Comfortable and unusual DIY cantilever staircase. Cantilever staircases design features Manufacturing of cantilever staircases

About cantilever stairs

Cantilever metal staircase from sergpn

Support for cantilever stairs

Consoles in design works

Disadvantages and advantages of consoles

For external use

Installation and maintenance

Video

Project

Materials and tools

Execution

When the need for comfortable and safe access to the second floor is thought about even in the process of designing a house, any type of staircase can be laid. This is much more effective than trying to squeeze in at least something digestible, not to mention aesthetics. One of the participants in our portal thought through everything in advance, and as a result he has a cantilever staircase, which is considered one of the most attractive in terms of “airiness”. His experience is interesting because, having remained a customer, he was still able to save a lot even in terms of finances, not to mention time and labor costs.

ABOUT cantilever stairs Oh.
sergpn.
Project.
Materials and tools.
Execution.

The effect of lightness and airiness in these structures is achieved due to the absence of external supports in the usual sense - there is no even stringer, no bowstring, no vertical support. “Floating” steps are mounted directly into the wall, taking into account that the entire load will fall only on this fastener. When choosing this type of staircase, it is necessary to correctly calculate, first of all, the load-bearing capacity of the wall. The type of fastening of the steps depends on the result of the calculations; these can be the following options:

insert into the wall - the depth depends on the strength of the wall, on average 20-40 cm;
brackets - how special fasteners, and various variations (metal plates, channel, decorative supports);
frame - with a minimum load-bearing capacity of the wall, a metal frame (channel, profile) is placed close to it, which is fixed to the ceilings, and cantilever steps are attached to it.

The handrail usually runs along the wall; if necessary, ceiling cords are used as a fence; in rare cases, for the sake of the visual component, both strands and a handrail are dispensed with.

As for materials, the flight of imagination is almost limitless, but the most practical stairs are those with steps on a metal frame with wooden overlays or cases. This is exactly the version our craftsman has.

sergpn

Topikstarter’s house was built using monolithic technology, and since he initially conceived a cantilever staircase, one of the metal frame’s rigidity diaphragms was used for the structure. The missing fragment was supplemented with a channel.

All calculations and the project itself sergpn ordered from professionals. Both load-bearing capacity and resistance to dynamic loads are taken into account. Our craftsman believes that the project is mandatory.

sergpn

All points were taken into account at the design stage, I deliberately highlighted the cost of calculation as a separate line, and did not write that “we go to the barn, look at what scrap metal is left, and make a staircase out of it in approximately this shape.” Considering the pathological aversion of the majority of forum members to any expenses for designers and the desire to build according to intuition, I want to convey to them that the design and calculation are savings, not expenses.

Drawings of your staircase sergpn posted for everyone interested.

Materials used:

profile pipe 60×60×5 mm – frame of steps;
sheet metal, 10 mm thick – support plates and “kerchiefs”;
sheet metal, 4 mm thick – cover and end strips;
channel 270×6 mm – the missing part of the support for four steps;
chemical anchors, studs - for attaching support plates and channels to the wall.

Instead of bothering with cutting such thick metal with a grinder, I gave everything to a workshop for plasma cutting, an inverter welder and professional welders of the 5th category were used for welding.

The first stage of marking was to drill holes for the studs and fix them in the wall; the next step was to install the support plates for the steps and the channel on them. The craftsman preferred chemical anchors to conventional ones in order to avoid the formation of backlash in the future.

Due to certain difficulties, the algorithm for executing the steps turned out to be as follows:

pipes are “tacked” to the support plate;
headscarves;
cover sheet;
end strip.

This sequence is due to the fact that with other options it was not possible to maintain an ideal plane.

sergpn

They cooked it one at a time, which was somewhat more difficult, due to the impossibility of attaching the thrust plates evenly (in some places there was reinforcement, in others there was some kind of nuisance). Therefore, each step is done individually. It is easier to weld a frame made of corrugated pipe, but this design works worse in bending than parallel pipes completely sewn on top with a covering plate. But, on the other hand, sewing a sheet on top is possible (as practice has shown) only for pipes that are already welded to the plate, otherwise it is difficult to maintain parallelism (the sheet leads). This is, in fact, why this assembly method was chosen.

