for the production of mercury were introduced, and the molybdenum industry was further developed.
TRANSCAUCASUS. Expanded reproduction during the war economy took place not only in the eastern regions of the USSR. This process also took place in the union republics of Transcaucasia: Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. This is evidenced by the growth of mechanical engineering and metalworking products in Georgia from 181 million rubles. in 1940 to 477 million rubles. in 1943 and in Azerbaijan with 428 million rubles. in 1940 to 555 million rubles. in 1943.
This is also evidenced by investments in the national economy of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia, which amounted to 2.7 billion rubles during the four years of the Patriotic War, as a result of which new machine-building enterprises were built in the Union republics of Transcaucasia, large iron and steel enterprises were being built, investments in the oil industry were growing. industry. Soviet Baku continuously supplied the front and the national economy of the USSR with petroleum products and set in motion hundreds of thousands of engines in the air and on the ground.
Thus, the period of the war economy of the USSR is characterized by the rapid pace of expanded socialist reproduction in the eastern regions of the USSR. Expanded socialist reproduction found its expression in the growth of the working class, an increase in industrial production and new capital investments that ensure the development of the productive forces of the USSR.
