Brief historical information about the Novosibirsk region. Population and area of ​​the Novosibirsk region. Cities of the Novosibirsk region

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Brief history of the Novosibirsk region (area 178,200 km2, population 2.5 million hours) Until 1917, the territory of the region was part of the Tomsk province. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 13, 1921, the Novonikolaevsk province was formed. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed (Omsk, Altai, Novonikolaev, Tomsk, Yenisei, Irkutsk provinces).

On June 30, 1930, two administrative-territorial units were formed from the Siberian Territory: the West Siberian and East Siberian Territories. On September 28, 1937, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory. In 1944, Andreevsky (now Bagansky), Karasuksky, Krasnoozerny, Veselovsky districts moved from the Altai Territory to the Novosibirsk Region. The territorial formation of the region was completed in 1944.

As of January 1, 1981, the Novosibirsk Region includes 30 rural areas, 6 cities of regional subordination (Barabinsk, Berdsk, Iskitim, Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk, Tatarsk), 8 cities of regional subordination (Bolotnoye, Karasuk, Kargat, Kupino, Ob, Toguchin, Cherepanovo , Chulym), 16 workers' settlements and 383 village councils. What is the name of the capital of Siberia? From the discussion in the newspaper "Soviet Siberia" about the name of the city. "... 50 items were proposed. On February 12, 1926, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decides: to rename the city of Novonikolaevsk to Novosibirsk.

Novosibirsk region during the Great Patriotic War Novosibirsk and the region accepted and placed the equipment of 31 defense plants, 10 orphanages, 55 hospitals, 7 stationary theaters from Moscow and Leningrad, museums and art galleries sheltered 243,634 people. 80 ambulance trains ran between Novosibirsk and the front.

The unfinished building of the Opera and Ballet Theater housed exhibits from the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the Hermitage, museums in Moscow, Leningrad, Novgorod, Sevastopol and other cities. Construction of the opera house resumed in the fall of 1942. Photo: from the portal "Novosibirsk during the Great Patriotic War"

About 500 thousand people were drafted into the Red Army from the Novosibirsk region. 33,000 Novosibirsk residents did not return from the battlefields, they gave their lives for their Motherland. The labor of the Siberians in the rear, where weapons were produced, bread was grown, uniforms for the army, was no less important for the victory.

SIBERIAN VOLUNTEERS In total, thousands of fighters, including 40,462 skiers, left for the active army during this time. Only in the 150th Novosibirsk Rifle Division were sent 644 junior commanders and 95 people. middle command staff from among the volunteers. 23rd reserve rifle brigade formed in June 1941 in Novosibirsk. For a year and a half, she prepared and sent 706 combat units to the front with marching companies and battalions.

Siberian pilots smashed the enemy in the air and on the ground three times Hero Soviet Union A.I. Tires n, twice Heroes of the Soviet Union Lieutenant Colonel P.A. Plotnikov, Major S.I. Kretov.

More than 4,500 workers of the region were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union, 201 thousand people were awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"

Among the Novosibirsk, awarded high military awards for military exploits, more than 200 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union. The Hero of the Soviet Union is awarded: the highest award of the USSR - the Order of Lenin; badge of special distinction - the medal "Gold Star"; Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

And our countryman fighter pilot A.I. Pokryshkin became the first warrior in the country to be awarded this title three times. During the war years, he made 560 sorties, conducted 156 air battles, shot down more than 116 enemy aircraft.

In 1950, a bust of a native of Novosibirsk, three times Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot A.I. was installed in the city. Pokryshkin. In 2005, a monument was erected on Victory Square. Opening May 8, 2005

In 1967, a monument to Novosibirsk soldiers was erected and the Eternal Flame was lit.

Novosibirsk region in the post-war years After the end of the war, the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex was considered the most important direction in the development of Siberia. In the development of the country's aviation industry, the role of the plant named after. Chkalov in Novosibirsk, which in the 1950s began to produce high-speed jet fighters MIG-19.

Another industry that has received powerful development has become radio electronics. Plant them. The Comintern was the only enterprise in the east of the country that produced radar stations.

The Elektrosignal plant and others completely switched to the production of military radio engineering products. December 24, 2011 marked the 70th anniversary of the JSC "Corporation - Novosibirsk Elektrosignal Plant" According to the decision of the State Defense Committee during the Great Patriotic War, the Voronezh plant "Elektrosignal" was subject to immediate evacuation to the east of the country - in Novosibirsk.

In 1970, the Siberian branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences began its work, which in 1979 was transformed into the Siberian branch of this academy.

For Agriculture the post-war period is characterized by the massive development of virgin and fallow lands. In the region for 1954-1960 they plowed 1549 thousand hectares. Already in 1954, the collective farms handed over to the state three times more grain than in the previous year. Grain purchases amounted to 1,638,000 tons (in 1953, only 391,000 tons). For this record, the Novosibirsk Region was awarded the Order of Lenin.

Major "shifts" during the years of the thaw occurred in the development of culture, education, and science. One of the most significant events was the creation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok. In a short time, Akademgorodok gained high international prestige. The experience of creating Akademgorodok was then used in the organization of the Siberian branch of the Agricultural Academy, and in 1969 a research center was created near Novosibirsk and the settlement of Krasnoobsk arose. 1559 Novosibirsk State University was opened

Love your republic, your land, explore, study! In 2012, our region will celebrate its 75th anniversary.

The period of rapid economic development of the region was the years of the Great Patriotic War. Taking into account the real situation that prevailed on the fronts in the first months of the war, the government began to pursue a policy of turning the eastern regions into a powerful military-economic base of the USSR

The settlement of Siberia began in the Ice Age, according to Academician A.P. Okladnikov, this happened 10-14 thousand years ago.

For thousands of years in the Stone, Bronze, Early Iron Ages and in the Middle Ages, bright and original cultures developed on this territory, presented in the excavations of Novosibirsk archaeologists.

At the beginning of the XIII century, the Novosibirsk Ob region was under the rule of the Golden Horde, the collapse of which in the XIV-XV centuries. led to the formation of warring khanates - Ishim, Tyumen, Siberia.

In 1581-1584. in a campaign against Siberia, Ermak defeated Khan Kuchum, and in 1598, Voeikov completely destroyed the remnants of the Kuchum army, and the local population accepted Russian citizenship, because. saw in the Russian state a force capable of ensuring a peaceful life.

Active development of the territory of the region by Russian people begins at the end of the 17th century - the first prisons (Urtamsky, Umrevinsky) appeared, and Russian settlers began to settle near them. Around 1644, the village of Maslyanino was formed on the Berd River. After almost three quarters of a century, the Berdsky prison took shape, and then on the banks of the Chaus River - the Chaussky prison. Around 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded, and a few years later Ust-Tarksky, Kainsky, Ubinsky and Kargatsky fortified points appeared. The first Russian villages were founded on the banks of the rivers Oyash, Chaus, Inya.

Ostrogs, outposts and settlements formed around them became the basis for the emergence of the first cities of the Novosibirsk Ob region: Kainsk (now Kuibyshev) and Kolyvan.

In 1893, in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the railway bridge across the Ob River, the village of Aleksandrovsky appeared, renamed in 1895 into Novonikolaevsky. Due to its convenient geographical location, due to the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the great Siberian river Ob and the Moscow tract, its trade and economic importance rapidly increased. The Ob station in terms of cargo turnover becomes the largest among the railway stations in Siberia.

In 1903, Novonikolaevsky village received the status of a city without a county and became part of the former Tomsk province. In 1926 it was renamed to Novosibirsk. At that moment there were 100 thousand people in it.

As a result of numerous administrative and territorial transformations, the territory of the region was alternately part of the Tomsk Governorate (until 1921), Novonikolaev Governorate (1921 - 1925), Siberian Territory (1925 - 1930), West Siberian Territory (1930 - 1937).

The actual birth of the region took place on September 28, 1937, when the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR was issued, dividing the West Siberian Territory into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory.

The convenient economic and geographical position of the city at the intersection of the most important transport routes, proximity to the fuel and raw materials bases of Kuzbass, Tomsk and Tyumen regions, Eastern Siberia ensured its rapid growth.

In the prewar years, the Novosibirsk region was a major industrial center. Its enterprises produced aluminum, ferroalloys, tin, bismuth, planers and turrets, excavators, turbines, liquid fuels, sulfuric acid, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, and cotton fabrics.

The period of rapid economic development of the region was the years of the Great Patriotic War. Taking into account the real situation that developed on the fronts in the first months of the war, the government began to pursue a policy of turning the eastern regions into a powerful military-economic base of the USSR.

Further development of the Novosibirsk region took place in the postwar years.

Russian Civilization

Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 as a settlement of builders of a railway bridge across the Ob on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

The author of the bridge was Professor N.A. Belelyubsky, his co-author - engineer N.B. Boguslavsky. For the bridge, the span structures of the cantilever-beam system were made of wrought iron. Preparatory work began in May 1893, when a group of bridge builders headed by G.M. Budagov (later, in connection with his appointment as an assistant to the head of construction of the Central Siberian Railway, engineer N.M. Tikhomirov completed the installation of superstructures).

On July 24, 1894, the solemn laying of the first support of the bridge took place. By March 28, 1897, all construction works were carried out, by a commission chaired by
N.P. Belelyubsky bridge was tested. The movement along it began on March 31, 1897. Despite the fact that the bridge was designed according to the norms of the late 19th century (comparatively low loads), it served for almost a hundred years.

In 1990, the bridge was reconstructed: a superstructure was made on the previously existing ice cutters to expand the supports, on which new steel superstructures designed for high loads were mounted. To preserve the memory of the pioneer builders, one of the span structures of the bridge is now installed on the Ob embankment in the Gorodskoye Nachalo park.

Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 as a settlement of builders of a railway bridge across the Ob on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Preparatory work began in May 1893, when a group of bridge builders arrived at the site of the future city.

Novonikolaevsk becomes the first city in Russia to introduce universal elementary education.

Already in the first year of the existence of the village, a message appeared in the Russian press that in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe construction of the railway bridge across the river. The Ob has grown with incredible speed as a settlement, which, apparently, should have a solid future as a major trading center (“Notes of the West Siberian Department of the Imperial Geographical Society”, Omsk 1894, vol. XXXV, p. 18). The settlement received the name of Emperor Alexander III (Alexandrovsky), and in 1895 the settlement was renamed in honor of the new tsar in Novonikolaevsky.

In 1902, the first postcards appeared with views of the village in Russian and French, issued by the Moscow phonotype of Scherer and Nabgolts, and in 1904 the first album of views of the city was prepared.

During this period, the village claims to be allocated to an independent administrative unit, to the rank of a township or city. By 1903, he managed to obtain the rights of a city without a county in a simplified form, then, five years later, to achieve a full city status. During these years, branches of the largest Russian banks appeared in the city - the state, Russian-Asian, which had branches not only in Russia, but also in Paris, Beijing, Tien Jin, Yokohama and Nagasaki, a Russian bank for foreign trade, a Siberian bank, etc. the main Siberian office of the International Harvester Company, created by Morgan (USA).

In 1905, Novonikolaevsk was a city without a county in the Tomsk province. Its population, according to the data of the first one-day census conducted on October 23, 1905, was 26,028 people, of which 10,769 were householders and members of their families and 11,949 people were tenants. The industrial buildings of the city included 4 steam and 11 water mills, a sawmill, a brewery, a tannery and 10 oil mills, 12 spinning and 2 fur coat workshops, 35 brick sheds, 22 laundries. In addition, there were about 200 carpentry, locksmith, blacksmith, shoe, sewing, bakery workshops, 212 trading establishments, 5 taverns and 11 inns, up to a dozen wine and beer warehouses. Intracity transportation was carried out by 250 cars and 400 draft cabs. The townsfolk had over 4 thousand heads of livestock, mostly horses. The situation in the city was affected by the Russo-Japanese War that began in 1904, which resulted in a massive conscription of part of the townspeople into the army and the appearance in the city of a garrison of 1182 people.

At all stages of its development, Novonikolaevsk-Novosibirsk took care of the spiritual principle, created objects that formed its spiritual face.

