Units of length measurement in different countries. Medieval measures of length and area. Ancient Greek figures
Units of measurement of various countries. Each country in the world uses its own methods of measuring volume, weight and quantity, that is, it has a special system of measures. It is essential for the successful trading and exchange of goods. But the most difficult thing is that in different countries these systems of measures do not coincide. So, for example, the United States borrowed from the British a special, "English" system of measures. Today, the US is practically the only country that uses it.
Slide 10 from the presentation "Measurements". The size of the archive with the presentation is 315 KB.Mathematics Grade 2
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Units of measurement in different countriesMeasure everything available
measurement and do not
measurable
affordable.”
G. Galileo
subjective units
So, for example, sailors measured the way with tubes,
i.e., the distance that the ship travels for
time for the sailor to smoke his pipe.
In Spain, a similar unit was the cigar. The program of the Olympic Games of Ancient Hellas included
stage run. It is established that the Greek stage is
length of the stadium in Olympia - 192.27 m The ancient Romans measured distances in steps.
or double steps (left foot step, step
right). A thousand double steps was
a mile (lat. "mille" - a thousand). In Russia for a long time as a unit
lengths used arshin. This measure originated
when trading with eastern countries (Persian,
"arsh" - elbow) A span was used to measure shorter lengths.
- the distance between the ends of the spaced
thumb and index fingers. Span (18 cm)
was 1/4 arshin, and 1/16 arshin
was equal to vershok (4.4 cm) A very common unit of length was
fathom. It is first mentioned in
11th century Since 1554, the sazhen has been set equal to 3
arshins (2.13 m) and it gets the name
royal (or eagle, printed) in contrast to
arbitrary - flywheel and oblique. Flywheel
sazhen - arm span - is approximately 2.5
arshins. China
10.
The unit of length fen was originallylength of one grain of millet
boo - a measure of length equal to a double step
The measure of the length of zhang was equal to the distance between
fingertips of outstretched hands
tribute - a load that a person is able to carry
on the shoulders, equals 60 kg
Relationships between measures Relationships between measures were complex, there were complex, there were different definitions for different definitions for units of measurement. units of measure. For example, and still exist For example, and still exist in the UK: in the UK there are: - two different "tons" (in 2000 and in 2940 pounds), - two different "tons" (in 2000 and in 2940 pounds), - more than 50 different "bushels", etc. - more than 50 different "bushels", etc. This impeded the development of science, trade between countries. This impeded the development of science, trade between countries. Therefore, it is ripe for countries. Therefore, there is a need to introduce the need to introduce a unified system of measures, a convenient unified system of measures, convenient for all countries, with simple ones for all countries, with simple ratios between the ratios between units. units.
Basic Basic unit of mass: unit of mass: 1 kg - as a mass 1 kg - as a mass of 1 dm of pure water. 1 dm of pure water. The remaining units were determined through these two, the ratios between units of the ratio between units of the same value were equal to one value equal to 10, 100, 1000, etc. 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Metric system of measures The metric system of measures is adopted by most countries adopted by most countries of the world. peace. In Russia, its introduction In Russia, its introduction began in 1899. started in 1899. Great merits in the introduction Great merits in the introduction and dissemination and dissemination of the metric system of measures of the metric system of measures in our country belong in our country to Dmitry Ivanovich Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, Mendeleev, the great Russian chemist. great Russian chemist.
In connection with the development of trade, there is a need to establish clear definitions of units and the relationship between them. In connection with the development of trade, there is a need to establish clear definitions of units and the relationship between them. Under Peter 1, Russian measures were brought into a certain system: Under Peter 1, Russian measures were brought into a certain system: 1 verst = 500 sazhens (1km 67m); 1 verst=500 fathoms (1km 67m); 1 sazhen = 3 arshins (213 cm); 1 sazhen = 3 arshins (213 cm); 1 arshin=16 vershoks=28 inches (71 1 arshin=16 vershoks=28 inches (71 cm); cm); 1 ft=12 inches (30 cm 5 mm); 1 ft=12 inches (30 cm 5 mm); 1 pood = 40 pounds (16kg 400g); 1 pood = 40 pounds (16kg 400g); 1 lb = 96 spools (410 g). 1 lb = 96 spools (410 g).