Some participants in the topic were interested in the question of whether it would be easier to use through fasteners. As the craftsman answered, due to the load, it is impossible to make the bolts flush. But doing double the work of attaching the plates on the other side and then figuring out how to close them is too problematic. Others were confused by the scarves, since there are many examples of installing steps without this unit. It turned out that scarves are not only necessary, but also useful.

Since, for financial reasons, decorative wooden cases are not expected in the foreseeable future, the craftsman generously treated the finished structure with primer and stopped there for now.

As recommended by the project, after completing the installation work, the staircase was checked for load-bearing capacity using the “classical” method - 250 kg of cement bags were loaded onto the steps. The deflection was less than 1 mm, which is quite satisfactory, considering that the weight of the household is much less, and no one plans to jump on consoles.

Taking into account all expenses, the staircase cost 45 thousand rubles:

project – 5 thousand;
metal (with cutting) – 15 thousand;
installation (welding/cutting on site) – 20 thousand;
consumables and components (anchors, studs, electrodes, primer) – 5 thousand.

It took only four days to make the staircase. As he separately emphasizes sergpn, companies offering ready-made designs such a plan, they called a price tag of 100 thousand rubles and a period of two weeks. Therefore, even if you refuse self-made in favor of a professional one, you can actually cut costs in half. If you have the appropriate skills and equipment, then the costs of materials are minimal in our times.

You can follow further developments of events, read more about different types staircases, including cantilever ones - in the article how to provide access to the stairs yourself cold attic- in the material. An example of a very unusual staircase is in one of our videos.

Convince ordinary person in console reliability staircase design sometimes it's not easy. In this case, the elegance of cantilever stairs works against them. However, for people who understand, this is a great opportunity to demonstrate the capabilities of engineering and interior ergonomics.

Indeed, the cantilever staircase can be called the most spectacular among other interfloor staircases. Its steps “float” in the air, and the structure itself does not take up much space and does not obscure the light.

Modern minimalist styles do not tolerate waste of space, which is unceremoniously taken away by concrete or traditional wooden staircase on stringers. Today, designers are faced with the task of creating light and transparent stairs. These include suspended, bolt, spinal and cantilever staircases. The last type of stairs is more suitable than others for fans of minimalism and hi-tech. There are no unnecessary parts in such stairs. In fact, these are only the steps themselves, which are attached to a wall, pillar or other supports with only one side. But stairs without railings are quite rare in practice. Rather, such stairs serve more for demonstration purposes. The guardrail can be made minimally noticeable, but it will significantly increase the safety of the stairs.

For further conversation we will need precise knowledge of “staircase” terminology.

Baluster- a stand used to support the railing.

Console- shelf structure, rigidly fixed at one end using a bracket or clamp.

Kosour- the supporting beam of the staircase on which the steps are attached.

Railing- stair railing.

Riser- step height; vertically established bar, covering the space under the step.

Handrail- part of the railing that is grasped by hand when descending/ascending the stairs.

Prokid- detail of the railing parallel to the flight.

Tread- the horizontal part of the step on which the foot is placed.

Pillar(staircase) - the outermost post of the railing, which rests on the ceiling.

Bowstring(staircase) - a load-bearing beam that holds the steps attached to it at the ends.

Traction- a rod or cable with which the steps of a suspended staircase are attached to the upper ceiling.

Cantilever staircases, as a rule, are not sold ready-made. They are ordered for a specific object and according to the specific requests of the home owner. However, models from the catalog are taken as a basis, which are then adapted to the conditions of the object. European companies try to make as few changes as possible, using factory components. This allows you to reduce the cost of the stairs. In Russia there are also companies engaged in the production of cantilever staircases, but the latter are manufactured individually.

The controversial appearance of the cantilever staircase, which many people are even afraid to climb for the first time, has its own engineering explanation. I should immediately note that the construction of a cantilever staircase is a rather labor-intensive and complex task. The supporting base for the cantilever steps is laid in the wall at the stage of its construction. Each step of a cantilever staircase must unwaveringly withstand a load of at least 150 kg, not counting the weight of the railing. This refers to the load on the extreme point of the suspended step.