In the very first year of its existence, at the initiative of the civil engineer of the railway bridge G. M. Budagov, a school and a folk theater were opened in the city (the first teachers of the school were A. E. Trubin and A. I. Posolskaya), and on May 22, 1897 a solid stone cathedral of Alexander Nevsky is being laid. In 1898, on the initiative of R. L. Yankelevich-Charina, a musical and drama circle was created, and two years later, an entrepreneur N. P. Litvinov opened a printing house.

In 1902, with the care and diligence of P. A. Smirnova, children's institution to prepare girls and boys (starting from the age of seven) for admission to nonresident gymnasiums. In 1905 it was transformed into a women's progymnasium with a four-year term of study (in 1916 it was transformed into the first Novonikolaev women's gymnasium).

In 1906, the library began to work, the basis of which was 700 books of classics of fiction, donated by the merchant Runin. Editor M. F. Kursky and publisher N. P. Litvinov begin to publish the city newspaper "Narodnaya letopis". In the same year, G. A. Butovich opens a private men's school that prepares young men for admission to technical universities, and his wife 3. I. Butovich opens a private kindergarten.

In 1912, Novonikolaevsk became the first city in Russia to introduce universal primary education. The following year, on the initiative of G. E. Avksentiev, an orchestra was created consisting of 25 balalaika players, violinists, flute players and other musicians. In 1916 the first School of Music S. N. Zavodovsky on learning to play the piano, violin, cello and other orchestral instruments.

Introduction: here I will present the second part of my research on the indigenous population of the territories now occupied by the Novosibirsk region. The first part (Baraba) is here -

Pre-Russian ethnic history of the Novosibirsk region (from ancient times to the conquest of Siberia).

Part 2. Right Bank.

Reading the literature on the ancient history of Siberia, I came to a strange thought. The sources are very detailed, the ancient history of Altai, Kuzbass, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Omsk is documented, but nothing about the territory of the Novosibirsk Region, at best, about Baraba. Everywhere there are archaeological sites of ancient times, but we have almost none. Didn't search? Or found and buried?

Trying to compile what we managed to find, in the first part of the study we examined the territory of the western, forest-steppe part of the region. What about the east coast? He is even more unknown and mysterious.

Archaeological background.

Let's start again with archaeological sites. The oldest of them is located not so far from the center of the regional city. These are the settlement of Tourist-1 and Tourist-2 on the banks of the Ob in the area of ​​the Tool Plant. The monument is multi-layered, i.e. refers simultaneously to several eras: the Neolithic (IV-III millennium BC), early bronze (XVII-VIII centuries BC), early iron (III century BC - III century BC). AD). This place is now being actively built up for housing - Tourist-1 has already been completely destroyed, according to the second, the builders still promise to carry out some kind of research work.

In 1926, a researcher at the West Siberian local history museum Pavel Pavlovich Khoroshikh collected several fragments of ceramics dated to the Neolithic era in the bank scree on the right bank of the Ob River, in the northern part of the city on the territory of the Zaeltsovsky Park. However, due to the lack of reliable topographic references, it was not possible to subsequently find the place of the find. In the same response of the museum to the attitude of 1948, it is said that traces of the site of a primitive man (remains of mammoth bones and stone tools) were found near the city of Berdsk, currently unknown to archaeologists, apparently destroyed by the waters of the Novosibirsk reservoir.

In 1930, in the center of Novosibirsk, in the area where the "Devil's Settlement" was located, the same P. Khoroshikh carried out additional archaeological research. According to the bibliographic list of historical monuments from the archives of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore, he discovered several stone tools of the Neolithic period (arrowheads and spearheads, an axe, scrapers and ceramics). In the museum's response to the attitude dated November 24, 1948, No. SK-15-81 of the Committee for Cultural and Educational Institutions under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR in the southern part of the park. Kirov in Novosibirsk, a human site from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages is indicated. The "Archaeological Map of the Novosibirsk Region" says that a significant number of fragments of ceramics were found here, belonging to two periods: the Neolithic and Bronze Age (VII-VI centuries BC) and the culture of the Chat Tatars (XVI-XVII centuries AD). .e.) - about them a little later.

So it turns out that the place on which our city is now spread has been chosen by people since ancient times. Of the oldest archaeological sites on the right bank of the region, it is also necessary to note the Neolithic site Inya-3 in the Toguchinsky district near the village of Izyly, dating back to the 2nd half of the 4th millennium BC. and the settlements of Zavyalovo-1 and Zavyalovo-8 in Iskitimskoye, belonging to the Upper Ob Neolithic culture and dating back to the 4th–3rd millennium BC. However, in comparison with the Baraba forest-steppe, the forests of the right bank are much less fortunate with ancient archaeological cultures. Only the ancient inhabitants of the Sayano-Altai wandered into this bearish corner to hunt. Anthropologist G.F. Debets claims that they were people of the Paleo-European type. It was they who in the Afanasiev period occupied the territory of the Minusinsk depression and the space to the west of it. (Kiselev S.V. Ancient history of Southern Siberia, M, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951, pp. 55-59).

Settlement map of the Afanasievites in the 3rd-2nd millennium. BC.
Kiselev S.V. "Ancient History of Southern Siberia". page 25

Moving on to bronze. Of the Early Bronze Age sites on the right bank of the Novosibirsk Region, only the Krotovo group (Suzunsky District) dated from the 17th-15th to the 5th-3rd centuries BC turned out to be a hook from Altai. This monument gave the name to one of the cultures - Krotovskaya. Monuments of the Irmen culture (IX-VIII centuries BC) - Milovanovo-3 and Bystrovka-4. In the Karasuk time, in the 7th-3rd centuries BC. The Minusinsk Basin was flooded with Ding-Ling tribes, whom the Chinese forced out of northern China. We again find Zavyalovo-1 (VII-III centuries BC) with a frankly southern trace - a mirror depicting a jumping tiger. Mongoloid settlers quite quickly ethnically mixed with the local population. Along the Tom, the Karasuk people went to the Ob, through the northern Altai to the expanses of Kulunda and Baraba. This population for many centuries became dominant in this territory. Our wooded right bank of the Ob is still almost uninhabited.

The Hunno-Sarmatian time also left no monuments in our country. Apparently, the Huns passed a little to the south. But the second half of the 1st millennium was marked by the penetration into the West Siberian forest-steppe of significant masses of Turks from the Sayan, from the regions of Altai and Central Kazakhstan. These nomadic tribes are known under the name "Tele". During the VI-VIII centuries AD. They were the ones who played the main role. In the annals, the Tele are called direct descendants of the Huns, and their language is recognized as similar to the Hunnic, although with a slight difference. Sometimes the Tele are referred to as a separate tribe of the Huns. (Bichurin N.Ya. Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times. In 3 parts, 1851).

Here it would be appropriate to quote the opinion of the researcher of the languages ​​and culture of the indigenous peoples of Siberia, Professor A.P. Dulzon. He came to the idea that there were two waves of Turkization of the local population. The first wave came from the south along the Ob and Tom and from there spread east to Chulym. This wave brought the Turkic addition "su" in the names of the rivers. The second wave of Turkizations, most intense in the 12th-16th centuries, came to Chulym from the southeast from the Minusinsk steppes, the area inhabited by the Yenisei Kyrgyz. In the Ket and other local names of the rivers, the Turkic increment "yul" or "chul" appeared (Chichka-yul, Bogotu-yul, Kundat-yul, Itchul, etc.). The expansion of the Turks in northern regions Western Siberia half a millennium later led to almost complete assimilation of the local Samoyed population by the Turks.

In the first part, we already talked about the fact that the Novosibirsk region was in the buffer zone of the Siberian Khanate and the Oirats in the left bank zone, as well as the Teleuts and Kyrgyz in the right bank. The center of settlement of the Kyrgyz (gyangun) was the same Khakass-Minusinsk basin, where the river flowed. Gyan (Yenisei), but the Kyrgyz Khaganate extended its influence up to the forest Irtysh. The Kyrgyz mastered the mining business well and supplied the population of all Southern Siberia with weapons and iron utensils. The Kyrgyz often visited the middle Ob region. The researcher of Siberia, the Cossack ataman Fyodor Usov noted: “The Kyrgyz (remaining in their homeland after the resettlement of the people in the Tien Shan - K.G.) did not look indifferently at the attempts of Russian diggers to acquire land from them, but, on the contrary, cruelly avenged it with constant raids and devastation of frontier villages. (Usov F. Statistical description of the Siberian Cossack army. - St. Petersburg, 1879, pp. 5-6). The history of the Kyrgyz, who went through paradoxical racial and territorial changes from red-haired and blue-eyed din-lings to the current inhabitants of Kyrgyzstan, is full of secrets.

The formation of the Tele people is often associated with the Kipchaks of the Altaic-Siberian group. It should be noted that their ancestors, the Sirs, wandered in the 4th-7th centuries in the steppes between the Mongolian Altai and the eastern Tien Shan and were mentioned in Chinese sources as the Seyanto people. In 630, they even formed their own state - the Syrian Khaganate, which was destroyed by the Chinese and Uyghurs. The remnants of the Sirs retreated to the upper reaches of the Irtysh, in the steppes of eastern Kazakhstan, and received the name Kipchaks - "ill-fated." The written mention of the name "kibchak" has been found since 759 in the inscription on the Selenginsky stone, "kypchak", "kyfchak" - in the writings of Muslim authors since the 9th century. Russian chronicles of the 11th-13th centuries call them Polovtsians and Sorochins, Hungarian chronicles call them Palots and Kuns, Byzantine sources and Western European travelers call them Komans (Kumans). In the minds of modern researchers, the Kipchaks appear either as half-wild horsemen, or as armored horsemen. From the end of the 10th century, the strengthening of the Kipchaks began, and by the middle of the 11th century, the entire steppe from the Danube to the Volga region was called the Kypchak Steppe or “Dasht-i-Kypchak”.

Teleut land.

There are many strong interesting publications that compare the Telengets (“White Kolmaks”) with the legendary Goths, encouragers, and even put this people at the root of the Russian nation and the Old Russian state. Versions are put forward, one excitingly different, both in time and in territorial terms, but at the moment we are interested in the history of this people in the context of the territory of the Novosibirsk region. And I am inclined to consider Tele as autochthons of the forest-taiga zone of the right bank of our region. Time left many names for this people - Telengits, Teleuts, Altai-Kizhi, White Kalmyks, Altai mountain Kalmyks, Zungars, Oirots, Uryankhais. The ethnonym "Telenget" goes back to the ancient Turkic ethnonym "Tele". The Russian ethnographer Aristov writes “... it must be admitted that the Teleuts and Telenguts or Telengits ... are one and the same people, especially since the true name of this people is tele, and the prefixes of the Mongolian plural ut or gut were attached to the name of the body only during dominion over Altaians of the Western Mongols. (Aristov N.A. “Notes on the ethnic composition of the Turkic tribes and nationalities”, p. 341). The Turkologist Radlov came to the same conclusion (Radlov V.V. “From Siberia”, M., 1989, pp. 95, 123).

The history of Tele is vast and filled with external and internecine wars, changes of dynasties and habitats. Coming out of the eastern part of Central Asia, north of the Gobi desert, the nomads spread to the Khangai, Sayan, Altai, and to the areas adjacent to the Sayan and Altai mountains from the north (Minusinsk basin, upper reaches of the Ob River). There they founded their strong feudal state. Bashchi seok mundus Konai became the first Kaan of the Telenget ulus. The Mundus were the most numerous among the Telenget seoks, and as the dominant seok, unlike the other Telengets and Siberian Turks, they called themselves ak telenget kizhiler (the Russians called them "white Kalmyks"). Until now, among the Siberian Turks, there is a saying about the large number of ak telengets of mundus: “teneride jyldys kop, telekeide mundus kop” (there are many stars in the sky, like many mundus in this world) (Tengerekov I.S. “Telengety”, 2000). According to G.F. Miller, in early XVII century in the Teleut ulus of Prince Abak Konaev, there were up to 1000 soldiers, i.e. the total population was about 5,000.

