“Commodity research and expertise in customs (food and non-food products). Object of control measures. general inspection of the lot and assessment of its uniformity by visual inspection and verification of accompanying documents
Topic 1. Basic concepts of commodity science. The role of commodity science in customs– 4 hours
The purpose of the practical lesson: learn the basic concepts of merchandising.
Plan:
3. Teaching technologies used:
Information and communication technologies (1-7 topics).
Problem-based learning (1 - 18 topics).
Contextual learning (2 - 18 topics).
4. Text of the task:
Any product is produced as a result of any activity and is intended to meet certain needs.
Products can be created as a result of tangible and intangible activities. Intangible products are services, securities, etc. Material products that are intended for sale and purchase are goods.
In the customs business, goods are understood as "any movable property moved across the customs border, as well as vehicles classified as immovable things moved across the customs border" (Article 11 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation).
A product is a product of material activity, created for sale and satisfying any needs. The product has certain consumer properties that create consumer value in the product.
Commodity science as a science and academic discipline studies the consumer properties of goods. The term "commodity science" consists of two words: "product" and "leading", which means "knowledge about goods".
The commodity as a product made for exchange or sale, due to the dual nature of the labor expended on its production, is characterized by two sides: exchange value and use value.
Exchange value characterizes a commodity in terms of its exchange for other things in certain proportions.
Use value of a commodity is the usefulness of a product, its ability to satisfy certain human needs. Use value is inherent in all products of labor, but it manifests itself only when consumed or used, since only when exploiting can their usefulness be assessed.
The subject of commodity science is the study of the use value of the products of labor.
There are many definitions of merchandising. For example, K. Marx believed that “ consumer values of goods are the subject of a special discipline - commodity science».
At the International Theoretical Conference on General Commodity Science in Leipzig (September 1962) lecturers high school was given the following definition: Commodity science is a natural science discipline, the subject of which is the consumer value of goods.».
By another definition, commodity science is the science of the fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their consumer value, and the factors that ensure these characteristics».
Commodity science arose in the 16th century. in connection with the development of foreign trade relations. The first department of commodity science (plant and animal pharmaceutical materials) was established in 1549 at the University of Padua (Italy). In Russia, one of the first manuals on merchandising was the Trade Book (1575). As an independent academic discipline, commodity science began to be introduced in commercial secondary and higher educational institutions at the end of the 18th century In some countries (Great Britain, USA), commodity science is studied in advanced technology courses for various groups of goods. The founders of scientific commodity science in Russia were M. Ya. Kittary (1825-80), P. P. Petrov (1850-1928), Ya. Ya. Nikitinsky (1854-1924). Under the editorship of the latter, in 1906-08 a textbook on merchandise science "Guide to merchandising with the necessary information from technology" was published, which examined the structure, composition, properties and technology of processing raw materials and materials used in industrial production.
In the 20th century the content of commodity science in different countries differentiated. In the USSR, the commodity science of consumer goods has received the most extensive development. It continuously expanded due to the study of new groups of goods (clothes, knitwear, goods for cultural and household purposes and household items). The study of the structure and properties of materials has become an independent scientific discipline - materials science (by industry). The central task of commodity science was the quality of goods and all issues related to it.
Commodity science is subdivided into a number of academic disciplines depending on the profile of specialties: commodity science of materials, machines, equipment; merchandising of industrial consumer goods, food products etc. In merchandising, instrumental, organoleptic, calculation, and other methods are used to determine the quality indicators of goods. When studying the nature of goods, their structure, properties, processes occurring in them, commodity science uses the achievements of many sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, etc. When studying the processes of forming an assortment of goods, commodity science takes into account the patterns of development of social production and distribution.
The purpose of commodity science - the study of consumer properties of goods, as well as all those changes that occur in the product at all stages of product distribution.
Commodity science as a science and academic discipline should solve the following main tasks:
Systematization of many goods by applying classification, coding;
A clear definition of the main characteristics that make up the consumer value of the goods;
Studying the range of goods and factors influencing its formation;
Assessment of the quality of goods, identification of defects, their causes;
Compilation of commodity characteristics of specific goods.
Merchandising includes a general part and private merchandising.
In the general part, the theoretical foundations are considered, which are very important for understanding private commodity science. In private commodity science, commodity science of non-food products, the state and prospects for the development of certain groups of goods, classification, commodity characteristics of groups, types and varieties of goods are studied.
All goods must meet certain requirements, which are understood as the features of the goods that determine its use for its intended purpose when certain conditions and within the given time.
Product Requirements are divided into current and prospective, general and specific.
Current- requirements for mass-produced products, determined by the possibilities of production and the nature of demand. Current requirements are regulated by state standards and specifications.
Promising- requirements developed on the basis of forecasts for the use of new types of raw materials and materials, technologies and production methods. Over time, promising requirements become current, higher-level requirements appear.
General- requirements for the vast majority of goods. These include such requirements as the most complete conformity of the product to its intended purpose and the degree of fulfillment of the main function, as well as ease of use, harmlessness, strength and reliability, aesthetic requirements, and the possibility of repair.
Specific- requirements for goods are determined mainly by the conditions of their operation (for example, the water-repellent properties of raincoat fabrics).
In accordance with the requirements, goods have properties that, depending on the role of the goods in life cycle, can be subdivided into properties :
- functional- consumer properties of the goods, determining its compliance as an object of consumption or operation with the intended purpose;
- ergonomic- consumer properties of the goods, providing convenience and comfort of its consumption or operation on different stages functional process "man-product-environment" (the convenience of using the product, which determines its ability to function, taking into account the structural features and properties of the body of each consumer),
Hygienic properties - part of the ergonomic properties that characterize the conditions of life and human performance when interacting with the product and the environment;
- security- ensure the safety of human consumption and use of the product. Safety is considered as a consumer property that ensures the protection of human life and health and the protection of its environment from the harmful and dangerous effects of the product during its consumption or operation;
- reliability- properties of goods, characterized by the preservation of the main parameters of their functioning in time and within the limits corresponding to certain conditions of consumption or operation. Reliability indicators:
Reliability - the ability of a product to continuously maintain performance for some time, is estimated by the average time for one failure and the duration of work without failure,
Durability - the ability of the product to maintain performance until the limit state (destruction or wear) occurs with the established system of maintenance and repair,
Maintainability is a characteristic of a product that determines its ability to eliminate the causes of failure, detect and prevent failures in operation,
persistence - the ability of a product to constantly maintain its consumer properties during storage, transportation, sale, consumption or operation under the conditions established by regulatory and technical documentation. The criterion of storage is the service life (shelf life) of the goods - the period during which the goods are suitable for effective use for their intended purpose;
Aesthetic properties goods determine its ability to express in sensually perceived signs of its social value and socio-cultural significance.