However, according to tradition and at the present time, old units are sometimes used. However, according to tradition and at the present time, old units are sometimes used. Sailors measure: Sailors measure: - distance in miles (1852 m) and - distance in miles (1852 m) and cable (tenth of a mile, (tenth of a mile, i.e. about 185 m); i.e. about 185 m); - speed - - speed - knots knots (1 mile per hour). (1 mile per hour).
In Ancient Russia, length measurements were used: length measurements were used: oblique sazhen (248 cm) - distance from oblique sazhen (248 cm) - distance from the toes of the left foot to the end of the toes of the left foot to the end of the fingers of the raised right hand; raised right hand; fly fathom (176 cm) - fly fathom (176 cm) - the distance between the ends of the fingers spread to the sides of the hand; arms outstretched; elbow (38-46 cm) - distance from the ends elbow (38-46 cm) - distance from the ends of the fingers to the elbow of the bent arm. fingers to the elbow of the bent arm.
The first units of length, both in Russia and in other countries, were associated with the size of parts of the human body. person. These are fathom, elbow, span (18-23 cm). These are fathom, elbow, span (18-23 cm). In England and the USA it is still used: In England and the USA it is still used: - "foot" - foot (31 cm), - "foot" - foot (31 cm), - "thumb" - inch (25 mm ) - "thumb" - an inch (25 mm) - and even a yard (91 cm) - - and even a yard (91 cm) - a unit of length, a unit of length that appeared almost 900 years ago. almost 900 years ago. It was equal to the distance from the tip of the nose of King Henry 1 to the end of the fingers of his outstretched hand. his outstretched hand.
The unit "arshin" (also means "elbow") came from eastern merchants. The unit "arshin" (also means "elbow") came from eastern merchants. There were: There were: - Turkish arshin, - Turkish arshin, - Persian arshin, etc. - Persian arshin, etc. Therefore, the saying "measure on your own arshin" arose. "measure by your own arshin." To measure long distances in Russia, the unit “field” was used, later replaced by a verst (in different areas, a verst was considered differently - from 500 to 750 sazhens). To measure long distances in Russia, the unit “field” was used, later replaced by a verst (in different areas, a verst was considered differently - from 500 to 750 sazhens).
Many units also existed for measuring masses. Many units also existed for measuring masses. The most ancient Russian measure is “hryvnia”, or “hryvnia” (about 410 g). The most ancient Russian measure is “hryvnia”, or “hryvnia” (about 410 g). Later appeared Later there were spools, pounds, pounds. spools, pounds, pounds.
In the old days in Russia mass measures were not the same as at present. time. For example: 1. A spool (about 4 g) was used to weigh small but expensive goods. 2. The pound was used in trade (1 pound = pound (1 pound = 96 spools), 96 spools), pood, (1 pood = 40 pounds), pood, (1 pood = 40 pounds), Berkovets (1 Berkovets = Berkovets ( 1 Berkovets = 10 poods). 10 poods).
The word "degree" - The word "degree" - Latin, means Latin, means "step", "step". step, step. Measurement of angles in degrees appeared more than 3 thousand years ago in Babylon. Measurement of angles in degrees appeared more than 3 thousand years ago in Babylon. In the calculations there, the sexagesimal number system, sexagesimal fractions, was used. In the calculations there, the sexagesimal number system, sexagesimal fractions, was used.
It is connected with this that the Babylonian mathematicians and astronomers, and after them the Greek and Indian ones, divided the full revolution (circumference) into 360 parts - degrees (six times sixty), It is connected with this that the Babylonian mathematicians and astronomers, and after them Greek and Indian, a full revolution (circumference) was divided into 360 parts - degrees (six times sixty), each degree - each degree - for 60 minutes, for 60 minutes, and a minute - and a minute - for 60 seconds: for 60 seconds: 1 degree=60 minutes, 1 degree=60 minutes, 1 minute=60 seconds. 1 minute=60 seconds.