Installation of steps. The wall into which the steps of the cantilever staircase will be mounted must be made of heavy wall materials, for example, in the form brickwork. The ends of the steps are walled up in it, deepening them by at least 20 cm with a maximum flight width of 80 cm. Each step must be sandwiched by at least 10 rows of masonry. If the wall is made of porous ceramic blocks, expanded clay concrete blocks or slotted bricks, then the depth of the steps is increased to 30-40 cm. However, the thickness of the wall does not always allow this. When installing steps in aerated concrete, each of them must be reinforced with an element of heavy concrete.

Certain requirements are also imposed on the material from which the steps are made. It must be a very hard and elastic material. Reinforced concrete is widely used for these purposes. There is no need to be afraid of the brutality of this material, since it is always possible to finish concrete with anything. Well, for the fashionable loft style, concrete steps are just right.

To embed the brackets into the wall, meter-long sections of profile pipe are embedded to a depth of 25-30 cm. The outlets make up 2/3 of the length of the steps. Such large overhangs make it possible to use almost any material for the manufacture of the steps themselves, up to chipboard or MDF. The steps in this design rest on steel brackets and are therefore freed from the load-bearing load. Metal fasteners are hidden in selected grooves and holes in the steps. I note that, despite all the clarity of pinching or embedding steps, such work must be carried out under architectural supervision. It's even better to instruct this work reputable construction company.

Another method of constructing a cantilever staircase involves anchoring. The method is good, first of all, because it allows the installation of steps after the construction of the supporting wall is completed. For each step there is a separate welded bracket, which is secured with 4-6 anchor bolts with a length of 150 mm and a diameter of at least 10 mm. But this method is only suitable in cases where the wall is made of solid brick. Neither aerated concrete nor slotted brick will withstand such a load - the anchors will become loose, and the steps will be in danger of collapsing.

Mounting on a metal frame supporting structure. If the wall near which the cantilever staircase is to be attached does not have sufficient bearing capacity, then this complicates the matter, but does not deprive you of the chance to realize your plans. The only one the right decision this will involve the creation of a powerful steel profile frame, which will serve as the basis for the cantilever steps. The frame-frame is made up to the ceiling. One end of it is attached to the upper, the other - to the lower ceiling. Cantilever supports for steps can either be welded to the frame or bolted. The supporting structure (frame-frame) is covered with plasterboard, after which it looks like an ordinary wall.

The frame-frame can be replaced by a steel bowstring attached to the upper and lower ceilings with powerful support platforms. A string secured in this way will be subject to significant torsional loads when walking up stairs. To withstand them, it must be in the form of a truss with longitudinal, transverse and diagonal stiffeners. This design can be compared to the boom of a crane. But even with this, it is rarely possible to achieve a feeling of “solidity” of the steps. Therefore, the most reliable method is walling or fastening using a frame frame.

Strengthening methods cantilever design . Attaching a step to only one side requires extreme strength, which is not easy to achieve. To stabilize the steps, you can resort to an additional, but little noticeable supporting structure. To avoid “keying”, the cantilever steps can be connected to each other with bolts, transferring the load to the floor. Each cantilever stage is connected with one bolt, not two. These bolts can be disguised as fencing parts or hidden in treads. The use of bolts allows you to reduce the load on the wall brackets, which makes them less powerful. By connecting two adjacent steps, we halve the load on the cantilever mounting of each of them. Thus, for one step, the power of a pair of rods 400-600 mm long and 30-40 mm in diameter, which are embedded in the wall to a depth of only 80-160 mm, is enough.

Another way to secure cantilever steps is to fasten their edges to the ceiling using ties in the form of steel cables with a diameter of 8-10 mm, the slack of which is taken out by installed lanyards (screw hooks). A suspended belay looks less massive than a side belay. If desired, the cables can be passed through chrome pipes.

The cantilever staircase is one of the most widespread types of structures that are popular and new in all markets of the country.

The cantilever version is the most effective, well-thought-out engineering design, which creates a state of weightlessness for the steps. They are located vertically to the wall, where one end of the step lies arbitrarily, and the second crashes into the wall.

