APB them heroes of Chernobyl operational activities. Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after the heroes of Chernobyl National University of Civil Protection of Ukraine, chipb named after. heroes of Chernobyl Nuggs. Material and technical base of APB im. Heroes of Chernobyl
general information
Academy of Fire Safety. Heroes of Chernobyl of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine (APB MES) - additional information about the higher educational institution
general information
The Academy of Fire Safety named after the Heroes of Chernobyl is a state higher educational institution and is subordinate to the Ministry of Ukraine for Emergency Situations and for the Protection of the Population from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster.
The Fire Safety Academy closely coordinates and coordinates its activities with the State Department of Fire Safety of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.
The Fire Safety Academy named after the Heroes of Chernobyl of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine carries out educational activities related to the training of specialists with the provision of higher education in the specialty "Fire Safety" at the level of qualification requirements for "bachelor", "specialist" and "master" in full-time and part-time forms of education, state order and on a paid basis.
Educational, scientific and methodological work at the Academy of Fire Safety is focused on six faculties, twenty departments and three scientific laboratories.
History of the Academy of Fire Safety named after the Heroes of Chernobyl of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine
The Academy of Fire Safety began its history in 1973 with the creation of the Cherkasy Fire and Technical School.
In 1995, an Interdepartmental Educational and Scientific Complex was established to train specialists for the State Fire Protection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine as part of the Cherkasy Engineering and Technology Institute of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine and the Cherkasy Fire and Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.
In 1997, on the basis of the school, the Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety was established, which was named after the Heroes of Chernobyl.
In 2007, the Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after the Heroes of Chernobyl of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine was accredited in the direction of "Fire Safety" in the specialty "Fire Safety" at levels II, III and IV.
Also in 2007, the Cherkasy Institute of Fire Safety named after the Heroes of Chernobyl was transformed into the Fire Safety Academy named after the Heroes of Chernobyl.
Having built the first nuclear power plant in the USSR in 1954 and forcing the atom to serve peaceful purposes, humanity believed in finding the cheapest electricity. In the 80s of the XX century, there were already 360 nuclear power plants in the countries. On April 26, 1986, the world community learned its real price: tens of thousands of human lives who died from radiation and its consequences, 300 thousand left homeless, abandoned cities and villages. But there could have been even more victims if it were not for the people, the real heroes of Chernobyl, who prevented an even greater catastrophe at the cost of their lives.
Chernobyl accident
On the night of April 26, residents of the Ukrainian cities of Pripyat and Chernobyl slept peacefully, located respectively 4 and 18 km from which most of the adult population worked. In the shield room of the 4th block, where the tests of reactor No. 4 were carried out, their tragic fate was decided for many years. As the government commission later determines, during the tests, the permissible parameters were violated, which caused uncontrolled processes that led to the explosion of the reactor. 50 tons of nuclear fuel escaped, which is 10 times higher than the infamous Hiroshima.
The leadership of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant will be punished: the deputy chief engineer A. Dyatlov conducting the test and the director of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant V. Bryukhanov will receive a term of 10 years. From the effects of radiation, the first will die in 1995. The chief engineer will lose his mind. Only in the 1990s did the government commission admit that a fatal mistake in the design of the reactor itself was also the main culprit of the accident. Be that as it may, the first participants in the Chernobyl accident were the station's employees. During the destruction of the building of the power unit, two people died, all the rest (134 people) fell ill with radiation sickness, of which 24 died soon (28 together with firefighters).
Standing in the way of further disaster
After two explosions with a difference of two seconds (at 1 hour 23 minutes), the reactor was completely destroyed, causing about 30 fires. The station operators were the first to rush with fire extinguishers to eliminate them without hesitation. While director V. Bryukhanov, who arrived at the station at 2 o'clock, was in a state of shock, the electric shop was fighting to prevent a hydrogen explosion that could cover Minsk, more than 300 km away.
The country should know the names of the heroes of Chernobyl. 47-year-old deputy shift supervisor Alexander Lelechenko personally cut off the supply of hydrogen to the engine room, on the roof of which there was already a fire.
For four days he remained at his workplace, eliminating the consequences of the Chernobyl accident and ensuring the safe operation of the first three units of the nuclear power plant. Oleksandr Lelechenko died from life incompatible with life on May 7, having already received the posthumous title of Hero of Ukraine in the 2000s.
True heroes - Chernobyl firefighters
Combat alert was raised by the guards of firefighters from Chernobyl and Pripyat, the first of which arrived at the station 7 minutes after the start of the disaster. 28 people rushed to fight the fire under the leadership of lieutenants Vladimir Pravik and Viktor Kabenok. Both are 23 years old, but by their example they led the fighters, giving clear commands and being where it is most difficult. The general management was carried out by Major Telyatnikov, under whose command there were 69 people and 14 pieces of equipment. Practically without means of protection, having only mittens, helmets and canvas overalls, not using KIP-5 gas masks due to high temperatures, until three in the morning, firefighters were unaware of the deadly level of radiation.