Aesthetic properties indicators:
Commodity (external) appearance;
Rationality of form (reflection in the form of a product of the function it performs, constructive solution, features of technology and materials used, as well as features of working with goods);
Integrity of the composition (organization of the volume-spatial structure of the product, plasticity, graphic clarity of the elements and the form as a whole, color coloring);
Quality (perfection) of production performance;
Compliance with style and fashion;
Design, color and pattern;
Other characteristics associated with the satisfaction of a person's spiritual needs.
Consumer properties of goods are based on a number of natural properties:
- chemical- characterize the resistance of materials to aggressive media (acids, alkalis, organic solvents), water and climatic factors. They depend on the nature of the material, its chemical and physical structure, etc.
- physical- play a major role in the design and manufacture of goods, determine the conditions and modes of their operation, the duration of the service life and reliability. May be subdivided into:
Strength and deformation;
Bulk;
Density;
Electrical, optical, acoustic, thermal and thermophysical;
- physical and chemical- include sorption indicators and characteristics that determine the vapor, water, dust permeability of materials and goods made on their basis (important in terms of ensuring comfort, functional properties of goods (adsorption - as the basis of the washing action of soap and synthetic detergents));
biological- properties that characterize the resistance of materials and products made from them to damage by insects and rodents, microorganisms.
Among the factors that form the consumer properties of goods, three main groups can be distinguished:
Directly affecting the formation of consumer properties - the properties of raw materials and materials, product design, quality of technological processes;
Stimulating consumer properties - the feasibility and efficiency of production, the material interest of workers, sanctions imposed for the production of poor quality products;
Ensuring the preservation of consumer properties when bringing goods from production to the consumer - the conditions for storage and transportation, sale and operation of goods.
Commodity classification goods has developed historically and is based on the needs of trade.
There are national, trade and foreign trade classifications. According to the All-Russian Classifier of Industrial Products (OKP), goods are divided into classes, subclasses, groups, types,
In trade, a trade classification is applied. According to the purpose, source material and the method of production, goods are divided into groups, subgroups and a lower level of classification.
In trade classification, the concept of an article is used. vendor code- a symbol assigned to a product in order to reflect its features and differences from another similar product in terms of insignificant features. The article allows you to replace the detailed description of the goods with a special designation that facilitates the maintenance of trade documentation, accounting, and the preparation of orders for the supply of goods.
Classification is the process of distributing a set (concepts, properties, objects) into categories or stages depending on common features.
Exists two main classification methods:
- hierarchical method, where the highest level for the classification of goods is the class.
A class of goods is a set of goods that satisfy generalized groups of needs.
A subclass is a set of goods that satisfy groups of needs that have certain differences.
A group of goods is a subset of goods that satisfy specific groups of needs, which is due to the characteristics of raw materials, materials, and structures.
Subgroup - a subset of goods that have the main purpose with the group, but differ from the goods of other subgroups only by their inherent features.
Type of goods - a set of goods that differ in their individual purpose and identification features.
Variety of goods - a set of goods of the same type, differing in a number of particular characteristics.
- faceted a method where the division of goods into separate parallel groups (facets) independent of each other is carried out on the basis of some feature in each of the groups (a more flexible method that allows in each individual case to limit the division of a set of goods to only a few groups of interest in each specific case).
Trade classification divides all goods into food and non-food.
Product range - a set of goods formed according to certain characteristics and satisfying a variety of needs.
Industrial (industrial) range - a set of goods produced by the manufacturer based on its production capabilities.
Trading assortment - a set of goods formed by a trade organization, taking into account its specialization, consumer demand and material and technical base.
A simple assortment is a set of goods represented by a small number of groups, types and names.
A complex assortment is a set of goods represented by a significant number of groups, types and names.
Group assortment - a set of homogeneous goods, combined common features and satisfy similar needs.
Expanded assortment - a set of goods, which includes a significant number of subgroups, types, varieties, names.
Branded assortment - a set of goods of the same type of branded names. Such goods can satisfy both physiological needs and social, psychological ones. These are prestigious brands of cars, clothes, shoes, perfumes.
The optimal assortment is a set of goods that meets real needs with the most beneficial effect for the consumer.
A rational assortment is a set of goods that satisfies real needs, which depend on the standard of living of the population, the achievements of science and technology, and other features of the external environment.
Managing the development of a product range involves the formation of an optimal assortment structure, the removal of obsolete products from production, and the production of new products. Management is carried out with the help of a scientific analysis of the existing structure of the assortment, by forming a preferred assortment.
The main factors influencing the formation of the assortment are demand and profitability!!!
Specific factors are the raw materials and material base of production, the achievements of scientific and technical progress and the use of modern scientific achievements in the production of goods, socio-demographic and socio-psychological factors.
One of the fundamental characteristics of a product that has a decisive influence on the creation of consumer preferences and the formation of competitiveness is goods quality.
The choice of the nomenclature of consumer properties and quality indicators depends on the purpose of the goods and is a necessary condition for establishing the quality of the goods.
In the customs business, the period of preservation of the quality of goods is taken into account in order to limit the periods of storage of goods in temporary storage warehouses and customs warehouses, the quantity and quality are taken into account for the purposes of identification, establishing conditions for release and application of non-tariff regulation measures. In cases established by the Government of the Russian Federation, goods of a certain type and quality, as well as those having certain characteristics, may be subject to prohibitions, as well as quantitative and cost restrictions on import, as well as restrictions on their use, placement under specific customs regimes.
Commodity diversity, which appeared in a market economy, has created and certain difficulties. It has become difficult for the consumer to choose a product without reliable and accessible information.
Product labeling is one of the means available to the buyer's understanding. The product is labeled with text, a brief annotation, symbol, drawing, etc. Marking must be clear, visual, reliable and meet the requirements of standards.
5. Issues to be discussed:
The content of commodity science as a science.
Product requirements. Goods properties.
Commodity classification of goods.
The role of commodity science in customs business.
Customs Code of the Customs Union (Annex to the Treaty on the Customs Code of the Customs Union, decision Interstate Council of the EurAsEC at the level of heads of state of 27.11.2009, N17) // http://www.consultant.ru;
Gamidullaev S.N., Simonova V.N. etc. Fundamentals of Customs Expertise: Textbook. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg branch of the RTA, 2001. - 250 p.
Gamidullaev S.N., Ivanova E.V., Nikolaeva S.L., Simonova V.N. Commodity science and expertise of food products: Textbook. - St. Petersburg "Alpha", St. Petersburg branch of the RTA, 2000. - 187 p.
Practice 2
Commodity science as a scientific and educational discipline arose and was formed in the process of development of commodity production and the exchange of some goods for others.