At the end of the 18th century, when developing the metric system of measures, French scientists proposed dividing a right angle not into 90, but into 100 parts. At the end of the 18th century, when developing the metric system of measures, French scientists proposed dividing a right angle not into 90, but into 100 parts. Such an angle: Such an angle: one-hundredth one-hundredth of a right angle of a right angle is called "deg". called "city". 90 degrees=100 degrees. 90 degrees=100 degrees.
In degrees, angles are measured in geodesy, this unit is used in some construction calculations. In degrees, angles are measured in geodesy, this unit is used in some construction calculations, but it has not received wide distribution. but it has not been widely adopted. Various tools have been created to accurately measure angles. The main part of these devices is a scale similar to the scale of a protractor. protractor.
In the old days, sundials were often used; they have been known for over 3000 years. In a sundial, time is determined by the position of the shadow from the inclined rod on the dial (the dial and the rod (the dial and the rod were positioned so that at noon the shadow from the rod was directed at the 12 o'clock mark). 12 o'clock mark).
In Russia in the old days they used as units of measurement of volume: In Russia in the old days they used as units of measurement of volume: a bucket (about 12 liters), a bucket (about 12 liters), a shtof (a tenth of a bucket). shtof (a tenth of a bucket). US, England and other countries use: countries use: barrel (about 159L), barrel (about 159L), gallon (about 4L), gallon (about 4L), bushel (about 36L), bushel (about 36 l), pint (from 470 to 568 cubic centimeters). pint (from 470 to 568 cubic centimeters).
Time flies. Time is in flow. It is money, it tolerates or not, exists or not, it is the fourth dimension in the Minkowski space, one of the many rational projections of the obscure Universe. And this dimension is given a huge number of properties, real and invented.
Meanwhile, today in different countries of the world there may be different calendars and alphabets, units of distance and mass, but seconds, minutes and hours are accepted everywhere. Although no one bothers to highlight their originality and act like cashiers and sellers, who "I'll be in 5 minutes." stretches up to several hours (and everyone remains alive).
Why did it happen so? Moreover, some people live clearly more slowly than others. Perhaps because those who wanted to live on Earth always had to "be able to spin" at different speeds - the way the planet itself can. From its revolutions around itself, days are added, more precisely, a day, around the Sun - years. In Nepal now - 2071, in Ethiopia - 2006.
History and various sciences have preserved for us, however, several alternative measures for time. For example, the word "moment" is known. But when it is used aloud, it is rarely implied that the interlocutor or client should wait exactly one and a half minutes. That is, the unit of time "moment" historically equals 90 seconds - one fortieth of an hour. So it was customary to split eternity and apply divisions to dials in the Middle Ages. I wonder if it is possible to equate to 60 or another number of seconds the Russian analogue of the "moment" - the word "minute"?
All over the world, electronic and mechanical, are tuned according to the so-called. atomic clocks, which, like computers, have already evolved to pocket size. Our current list of units of the "fourth dimension" will begin with the atom.
Atom
“Volume” means “cut”, “divide”, “atom” means “indivisible”, as the ancient Greeks established in their time. Until some time, the atom was considered the smallest particle of matter. And in the old English language (Anglisc), "atom" was called something like a moment. That is, the shortest amount of time that can be measured.
In this meaning of the word, 1 "indivisible" atom is equal to 1/376 of a minute. This is 0.15957 seconds. With the advent of cinema and modern physics, the need for such a unit of time has obviously disappeared.
Gary
The Indian word "ghurry" is similar to the culinary term "curry", and also has a sharp approach to the issue. In the Middle Ages, the Indians "swapped bodies" hours and minutes, as if there were 60 hours of 24 minutes each in a day.
The water clock model "Gary" was a brilliant invention in its simplicity and accuracy. A wooden or metal cauldron of a certain size is taken with holes defined by its design. Such an empty container is immersed in a pool or a trough with water, the liquid begins to flow into the vessel through the holes, and in the final, the cinder overflowing with water sinks, sinking to the bottom of the pool. Usually 24-minute basins were used, so a day was equal to 60 gari.
Chandelier
The word "chandelier" refers to a period of time equal to five years. The fashionable word "lustration" in ancient Rome meant a cleansing animal sacrifice on the Field of Mars after the next census of the empire's population. They betrayed the solemn fire, and this allegedly protected all civil people registered by Rome from the wrath of the gods. Such fiery censuses in the Eternal City and its possessions were carried out from 566 BC.