The basis of the structure is load-bearing without stringers or bowstrings. In such models there is no support, which does not clutter up the area of the rooms and creates a beautiful interior. These unusual systems often attract attention and have a wide field for the designer’s imagination when it comes to decoration and lighting. For designing houses with a small area, cantilever-type stairs are best suited: this will solve the problem of saving space and allowing sunlight to enter the room.

The cantilever design makes an indelible impression; it looks light and frozen in space.

It is considered indispensable for design work and easily fits into any interior or exterior.

What is and how the house is covered with corrugated sheets is described.

When compared with other types, console systems are the simplest for installation and de installation work, in terms of design. If it is necessary to replace the steps of a staircase, you can dismantle the damaged steps without removing the entire structure.

He will tell you how to install beacons under plaster.

Nowadays it is becoming popular to decorate country houses, offices with high-tech stairs. This option takes the form of powder-coated metal plates or consists of polished stainless steel.

Construction steps in HI-Tech style are made from valuable wood species such as oak, ash and beech, or can be replaced with porcelain stoneware material.

A staircase in this style can also be made of metal and concrete in combination with glass, plastic, or various artificial materials. These are open-type models, they are simple and have a decorative, somewhat sloppy appearance, since all the fasteners are on the surface, which gives the design a modern style.

Before installing the staircase structure, it is necessary to study the installed structure.

This system is well suited for installation in offices, country cottages, one-room apartments, when creating two-level interiors. The advantage is that it fits compactly into a room of any size, and also, if the staircase is installed in a residential building, you can safely walk along it barefoot, since the steps do not touch the floor and will not be cold.

It should be noted that the installation of such a structure requires a solid wall made of concrete or brick. If there is any doubt about load-bearing structures walls, you should refuse to install consoles.

The disadvantage of cantilever stairs is considered to be their high cost: this is preceded by transportation from abroad, taxes and insurance policies. Disadvantages also include the lack of professional installers of consoles, since these models are considered a novelty in the markets, know-how that interior designers, but not builders, know about.

Read about the technology of facade insulation with foam plastic.

When installing, it is necessary to carefully calculate the area and perform the installation work exactly. If you properly study all the installation basics, you can install such a system without fear for your safety.

There are several types of unusual cantilever structures:

Screw options suitable for homes or office buildings with a small area. The screw console is a reliable, safe, screw-shaped design. This model has a stunning look and takes smallest area indoors, as the steps stretch upward in a curved direction. For greater convenience and safety, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with.
Glass– an almost weightless structure due to its transparency, made of durable glass coating. Can also be considered a wonderful decoration element and used in two-story country houses, and it is mounted inside a stone wall and is quite strong.
Marching– simple to implement, it can be placed either directly along the wall or turned at an angle, depending on the height of the room. If the room is low, you can use one strip; if the building is tall - staircase connected to each other and installed at the desired height and level, it is attached at one end to the wall, and the other is attached to the floor.
Khrebtovaya- This is an option consisting of several elements interconnected. The spinal model is lined up along the wall and completely repeats all the wall bends. Since steps of this type are sinuous and easily fit into any room, thanks to rotating structures you can create different geometries.
Pantry– practical model made of wood, suitable for installation in two-story houses with a small area, a staircase with drawers for storing shoes and other things, which is unusual and convenient, and most importantly - you can achieve original way storing little-used items.
Curved– this design is steep, curved, laid out with plates perpendicular to each other, not very convenient to use and not safe.

You may also be interested in the features.

If the room has two entrances, then external stairs with connecting elements are installed. Can be embedded external staircase during construction or add it later. Stairs for outdoor use quickly lose their quality and become deformed under the influence of weather factors.

External systems are divided into several types:

entrance;
located between floors;
terraced

For installation operations with the console, two methods must be used: The first method is to strengthen the steps when creating a wall, and the second method is used to install a load-bearing base in the form of columns. After installing the steps, cables are added to them, which are attached to the ceiling. With this installation, the appearance of a separate element of the staircase is created, one side of which is mounted on the wall, and the other is supported by suspended cables attached to the ceiling.

For complete safety, it is recommended to install some tension elements to cover cracks and gaps. Railings for consoles are purchased separately and mounted in the wall. During all installation work, the evenness and accuracy of placement of all necessary elements should be taken into account; this can be done using a water level or tensioning a nylon thread, as well as using the most accurate level meter - a laser.