The Telenget ulus was a centralized state with a single territory, army, judicial and tax authorities, its own nobility (best people) and its own kurultai. The boundaries of the Telengetsky ulus are marked by many researchers. The Russian diplomat of Moldavian origin Nikolai Spafariy in his notes “Journey through Siberia to the borders of China” of the last quarter of the 17th century noted that white Kalmyks roamed from Tomsk to the peaks of Tom. Soviet ethnographer L.P. Potapov also considers the latitude of the city of Tomsk, south/southeast - Mountain Altai(Tau-Teleuts) and partly the Mongolian Altai and Tuva (Lake Kosogol). The Ob Teleuts roamed from the Ini River in the north to the confluence of the Biya and Katun in the south, from the Irtysh in the west to the Tom River in the east. (Potapov L.P. Ethnic composition and origin of the Altaians. L., 1969, pp. 85,99). Umansky divided the White Kalmyks into zones of existence in this way: the largest group of Teleuts near the Ob (Ulus Abaka) is the Upper Ob region and the foothills of Altai. Under their influence, the upper reaches of the Chumysh (Azkeshtims, Togul, Tagap, Keret), the Altai mountains (Telyos, Tau-Teteluts), the Biya basin (Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars) (Umansky A.P. Teleuts and their neighbors in the 17th - first quarter of the 18th century, part 1, pp. 46–47). In our region, Umansky indicates the following northern boundary: the right bank of the Ob along the rivers Inya (Uen) and Berd (Tabuna ulus), the left bank of the southern Chany, the rivers Karasuk, Chulym, Tula, to the village of Krivoshchekova. In the east and northeast - the upper reaches of the Chumysh, Ini and Uskat rivers to the Kyrgyz ulus. In the southwest - along the upper reaches of the Alei River. The border did not reach the Irtysh. In the south - "Karagayskaya zemlyitsa" along the upper and middle reaches of the Charysh, Alei and Kan. Here are “steppe” or outlying Teleuts (genera: Azkeshtim, Togul, Tagap, Keret), mountain tau-teteluts, telos. Thus, if we correlate the borders of the Telengetsky ulus of the end of the 17th century on a modern administrative map, then the Teleuts will occupy the territory of the modern Republic of Altai, the Altai Territory, parts of the territories of the Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions of the Russian Federation, the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, and parts of the Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

After the transition to Russian citizenship of the chats - the Kyshtyms of the Telenget Ulus, the territory controlled by the Teleuses was reduced. The border separating the states is marked on the handwritten "Drawing Book of Siberia" by Semyon Remezov, created in 1699-1701. On the “drawing of the land of the Tomsk city” south of the Irmen River, we see the inscription “land of Teleutskaya”, and on the opposite side of the Ob south of Berdi: “between the Teleutskaya land”, also further south along the Lailakhan River (modern Karakan): “between with Teleuts. Taking into account the “boundary of Tomskaya with the Baraba district” on the left bank of the Ob just south of the Tolo (Tula) river, it can be said with some degree of error, but with great certainty, that at the turn of the 18th century the border of the Russian kingdom and the Teleut ulus passed along the southern part of the modern Novosibirsk.

Our Telengets had seasonal nomad camps both on the right bank and on the left bank of the Ob River. Urga (headquarters) of the Teleut khans (together with the majority of the population of the Ulus), depending on the political situation, migrated. It was located either on the territory of the Novosibirsk region within its current borders, or near it (Kuzbass, northern Altai). Many events also took place outside our area, but nevertheless they are included in the scope of our study, and we will dwell on them in more detail in order to understand the general panorama of our history. According to the 2010 census, 2,643 people in Russia consider themselves Teleuts. Almost all of them live in the west of the current Kemerovo region. According to the census of 2002 and 2010, 14 people called themselves Teleuts.

Russians are coming.

In the second half of the 16th century, the Telenget khan Konai fought with the Siberian khan Ediger because of the obligation of the border Turkic tribes: Tars, Barabs, Chats, Eushts. History has left no mention of the specific dates and events of this rivalry, but they can be gleaned from the well-known history of the Khanate of Siberia. It has already been established from Russian sources that “... in 1555, the Tatar prince Yediger, the ruler of the Siberian Horde, so named after the capital city of Siberia,” through his ambassadors, asked the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible “to take him under a high hand, to protect him from enemies who there were other Tatar princes who fought Yediger for supreme power over local foreign tribes. (Nechvolodov A.D. “The Legend of the Russian Land”, St. Petersburg, 1913., Part 4, p. 233). In the early 60s of the 16th century, Sheibanid Kuchum came from Central Asia to Siberia, who, with the help of Uzbeks and Nogais, made an attempt to conquer the Telenget Khanate, but, having received a rebuff from Khan Konai, rushed to the Siberian Khanate. In 1557, the Taibuginite Khan Ediger reported that “they were fought by the Shiban prince (Kuchum)” and “he caught many people.” In 1563, Kuchum removes Khan Ediger from power (at the same time taking revenge on the Taibuginites for the death of his grandfather Ibak Khan) and becomes Khan of the Siberian Ulus. The Russian historian A. Nechvolodov reports the following about this event: “Grozny, completely distracted by the struggle in the West, did not send him military assistance against his enemies. Soon Ediger was killed by his opponent, another Tatar prince, the militant Kuchum, who undertook to pay tribute to John, but then, having established himself in Siberia, began to show clearly hostile actions against us. (Nechvolodov A.D. “The Legend of the Russian Land”, St. Petersburg, 1913., Part 4, p. 233).

The end of the 16th century turned out to be turbulent for the Telenget Khanate. Khan Kuchum and Khan Konai, and later his son Abak (Konai had three sons - the elder Abak, the middle Kashkai-Bura and the younger Entugay) were irreconcilable enemies, and military conflicts between the Siberian and Telenget khanates were regular. In addition, Kazakhs and Oirats periodically attacked the western borderlands of the Telengets. After the defeat of Kuchum by the Russians, on the northwestern borders, in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, instead of the Tatars, Cossacks appeared, who also tried to impose yasak on the Turkic tribes. In the great internecine war between the Altyn Khans, Oirats, Kazakhs and Teleuts, the participants in the war were not up to the Russians. A few years before the appearance of the Russians, the senior Teleut prince Abak suffered a major defeat from the Oirat prince Ho-Urlyuk and was forced to recognize himself as his vassal. But a few years later, having regained his strength, Abaq broke away from him and resumed the war with the Oirats.

At school, we were told about the Hussite wars in the Czech Republic, about the war of roses in England, but we did not even hear about many wars on the territory of our country, our region. At the suggestion of the Russian rulers, historians pretended that no recalcitrant state of the Telengets had ever existed on the territory of the south of Western Siberia. They carefully hushed up more than a century of resistance to Russian colonization by the Telenget Khanate. Even concepts were erased. So, the Telenget steppe, now called Kulunda steppe, disappeared from the maps. Here we are again inclined to turn to the theme of the Romanov redistribution of historical science. Turkic historians are sure that “since the time of Peter I… they have been methodically destroyed, like everything connected with small peoples. Peter wrote in his decree: "And the infidels are very quiet, so that they do not know how much it is possible to reduce." And they subtracted. "Genocide - old tradition good Russia, which was not forgotten under any government ”(Adzhi M.I. “Wormwood of the Polovtsian field”, M., 1994, p. 140). Murad Adji also writes: “It was necessary to smooth out the dark sides of the conquest. The question of the methods and attitude of the conquerors towards the native population was to be presented, as far as possible, in colors favorable to the "honor" of Russia. The idea of ​​the voluntary nature of the subordination of the Siberian peoples to the Russian state and the use of violent measures against them only in extremes runs like a red thread through Miller's entire work. This seemed not enough to Soviet historiography, and with regard to the colonization of Siberia, it did not hesitate to replace the officially used definitions of “conquest”, “subjugation” with the class-correct term “annexation”. Even if we attribute Murad Adzhi's statement to frenzied nationalism, then here is the opinion of a completely Russian researcher, a well-known regionalist. Nikolay Yadrintsev. He also very harshly notes "the detrimental effect of the Russian invasion of Asia on foreign tribes" (Yadrintsev N.M. "Siberia as a colony." To the anniversary of the tercentenary - St. Petersburg, 1882, p. 152). Today, everything is confused so that the native Teluts do not know their true nationality, and their former Kyshtyms (subjects) or defectors, on the contrary, consider themselves the heirs of these nomads. Meanwhile, these "wild nomads" Teleuts are the only people of southwestern Siberia who managed to resist the invaders and stop the advance of Russian colonialists to the south of Siberia for more than a century. More on this below.

The legend of the fortress Tsattyr.

Another most famous ancient settlement is located in the center of Novosibirsk. This monument is also multi-layered and its history is also sad. The settlement belonged to the Chat Tatars, allies and Kyshtyms of the Telengets. Chats came to the banks of the Ob and Chaus rivers from the defeated Siberian Khanate at the end of the 16th century. On the high cliff of the Kamenka River, on the territory of the future Novosibirsk (200-300 meters southwest of the Oktyabrskaya metro station), the chats erected the Tsattyr fortress, known to us as the “Devil’s Settlement”. According to legend, it was here that the aged Kuchum, the last Siberian Khan, found his last refuge. After the departure of the Chat Tatars, their descendants continued to live here. The Turkic name of this settlement, Mochigu, is still present on the maps of the late 19th century.

I talked a little about the "Devil's Settlement" in the first part of our study and, in general, everyone writes about it. But it is extremely surprising that there is no mention of this allegedly large fortress in the history of military operations during the colonization of Siberia - neither in the primary sources, nor among venerable historians. Everything was written after the end of the 19th century, from the beginning of the history of the newborn city, written by journalists, and, therefore, this question requires further research. At the end of the 19th century, the Devil's settlement became one of the sights of Novo-Nikolaevsk. Occupying a dominant height, the preserved ruins gave the young city an ancient historical appearance. The archaeological relic was preserved by the city authorities and defended by the inhabitants until the civil war.

So, on September 9, 1917, the City People's Assembly of Novo-Nikolaevsk received an unusual statement “... a conscious group of residents of the Zakamensk part considers it their duty to inform the City People's Assembly about the following. At the end of Samarskaya street, on the river. Kamenka overlooks a cape called "Gorodishche". On this cape there was a fortress of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia, from which the contours of the trenches and the rampart have been preserved. The Settlement is of great archaeological interest, which is confirmed by the fact that neither the Altai District nor the old city government rented the Settlement to anyone and protected it from destruction. At present, the barbarians of the Nakhalovites are destroying a monument of hoary antiquity: the ramparts of the fortress are being dug up, the contours of the trenches are being planned and unauthorized residential buildings are being erected on the "Settlement" without the knowledge of the People's Assembly. The People's Assembly, meeting the needs of the landless poor, allocates residential areas for residential buildings, meanwhile, the unauthorized seizure of urban land and the development of such by hooligans in violation of building, fire regulations and sanitation is increasing every day. During July and August, along the banks of the Kamenka River, in the area from Mostovaya Street to a nameless alley, nine residential buildings with outbuildings were arbitrarily erected, and three rather decent houses are being built on the "Gorodishche", which indicates that impudent builders are not people poor. In addition to the sorrow caused by the destruction of a monument of hoary antiquity by hooligans, we are concerned about the violation of law and order in the life of the city, perpetrated by insolent bastards who turned the long-awaited freedom into anarchy. ... Force must be opposed by force, otherwise there will be no order. On this basis, a conscious group of residents of the Zakamensky part humbly asks the city People's Assembly: to eliminate unauthorized buildings in the tract called "Gorodishche", with all the strictness of the law, to demolish the buildings of the arbitrarily occupiers by police measures, so that others would be discouraged, which will serve as proof for the dark masses of that that in the city People's Assembly there is law and order, and not devastation and connivance. With perfect respect and devotion, a group of conscious residents of the Zakamensk part. From this statement, the day of September 9 is informally considered the birthday of the local history movement in Novosibirsk.

In 1930, under the leadership of the director of the West Siberian Museum of Local Lore, Pyotr Ivanovich Kutafiev, "archaeological (paleoethnological) surveys were carried out within the Novosibirsk region and the opening of small areas of the Devil's Settlement in Novosibirsk, threatened with destruction."

Sadovaya Gorka, excavations of the Devil's Settlement, 1930,
photo from the archive of the daughter of P.I. Kutafiev.

Unfortunately, the results and scope of work by P.I. Kutafiev "sank into the water" and are still not known. It is most likely to assume that the results of the survey only interfered and the remains of the "Gorodishche" were completely destroyed in the course of subsequent construction activities in the city, and today it is extremely difficult to materially prove the reality of its existence.