In the history of the development of merchandising, there are three main stages:
- mid-16th-early 17th century - commodity-descriptive- manuals are created describing the properties and methods of using various products;
- XVIII-early XX century - commodity-technological - the influence of the properties of raw materials, materials and technologies on the quality of goods is studied;
- beginning of the 20th century - present - commodity-forming– scientific foundations for the formation, evaluation and management of use value, quality, assortment of goods are being developed
Professor M.Ya. Kittara, who defined the subject and content of the discipline, developed a classification and described the properties of goods. Professor P.P. Petrov and Ya.Ya. Nikitinsky clarified the content of commodity science and showed its connection with production technology, agricultural and economic sciences. Professor F.V. Tserevitinov made a great contribution to the development of commodity science of food products.
Experts also associate the origin of the term "commodity science" with two main words: "product" and "doing".
commodity science - the science of the fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their use value and the factors that ensure these characteristics. The subject of commodity science are the use-values of goods. Target commodity science- the study of the fundamental characteristics of the goods that make up its use value, as well as their changes at all stages of the distribution of goods.
The tasks of commodity science.
A clear definition of the fundamental characteristics that make up the use value;
Establishment of the principles and methods of commodity science, which determine its scientific foundations;
Systematization of a variety of goods through the rational application of classification and coding methods;
The study of the properties and indicators of the range of goods for the analysis of the assortment policy of an industrial or trade organization;
Determination of the nomenclature of consumer properties and indicators of goods;
Assessment of the quality of goods, including imported ones;
Determination of quantitative characteristics of single copies of goods and consignments;
Ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of their technological cycle by taking into account the forming and regulating the retaining factors;
Identification of quality gradations and defects in goods, their causes and measures to prevent the sale of low-quality goods;
Establishing the types of commodity losses, the causes of their occurrence and the development of measures to prevent or reduce them;
Information support of goods distribution from the manufacturer to the consumer;
Commodity characteristics of specific goods.
The role of commodity science in customs business. The main principle of state regulation of foreign economic activity is the protection by the state of the rights and legitimate interests of participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the rights and legitimate interests Russian manufacturers and consumers of goods and services.
Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to an even greater growth in international trade and an expansion of the range of imported goods. In this regard, the tasks of protecting the consumer market from the import of dangerous and harmful products, identifying falsified and counterfeit goods are relevant. Under these conditions, the role of merchandising in the work of customs services is growing.
Goods crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation are subject to customs clearance and customs control. In the course of customs control, a customs examination may be appointed in order to establish the country of origin, raw material composition, manufacturing method, cost, etc. A specialist with commodity knowledge can largely contribute to ensuring effective counteraction to violations of customs rules and crimes in the customs sphere. Customs expertise, in addition, is one of the barriers to protecting the country's consumer market from imports of poor quality, harmful and dangerous goods.
2. The concept of products and goods. The concept of "goods" in the customs business.
Currently, there is no unambiguous definition of the above concepts. AT federal law"On technical regulation" the term "product" means the result of activity presented in material form and intended for further use for economic and other purposes. In accordance with this definition, only objects in material form can be attributed to products. The international standard defines products as a result of a process, activity, designed to meet real or potential needs. Moreover, products can be material (raw materials, processed materials, equipment, etc.) and intangible (services, information, products of intellectual labor - software).
Commodity science studies material products, which have two main features: firstly, it must be produced, and secondly, it must satisfy someone's needs (i.e., it must be needed by someone). ___ A product becomes a commodity when it is an object of sale (commercial activity). In this way, product- tangible products intended for sale and purchase. The concepts of "product" and "goods" differ in that the product becomes a commodity, being offered to the market. Product- any thing that is not limited in circulation, freely alienable and transferable from one person to another under a contract of sale.
There is a difference in the definition the term "goods" - in commodity science and customs practice.___ In accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation (Article 11), goods are any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electrical, thermal, other types of energy, as well as vehicles classified as immovable things moved across the customs border, with the exception of Vehicle used in international transportation.__ That is, goods, by definition in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, are property. In accordance with Article 128 Civil Code RF, the concept of property includes things (including money and securities) and does not include such objects civil rights as action (work and services), information and intangible benefits. These last objects obviously cannot be regarded as commodities.
3.Principles and methods of commodity science, their use in customs practice.
Principles
commodity science are: safety, efficiency, compatibility, interchangeability, systematization. Safety
- the fundamental principle, which is the inadmissibility of the risk of causing damage to life or health of people by a product or service; property of individuals and legal entities, state or municipal property; environment; life or health of animals and plants. Efficiency
- the principle of achieving the most optimal result in the production, packaging, storage, sale and consumption of goods.
Compatibility - a principle determined by the suitability of goods, processes and services for sharing without causing unwanted interactions. Interchangeability - the principle determined by the suitability of one product to be used instead of another product in order to satisfy the same needs.
Systematization - the principle of establishing a certain sequence of homogeneous, interrelated goods, processes and services. Systematization is the consideration of each object as part of a more complex system. The principle of systematization is the basis of commodity science methods - such as identification, classification, coding. Methods commodity science subdivided into empirical, or experimental and analytical.
empirical methods depending on the used technical means measurements are divided into:
Measuring - physical, physico-chemical, chemical, biological, are carried out with the help of technical measuring instruments.
Organoleptic - methods for determining quality indicators using the senses.
Analytical (mental) methods - this is analysis, forecasting, programming, planning, systematization, identification (method of identification, establishing the coincidence of one object with another), classification. For example, identification (of goods
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Introduction
According to Article 71 of the Constitution Russian Federation customs regulation is assigned to the jurisdiction of the federal government, which means that the legislation in the customs sphere is limited to the federal level. This norm of the Constitution makes it possible to unite the rules of foreign economic activity that are uniform for all, a single procedure and conditions for the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation, and the unity of customs procedures. The constitutional provisions of customs regulation are regulated in the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.
According to the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, one of the components of the customs business in the Russian Federation is the procedure and conditions for the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation, customs control.
In accordance with one of the basic principles for the movement of goods and vehicles across the customs border of the Russian Federation, which is enshrined in Article 14 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, all goods and vehicles transported across the customs border are subject to customs clearance and customs control in the manner and under the conditions that provided by the Customs Code of the Russian Federation. The requirements of this principle are mandatory and apply to all persons moving goods and vehicles.
This principle is associated with such a function of the customs authorities as the production of customs examinations and the study of goods. This control function manifests itself constantly, regardless of the categories and quantities of goods transported, as well as the persons moving them, and the types of vehicles.
Thus, the purpose of this work is to consider the features of the customs examination of food products.
In this regard, we highlight the following tasks:
1. Consideration of the concept and types of customs examinations.
2. Analysis of the examination of food products carried out by the customs authorities of the Vanino Commercial Sea Port.