Console installation techniques are not always used suspended structures, and therefore there are independent elements that can support the weight without main fasteners. Their care is individual, depending on the selected material from which the cantilever staircase is made.

You will find all the information about calculating the weight of corrugated sheets.

A high-tech staircase is usually made of the following materials: glass, wood, steel, concrete, reinforced with a metal frame, block, laminated panels. But it is installed with your own hands only if the wall is being built from scratch, when the builder plans in advance the future construction of the console instead of a regular staircase. This knowledge gives the installer the opportunity to conscientiously complete the construction of a reinforced wall.

You can look at the photos for cantilever stairs and choose the option you want.

The structure is mounted during the construction of a wall, when the free edge can extend into the room by 800 mm, and by at least 200 mm the step must be firmly embedded in the wall. To improve fastening, you can create a bowstring - tension on cables or iron strands of steps to the ceiling. A very profitable option for small country houses, attics, children's rooms, attics - this spiral staircase on one thick rod, which is protected on the sides by simplified railings.

If the wall is not rigid enough or you want to install the stairs in an old house, then you should definitely use a welded one metal frame or pipe, on the basis of which they will be attached beautiful tree, glass or other step options. The frame crashes into the wall, serves as a support, and the finishing (plastic, tempered glass or tree) - they just lean on it. Drywall or other finishing wall material will help hide the imperfections of the wall.

All types of materials from which the console can be made must be well cleaned from dirt and dust. Wooden steps can be coated with a layer of varnish from time to time, followed by sanding with wool or felt cloth, and the wood can also be polished to extend the life of the product and to add shine and gloss to the steps.

March projection length Lx, m

March height N, m

Stringer length L, m

Rolled channel number GOST 8240-97, DSTU 3436-96

Number of bent channel GOST 8278-83

I-beam number GOST 8239-89

Dimensions of bent square pipe GOST 30245-94, DSTU B.V.2-6-8-95

This video shows the simplest cantilever staircase.

When choosing a cantilever staircase, you need to weigh the pros and cons of this technology and select this type of staircase exclusively for your home or office conditions.
When installing a suspended base, you need to select a certain level of tension that will hold the ladder in one direction.
If the tension is too strong, the main fastening system should be loosened.
Upon purchase finished stairs it is worth checking for deformation of the steps, and also paying attention to fastening structure, as some kits may not have it.

A stringer in a staircase is called an inclined one metal beam, on which the steps rest.

This calculation applies to metal stringers made from rolled channels.

Attention! In the article, the font periodically flies off, after which, instead of the sign for the angle of inclination of the stairs "alpha", the sign "?" is displayed. I apologize for the inconvenience.

Initial data.

Width flight of stairs 1.05 m ( stair steps prefabricated LS11, weight of 1 stage 105 kg). Number of stringers – 2. H = 1.65 m – half the height of the floor; l 1 = 3.7 m – stringer length. The angle of inclination of the stringer is α = 27°, cosα = 0.892.

Collection of loads.

As a result, the current standard load on the inclined stringer is equal to q 1 n = 449 kg/m 2, and the calculated load q 1 r = 584 kg/m 2.

Calculation (selection of the stringer section).

The first thing to do in this calculation is to bring the load per 1 sq. m of the march area to the horizontal and find the horizontal projection of the stringer. Those. essentially at the actual length of the stringer l 1 and load per 1 sq.m march q 1, we translate these values into the horizontal plane through cosα so that the relationship between q and l remained in force.

For this we have two formulas:

1) the load per 1 m 2 of the horizontal projection of the march is equal to:

q = q 1 /cos 2 α;

2) the horizontal projection of the march is equal to:

l = l 1 cosα.

Please note that the steeper the angle of inclination of the stringer, the shorter the length of the march projection, but the greater the load per 1 m 2 of this horizontal projection. This is precisely what preserves the relationship between q and l which we strive for.

As proof, consider two stringers of the same length 3 m with the same load 600 kg/m2, but the first is located at an angle of 60 degrees, and the second - 30. The figure shows that for these stringers the projections of the load and the length of the stringer are very different from each other, but the bending moment is the same for both cases.