The last rite of fiery lustration was carried out by Vespasian in the year 74, then the reformer Caesar abolished the custom. At the present time, the procedure of the same name, if performed, is without killing, and the word "chandelier" to designate a period of time has been forever replaced by the "five-year plan".
Mile
Just as a light year is not a measure of a calendar, but of distance, so distance can be a measure of time. For example, a land mile. Namely - mileway. In the Middle Ages, this term was sometimes used to refer to the time it took for an average pedestrian to cover a distance of one mile. Not having an exact meaning, the time mile was usually converted to about 20 minutes.
Nundines
In ancient Rome, nundins (from the words "novem dies" - the 9th day) were called market days, on which peasants came to the cities to sell agricultural products. Many residents of the suburbs only lived from nundina to another, and an 8-day break was established between market dates. Therefore, the periods of time from trade to trade themselves began to be called nundins in everyday life.
Kenziem
In French, the word "quinzième" literally means "fifteenth". After the Norman conquest of England, "kenziem" was adopted by the newborn English, and this term was used to refer to the 15-pence tax that was imposed on every pound in the monarchy.
At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the word "kenziem" began to be used in a religious context. Meaning the day of some Christian holiday and the following two post-holiday weeks. That is, it turned out to be a 15-day period.
scrouple
The word comes from the Latin "scrupulus", which means "small pebble" or "pebble". Historically, scruple was a term from the professional language of pharmacists. Scrouple was equal to 1/24 of an ounce, i.e. approximately 1.3 grams. In Russian they would say "pinch".
In the figurative sense of "a small amount of something," the word "scrouple" began to be used in the early 17th century as a name for a measure of time. Scroople began to be called the distance from division to division on a 60-digit dial, i.e. 1/60th of a circle. It could be a minute (and 60 minutes are equal to an hour), and a second (1/60 of a minute), and 24 minutes (a sixtieth of a day). The last measure, we recall, was the medieval inhabitants of India counting their times.
Lyapina Maria 5 "b" class GBOU secondary school No. 43, St. Petersburg
The emergence and use of various measures of length in Russia and other countries.
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MEASURES OF LENGTH OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Completed by a student of the 5th "B" class of secondary school No. 43 Lyapina Maria Teacher: Korsukova V.K.
It is impossible to imagine the life of a person who would not make some, even the simplest, measurements. “Without measure, you can’t weave bast shoes,” says a Russian proverb. Even for a primitive man, who built his own dwelling, made the simplest tools, it was necessary to use various measuring devices. A specific object was taken as a unit of measurement - a stone, grain, stick, rope. The first counting instrument of man was the fingers and toes. The same fingers, hands, feet and other parts of the body served as models for creating the first measures of length.
STEP is one of the oldest measures of length. The average length of a human step is 71 cm. Information has been preserved about the use of a step to determine the distance between cities in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Egypt, Persia. The step as a measure of length is still used today. There is even a special device - a pedometer, similar to a pocket watch, which automatically counts the number of steps a person has taken.
ELBOW is a unit of length that has been used since ancient times. Initially, the elbow was defined as the distance in a straight line from the elbow to the end of the middle (or thumb) finger of an outstretched hand or clenched fist. The builders of the Egyptian pyramids considered the cubit as the standard of length. The elbow is one of the main Russian measures of length. It has been mentioned in literary monuments since the 11th century. In different centuries, the cubit was from 38 cm to 51 cm. From the 16th century it was gradually replaced by the arshin and in the 19th century it was almost never used.
For many peoples, the measure of length cubit was known from ancient times and was valid until the beginning of the 19th century. As you can already guess, the size of the cubit in each country was different. Country Size in centimeters Egypt 45 Egypt (royal) 52.5 Persia 38.5 Persia (royal) 53.3 Greece 46.3 Rome 44.4 Tunisia 47.3 Far East 45
ARSHIN has been mentioned in literary sources since the middle of the 16th century. The name comes from the Persian word "arsh" - elbow. This is the length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the terminal phalanx of the middle finger. There are 71 cm in a yardstick. But in different countries (and even in different provinces of Russia) there were their own units for measuring length, so merchants, selling their goods, as a rule, measured it with their own yardstick, deceiving buyers at the same time. This is where the saying “Measure by your own arshin” came from. To eliminate confusion, a state arshin was introduced, that is, a standard arshin, which is a wooden ruler, at the ends of which metal tips with the state brand were riveted.