1. The concept and essence of customs examinations
1.1 Types of customs examinations
Customs examination - a set of measures carried out by the customs authorities in order to ensure compliance with the customs legislation of the Russian Federation.
Based on the conducted literature analysis, the following types of customs examinations carried out in Russia can be distinguished:
Identification expertise is carried out in order to determine whether the goods belong to a homogeneous group of goods or a controlled list of goods, to establish the individual characteristics of the goods, the conformity of the goods to the established quality characteristics and technical description and must answer the questions:
- to which class or group of homogeneous goods this product belongs;
- determination of the name and belonging of the goods (unknown object), including products (substances), the import / export of which is limited or they are prohibited for circulation:
- establishing the conformity of the goods with the quality characteristics and the technical description for it.
Chemical expertise is carried out in order to establish the chemical composition, the quantitative ratio of various chemical compounds of the object submitted for research and should answer the questions: Zhiryaeva E.V. Expertise in customs and international trade - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003 - p. 45
- determination of the chemical composition of the object;
- whether it contains elements that indicate belonging to certain groups of goods subject to special control (precious metals, narcotic drugs and SDYAV, ozone-depleting substances, ethyl alcohol, etc.);
- determination of the content of components in the object;
- identification of goods (substance) by chemical composition and ratio of components in it.
Classification expertise is carried out in order to classify specific goods to the positions specified in the Commodity Nomenclature for Foreign Economic Activity of the CIS (TN VED CIS), and should answer the questions:
- identification of the object presented for research:
- determination of the customs name and compliance with a certain code of goods according to the FEACN of the CIS.
Technological expertise is carried out in order to determine the possibility of placing goods under the customs regime of processing on/outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation and under customs control and must answer the following questions:
- determination of the norms for the output of processed products during the processing of a certain type of raw material;
- determining the consumption of raw materials upon receipt of a certain product;
- identification of raw materials in the processed product;
- whether the recycling process is a continuous technological process;
- determination of the place of origin of goods;
- establishment (clarification or confirmation) of the production technology of the goods submitted for examination;
- determining the completeness of the use of raw materials in the production of a particular product.
Certification expertise will be checked in order to establish the quality characteristics of the goods and must answer the questions:
- determination of the brand, variety, type, naturalness of the goods presented for research;
- whether the object under study corresponds to a specific regulatory and technical document;
- whether the investigated product meets existing standards;
- whether the quality of the goods corresponds to the submitted technical documentation;
- determination of belonging of a separate unit to one group.
Material science expertise is carried out in order to determine whether the goods belong to a specific class of substances, products or materials and must answer the following questions:
What material is the material presented for research made of?
product;
- what are the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the material;
- determination of technological criteria that affect the classification of the material under study.
Merchandising cost expertise is carried out in order to determine the value of the goods on the basis of its quality indicators, its main properties and factors and must answer the questions: Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs examination of goods - M .: Academy, 2003 - from 13
- determination of the customs name of the goods in accordance with the FEACN of the CIS;
- determination of the quality indicators of the goods that affect its value;
- what is the wholesale market value of the goods.
Estimated expertise is carried out in order to determine the consumer value of goods converted into federal property, and should answer the following questions:
- determination of belonging and consumer qualities of the goods presented for research;
- determination of commercial properties in accordance with normative and technical documents;
- what is the wholesale market price of the goods presented for research.
Ecological expertise is carried out in order to determine the possibility of import / export of goods or placement of goods under a specific customs regime and should answer the following questions:
- determining the environmental or operational safety of the goods;
- determining the conformity of the quality of goods with the requirements of GOST and biomedical requirements;
- determination of the presence of ozone-depleting substances;
- determining whether a product (substance) belongs to hazardous waste.
Mineralogical (gemmological) expertise is carried out in order to establish the nature of precious stones, the category of their quality and value, and should answer the following questions:
- whether the product is a natural, artificial (synthetic), reconstructed cut or uncut, precious, semi-precious or ornamental stone;
- what is the market value of the stones presented for examination.
Forensic examination is carried out in order to establish the authenticity of customs and other documents that are important during customs control, securities, as well as customs means of identification and should answer the questions:
- how the printed forms are made;
- are there any erasures, corrections in the document:
- whether the object under study (seal, stamp, form, signature on the form) corresponds to the submitted comparative sample;
- whether the excise or special stamp is a product of the enterprises of Goznak of the Russian Federation;
- whether the banknote (check) was produced by an enterprise engaged in the production of banknotes and government securities of the respective country;
- whether the customs seal is counterfeit;
- whether the bar code on the product is counterfeit and whether the information contained in it corresponds to the declared name of the product and its manufacturer.
Artistic expertise is carried out in order to establish the historical, artistic, cultural, scientific significance of works of art and antiques and should answer the following questions:
- whether the object under study belongs to a work of art or culture, whether it is an antique;
- what is the artistic, cultural, historical, scientific significance of this subject.
1.2 Significance and methodology of customs examinations
Appointment of expertise in the implementation of customs control:
Examination of goods, vehicles or documents containing information about goods and vehicles or about the performance of operations (actions) in relation to them is appointed in cases where special knowledge is needed to clarify emerging issues during customs control. Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs examination of goods - M .: Academy, 2003 - p. 34
Control of the correctness of the declared customs value is carried out for certain categories of goods for which the highest ad valorem rates of customs payments are established or for which there is a tendency to underestimate the customs value (Appendix 1).
The examination is carried out by experts of customs laboratories, as well as other relevant organizations or other experts appointed by the customs authorities. Any person who has the necessary special knowledge to give an opinion may be appointed as an expert. An expert is involved in the examination on a contractual basis. When an expert examination is appointed at the initiative of the declarant or other interested person, these persons are entitled to submit proposals to the customs authorities on the candidacy of an expert.
On the appointment of an examination, the official of the customs authority, with the consent of the head of this body or his deputy, issues a resolution on this, which indicates the grounds for the examination, the surname, name and patronymic of the expert, the name of the organization in which the examination is to be carried out, the questions posed to the expert , the list of materials and documents to be placed at the disposal of the expert, and the term for the examination and submission of an opinion to the customs authority.
The resolution also states that the expert is warned about administrative liability for giving a knowingly false conclusion.
The term of the examination should not exceed: Customs Code of the Russian Federation dated May 28, 2003 N 61-FZ // Information and reference system "Garant"
· periods of temporary storage (Article 103), if the release of goods is not carried out until the results of the examination are received;
six months if the examination is carried out in relation to vehicles;
One year otherwise.
An official of the customs authority is obliged to familiarize the declarant or other person with authority in relation to goods, if known, with the decision to appoint an examination and explain his rights, which is indicated in the decision, certified by the specified person or his representative.