Russian-Teleut war.

Now we will dwell in more detail on one of the secrets of the conquest of Siberia, which is still hushed up by official history. The struggle here was long, and its history is extremely interesting. Moreover, since different researchers interpret the same events in different ways and are mostly politicized, the story will take us more than one page. To some, it may seem too detailed and long, but this is dictated by the scale of the action.

Having conquered Siberia, having gone far “towards the sun” to the Amur, in the south of Siberia Muscovy collided with the unsubdued “Teleut land” that had existed here for hundreds of years. The military conflict between the two states lasted for a whole century. Having finished off Kuchum, the Russians met with a new powerful enemy - an independent Telenget state, which was paid by Alman and Baraba, and Chats, and Altaians, and Shors. The very first skirmish between the Russians and the Telengets showed that they had a considerable army and good weapons. Kuchum's army was much smaller, and Kuchum himself turned out to be a mediocre khan, although he was widely known for his uncompromising struggle with the Russians. All this caused concern in the Tobolsk governor Semyon Saburov, who had practically no strength to defend himself. And Boris Godunov, in the Decree of February 11, 1601, ordered the Tobolsk governor to conduct reconnaissance among the Kalmyks. The royal order was also ordered to seek from the Bashchilars of the Turkic tribal groups the voluntary or forced acceptance of Russian citizenship by them.

We have already said that during the arrival of the Russians in the steppe there was a big internecine war. And while the steppes fought among themselves, the Russian servicemen waited in hastily erected prisons, but soon began to set suburban villages, and the governors switched to diplomatic tricks. The first to buy was Toyan - the far-sighted and cowardly prince of the Tatar people "Eushta". He asked for Russian citizenship "with his family and ulus people, who numbered up to 300 people", and in his petition to the Russian Tsar he promises "... to help subdue the Kyrgyz, Chat Tatars and Telenguts who lived in the neighborhood ...". In it, the prince indicates the location of the neighbors - the chats are 10 days from Tomsk, the Kyrgyz are 7 days, the "white Kalmyks" are 5 days. Toyan also expressed a desire to help the Russians build a city in a convenient place in their land (now there is Tomsk). As a reward for his labors, Toyan asked for exemption from yasak for himself and his ulus. But his help was limited.

At the end of 1605, the Russians sent their ambassadors to the Telengetsky Ulus - the Tobolsk Litvin Ivan Postupinsky and the Tomsk Cossack Bazhen Konstantinov, who were instructed "to inquire about the black and white Kalmyks, where they roam and in which places and who owns them and with whom they have a link" . The headquarters of Khan Abak was then located on the Chumysh River (north of the Altai Territory). The first attempt to bring the Telengets into the citizenship of the White Tsar, as well as several subsequent ones, failed. Moreover, everyone still remembered the “acceptance of citizenship” by the Kyrgyz prince Nomcha, who sent his wife to Tomsk for this act, but Tomsk governors Mikhail Rzhevsky and Semyon Bartenev tore off her expensive sable fur coat and drove her away. In response, Nomcha set fire to all Tomsk volosts on the Chulym River. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M., 1939, vol. 1, p. 408). Therefore, the prince was in no hurry. “Obak, as a sign of his friendship and desire to live in peace with the Russians, later limited himself to sometimes sending gifts to the city” (Miller G.F. “History of Siberia”, M., 1939. vol. 1, p. 316).

At this time, the civil strife of the Western Mongols, Kazakhs, Mungals of Altyn Khan escalated. On May 10, 1607, the Oirat princes Binei (Izenei), Uzenei and Bakai (Abakai) send ambassadors to Tomsk with a promise of citizenship, a request for protection and a promise of mutual non-aggression. “However, Russia had no benefit from this promise of theirs” - soon the Kalmyks migrated to the steppes to the Ob “to inflict a strong rebuff on the Mongals.” (Miller G.F. "Description of the Siberian kingdom and all the things that happened in it.", Book 1, St. Petersburg, 1750, pp. 412-413). The following year, Cossacks were sent to the Oirats through the "Teleut land" - "to call the black Kolmaks to the Tomsk city to the royal salary", but the Teleuts did not let them through, because. they were at war with the Mongols. The letter from Tomsk governor Vasily Volynsky (about relations with Kalmyk taishas, ​​not earlier than March 31, 1609) says that on October 2, 117 (1608) “they sent to Cherny Kolmaki and to prince Bezenei, and Uzenei, and Obakai to their ulus people of the Tomsk horse Cossacks : Bazhenka Kostyantinova, yes Ivashka Popova, yes Ignashkha Kudrova, and Yesyr’s Druzhinka in interpreters. And Bazhenka, sir, and her comrades were ordered to take in the Belykhs in Kolmaki (among the Teleuts - K.G.) the best Kolmatsky Murzas, whom the Black Kolmaks believe. And they ordered him, sovereign, to go from White Kolmaki to Cherny Kolmaki with them, and they ordered the black Kolmaks to be called to the Tomsk city to your royal salary, ”but “and Belykh de, sovereign, Kolmakov Murzas did not go to Chernye Kolmaki ... and one de, Sovereign, your sovereign's people will not be let through, they will beat you on the road. And Bazhenka, sovereign, and his comrades then were not taken to Black Kolmaki from White Kolmaki, that it was not possible for them to be brought by that Kolmatsky prince.

Muscovy hurried to normalize relations with a strong southern neighbor. The garrison of Tomsk was small, the power of the governor was fragile. Service in mailing lists, in the "great snows" was difficult, and the servicemen constantly threatened to leave the city. In the next reply to Moscow, Tomsk governor Vasily Volynsky and Mikhail. Novosiltsova (about relations with the White Kalmyks, not earlier than March 31, 1609) “knocks” on their predecessors: “and in Tomsk, sovereign, the city of Obak, the Kolmatsky prince and murzas did not visit Tomsk city under Gavril Pisemsky and under Vasily Tyrkov and under others, sovereign , there were no heads, and the prince and his people didn’t shert to you sovereign Obak, but sent, sovereign, Kolmat people to the Tomsk city of Tatars with a commemoration to you sovereign, but they didn’t pay yasak to the sovereign, and Prince Obak himself and the best murzas to the Tomsk city never been, as the city of Tomsk was set up ”and emphasize that only the embassy sent by them on February 4, 1609, headed by Ivashka Kolomna, was successful. Vaska Melentiev, Ivashka Petlin and Prince Toyan were with Kolomna. In case of Abak's refusal to go to Tomsk, the voivodes ordered one of the ambassadors to remain in pawn with the Teleuts until Abak's return from Tomsk. Prince Toyan managed to assure Khan Abak that "as he will be in the Tomsk city, they will not be left in a pawn."

Negotiations went on for a long time and, in the end, Abak agreed to come to Tomsk. On March 31, 1609, a unique event happened - the only interstate treaty on military political union between the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate. From the Telenget side, this treaty was brought to the kurultai and accepted by the "best people" of the state. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). The abacus was donated to Tsar Vasily Shuisky on the condition that they be allowed to roam around Tomsk and that the tsar "ordered not to take yasak from them." The collection of yasak into the royal treasury and the issuance of "amanat" (hostages) are the main principle of the subordination of the colonized people. In return, it was promised "to be relentless to straighten the sovereign, to serve with his own heads, if the king sends them to his disobedient." Trade began between states. On the left bank of the Tom, opposite the mouth of the Ushaika River, a "Kolmatsky bargaining" was created. The Teleuts "often began to come to the Tomsk city with a market, with a horse, cows, and the service people were filled with cows." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M., 1939, vol. 1, p. 46).

The concluded treaty was important for both states. With it, the Russians not only defended the newborn Tomsk prison, but also received a powerful and authoritative ally to subjugate other Siberian peoples. Telengets also expected from Russia military aid in confrontation with the Kazakhs and Western Mongols. Plus the establishment of regular and mutually beneficial trade, which both sides badly needed.

The agreement lasted until the end of the existence of the Telenget state in 1717 and was steadily implemented for the first eight years. Khan Abak Konaev transfers his headquarters from Chumysh and places it “on the same day” from Tomsk. In July 1609, Abak, on his own initiative, defeats the Kuzhegets and returns to the Eushta (Russian subjects) full of stolen horses and cattle taken by the Black Kalmyks. For that, Abacus was praised by the Tobolsk governor Ivan Katyrev-Rostovsky and "one-row from good cloth." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", 1939, vol. 1, p. 429). Also, at the request of the Russian border authorities, the Telengets “returned hundreds of slaves from the Baraba to their homeland,” notes Grigory Potanin, a Siberian researcher. In the autumn of 1615, the Telenget khan sent 400 soldiers for a joint campaign of Russians, Telengets and chats against the Yenisei Kyrgyz, whom he also had views of. But the other side cared little about the fulfillment of its terms of the contract. The Russians repeatedly shied away from the military support of their allies. In 1611, Khan Abak turned to the Russian authorities with a request for operational military assistance to repel an attack by the Kuzhegets, who were taking revenge on the Telengets for their military intervention in 1609. The Russians did not refuse help, but they did not provide it either. As a result, the Kuzhegets stole a large herd of horses. The Russian kingdom did not provide military assistance to the Telengets during the attack of the Tarkhan Furnaces, and during the invasion of the territory of the Telenget Khanate by the Oirat army of Khara Khula. In trade relations, too, mutual benefits did not work. So, Russian merchants for “a bottle of moonshine took 2 sables, for 5 ermine needles, for a copper cauldron as many sables as they enter the cauldron” (Ragozin N.E. Conquest and development of Western Siberia, N-sk, 1946, p. 23).

Unfortunately, the territory increment algorithm is such that in the colonized lands (be it America, Siberia or South Africa) there is one “tendency in the development of relations: from initial goodwill to stubborn hostility and cruelty, often to total extermination.” (Verkhoturov D.N. "The Conquest of Siberia: Myths and Reality", 2005, p. 311).

And in 1617, the agreement on military-political cooperation was suspended by both parties. From 1617 to 1621, hostilities began between the Telenget Khanate and the Russian kingdom. The abacus begins to beat the peoples tributary to the Russians. In 1617 - chatov, in the next - ruins the "blacksmiths", takes away the whole families of the yasash Shors. The Russians set up the first Kuznetsk prison. Interrupts the work of "Kolmatsky bargaining". Some moments of the Russian-Teleut war, concerning the left bank, we covered in the first part of our study. The sieges of the Chatsky town (somewhat north of Kolyvan) in 1617, 1624, 1629, clashes at Lake Chany, campaigns against Tomsk in 1930.

At the end of 1620, the Jungar Khan Khara Khula appeared on the territory of the Telenget Khanate. Having been defeated by Altyn Khan and the Kazakhs, the Dzungars first appear in the Telenget steppe, and then on the right bank of the Ob. The Teleuts inform Tomsk about the intention of the Oirats to “roam around the city of Tomsk” and their preparation for a spring military campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk. The Russians quickly assessed their own danger of an invasion by the Oirats, and in January 1621 an embassy headed by the boyar son Bazhen Kartashev and Chat Murza Tarlav was sent to Urga Khan Abak. During the negotiations, an ally of the Telengets, the Bashchi Kourchaks, Koksezhe unexpectedly tried to kill the Russian ambassadors. Khan Abak did not allow this, and during the fight with Koksezh and his people, he himself was wounded. The military-political union between the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate was restored on the same terms. On May 3, 1621, the Tomsk governors write to Moscow about the loyalty of the White Kalmyks to the treaty and the campaign of Khan Abak with 200 soldiers against the "sovereign disobedient" Tubins, Mators and Kachins. In October 1622, a joint campaign of Russians and Teleuts again took place against the Yenisei Kyrgyz.

But the confrontation continued. Back in 1621, the Kuznetsk voivode Timofei Bobarykin, through the embassy of Y. Zakharov, demanded the return of the previously stolen yasash "blacksmiths". Abak did not accept the ambassadors, and they returned to Kuznetsk with nothing. In 1622-1624, the Kuznetsk voevodas denounced (10 sables per person) the outlying clans of the Teleuts Azkeshtym, Togul, Tagap, Keret, causing open resistance from the local population. The Kuznetsk voivode Evdokim Baskakov wrote to the Tomsk governors Prince Afanasy Gagarin and Semyon Divov: “Many Kuznetsk people are not in obedience, but they didn’t give the sovereign yasak this year 132, but are taken to the osprey, but they want a battle with the sovereign’s people; and who the sovereign's yasak people in obedience and yasak give to the sovereign, and those yasak people from the Kolmatsky people have great torment, and insults to their wives and children, torment and captivate, and others are flogged ... Kuznetsk yasak people from those Kalmatsky people there is no one to defend, servicemen there are few sovereign people in the Kuznetsk prison.