INCH (translated from Dutch - "thumb") - a measure originally equal to the length of the upper phalanx of the thumb or the length of 3 dry barley grains pulled out from the middle part of the ear. 1 inch is equal to 2.54 cm. Scientists have not been able to determine the origin of this unit: England, Holland or even the Roman Empire. In Russia, at the beginning of the 18th century, the inch was chosen by Peter I to designate the main unit of length. Currently, this measure is used to measure the diameter of pipes, car tires, etc.
The rulers of different countries liked to establish their own measures, often associated with their own person. For example, the English King Henry I introduced the YARD as units of length - the distance from the tip of His Majesty's nose to the thumb of the outstretched hand. This unit of measurement was legalized in 1101. And only in 1768 in England was the standard of the yard made. In England and the USA, the yard is still used, its length is 0.9144 m.
An interesting story is the creation of another English unit of length - FUT, which in English means "foot". The foot was defined as follows: 16 Englishmen lined up in a chain in such a way that each next one touched the heels of the previous one with the ends of their toes. 1/16 of such a chain was 1 foot. It is currently used in a number of countries, while the values \u200b\u200bof the unit are different, for example, the British or English foot is 30.48 cm.
VERSHOK - an old Russian measure of length, used before the introduction of the metric system of measures, was originally equal to the length of the phalanx of the index finger. In modern terms, it is equal to 4.5 cm. The name "vershok" comes from the word "top". In the literature of the 17th century, there are also fractions of a vershok - half a vershok and a quarter vershok.
SPAN is the distance between the ends of the extended fingers (thumb and index). The span was the base value used in Russia from time immemorial. It was often used in everyday life for an approximate determination of small lengths. The span had no material design - they used the hand. A measured span was used, equal to 17.95 cm, a great span - 22-23 cm, a somersault span (a span with the addition of two joints of the index finger) - 27 cm.
SAZHEN is an old Russian measure of length. The name sazhen comes from the verb "to squeeze", meaning "to reach something". According to historians, there were more than 10 fathoms, and they had their own names. Most often, simple (the distance between the thumbs of the hands extended in opposite directions), flyweight (the distance between the tips of the middle fingers of the hands extended in opposite directions) and oblique (determined by the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers extended diagonally) were used.
VERSTA is an old Russian travel measure. Its early name is field. This word originally denoted the distance traveled from one turn of the plow to another during plowing. The size of the verst changed several times. In modern terms, the length of a verst is 1060 m. At the beginning of the 19th century, black and white striped poles appeared along the main roads of the Russian state, on which distances were marked. These pillars were also called "versts".
To measure long distances, the MILE was used - a unit of length, which was very common in many countries of the world. In ancient Rome, a mile was defined as "a thousand double steps of an armed Roman soldier." It was equal to 1481 m. In the Middle Ages, in the countries of Europe, national miles that did not match in size were used. In Russia, a mile was equal to 7 versts or 7467.60 m. At present, a mile is used mainly in maritime affairs and is equal to 1852 m.
Measures of length in proverbs and sayings For seven miles of jelly slurp. To sail on the sea - to be an inch away from death. You are a sap from the case, and it is a sage from you. Arshin for caftan, two for patches. We do not need an inch of foreign land, but we will not give up our own inch. See a sazhen through the ground. Seven spans in the forehead. Write in cursive letters. From word to deed - a whole mile. An old man with a jug, a beard with a arshin. Five miles to heaven and all in the forest. Don't give up an inch. They searched for a mosquito for seven miles, and a mosquito was on the nose. Stepped - and conquered the kingdom.
Conclusion: ancient measures are found in literary and historical works, proverbs, sayings, mathematical problems. And in order to correctly interpret the text, we must have an idea of what measured units existed earlier in different countries of the world, and in what relation they were with each other.