Expenses for conducting examinations incurred by the customs authorities, customs laboratories and other experts and organizations that conducted the examinations shall be reimbursed from the federal budget, except in cases where the examination is not initiated by the customs authorities.
Expert opinion
The expert's conclusion must indicate the time and place of the study, by whom and on what basis the study was carried out, questions posed to the expert, objects of study, materials and documents provided to the expert, content and results of the study indicating the methods used, evaluation of the study results, conclusions questions and their rationale.
Materials and documents illustrating the conclusion of an expert or several experts are attached to the conclusion and serve as its integral part.
If the expert, during the examination, establishes the circumstances that are significant for the case, about which he was not asked questions, he has the right to include conclusions about these circumstances in his opinion. Gabrichidze B.N. Customs law. 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - L .: Law and Law, 2003 - p. 79
If the examination was carried out with the participation of several experts, the conclusion is signed by all experts. In case of disagreement between experts, each of them draws his own conclusions separately.
The customs authority that appointed the examination shall hand over to the declarant or other persons having authority in relation to goods and (or) vehicles, if these persons are known, a copy of the expert's opinion or his message about the impossibility of giving an opinion.
When making a decision, the customs authorities consider the conclusions of experts based on the results of examinations, including those conducted at the initiative of the declarant or other interested person.
Additional and repeated examinations
1. In case of insufficient clarity or completeness of the conclusion, an additional expert examination may be appointed, entrusted to the same or another expert or organization.
2. If the expert's conclusion is unfounded or there are doubts about its correctness, a repeated expert examination may be appointed, the conduct of which is entrusted to another expert.
3. Additional and repeated examinations are appointed and conducted in accordance with Articles 378 and 379 of this Code.
Rights and responsibilities of an expert
1. The expert has the right:
1) get acquainted with the materials related to the subject of the examination;
2) with the consent of the customs authority, involve other experts in the examination;
3) request additional materials necessary for the examination;
4) refuse to give an opinion if the materials provided to him are insufficient or if he does not have the necessary knowledge to conduct an expert examination. A notice of impossibility to give an opinion shall be submitted to the customs authority that appointed the examination in writing;
5) with the permission of the customs authority to participate in the implementation of specific actions in the implementation of customs control.
2. Information obtained by an expert in the course of conducting an examination or in preparation for its conduct, constituting a commercial, banking or other secret protected by law, as well as other confidential information, must not be disclosed to them, used for other purposes or transferred to third parties, with the exception of cases provided for by federal laws.
The rights of the declarant, another person with authority in relation to goods and their representatives when appointing and conducting an examination
When appointing and conducting an examination, the declarant, another person with authority in relation to goods and (or) vehicles, and their representatives have the right to:
1) reasoned challenge to the expert;
2) submit petitions for the appointment of a specific expert;
3) submit petitions for posing additional questions to the expert in order to obtain an opinion on them;
4) be present, with the permission of the customs authority that ordered the examination, during the examination and give explanations to the expert;
5) take samples and specimens of goods (Article 383);
6) get acquainted with the opinion of the expert or his report on the impossibility of giving an opinion and receive a copy of such an opinion or report;
7) apply for an additional or repeated expert examination.
If the petition of the declarant, another person with authority in respect of goods and (or) vehicles, or their representative is satisfied, the official of the customs authority who appointed the examination shall issue a relevant resolution.
In case of refusal to satisfy the petition, the official of the customs body must inform the person who filed the petition in writing in a reasoned manner.
1.3 Samples and specimens for examination
An official of the customs body, when conducting customs control, has the right to take samples or specimens of goods necessary for examination. An act is drawn up on taking samples or samples in the form determined by the federal executive body authorized in the field of customs affairs. The second copy of the specified act is subject to delivery to the person having authority in relation to the goods, if it is established, or to his representative.
In necessary cases, sampling or sampling is carried out with the participation of an expert or specialist.
Samples or specimens of goods under customs control, with the written permission of the customs authority, may also be taken by declarants, persons having authority in relation to goods, their representatives, persons and employees of other state bodies.
Samples or specimens shall be taken in the minimum quantities to enable their examination.
Permission to take samples and specimens of goods is issued to persons if such taking: Zhiryaeva E.V. Expertise in customs and international trade - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003 - p. 77
· does not complicate customs control;
does not change the characteristics of the goods;
· does not entail evasion of customs duties, taxes or non-compliance with prohibitions and restrictions established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the state regulation of foreign trade activities.
When taking samples or samples by the declarant, a separate customs declaration for samples and samples is not submitted, provided that they are indicated in the customs declaration for goods.
The declarant has the right to reduce the customs value of the declared goods by the customs value of samples and specimens, if such samples and specimens were taken by the customs authority and not returned within the established time limits.
Declarants, persons having authority in relation to goods, and their representatives shall have the right to be present when samples or specimens of goods are taken by customs officials and employees of other state bodies.
Officials of the customs bodies have the right to be present when sampling or samples of goods are taken by employees of other state bodies, as well as other persons.
Declarants and their representatives are obliged to assist customs officials in taking samples or samples of goods, including carrying out cargo and other necessary operations with goods at their own expense. Vishnevsky A. I .. Customs examination of goods - M .: Delo, 2002 - p. 34
Customs officials have the right to take samples or samples of goods in the absence of declarants and their representatives. Taking samples or samples of goods in these cases is carried out in the presence of at least two witnesses.
The customs authorities must be informed of the results of the study of samples or specimens of goods taken by other state authorities, and notify persons about them.
The procedure for taking samples or samples of goods, as well as the procedure for their examination, shall be established by the federal executive body authorized in the area of customs affairs in accordance with this Code and other legal acts of the Russian Federation.
Upon completion of the study, samples or samples of goods are returned to their owner, except for cases when such samples or samples are subject to destruction or disposal in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, and also when the cost of returning samples or samples exceeds their value.
2. Examination of food products
2.1 Food sampling
As an example, consider technological scheme carrying out of expert control in JSC "Vaninsky Commercial Sea Port". Today JSC "Vaninsky Commercial Sea Port" is rightly called the main sea gate of the Khabarovsk Territory. This is a universal year-round port, one of the top ten Russian ports in terms of cargo handling volumes and the largest transport hub in the region. The port is a modern technically equipped enterprise specializing in the processing of almost all types of cargo. Its capacities allow to process annually up to 12 million tons of export-import, transit and cabotage cargo, 3.5 thousand ships and 250 thousand wagons.
Subject of control measures:
Food products (sugar) supplied from India. http://www.logistic.ru
An objectcontrol measures:
JSC "Roskruptorg";
Consider how sugar sampling took place
The consignment- the quantity of goods of uniform quality and name, produced within a certain period of time under the same conditions, intended for import / export, issued with one document certifying the quality and one cargo customs declaration.