In 1624 numerous border clashes took place near Tomsk and Kuznetsk. Surprise attacks have been reported from both sides. The Azkeshtims and Toguls run away to the Teleuts. It came to the murder of ambassadors. In July 1924, the embassy of I. Beloglazov was sent to Abak from Tomsk with the task of "reprimanding" and demanding the extradition of "thieves' people." There was no abacus in urga. And, apparently, the ambassadors behaved quite aggressively, because. the conversation with the "best people" ended with the robbery of the ambassadors and even the murder of the Cossack L. Alekseev (Miller G.F., "History of Siberia", 1941, vol. II, pp. 320-321). The governors did not see Abak’s fault in the incident, they sent him an interpreter Yansar with a compromise proposal, and in May of the following year, the Teleut ambassadors Kuranak and Urlei, who arrived in Tomsk, assured that Abakak would give “strong wool” after returning from Khara-Khula.

And although the khan did not confirm the shert, the negotiations continued. Colonization continued with them. In 1625-1626, the Russians managed to agree on the return of the Azkeshtims and Toguls “under yasak”. They cover with yasak the “Shchelkantsy” (Chelkantsy). In 1627, a detachment of the Kuznetsk Cossack ataman Pyotr Dorofeev marched from Kondoma to the upper reaches of the Biya and by force took yasak from the Tubalar clans of Tiber, Chagat, Togus, sea otter, as well as from the Shors of the upper reaches of the Mrassa River. All "their Teleut aristocracy considered their Kyshtyms."

Anti-Russian coalition.

And in 1628, Abacus again broke with the Russians and forbade his Kyshtyms to pay yasak to the Russian Tsar, urging them to kill yasatchiks and take away their weapons. Colonial war gets a second wind. From Tara to Kuznetsk, a wide campaign of disobedience breaks out. A number of uprisings of the Tara, Baraba, Tomsk and other Tatars begin. Abaq actively supports the rebels, provides them with asylum on the territory of the Telenget Khanate. There are widespread rumors in Tomsk that Abak and the Kalmyks want Kuznetsk to “set fire to birch bark”, “to grind bread”, to burn hay, and so on. It turned out to be extremely difficult to reinforce the Kuznetsk garrison due to the accumulated non-payment of salaries to servicemen. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 46). In 1629, Abacus taxed the Kachins with an Alban. More and more of the volosts of the Teleut lands and the Kuznetsk basin are deposited from Muscovy to Abaku.

An anti-Russian alliance of Kuchumoviches, Teleuts, Baraba and Chat Tatars began to form. Negotiations were even held with the Oirat taisha Khara-Hula. A special place here belongs to chats. Their noble Murza Tarlav, who had previously taken Russian citizenship, retired from Russian service, left the Chat town with people, went up the Ob and in 1629, at the confluence of the Chingis River into the Ob, founded his town - the new capital of the chats. From here, Tarlav actively disturbed the Tomsk district. In 1630, the Tomsk voivode, Prince "Petrushka Pronskoy" with comrades Oleshka Sabakin and Bozhenko Stepanov wrote to Tsar Mikhail that "Murza Tarlavko of Chatsk ... betrayed you, with all his people Chat went to White Kolmaki and his father-in-law to Prince Abaku" .

Worried Tomsk governors "many times" send embassies to the Teleut ulus. In March 1630, servicemen of the Pentecostal Petrushka Afanasiev and the mounted Cossack Grishka Koltsev were sent to Abak. But this time, the prince was not at all disposed to negotiations, and the embassy left with nothing. In addition, Abacus detained the serving Eushta Tatar Bektula Begichev, who was an interpreter in the embassy, ​​over whom they later “cursed, cut his nose and ears, [and breasts] were cut up, so that he Bektul served you sovereign.”

In April 1630, Teleuts and southern chats raided the Tomsk district. It was not possible to achieve surprise, so the ulus Tatar Murza Burlak Aitkulin warned the Russians about the approach of "military people". The garrison of the nearby Toyanov town was immediately reinforced, the allies turned around, ruined the “Chatsk Kyzlanov and Burlakov town (Murzin town - K.G.), and burned bread, and the Kyzlanov and Burlakov Tatars, who were in that town near the bread, were beaten, and others caught, and your sovereign yasak Shagar volost fought. “20 Russian warriors and clerk G. Timofeev were also killed.” On May 20, from Tomsk, the son of the boyar Gavrila Chernitsyn was sent by water to the Chat prisons with service people and Tatars to stay there for a few times, repulse the enemy on occasion and find out in detail about his intentions. On May 29, Chernitsyn attacked the enemies "on the climb over the Ob". They had to accept a very unfavorable battle, in which the allies suffered heavy losses, including the Chat Murza Kazgulu, the Tuluman best man Murat, and were forced to flee. According to the testimony of the Ostyaks (Khanty), for 20 miles from the battlefield, along the road where the defeated fled to the Baraba steppe, one could see everywhere a large number of killed people in shells, dead horses, all the enemy’s property was scattered in disarray. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", Ch.9, §41, App.427). Despite the military success, under the threat of a new attack, Tomsk was hastily fortified again - a new prison was set up on both sides of Ushaika. Professor A.P. Umansky notes that the campaign near Tomsk in 1630 was the most hostile action of Abacus against the Russians in all 25 years of Teleut-Russian contacts. This year itself is considered by all researchers as the most critical in the history of the conquest of Siberia.

A special place in our study is occupied by the pearl of the Novosibirsk region - Karakansky pine forest - a beautiful place full of mysteries and myths: about a mega-dune formed 2.5 millennia ago due to a giant breakthrough of water in the Altai mountains; about thousand-year mounds with military burials; about the hand of Genghis Khan buried here; about virgins and knights turning into rocks; about Sherwood Forest and Siberian Robin Hood by Afanasy Seleznev; about boats with gold at the bottom of rivers and lakes. One thing is known for sure - the village of Chingis still stands here, founded in 1629 by Murza Tarlava of Chat, and here a battle took place, perhaps the most important on the right coast of the region, morally turning the tide of the war for the anti-Russian coalition.

Tarlav was noble, experienced, brave and very popular among the local population. The unification of resistance forces around him could be disastrous for the colonialists. It was impossible to prevent the appearance of new thousands of horsemen near the walls of Tomsk, the campaign which was really being prepared by the allies. After a series of unsuccessful embassies to Tarlav and his father-in-law, Prince Abak, with a proposal to “leave behind treason”, on March 5, 1631, the Tomsk governor Peter Pronsky sent detachments of the Smolensk nobleman Yakov Ostafievich Tukhachevsky from three hundred Cossacks and the Chat Murza Burlak with a hundred Chat and Tomsk Tatars against the rebellious Murza . (Volkov V.G. Murzas and the princes of the Chat and Tomsk Tatars of the 17th-18th centuries. Experience in the genealogical reconstruction of dynasties).

The detachment of Tukhachevsky, a participant in many wars of the Time of Troubles, who possessed remarkable military and diplomatic abilities, consisted of experienced fighters. Here were the already familiar Cossack head Molchan Lavrov and the first Kuznetsk governor Ostafiy (Evstafiy) Kharlamov (Mikhailevsky). According to other sources, the total number of the detachment reached almost 900 people. Genghis town was rich and well fortified, but the Russians were armed with small guns. Since the town was protected from the shore by an impenetrable forest, the Cossacks and Tatars walked along the Ob River on skis, and provisions and weapons were dragged on dogs by sleds. (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", 1941, vol. II, p. 376). They walked very fast. A journey of 5 weeks was covered in 2.5. As a result, Tarlava's messengers to the allies (Teleuts, Kuchumoviches, Orchaks) did not help. Even the Teleuts could not come in time.

Despite the double numerical superiority (Tarlak had 192 people of the Chat, Baraba, Terpinsky Tatars and Kalmyks), material and fiery advantage, Tukhachevsky was in no hurry to storm the fortress, but at first only besieged it, hoping to force the popular Tarlav to surrender. But his Cossacks, realizing that they could lose their war booty, were ready to arbitrarily go on the attack. Upon learning that reinforcements were coming to the besieged, Tukhachevsky decided to storm. Having done wooden shields to protect against arrows, the Cossacks began "to proceed to the town." During the assault, a detachment of Kuchumovichs approached from the rear “to help”. However, the attackers were able to hold back the reinforcements and take the fortress. Murza Tarlav with bodyguards managed to escape and run deep into the Karakan forest. But the Cossacks, led by the son of the boyar Ostafiy Kharlamov, overtook them, and in a fight allegedly with Kharlamov himself, the prince was killed. Yakov Tukhachevsky did not lose his diplomatic experience here either - in front of his quarter of the Tatar army and numerous prisoners, he organized a solemn funeral of the defeated enemy.

But on the death of Murza, the dramatic battle near Chinggis Town was not yet over. White and black Kalmyks approached. Having united with the remaining Kuchumoviches, they "came to them to Yakov to the prison" and besieged him. Tukhachevsky "many times" sent the servicemen "to the vylaska" and successfully fought off the enemy. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Siberian Tatars in the 17th century", 1972, p. 128). During the fighting near Chinggis-gorodok, the Russian side lost 10 people killed and 67 wounded, the Siberians lost 185 people killed and 30 wounded, 8 Chat Murzas, 10 Tatars were taken "by the town". The sons of Tarlav Itegmen and Koimas (Kozbas) were sheltered by Abak.

With the death of Tarlava, the anti-Russian coalition broke up, chats and tulumans hastened to recognize the "servility" from the Russian tsar. On the site of the stronghold of the Chat prince, a large Russian village was formed, which has retained its name today - Chingis.

Advance to Altai and Kuznetsk campaigns.

In 1632, the Russians decided to cut the territory of the Teleuts, penetrating deep into their rear and gaining a foothold in Altai "to protect the sovereign volosts of the Kuznetsk district", building a border guardhouse "in a decent place" on the banks of the Biya. The success of this daring campaign promised the colonialists a strong weakening of the hegemony of the Teleuts and, by and large, the annexation of the entire right bank of the Ob with the explanation of the peoples of the Altai Mountains. But, sending a detachment under the command of the boyar son of the Pentecostal Fyodor Pushchin to a military expedition, the Tomsk governors Ivan Tatev and Semyon Voeikov somehow did not quite correctly assess the forces of “sending service people 60 people.”

On July 20, a detachment on three boards leaves Tomsk up the Ob River, approximately on August 12 (according to Umansky’s calculations) it crosses the “Teleut boundary”, on the 21-22nd at the Stone it is met with protest by Abaq’s parliamentarians. But the detachment continues to move and on August 31 the detachment reaches the mouth of the Chumysh River. On September 3, the Teleuts under the command of the eldest son of Abak - Koki and biy Izenbey overtake Pushchin above Chumysh and smash it. Here, too, there are discrepancies - from a five-day bloody battle (L.P. Potapov) to a short shootout (A.P. Umansky). However, after negotiations, having stood "until half a third of the day" the Cossacks turn back. I don’t know whether it was in memory of this battle or by chance, but today there is a lake called “Teleutskoye”, the Teleutka river and “Teleut burial mounds” near the village of Kislukha near the place of this battle.

Telenget Aidarka, caught by the Russians, testified during interrogation: “... de Abak ordered that poor people live along the Ob of his Abakov Ulus for fishing, and they would not have hushed those people up with anything. Yes, Abacus ordered to say: for what the voevodas send prisons to my land, I didn’t fix any kind of enthusiasm with the sovereign’s people, and there was no betrayal of mine before the sovereign ”(Miller G.F. “History of Siberia”, M., 1941 , vol. II, p. 395).

The Pushchino campaign, although it was lost, had a significant resonance. The Russians for the first time crossed the unknown upper course of the Ob almost to Barnaul. Not daring to re-advance up the Ob valley, the colonialists redirected their advance to the Altai through the flanks: in the west along the Irtysh valley, and in the east along the Kondoma with access to Biya and Lake Teletskoye.