By four o'clock in the morning the fire was localized, by six it was completely extinguished. Losing consciousness during the fight against fire, many firefighters received and were sent for treatment to Moscow and Kyiv. Of the 13 people who were treated in the 6th clinical hospital of the capital, 11 died. Among them are Viktor Kabenok and Vladimir Pravik, who became a father a month before the tragedy. Doctors say that the chosen method of treatment of Dr. Gale turned out to be erroneous. Professor Leonid Kindzelsky in Kyiv, who used his own method of treatment, managed to save all the patients. Three firefighters, Vladimir Pravik, Viktor Kabenok and Leonid Telyatnikov, were awarded the title of Heroes of the Soviet Union. Only the last one, who reached the rank of general, managed to survive.
Firefighters - Heroes of Ukraine
Three firefighters from among the first who found themselves at the crash site received the title of Hero of Ukraine. Among them, Vasily Ignatenko, 25-year-old At the cost of his life, a young man pulled three of his comrades out of the fire, who had lost consciousness from exposure. His pregnant wife was unable to save her daughter, having received radiation while visiting her husband in a Moscow hospital. The dose proved fatal to the newborn.
Sergeant Mykola Vashchuk, 26, and Mykola Tytenok, 23, were among those rescued by Ignatenko. But all of them are destined for the same fate - to die in the hospital. Both worked at the highest altitude, preventing the spread of fire to the third power unit. It was there that the level of radiation was the highest. The heroes of Chernobyl left behind a grateful memory, and also two sons.
Fireman - Hero of Russia
The head of the department of the Main Directorate of Fire Protection of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, Lieutenant Colonel Vladimir Maksimchuk, arrived at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant as part of a government commission. He had a share to lead the extinguishing of the fire on the night of May 23. This story was kept silent for a long time: the threat of a new explosion of the 4th reactor arose after the ignition of circular pumps and high-voltage cables. Not allowing the fire brigades, with the reconnaissance group, the lieutenant colonel entered the place of the fire. Having established the degree of danger and revealed the level of radiation (250 roentgens per hour), Vladimir Maksimchuk personally organized rescue operations, determining the maximum time spent in the fire area at ten minutes.
Special equipment was introduced into the fire fighting zone, and combat crews were constantly changing, informing each other about the changes taking place. The commander himself with each group again and again found himself at the most dangerous point, serving as an example of personal courage. This is for the country for many years - the most "secret" feat. The heroes of Chernobyl were presented for awards, and forty firefighters, led by the commander, would be unknown in a hospital bed. In 1994, at the age of 46 and with the rank of major general of the internal service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Vladimir Maksimchuk died, having been posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Russia in 2003.
Who are the liquidators
One of the first eyewitnesses to film the reactor after the accident was news agency cameraman Igor Kostin. He saw a picture of complete defeat, as if after an atomic war. The consequences of the Chernobyl accident are not only a release, but also the strongest radioactive contamination on an area of 200 thousand square kilometers. The smoldering reactor continued to release radioactive gas and dust into the atmosphere, this had to be stopped. The possibility of a second explosion was not ruled out because of the danger that a concrete slab would crack under the reactor, and the magma would combine with water.
At the same time, the authorities hushed up the consequences of the disaster, and the first publications in the press appeared only 36 hours later. A radiation cloud was recorded in Europe, and a full-scale evacuation of the population from the nearby area, which went down in history as an exclusion zone, has not yet begun. People began to be taken out of a radius of thirty kilometers after measurements made by the military of the group of Colonel Grebenyuk in Pripyat. They not only showed a catastrophic increase in radiation during the day, but also shocked the Atomic Energy Institute in absolute numbers. The radiation background exceeded the permissible norms by 600 thousand times!
In place of the evacuated residents who left the contaminated area during the week, from the first hours of the accident, specialists entered to work at the nuclear power plant, military units. Later they were called liquidators. 600 thousand people were involved in the elimination of the consequences of the disaster after the address of President Gorbachev on television 18 days after the beginning of the tragic events.
Army feat
Each of those who arrived to eliminate the consequences of the accident had a good idea of what Chernobyl was. Heroes-liquidators years later do not regret at all that they had to stand up against an invisible enemy - penetrating radiation. Despite health problems and the death of friends from serious illnesses. 100 thousand of them are representatives of the army, including 600 helicopter pilots who did everything to silence the emergency reactor. Academician V. A. Legasov, who developed the composition of the mixture for throwing into the reactor zone: sand, boric acid and lead, was a member of the government commission for the elimination of the consequences of the accident. Within 48 hours, work began, for which the best helicopter pilots were involved, including those recalled from Afghanistan.