Sample- the number of vehicle units taken from the total number of transport units of the train.
Sample size- quantity of goods selected from each lot.
Spot test- a sample taken at one time from non-piece products. It characterizes the quality of the goods in one container place or at a certain level (with a bulk of bulk goods).
Pooled sample- a sample composed of carefully mixed incremental samples taken in the appropriate order and combined in the indicated ratio with the average value of the product characteristics.
Analytical sample- part of the pooled sample that is used for laboratory testing.
Control sample- part of the pooled sample used for repeated or control studies.
Trial- part of the combined sample used for arbitration studies in case of disagreement or appeal against the decision.
1. Acceptance:
Sugar was taken in batches.
A batch is considered the amount of sugar of one name, which must be accompanied by the following documents: a cargo customs declaration, a certificate of origin, a hygiene certificate, an import quarantine permit, a certificate of weight and quality, a phytosanitary certificate.
The document on the quality of sugar contained: http://www.logistic.ru
name of the manufacturer and its trademark;
lot number;
· Name of product;
The name of the organization in which the enterprise is included -
the manufacturer;
the name and address of the recipient;
date of shipment of products;
type of container (and for bags and category);
the number of shipping containers in the batch;
· gross weight of the lot;
lot net weight;
test results (according to quality indicators provided for by product standards);
designation of the product standard.
Each batch is subject to quality control of packaging and transport labeling. The quality of sugar in a damaged transport container is checked separately and the test results apply only to products in this container.
2. Tools and materials:
The following tools and materials were used for sugar sampling:
Clean dry metal mugs or other containers with a capacity of at least 100 g (used when unloading from railway cars).
Clean metal scoop.
Probe made of stainless steel.
A clean, dry metal or plastic container of sufficient capacity to mix the pooled sample.
A clean, dry metal, wood, or plastic tray with sufficient area to house the pooled sample.
Clean, dry, odorless plastic bags or hermetically sealed glass containers with a capacity of at least 2 kg of goods.
3. Sampling procedure:
Sequence of sampling.
Sampling was carried out from the following stages:
general inspection of the lot and assessment of its uniformity by visual inspection and verification of accompanying documents;
determination of the sample size;
· selection of transport units from the train (Table 1), holds of a sea vessel;
sampling for research:
a) taking incremental samples;
b) compiling a pooled sample;
c) sample preparation for laboratory research;
4. Packaging and labeling of the sample:
Sampling of sugar-sand received in bulk in the holds of the vessel
To form a representative combined sample that characterizes a batch of goods, i.e. goods of the same name, located in one hold of the vessel, in the process of pouring granulated sugar from the hold of the vessel into railway cars, 20 point samples were taken from each of the 1000 tons of granulated sugar in the hold. Of the incremental samples, after mixing them, the prepared combined sample was transferred to the customs laboratory for analysis.
Point sampling of granulated sugar is carried out with a metal mug as it is unloaded at regular intervals. When taking point samples, it is necessary to exclude the ingress of random, foreign impurities from the surface.
5. Formation of the pooled sample:
To achieve representativeness of the sample, a composite (mixture) was formed, which makes it possible to extend the research results to the entire batch of granulated sugar transported in one railway train.
The combined sample will be formed by thorough mixing of all spot samples of granulated sugar.
The pooled sample was reduced by quartering. To do this, carefully mixed granulated sugar was distributed even layer in the form of a square on a pallet and cut diagonally into 4 parts in the shape of a triangle. The sugar from the two opposite parts was removed, and the two remaining parts were combined, mixed and again distributed in the form of a square and divided diagonally into 4 parts. Quartering is repeated until a pooled sample weighing 2 kg is obtained.
For refined granulated sugar in bags with a net weight of 0.005 to 0.02 kg, a combined sample mass of 1.0 kg is allowed.
Samples are placed in a clean, dry glass or polyethylene container.
6. Sample packaging and handling
The pooled sample was placed in a double food-grade plastic bag to ensure the safety of the sample. The samples were sealed and labeled with a clear record. The label indicated:
name of the vessel, flag (only for a sea vessel);
sample number according to the register;
· the amount of cargo according to the bill of lading (only for a sea vessel);
Numbers of units of transport containers (wagons, holds);
· Name of product;
· Supplier name;
the name of the recipient;
· date, time of selection;
· FULL NAME. and the position of the persons who selected and sealed (sealed) the sample.
Samples of granulated sugar sent for expert research must be accompanied by a sampling report issued in accordance with the annex to the order of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation No. 264 of 06/25/93 and a label for ensuring the safety of the package. The act of sampling is drawn up in 3 copies, the first copy is sent to the customs laboratory.
Transportation of samples to the customs laboratory should be carried out promptly in order to reduce the time for customs clearance of cargo, the samples were protected from damage, pollution, exposure to water, temperature.
When sampling, the following regulatory and technical documentation was used, which defines the general requirements for the selection and preparation of sugar samples for laboratory research:
GOST 18242-72
GOST 18321-73
GOST 12569-85
Instructions on the procedure for receiving, transferring, storing and disposing of samples (samples) of goods entering the examination (research) at the CTL dated 21.02.98
Rules of the London Sugar Association
· Method GSI/1/2/3-1 (1994) The Determination of the Polarization of Raw Sugar by Polarimetry-Official.
Thus, there were no violations during sampling.
2.2 Examination of food products
There were no cases of refusal to provide information, documents and obstruction in work.
Customs clearance of food supplied under the agreements was carried out on a priority basis and in compliance with the principle of minimum sufficiency of submitted documents. The application of the State Customs Committee of Russia of a simplified procedure for the customs clearance of a number of goods is provided for by Article 133 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.
The received food was carried out according to the customs procedure: it was released for free circulation with the peculiarities of movement in the customs territory of the Russian Federation (code 400088).
Customs inspection was carried out selectively, which is provided for by the Customs Clearance Procedure approved by the State Customs Committee of Russia.
State agents SUE “VO Prodintorg” and OJSC “FKK “Roskhleboprodukt” when declaring goods, as a rule, did not provide certificates confirming the compliance of goods with the requirements established in the Russian Federation for mandatory certification. In the absence of separate documents confirming the safety and quality of imported goods, customs, guided by the order of the State Customs Committee of Russia dated March 9, 1999 No. 153, made a decision on the conditional release of goods. This procedure provides for the prohibition of the use of goods and the conduct of customs control until the receipt of certificates, which must be submitted to customs within up to 45 days. However, the State Unitary Enterprise "VO Prodintorg" did not submit certificates (permission from the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Russia) in a timely manner. For the untimely submission of certificates, the customs twice drew up protocols on violation of customs rules of the State Unitary Enterprise "Prodintorg" and applied penalties for violation of the terms of customs clearance. The rest of the customs did not use the administrative and economic sanctions granted to them in the control of imported food.