Despite the unsuccessful outcome of the first expedition, already in February 1633, the Tomsk governors again sent a detachment of the boyar son Peter Sabansky to the south. The Cossacks reached Altyn-Nor (Golden Lake) by skiing. Teles lived here, faithful allies of the Telenguts. For more than ten years this small nation also offered the most stubborn resistance to the colonialists. In 1633, the local prince Mandrak managed to avoid defeat and lead the people to the southern shore of the lake, although the Cossacks captured his wife and son Aidar with his daughter-in-law. The following year, Mandrak came to Tomsk, ransomed the family, and undertook to pay yasak at 10 sables per person, but subsequently did not give yasak. In 1642, the Tomsk authorities again sent Pyotr Sabansky and Pyotr Dorofeev with the Cossacks to Lake Teletskoye. A whole military operation is being carried out against the Teles. Sabansky builds boards and crosses the lake, Dorofeev with a detachment bypasses the lake in the mountains. The Cossacks besiege the Teles fortress at the mouth of the Chulyshman. The siege lasted 12 days and would have continued if not for the accidental capture of Prince Mandrak and the reckless sortie from the fortress of his son Aidar. This time, Mandrak was taken as a hostage to Tomsk, and all other members of his family were released under the obligation of Aidar to pay tribute annually. (Andrievich V.K. History of Siberia, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1889. pp. 97-98). The very next year, after the death in captivity of Prince Mandrak, the telos again refused to pay tribute, and in 1646 the son of the Tomsk governor Boris Zubov undertook another campaign against the telos, defeated them, captivated many, but the telos were again "postponed". In 1653, the punitive detachment of Pyotr Dorofeev came to the lake, but no one was found there. There is no one to pay the yasak - the Teleses went under the auspices of the Telengets. The memory of a small proud people is preserved in the current name of Altyn-Nor - Lake Teletskoye.

The need to “set up a prison” at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers was also raised in 1651, 1667, 1673, 1683, but the colonialists were able to build the Bikatun prison only by a “large detachment” in 1709. For the time being, the Russians preferred a temporary truce in southern Siberia and intensified their penetration into Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Relations between Telengets and Russians softened again. The Teleut prince Abak continued to hesitate in recognizing his dependence, but in 1632 he nevertheless sent his grandsons Itegmen and Koimas to Tomsk, where they were recognized by the Tomsk governor as serving murzas of the Chat Tatars and accepted the former Urga of their father Tarlav as an inheritance. Years later, Tarlav's relatives and other chats often traveled to visit their Teleut relatives or simply to trade, while doing espionage for their new masters.

But border skirmishes still arose, although rarely. By 1633, the Yenisei Kyrgyz intensified their raids on Russian lands, a “Lithuanian conspiracy” was ripening in Tomsk, Abak lost almost all of its allies, and in addition, there was a significant increase in the enemy of both states - Dzungaria. The Oirats have again become a real threat. In an effort to normalize Russian Telenget relations, the Russian side from September 1633 to September 1634 sent four of its embassies to the Telenget Khanate (V. Sedelnikova, E. Stepanova, B. Kartashev, O. Kharlamov) and received several khan's embassies. And at the end of 1634 the treaty was restored. Abak did not give the required personal coat, but he resumed the "Kolmatsky bargaining", returned the Uskat and Komlyash people, as well as Murza Aydek, to their former places. Teleuts were allowed to roam “closer to Tomsk, in which places he, Abak, roamed on Mereti until Torlavkov’s betrayal in 137” (Umansky A.P. “Teleuts and Russians in the 17th-18th centuries”, N., 1980, p. 57 ). The khan also promised to provide military assistance in a joint campaign against the Yenisei Kyrgyz, but this campaign never took place.

At the beginning of 1635, Maychyk (Machik, Bachik, Madzhika) - the son of Qashqai-Bura, the younger brother of Abak - was deposited from Khan Abak. The Telenget Khanate split into two states: the Greater Telenget Ulus (western) and the Lesser Telenget Ulus (eastern). Khan Abak remained at the head of the Greater Khanate, and Maichyk Kashkayburunov headed the Lesser Telenget Khanate. The ulus of Abak (and later of his son Koki) was located on the right bank of the Ob at the confluence of the river Meret, between the mouths of the Chumysh and Berd rivers. This place on the territory of the current Suzun region was the "political center" of the Telenget state from the 20s until the mid-60s of the 17th century. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 203).

The Meret River at its confluence with the Ob. Suzunsky district of the Novosibirsk region.
Photo by E. Mukhortov

Umansky calls both Uluses “Big”, although it is known that Maychyk’s Ulus was much smaller (1000 people). Subsequently, in the rivalry with Khan Koka and the struggle against the Russians, Maychyk relied on the Dzungar Khanate of Batur-khuntaiji. L.P. Potapov, in his historical and ethnographic essay "The Ethnic Composition and Origin of the Altaians", claims that almost until the end of the 50s of the 17th century, the Telenget Khan Koka Abakov either united with the separatist prince Madzhik for joint actions against the cities of Tomsk or Kuznetsk, or quarreled and quarreled . However, modern researchers (Umansky, Tengerekov) constantly convict Potapov of distorting the facts. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that in the 1630s Maychyk was the organizer of the "Teleut baranty" - a direct robbery of Russian yasak volosts.

Mid-September 1635 great son Khan Abaq of the Teleut people died at an advanced age. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). After the death of Abak, the Big Telengetsky Ulus was inherited by his eldest son Koka Khan. The Tomsk governors immediately sent an embassy to him, headed by the Cossack foreman Zinoviy Litosov, son of Amosov, to confirm the agreement concluded by his father. Khan Koka confirms the continuity of the union and sends a return embassy to Tomsk with his brother Imes. In the summer of 1636, already Koka Abakov, together with the Russians, went on a campaign against the Kyrgyz.

At the same time, Johann Fischer writes in his book “Siberian History” that even before that, in the spring of 1936, when the Kyrgyz attacked the county, Khan Kok made a trip to the Kuznetsk prison, which by that time had become the main goal of the Teleuts. But Professor Alexei Umansky and other modern researchers believe that this attack did not take place, but it was a trick of the Kuznetsk governor Grigory Kushelev, undertaken in order to accelerate the rearmament of the Kuznetsk garrison with more modern weapons - "short squeakers". However, cases of Teleut ramming by the people of Koki were noted in 1638 and other years. From another “Reply from the Kuznetsk governor Dementy Kaftyrev” about the reinforcement of the Kuznetsk prison by Tomsk service people, it follows that on October 7, 1639 (some researchers mistakenly call 1648), under the guise of trade, the nephew of Koki Khan of the Small Ulus Maychyk and his people appeared in Kuznetsk. “... and when the inhabitants, considering this an ordinary matter, went out to trade at the camp, he, without any hesitation, ordered to suddenly attack the Russians, and killed them as much as he could, and at the same time, having robbed the goods they had taken out, he went into the steppe "(Kuznetsk Acts. Collection of documents. Issue 2. Kemerovo, 2002; "Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", vol. III, M., 2005). During the treacherous attack, 15 citizens were killed, many were injured. Khan Koka then wandered 2 days from Kuznetsk, which caused dissatisfaction with his governor.

Officially, the Russian kingdom and the Great Telengetsky ulus from 1635 to 1642 resolved all disputes through diplomatic relations, without resorting to military force. However, in 1643, relations between the two states were again spoiled. The Kuznetsk governors showed great zeal before the Sovereign. The war of duality begins. In 1642, Pyotr Sabansky undertook a military campaign in the Altai Mountains against the Telyos, whom Khan Koka considers his Kyshtyms. In 1643, under the Kuznetsk jail, “the people of Kersagal came with Machik”, beat the servicemen and the Tatars from the foothills, and also robbed the yasash people in the district and “the sovereign de yasak was not ordered to pay”. (Reply from the Kuznetsk voivode Dementy Kaftyrev to the Tomsk voivode steward Prince Semyon Klubkov-Masalsky). In response, Pyotr Dorofeev goes to Biya against the Kersagals. Naturally, as a result of the “search” carried out, the people of Kersagala were defeated and captivated, and on the way back to Kuznetsk, Dorofeev also manages to break up a group of “Machikov’s men”. In the same year, Shestachko Yakovlev made an attempt to explain the white Kalmyks themselves! His detachment came to the Mundus, Totosh and Kuzegetskaya “volosts”, where the Teleuts of Bashchi Yentugai Konaev, the uncle of Khan Koki, lived! (Samaev G.P. "Accession of Altai to Russia", G-A., 1996). “... and with them de Shestachko Yakovlev and his comrades taught battle, to shoot from bows, and they de service people Shestachko Yakovlev and comrades with those Mundus and Totosh and Keseget people, asking God for mercy, taught the battle and hunt over us; with God's mercy and sovereign happiness ... Mundus and Totosh and Keseget people were beaten in battle and others were wounded, and from the battle many wounded fled, and their wives and their children were full of raped ... and there were 35 of them, lord of disobedient people "(Kuznetsky's reply governor Dementy Kaftyrev).

The Russians, one by one, began to set up their villages up the Ob, and soon the Teleut boundary on the right bank of the Ob passed along the Ouen (Inya) River. The first Russian village on the "Novosibirsk" right bank appeared around 1644 at the confluence of the Barsuchikha River with Berd. This is Maslyanino. The territory between the "beaver" rivers Iney and Berdyu was called Tavolgan. Until the end of the first decade of the 18th century, Tavolgan (for Russians - Chernolesye, marked green on the map) was a border line and remained a common place for hunting. The note of the Tomsk voivode Grigory Petrovo-Sokolov dated December 1708 states that “Tomsk residents are Russian people, Chat Tatars and white Kalmyks traveling in the summer and autumn time in the tracts of the Tavolgan forests and along the rivers Ina and Berdi for animal, hop and boat trade and for millstones, there are 500 people or more in the trade. (A. Borodovsky, "Boats of Tavolgan". "Science in Siberia", May. 2005). On the same "drawing of the land of the Kuznetsk city" by Semyon Remizov, we see several Teleut settlements on both banks of the Ob. The historical toponym Tavolgan has survived to this day. In the Iskitimsky district, in the interfluve of the right tributaries of the Berdi - the Maly and Bolshoi Elbash rivers, there is the Maly Tavolgan tract.

The pressure of Muscovy forced Khan Koku in 1645 to establish good neighborly relations with the Dzungarian Ulus and give wool to the Oirats (Batura-khuntaiji). This alarmed the Russians very much, as it threatened to lose the population and territory of the Teleut Ulus for colonization, and on June 12, 1646, a Russian embassy headed by Peter Sabansky arrived in Urga Khan Koki. In connection with the ascent to the Russian kingdom of Alexei Mikhailovich, the ambassadors asked for official confirmation of the validity of the Russian-Teleget agreement. The “best people” confirmed the coat, but Prince Koku refused, arguing that Entugay and Uruzak had already given him a coat in Tomsk. The refusal of Khan Koki from personal wool did not suit the Russian tsar. In turn, in the late autumn of the same Maichik sent Bilichek's embassy to Kuznetsk with a petition about the release of guilt for the pogrom at the Kuznetsk marketplace. Bilichek also gave wool to the Kuznetsk voivode Afanasy Zubov, but the khan refused to pay yasak, promising only a “commemoration”, but in reality he did nothing. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p. 64).

Immediately, in 1646, a crushing military campaign of the Tomsk governor Boris Zubov took place against the Telos, who, after the death of their prince Mandrak, tried to break away from the Russians. Outraged, Koka immediately sends his ambassador Chota Bitenev to Kuznetsk, and then to Tomsk, with a protest for his Kyshtym people, whose representative had just sent Sabansky to the embassy. In Kuznetsk, they refer to the order of the Tomsk governor Osip Shcherbatov. Shcherbatov himself denies any involvement in the organization of the campaign and sends a request to Kuznetsk: "according to the sovereign's letters or by his own arbitrariness" a campaign took place. The bureaucratic spinner, so familiar to us, turned on. In response, Koka curtails trade in Russian villages, refuses joint military operations against the taisha of Kula, and pogroms the Boyan, Togul, Tyulyuber volosts of the Kuznetsk district and the Piedmont Abins, taking people to him. The Khan intensifies the collection of Alban from the doubles. Livestock prices go up immediately, which causes strong dissatisfaction with the Russian "service people." In order to somehow smooth the situation, an embassy was sent to Koke from the Tomsk son of the boyar Stepan Alexandrov (Grechanin) - Koke met him dismissively and did not listen. The horse was stolen from the ambassador himself, and Kyzlanov, a member of the embassy, ​​was simply beaten. Not wanting to worsen relations with the Russians, the khan, following the offended mission, sends his ambassador Uruzak, who apologizes in Tomsk, explaining that Koka was drunk. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 73-74).