The level of radiation above the reactor was 9 times higher than the lethal dose, the air temperature at a height of 200 meters was 120-180 degrees. In conditions of hot radioactive air and danger to life, soldiers almost with their bare hands dropped bags weighing 80 kg, and pilots made up to 33 sorties a day, immediately receiving radiation of 5-6 x-rays. It took 6 thousand tons of the mixture to reduce the release of deadly substances by 35%. Among the helicopter pilots there is one of them - Nikolai Melnik, who lowered a six-hundred-kilogram pipe with measuring instruments into the reactor from a height in order to find out the nature of the processes inside in order to avoid repeated explosions. This filigree operation went down in history under the name "Needle".
Reserve Warriors
The liquidators of the Chernobyl accident are not only professional specialists, but also former soldiers and officers aged twenty to thirty years old, who were recruited for army training. Everything around the fourth reactor was littered with radiation fuel. The most difficult thing was to remove graphite and radioactive debris from the roof, where robotics was used. But the off-scale level of radiation put it out of action, so it became necessary to attract people. These heroes of Chernobyl went down in history as "biorobots". He led the operation to remove radioactive elements, who calculated that even in a protective suit a person cannot be in the radiation zone with 7000 roentgens for more than forty seconds.
In order to dump radioactive waste into two shovels, young men with a protective weight of 26-30 kg climbed onto the roof for 2.5 weeks, risking their lives and health. Igor Kostin and Konstantin Fedotov had to repeat their little feat five times. As a reward, the "biorobots" received an army liquidator certificate and a bonus of one hundred rubles. According to medical forecasts, one in five of these guys will die before they reach 40 years old. The war against the invisible enemy did not end with the completion of the work to eliminate the Chernobyl accident.
The construction of the sarcophagus
Most of all, the emergency station needed professionals. Firefighters prevented a new explosion by pumping out water under the concrete slab of the reactor, miners dug a 150 m long tunnel from the third power unit to install a liquid nitrogen cooling chamber, and engineers from the Kurchatov Institute cut through the surviving walls with an autogen to determine the degree of danger. The whole country mobilized to provide assistance to the affected areas, and a virtual front-line situation was created. An account for donations was opened, which received 520 million rubles within six months. The final stage of work on the taming of nuclear energy was to be the construction of a protective sarcophagus for the burial of the "smoking" reactor. There was no analogue to such an object in the world, therefore those who designed and built it in conditions close to combat are the real heroes of Chernobyl.
It took 206 days to build the concrete shell of the reactor, weighing 150 tons and 170 meters high. Lev Bocharov, one of the developers of the object, admits that the most difficult thing was that each part had to be designed separately in order to avoid unnecessary sacrifices. Remote construction led to the fact that, despite the labor costs of 90 thousand people, the use of a huge amount of metal structures and cement, after 28 years there was a collapse of hinged slabs of several hundred meters. More overflights by helicopters in 2007 and radiation measurements showed that the power unit still poses a danger. Therefore, today a new Shelter-2 project is being implemented with the participation of European countries and the United States of America.
The 30-kilometer territory around the nuclear power plant is still an exclusion zone, where people are fraught with danger due to radioactive contamination. Pripyat has become a preserved monument to the tragedy of 1986.
Dedicated to the heroes of Chernobyl
The tragedy at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant showed the whole world what can happen if nuclear energy gets out of control. It activated the process of nuclear disarmament and became, in fact, the beginning of the end of the USSR. But it also demonstrated to the world community the courage and heroism of ordinary people of different nationalities who stood shoulder to shoulder in the name of saving European civilization. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine, V. V. Shcherbitsky, who contributes to the concealment of the true scale of the Chernobyl accident, will commit suicide; the scientist V. A. Legasov will not be able to survive the tragedy, feeling the guilt of the scientific community in what happened. But there is nothing to be ashamed of for those who will forever live in bronze and our memory. Vyacheslav Kokuba, on the 25th anniversary of the tragedy in Ukraine, composed the song "Glory to the Heroes of Chernobyl", which speaks of gratitude to "those who saved the world from the tragedy, those who saved their honor and uniform."
In Ukraine, the medal "Hero of Chernobyl" was established, which is still awarded to liquidators who have shown special courage in a difficult period for the country. Three years ago, the award found a doctor in Kyrgyzstan, Iskender Shayakhmetov, who works a hundred meters from the block that saved the lives of dozens of people. And at the Kiev Institute of Radiation Medicine, there is still an unequal struggle with an invisible enemy for the lives of the former liquidators. People come to Professor Anatoly Chumak from all over the former USSR. In many cities, monuments to the courageous heroes of Chernobyl have been erected, many of whom died years later from the effects of radiation sickness.