Measures of influence on the recipient of goods provided for in Articles 100 and 102 of the current Customs Code of the Russian Federation in the form of proposals to transfer imported goods that do not have the appropriate certificates under the customs regime of re-export or destruction of customs were also not used.
List of questions to be asked to an expert when appointing examinations and studies for customs purposes (by priority groups of goods)
Issues addressed in the study of food products: http://www.logistic.ru
- determine the name of the product and what TN VED code it corresponds to;
- whether the product belongs to children's or diabetic nutrition;
- whether the product is a food additive;
- whether the quality of the product submitted for research corresponds to the safety certificate;
- whether the study product contains prohibited food additives;
- is the product a natural product or falsified and by what indicators;
- determine the component (ingredient) composition of the product;
- whether this product contains milk fat and what is its content;
- whether this product contains cocoa and what is the content of cocoa butter;
- to determine the content of caffeine in finished coffee products:
- whether the product is white sugar or granulated sugar;
- to determine the consumer qualities and the wholesale market value (price) of the goods.
conclusionsexpert:
Organoleptic indicators:
Taste and smell - sweet, without foreign taste and smell, both in dry sugar and in its aqueous solution;
flowability - loose (lumps come across that do not fall apart when lightly pressed);
color - white with a yellowish tint (this type is used only for industrial processing);
The purity of the solution - the sugar solution turned out to be opaque, with an insoluble precipitate.
Physical and chemical indicators:
mass fraction (in terms of dry matter):
o sucrose, not less than 99.55% (suitable only for industrial processing)
o reducing substances, not more than 0.050% (for industrial processing 0.065%)
o ash, not more than 0.05% (suitable only for industrial processing)
o ferroimpurities (particles no larger than 0.5 mm), no more than 0.0003%
o moisture, not more than 0.14% (for industrial processing 0.15%, for long-term storage upon shipment 0.1%)
color, not more than:
o conventional units 1.5 (suitable only for industrial processing)
units of optical density
o (ICUMSA units) 104 (for industrial processing 195 at refineries 234)
Thus, the samples are not suitable for entering the mass market, but for industrial processing.
Conclusion: to ensure effective control over the correctness of customs clearance of food imported into Russia.
Conclusions and conclusion
Customs expertise largely determines the nature and content of the activities of customs authorities. The main purpose of customs control is to identify, through various checks, the compliance of customs operations and actions with the provisions and norms of customs legislation.
In the course of the work, based on the literature analysis, the following types of customs examinations carried out in Russia were identified:
· Identification expertise;
· Chemical expertise;
· Classification expertise;
· Technological expertise;
· Certification examination;
· Materials expertise;
· Merchandising cost expertise;
· Appraisal expertise;
· Environmental assessment;
Mineralogical (gemological) expertise;
· Forensic examination;
Art expertise.
Further, the significance and methodology for conducting examinations was considered. It should be noted that the examination is carried out by experts of customs laboratories, as well as other relevant organizations or other experts appointed by the customs authorities. Any person who has the necessary special knowledge to give an opinion may be appointed as an expert.
On the basis of the conducted studies and taking into account their results, the expert gives an opinion in writing on his own behalf.
The analysis examined food products (sugar) coming from India.
During the work, the process of sugar sampling was described in detail. There were no violations during sampling.
As for the examination itself, the expert found a number of significant violations in the consumer properties of the goods described in the work. Based on the results of the expert, it should be noted that the supplied sugar is not suitable for mass consumption, it is intended only for industrial processing.
Thus, it is necessary to ensure effective control over the correctness of the customs clearance of food imported into Russia.
Bibliography
customs examination food sample
1. Customs Code of the Russian Federation dated May 28, 2003 No. 61-FZ // Information and reference system "Garant"
2. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. Tutorial. Moscow: Marketing, 2001.
3. Berkov E.A., Galanzhi E.F. Textbook to help students studying customs. - M.: Phoenix, 2002
4. Vishnevsky A.I. Customs examination of goods - M .: Delo, 2002
5. Gabrichidze B.N. Customs law. 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - L .: Law and Law, 2003.
6. Didenko N. Fundamentals of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation - St. Petersburg: Logos, 2002.
7. Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs examination of goods - M .: Academy, 2003
8. Zhiryaeva E.V. Expertise in customs and international trade - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003
9. Ivanenko S.I., Fedoskin Yu.G. Customs: What a business person needs to know. In 3 volumes. M.: Russiko, 2002.
10. http://www.logistic.ru
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Purpose of merchandising.
Merchandising tasks.
Merchandising principles.
The purpose of commodity science
The purpose of commodity science is to study the fundamental characteristics of a product that make up its use value, as well as their changes at all stages of product distribution.
The tasks of commodity science
To achieve this goal, commodity science as a science and academic discipline must solve the following tasks:
A clear definition of the fundamental characteristics that make up the use value;
Establishment of the principles and methods of commodity science, which determine its scientific foundations;
Systematization of a variety of goods through the rational application of classification and coding methods;
The study of the properties and indicators of the assortment for the analysis of the assortment policy of an industrial or trade organization;
Organization assortment management;
Determination of the nomenclature of consumer properties and indicators of goods;
Assessment of the quality of goods, including new domestic and imported ones;
Identification of quality gradations and defects in goods, their causes and measures to prevent the sale of low-quality goods;
Determination of quantitative characteristics of single copies of goods and consignments;
Ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of their technological cycle by taking into account the forming and regulating the retaining factors;
Establishing the types of commodity losses, the causes of their occurrence and the development of measures to prevent or reduce them;
Information support of goods distribution from the manufacturer to the consumer;
Commodity characteristics of specific goods.
Commodity science is one of the fundamental academic disciplines in the formation of professional competence of merchandisers, experts, merchants and marketers. In addition, the basics of commodity knowledge are necessary for accountants, economists, managers and technologists, since accounting, planning of commodity resources, analysis of financial and economic activities, production management and other types of professional activities should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of goods, their fundamental characteristics and possible changes during transportation, storage and sale.
Commodity science is far from the only academic discipline necessary for vocational training experts, merchandisers, merchants, marketers and other specialists. It is related to other disciplines interdisciplinary connections: antecedent, concomitant and subsequent.
Commodity science is connected by previous links with a number of natural science and mathematical disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, microbiology, mathematics, as well as with a general professional discipline - the basics of standardization, metrology and certification. Knowledge of these disciplines is necessary for a deeper understanding and evaluation of the consumer properties of goods, their changes during production and storage.