In 1648-1649, the "Tomsk Revolt" happened - the mutual hostility of the governor Shcherbatov and Bunakov resulted in an uprising. Part of the servicemen wanted to leave the city and "bring the Don" in the upper reaches of the Biya and Katun. Ilya Bunakov tried to drag Khan Koku into the voivodeship strife, ambassadors are regularly sent to his ulus from both sides to collect compromising evidence on the enemy, ambassadorial article lists are forged, etc. While some fought, others rushed to strengthen their positions with the Dvoedans. Both Koka and Maychyk roam around Tomsk and Kuznetsk and significantly strengthen the sheep in the yasash volosts - moreover, they unilaterally regulate their own and Russian shares. “I ordered your sovereign yasak to pay ten sables per person, but ordered your sovereign yasak to pay 5 sables per person, and ordered Koka to be brought to him 5 sables” (Tokarev S.A. “Pre-capitalist survivals in Oirotia”, L ., 1936, p. 117).

Kuznetsk tried to calm down the Teleuts. The embassy to Koka Shestachko Yakovlev and I. Ivanov in June 1648 was not crowned with success - the khan did not accept the “reprimand” and did not recognize the accusations of the “yasash”. At the end of 1649, the new Kuznetsk voivode Grigory Zasetsky, at the request of Moscow, sent an embassy to Maychyk, the clerk I. Vasiliev and the Tatar interpreter Konaiko, who managed to confirm the shert on the conditions of 1646 - “do not give yasak and amanats, but send only a commemoration” . But even after a year they sharply decreased, after that they stopped altogether, and Machikov’s people again began to inflict a “great insult” on the double-dwellers. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 66-67).

At the beginning of 1650, the Tomsk governors again received a royal charter, where Alexei Mikhailovich urgently demanded confirmation of the agreement on the military-political alliance between the Russian Tsardom and the Telenget Ulus personally from Khan Koki. In April, an embassy headed by the boyar son Ivan Petrov arrives in Urga Khan. On the same day, the ambassador received an audience with Khan Koki and a personal confirmation of the validity of the agreement with a glass of "gold in honey", which was considered the most effective by the Teleuts. At this time, Koka really needed support (or at least cover) in the confrontation with Maychyk and the Oirat taisha Sakyl (the cousin of Batyr-khuntaiji), who had just conquered the Orchaks - Koki's allies.

But the hopes of the parties for the normalization of relations did not come true. In 1651, Ederek (Iderek), Koki's brother-in-law, was poisoned by the people of Chat Murza Burlak Aitkulin. The Khan sends his ambassadors to Tomsk demanding that the poisoners be called back, and also that 11 fugitive families, subjects of the Telenget Khanate, be handed over. The Russians refused to extradite the fugitives and did not take any measures against the serf murza. It was not possible to resolve the problems that arose through negotiations. In the same year, after several attempts (Kersegalians "reined to give"), the Kuznetsk Cossack Afanasy Popov managed to get across the Biya River, into the upper reaches of the Katun, violating the borders of the Telenget Khanate. On July 5, the detachment returned, bringing with it the envoy of the Oirat taishi Chokur Ubashi - Samargan Irgi, who indicated the colonizers the best place"to put a prison on the mouth of the Biya and Katun rivers." (Miller G.F. "History of Siberia", M, vol. II, 1939, app. 472).

In response, the Telenguts approached the Kuznetsk prison and devastated the villages under the mountains. Written sources about these events have not been preserved, but a reply to Moscow from Mikhail Volynsky, the first discharge governor of Tomsk, notes: gave." (Kuznetsk acts. Collection of documents. Issue 2. Kemerovo, 2002. p. 185). In order to persuade the Kyshtyms to transfer to Russian citizenship, during the years when there were feuds between the Mundus princes, the colonialists spread a rumor among the Teleuts and their Kyshtyms that the Telenget Khanate was still disintegrating into a number of small uluses, and would not be able to stand up for their subjects. There was a saying among the Siberian Turks: “Mundus juulup El bolbos. Buka juulup mal bolbos ”(When the mundus get together, the state will not be. When the bulls get together, the cattle will not be). (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000).

By the end of the 1940s and in 1652, the Telos again stopped contributing yasak to the royal treasury, and they themselves began to take tribute from the Kondom Shors, terrorizing them. In order to avoid the threat of reprisal from the Russians, Prince Koka, with the consent of the head of the Teles of Aidar, resettled all the people of the Telesky volost from Altyn Lake to the Telenget Khanate, and also resumed the collection of Albans from the Kuznetsk volosts and uluses, and stopped trade with the Russian districts. In 1653, Russian servicemen who came to the black taiga on the coast of Lake Teletskoye “to collect yasak from the peoples wandering in the vicinity of the lake found its shores completely deserted. Teleses migrated to places unknown to Russians ”(Kambalov N.A., Sergeev A.D. “Pioneers and researchers of Altai”, B., 1968, p. 7). The Teleses returned to the lake only after the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate by the Chinese Empire in 1755. In 1745, the Russian expedition, led by Peter Shelegin, met "in the Chulyshman valley ... about three dozen Teleut yurts ...".

Kuznetsk stubbornly refuses to recognize the Russian-Telenget agreement and continues to go on Cossack campaigns "for zipuns" in frontier lands. In January and March 1653, the Kuznetsk governor Fyodor Baskakov arbitrarily (at the request of the yasish and Kuznetsk servicemen) carried out two punitive operations against the Telenget Khanate. In January, the detective detachment of P. Lavrov (apparently Pospel, because he was a Pentecostal, and his brother Peter was a royal messenger) and I. Vasiliev behind the Lower Kumanda smash the Teleut Yulutka and other Kyshtym people, take their families to Kuznetsk. On March 10, the old enemy of the Telengets, Ataman Pyotr Dorofeev, with the Pentecostal Kuzma Volodimerov and a well-armed detachment of 200 Cossacks, opposed the "Teles traitors" - Bosei "with comrades" and the fugitive Azkeshtims. The Cossacks did not go to Lake Teletskoye, but limited themselves to simply shooting and robbing the Azkeshtims, and learning about the hunting “in the Kalmyk tracts up the Chyumysh River” brothers Koki - Koibas and Name with ulus people “one hundred and three”, quickly returned to Kuznetsk . Baskakov urgently sends Lavrov and Vasilyev to the teleuts. The Kuznetsk detachment robbed the hunters to the bone: from 100 to 170 moose carcasses “with skins and meat” were taken from them and 15 people were captivated by Names.

Khan Koka again made a sharp protest and demanded an explanation for the undeclared war against the Telenget Khanate. We sent to Kuznetsk (Moohai Telekov and Boka Sairanov) Baskakov replied that this was his revenge for the humiliation of his yasatchiks (they had their beards cut off) by telos and Sayan people. Dissatisfied ambassadors went to Tomsk Having a strict order from Moscow to "not fight" Koku and his people, and trying to comply with the law, the Tomsk governors Nikifor Nashchokin and Averkey Boltin in August 1653 began to conduct an investigation. To which Dorofeev threatened “with a bang and a lot of noise” that if the commission continues to conduct an investigation, then all the Cossacks will go to the Biya and Katun rivers - there is a lot of plowing and they will set up a jail for themselves, and there will be a battle with Tomsk, and “the sovereign from this ruin will be!" Roman Starkov’s commission listened a little more to the well-coordinated interrogation speeches: “They didn’t besiege the Kokin brothers, they stumbled upon the killed moose by chance, the serf himself came to the Russian camp, etc.,” curtailed its work and “did not touch the instigators of the rebellion.” ("Slavic Encyclopedia. XVII century". M., Olma-press. 2004), (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 84-88). The investigation materials were sent to Moscow. The Kolmatsky trade was curtailed, moreover, neglecting the Russian iron, the Teleuts began to successfully trade with the Shors, acquiring weapons from them. Koka is waiting for an opportunity to “revenge his insults” and is seriously thinking about an alliance with the Dzungars. In January 1654, by decree, the embassy of Vasily Bylin was sent from Moscow to the urg Koki on Meret with claims. All counterclaims are rejected by the prince, he threatens to send his ambassadors to Moscow not through Tomsk, but directly through Tara, and relations remain unsettled. In May of the same year, a Decree comes following the results of the Kuznetsk investigation, signed by the clerk Tretyakov, who, under the threat of royal disgrace, categorically prohibits military operations against the Telenget Khanate without the permission of Moscow and obliges the governor to return the captured Telengets and their Kyshtyms. At that time, Tsar Alexei was at war in the west with Poland and Lithuania, and he did not need complications in the east at all. In relation to the voivode Baskakov, no punishment was determined, and he remained the voivode of Kuznetsk for another two years.

"Visiting" and an alliance with the Dzungar Khanate.

In 1654, relations escalated both within the Telenget Khanate itself and on its southern borders. Khan Maychyk and the junior bashchilars of the Abakovs, in the fight against Koki, attracted the Oirat taish to their side. Other taishi, on the contrary, acted on the side of Koki. Here Batur-huntaiji dies among the Jungars and, accordingly, the struggle for power begins. Koka is trying to throw off his nominal dependence on the Dzungar Khanate - a series of wars between the khanates begins, but in the summer of 1655 Koka suffers a major defeat from the Oirats. Retreating, the Teleuts were forced to hastily cross to the wooded right bank of the Ob near the mouth of the Irmeni, leaving their livestock and property on the other side. Taking advantage of the moment, the Russians immediately send an embassy to the Khan, headed by Y. Popov. But even being in a critical situation, Khan Koka Abakov did not confirm the wool. He was not even seduced by the promise of a "charm". The Russian side has never, in almost 50 years of the existence of the treaty, fulfilled its obligations to protect the Telenget Khanate, only violated it itself. The khan did not expect help even now, because. the Tomsk and Kuznetsk governors have a direct decree from the tsar: not to repair any "enthusiasm" against the Dzungar Khanate.

Skirmishes continue. Being between the Russians and the Oirats as between a rock and a hard place, Koka begins to establish contacts with the Kyrgyz in order to unite in the struggle against both. In October 1656, the Russians sent a new embassy with Afanasy Sartakov and K. Kapustin, but Khan Koka did not accept him, and even did not let him into Urga, passing through the bailiff Kurumsha “and there is nothing to talk with you about, because there is Tomsk Koke gifts did not send". Having kept the ambassadors for “two weeks or more”, Koka, confident in his strength, invited the servicemen to fight with him - “I live on Meret”. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p.20, 94-95).

At this time, the Khan is negotiating with Maychyk, Khan of the Lesser Telenget Khanate, and the Kyrgyz Bashchilars. The negotiations were successful and at the beginning of 1657 Khan Kok again united the Big and Small Telenget Uluses into one state. The unification of the Teleut princes could not please the Russians, and in March 1657 the Tomsk governors sent an embassy to the khan, headed by the boyar son Ivan Petrov. This time with a protest about "granting asylum" to Bashchilar Maychyk. Petrov, referring to one of the clauses of the agreement “do not refer to traitors,” demanded from Koki that he expel Maychyk from his uluses. At the same time, a provocative offer was made to Maichyk to marry the yasir family of Machikov in Tomsk for amanats (which meant accepting citizenship), but he did not agree, and it was not possible to quarrel the princes. The Russians send the next embassy to the princes "big" headed by T. Putimts, who suggested that the princes bring hostages to Tomsk to ensure their loyalty "and they will give their yasyr - a young woman and rob". Naturally, this ambassador also left with nothing.