Let us determine the standard and calculated value of q, as well as l for our example:

q n = q n 1 /cos 2 α = 449/0.892 2 = 564 kg/m 2 = 0.0564 kg/cm 2 ;

q р = q р 1 /cos 2 α = 584/0.892 2 = 734 kg/m 2 = 0.0734 kg/cm 2 ;

l = l 1 cosα = 3.7*0.892 = 3.3 m.

In order to select the cross section of the stringer, it is necessary to determine its moment of resistance W and moment of inertia I.

We find the moment of resistance using the formula W = q р a l 2 /(2*8mR), where

q р = 0.0734 kg/cm 2 ;

l= 3.3 m = 330 cm – length of the horizontal projection of the stringer;

m = 0.9 – coefficient of operating conditions of the stringer;

R = 2100 kg/cm 2 – design resistance of steel grade St3;

8 – part of the well-known formula for determining the bending moment (M = ql 2 /8).

So, W = 0.0734*105*330 2 /(2*8*0.9*2100) = 27.8 cm 3.

We find the moment of inertia using the formula I = 150*5*aq n l 3 /(384*2Ecos?) , where

E = 2,100,000 kg/cm 2 – elastic modulus of steel;

150 – from the condition of maximum deflection f = l/150;

a = 1.05 m = 105 cm – march width;

2 – number of stringers in a march;

5/348 is a dimensionless coefficient.

For those who want to understand in more detail the determination of the moment of inertia, let us turn to Linovich and derive the above formula (it differs slightly from the original source, but the result of the calculations will be the same).

The moment of inertia can be determined from the formula for the permissible relative deflection of the element. The deflection of the stringer is calculated by the formula: f = 5q l 4 /348EI, from where I = 5q l 4/348Ef.

In our case:

q = aq n 1 /2 = aq n cos 2 ?/2 – distributed load on the stringer from half the flight (in the comments they often ask why the stringer is considered to cover the entire load of the march, and not half - so, the two in this formula gives exactly half the load);

l 4 = l 1 4 = (l/cos?) 4 = l 4/cos? 4 ;

f = l 1 /150 = l/150cos? – relative deflection (according to DSTU “Deflections and displacements” for a span of 3 m).

If we plug everything into the formula, we get:

I = 150*cos?*5aq n cos 2 ? l 4 /(348*2E l cos 4 ?) = 150*5*aq n l 3 /(348*2Ecos?).

Linovich has essentially the same thing, only all the numbers in the formula are reduced to the “coefficient With depending on the deflection." But since in modern standards the requirements for deflections are stricter (we need to limit ourselves to 1/150 instead of 1/200), then for ease of understanding all numbers are left in the formula, without any abbreviations.

So, I = 150*5*105*0.0564*330 3 /(384*2*2100000*0.892) = 110.9 cm 4.

We select a rolling element from the table below. Channel No. 10 suits us.

This calculation was carried out according to the recommendations of the book by L.E. Linovich. "Calculation and design of parts civil buildings"and provides only the selection of the section metal element. For those who want to understand in more detail the calculation of a metal stringer, as well as the design of staircase elements, you need to refer to the following regulatory documents:

SNiP III-18-75 “Metal structures”;

DBN V.2.6-163:2010 “Steel structures”.

In addition to calculating the stringer using the above formulas, you also need to do a calculation for instability. What is it? The stringer may be strong and reliable, but when walking up the stairs it feels like it is shaking with every step. The feeling is not pleasant, so the standards provide for the following condition: if the stringer is loaded with a concentrated load of 100 kg in the middle of the span, it should bend no more than 0.7 mm (see DSTU B.V.1.2-3:2006, table 1, paragraph 4).

The table below shows the results of calculations for instability for a staircase with steps 300x150(h), this is the most convenient size of steps for a person, with different heights floors, and therefore different lengths stringer. As a result, even if the above calculation gives a smaller cross-section of the element, you need to finally select the stringer by checking the data in the table.

In order to correctly design a staircase, you can use standard series:

1.450-1 “Stairs made of prefabricated reinforced concrete steps on steel stringers”;

1.450-3 "Steel stairs, platforms, stepladders and fences."

Attention! To make it easier for you to answer your questions, a new section has been created. "FREE CONSULTATION".

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