At the same time, merchandising is basic academic discipline for many general professional and special disciplines - organization and technology of commercial activity, economics, accounting, marketing, etc. They are united by subsequent and related interdisciplinary connections.
Commodity science as a scientific discipline includes a general part and a particular commodity science.
General part of commodity science is devoted to the consideration of the theoretical foundations that are fundamental for its private sections. It does not provide commodity characteristics of specific groups of goods. However, without knowledge of the theoretical foundations, it is difficult to give a complete and objective assessment of the fundamental characteristics of any product.
Private merchandising analyzes the state and prospects for the development of the relevant market segment, the classification of goods into assortment groups and other structural elements of the lower levels. In separate subsections of private commodity science, a generalized and systematized commodity research characteristic of assortment groups, types and varieties of goods is given.
The objects of study in private sections of commodity science can be not only consumer goods, but also industrial goods (raw materials, means of production), agricultural products, pharmaceutical products and medicinal raw materials. In some agricultural and technological universities, colleges and technical schools, the teaching of these particular sections of commodity science has already been introduced.
This approach is not accidental and is dictated by the socio-economic transformations that are taking place in the country. The transition to the market requires a different attitude to the needs of the consumer and to the product as a means of satisfying them. Therefore, it is no longer enough to study only the technology of production in technological and agricultural universities. It is necessary to thoroughly know the end result of this production - marketable products or goods, as well as the needs for it.
Principles of commodity science
Any science and professional activity are based on certain principles.
Principle (Latin principium - basis, beginning) - the basic starting point of any theory, doctrine, guiding idea, the basic rule of activity.
The principles of merchandising are safety, efficiency, compatibility, interchangeability and systematization, compliance.
Safety- the fundamental principle, which consists in the absence of unacceptable risk associated with the possibility of causing damage to life, health and property of people by a product (or service, or process).
Safety is at the same time one of the mandatory consumer properties of the product, which is considered as a risk or damage to the consumer, limited to an acceptable level.
From the standpoint of merchandising, the product must be safe for all commercial entities. At the same time, in commodity science, the principle of safety for goods and the environment must also be observed in relation to the processes of packaging, transportation, storage, and pre-sale preparation for sale. Packaging, environment, etc. must be safe.
Efficiency- the principle of achieving the most optimal result in the production, packaging, storage, sale and consumption (operation) of goods.
This principle is important in the formation of the range, as well as ensuring the quality and quantity of goods at different stages of product distribution. All types of commodity research activities should be aimed at increasing efficiency. This is achieved integrated approach based on the choice of methods and means that provide the best end results at the lowest cost. Thus, the efficiency of packaging or storage is determined by the number of goods stored. good quality and the costs of these processes.
Compatibility is a principle defined by the suitability of goods, processes or services for joint use without causing undesirable interactions.
Compatibility goods is taken into account when forming the assortment, placing them in storage, choosing packaging, as well as the optimal mode. Compatibility of parts, components during installation, commissioning and operation of complex technical and other goods is an indispensable condition for maintaining their quality with the consumer. The compatibility of goods during their consumption is important for the most complete satisfaction of needs. Thus, the use of incompatible foods can cause serious metabolic disorders in humans.
Interchangeability- a principle determined by the suitability of one product, process or service for use in place of another product, process or service in order to fulfill the same requirements.
The interchangeability of goods causes competition between them and at the same time allows you to satisfy similar needs with different goods. The closer the characteristics of individual products, the more they are suitable for interchangeable use. Thus, the interchangeability of kefir and curdled milk is greater than that of kefir and milk; this is especially important for consumers whose body does not digest milk lactose.
The ability of a product or its individual components to be used instead of another to fulfill the same requirements plays an important role in the formation of a range of interchangeable products.
Systematization- the principle of establishing a certain sequence of homogeneous, interrelated goods, processes or services.
Given the diversity of objects, systematization in commodity science is extremely important, as it allows you to combine them into interconnected and mutually subordinate categories (systematic categories), to create a system built according to a specific plan.
The principle of systematization is the basis of a group of methods, which include classification, generalization and coding. It is widely used in merchandising. This principle is based on the presentation educational information in all sections of "Commodity research of food products" and "Commodity research of non-food products".
Systems approach to the management of goods movement, based on the principle of systematization, means that each system is an integrated whole , even if it consists of separate, disparate subsystems. A systematic approach allows you to see the product, its commodity characteristics, processes for ensuring quality and quantity as a complex of interrelated subsystems united by a common goal, to reveal its integrative properties, internal and external relations.
Conformity- the principle of compliance with established requirements. At the same time, the characteristics of goods or processes of production, transportation, storage, sale and operation must comply with the regulated requirements of regulatory documents or consumer requests.
In commodity science, this principle plays a decisive role in assortment management, quality assessment, provision of conditions and terms of transportation, storage and sale, as well as in the choice of packaging. This principle is based on the definition of quality gradations, the identification of defects and forecasting the persistence of goods.
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Goods crossing the customs border of Russia are subject to customs clearance and control. In the course of customs control, a customs examination may be appointed in order to establish the country of origin, raw material composition, manufacturing methods, cost, etc. A specialist with commodity knowledge can largely contribute to ensuring effective counteraction to violations of customs rules and crimes in the customs sphere. Customs examination, in addition, is one of the barriers to protect the country's consumer market from the import of poor quality, harmful, dangerous, falsified counterfeit goods.
Only a highly qualified specialist in the field of commodity science can carry out expert characteristics. It is also important for a practically working customs officer to be able to distinguish goods by complexity, degree of readiness for use, highlight their estimated indicators, know the mandatory requirements for them and the criteria for customs assessment.
The customs inspector controls the security of imported goods. In addition, the inspector must know the requirements for the goods under the contract of sale, transportation, insurance. At these stages of circulation, materials and products manifest themselves in different ways, and these properties are just as important for participants in foreign economic activity as those that will appear in the final consumer.
In accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Article 11) products- any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electrical, thermal, other types of energy, as well as vehicles moved across the customs border classified as immovable vehicles used in customs transportation.
Thus, goods - by definition in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation - are property. Property can be movable or immovable.
2. Factors that form and maintain the quality of goods.
Quality- this is a set of consumer properties of a product that determine its suitability to meet current and future needs in accordance with its purpose.
Quality is closely related to requirements. In order to fully meet the needs, it is necessary to formulate requirements for goods at the development stage. Product Requirements- these are the conditions and features that goods must comply with so that they can be used for their intended purpose under certain conditions and for a certain time.
But there is a certain disproportion between quality and requirements: the quality of the goods does not always meet the requirements. The requirements for goods are constantly changing along with changing needs according to the same laws, that is, taking into account the development of scientific and technological progress, technology and technology, economics and culture.