The Russians began to fortify. Between Tomsk and Kuznetsk at the beginning of 1657 new prisons were set up: Sosnovsky, Verkhotomsky, Mungatsky. Khan Koka considers these lands his own. On June 21 of the same year, he makes a military campaign against the Tomsk district and ravages the Sosnovsky prison. In the battle, the head of the Sosnovsky garrison, the boyar son R. Kopylov, and 6 servicemen were killed. The rest retreated under the protection of Tomsk. Threat loomed over Tomsk again. The governors sent a barrier to the south "for the unknown arrival" of the Teleuts. Along the entire border of the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate, border skirmishes take place - small and more. There is an unceasing struggle for fishing grounds, “ruin is being committed”, horses and cattle are stolen, fugitive chats, Barabans are hiding from the Teleuts.

On April 11, 1658, the Tomsk governors receive a royal letter, dated December 2, 1657, with categorical requirements in relations with the Telenget Uluses. On June 20, 1658, the embassy led by Dmitry Vyatkin finally finds Khan Koku. His large camp is on the left bank of the Ob. The next day, Vyatkin announces a mandated ultimatum to “leave behind all falsehoods” ... as well as the royal threat, in case of failure, “to send them from Kazan and Astrakhan and from the Terek and from the Don and from distant floodplain rivers and from Siberia many of our military people from fiery battle and with a large outfit ... ". A serious threat, but in six days the khan had to pitched battle with the Oirats Dzhungars. Koka postponed the solution of the Russian question until the outcome of the battle and suggested that Vyatkin take the latter with him to the battlefield. The ambassador protested, but "strongly" went along with Khan Koka. In front of the Russian ambassador, the Telengets were defeated. The embassy also suffered - one was killed, the other was wounded twice. (Zlatkin I.Ya. "History of the Dzungar Khanate", M., 1964, p. 210). More than two weeks later, on July 14, 1658, Khan Koka proposed to Vyatkin a joint program of action in resolving relations between him and the Russians: first, the exchange of prisoners, then the resumption of the military-political alliance and sending ambassadors of the Telenget Khanate to Moscow. Khan Koka hoped that his ambassadors in Moscow would be able to obtain military assistance to fight the Dzungar khans. Governors of Tomsk were satisfied with the results of the embassy. On September 2, 1658, a large embassy arrived in Urga, headed by the son of the boyar Dmitry Kopylov. With the embassy, ​​captured Telengets also arrived. Khan Kok, bashchilars Maychyk and Yentugai, the best people of the Telenget Khanate, shertoved (“drank gold”) about the renewal of the treaty of 1609.

On September 12, the embassy of the Telenget Khanate left for Moscow, consisting of the “best people” Mamrach, Kelker, Daichin, accompanied by Dmitry Vyatkin and the Cossacks. On December 30, the embassy arrived in Moscow, and a month later a reception was held in the Embassy Chamber of the Kremlin Palace. From the Russian side, the negotiations were conducted by the head of the Ambassadorial Department Almaz Ivanov and the clerk Efim Yuryev. And although de facto this meant the recognition of the sovereignty of the Telenget Khanate, and the negotiations passed decorously, the ambassadors did not achieve the main goal - military support in the fight against the Dzungar Khanate. Moreover, upon the arrival of the embassy back to Tomsk, the issue of military assistance was not mentioned at all in the letter of the Ambassadorial order to the governors, but the king’s forgiveness of Koki and Machik, the “royal salary” to them and the mechanism for issuing it in exchange for amanats “from direct zhon children” were prescribed . This guaranteed the Teleuts “mercy” and “defense from enemies”. In fact, the Telengut princes were offered vassal service.

For some time, the Teleut mission to Moscow gave positive results - the Oirats calmed down, military clashes between Russians and Teleuts stopped, Koka and Machik returned to Meret from the left bank of the Ob (three days from Tomsk), bargaining became more active, and not only in Tomsk and Kuznetsk, but and in the uluses themselves, where merchants and servants came. In 1958, the Telenguts returned the Telesovs to Altyn Lake, and they again began to pay yasak to the royal treasury. In September 1659, Koka asked for military assistance to repel the raids of the Oirat taisha Sakyl Kulin - the Russian authorities refused him. In the voivodeship letter Ambassadorial Order dated September 14, it is written: “And we, your lackeys, without your sovereign decree, to the White Kalmyks ... did not dare to send military people because now, Koki, there is a quarrel with the black Kalmyks, and so as not to make a quarrel with them. And the envoys, sir, before us, your lackeys, verbally said that he, Koka, with those enemies of his, with black Kalmyks, wants a manager. And the blacks, sovereign, the Kalmyks have great uluses, and to this day your sovereign’s people have never been bad in any way. Sharp and unresolved also remained the questions of explaining double-dwellers and the general fishing fees in our Chernolesie (between the Berdi and Ini rivers).

The dispute over the lairs also flared up among the Teleuts themselves. In 1661-1662, a group of Teleuts, led by Prince Irka Udelekov, brothers Balyk, Bashlyk and Kochkanak Kozhanov, migrated from the Iskitim River near the Tomsk prison because of the “heart” for fishing grounds. Single families of Teleuts (Koshpak (Koshnakai)) began to travel under the "white king" from the end of the 1620s. In 1650, in the first, Uskat group, their number was only "6 paying souls." (B. O. Dolgikh, Tribal and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century. M., 1960. p. 106). In the yasak books of the 1970s, the Teleuts who fled from Koka were called by the Russians “white Kalmyks of the former exit”, then “the last exit”. Basically, they roamed along the Tom and its tributaries. They settled near Tomsk and Kuznetsk, carried out military "guard duty in border volosts", received "state salaries" and paid preferential yasak. According to the time of departure and the number of “outgoing Teleuts”, the opinions of researchers differ, but it is clear that in comparison with the chats and Eushta people surrounding them, they constituted a small group, which was gradually replenished with prisoners and defectors. The governors in every possible way encouraged the acceptance of Russian citizenship by fugitive telengets and their military service in the Tomsk and Kuznetsk prisons. Demands for the extradition of defectors by the Russian authorities have always been rejected.

In 1661-1664, the Russians carried out the Chat colonization of Chernolesye. The Teleuts resist the settlement of chats in their lands as best they can - from disputes with the Russian authorities over their "traps" to simple horse theft. Already considering the Teleuts as their subjects, the Russian authorities tried to forbid them to take tribute from their own Kyshtims. And judging by the complaints of the governor, the Teleuts again “stole” from 1662, driving away the cattle from the servicemen and all sorts of ranks and beating the yasash people. Khan Koku is again forced to renounce contractual obligations and curtail trade relations. The Russians start open war. In 1663, the blacksmiths, under the command of the Pole R. Grozhevsky, went on a military campaign to the Meret River, where Urga Khan Koki was then located. A year later, the Tomsk voivodes marched against the Telenget Khanate “in peace and army”. Khan Koka is again forced to conclude an agreement on peace and cooperation with another enemy of the Russian kingdom - the Dzungar Khan Sengi and retreat to the south, to the foothills of Altai. Koka transfers Urga from Mereti to the left bank of the Ob. In 1663-1664, the Russians persuaded the nephew of Khan Koki Bashchilar Chatkara Torgoutov (Chota Koroi) to treason. Koka demanded to extradite the traitor. He was refused, and Chatkara, on the contrary, was assisted in a military campaign against Koka and Maychyk.

In 1665-1669 the Teleuts continued baranting. In 1668, Kokin people ravaged the monastery village of Pachu near Tomsk. Around 1670 Coca dies. Khan of the Telenget Ulus becomes his eldest son Koki - Tabun. He continues to fight against the Oirat taisha Sakyl Kulin (the Russians are again denied help by warriors), and against the colonialists. Departing from the pressing Oirats, Tabun with the uluses again crossed to the right bank, at the mouth of the Chumysh. After the death of Senga, Maychyk also migrated there, who, together with the Dzungar Khan, was actively preparing a campaign near Kuznetsk. The herd again asks the Russians for "protection", again teaches a refusal, and in the summer of 1671 "from the hearts that the great sovereign did not give him people ... he sent his people to the district near Tomsk to fight." The exchange of military campaigns is very active - in 1672, the blacksmiths "beaten the Telenguts of Zamakhashka and 50 wagons of people with him ...". Tomichi also “many times” “came in war” and killed “the best people of Udeley and Tuban and captured their wives and children.” (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 120-121).

In 1672, the Cossack foreman Mikhail Popov, the Cossack Evstafiy Savinov and the lawyer Afanasy Zubov announced in Moscow in the Siberian order about the presence of silver ore on the Teleut land near the Teleskov Lake. In the autumn of 1673, the boyar son Savva Zhemotin and the clerk Ivan Losev were sent from Tobolsk “for a genuine visit to these places”, but the expedition did not take place and ... the find was forgotten.

The tsarist government was interested in the Teleut defectors, and in the fall of 1672, Balyk Kozhanov, the senior traveler from Tomsk, was summoned to Moscow with petitions, where he received the highest audience with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In 1673-1674, the Kuznetsk servicemen bombarded the voivode with petitions about the great grievances perpetrated by the robber detachments of the "Tabunkov people" Vaska Krivoy and Ivan Biy. "Fired, burned, beaten, driven away ...". In 1673, Tomsk residents undertook a campaign against Chumysh, where they beat Builachak and "little people". In May 1673, “traveling Teleuts” - prince Irka Udelekov and Baskaul - fled from the Russians, “from the troubles of the vovod” to the Oirats. Governor Dmitry Baryatinsky sends after Roman Starkov. Kozhanov, who returned from Moscow, also spoke with him with "exit" tickets. Starkov caught up with the fugitives beyond the Ob, at the Ileus River, seven days from Tomsk, beat many and captured Sham, the son of Prince Udelekov. The rest managed to hide in the depths of the "Teleut land". “Visiting Teleuts” for their faithful service as mounted Cossacks receive mowing and vast pastures for perpetual use.

On June 3 of the same year, a large detachment of Teleuts ravaged the Kuznetsk district, the village of Shebalina was burned, and the serviceman Tikhonov with his whole family was burned in the hut. The Kuznets sent a detachment of 250 people under the command of Ivan Bedar (Bedarev) to search for "thieves' teleuts". At the mouth of the Chumysh, the servicemen defeated the ulus of Ivan Abakov, the men were killed and wounded, and their families (including the prince's son Bol Ivanov) were taken into captivity. In 1959, archaeologists discovered at the site of the battle (Lake Kokuyskoye) the remains of a moat, charred gates, and a palisade of the settlement. Umansky in his work “On the issue of dating and ethnicity of the Upper Ob settlements – “Kokuevs” (1972) believes that since 1621 there was a settlement of Khara-Khuly, which was later used by the Teleuts – Boydon in 1663 and Abakov in 1673.

Lake Kokuyskoye near the village of Ust-Chumysh

Then Tabun turns to Kegen-kutukhta for help and receives it. He is concentrating forces and is preparing a big campaign against Kuznetsk. The residents of Kersagala Uruskai and his ulus man Melgeda reported about the threat to Kuznetsk, for which they were killed by Tabun's son-in-law Kornai Taichi. The Kersagalians immediately avenged the death of their princeling by attacking the Teleut-Oirat detachment of Koronai Taichi, killing two and injuring eight Oirats.

The warned governor, in order to eliminate the threat and still return the traitorous Irka and Baskaul, in November sends a large detachment (250 people) under the command of Pospel Lavrov up the Ob, to the Teleut land, to the Teleut land. Again, Kozhanov's "travelers" go with him. Prince Tabun set out to meet the invasion, but was defeated, having suffered significant losses. Nevertheless, Lavrov's detachment was not allowed into the depths of the Teleut land. And a month later, the detachments of Irka Udelekov and Ivan Biy again fight and burn the villages up the Tom. Rumors are being circulated again about preparations for war against Kuznetsk and Tomsk. In the spring of 1674, Baryatinsky sent a detachment of Starkov against the militant traitor Udelekov. Tabun again stood up for the fugitives, again lost the battle, losing "400 people and more" (including the best people), "wives and children", but the Cossacks again turned back. Historians note this battle as the largest clash between Russians and Teleuts in the 17th century.

Strongly offended Kozhanov Tabun. And already on June 24, 1674, the treacherous Baskaul smashed the Tomsk villages and the "outgoing" elder of the brothers Balyk Kozhanov. Balyk himself, his brothers and children were killed. And again, Starkov catches up with the raiders at the crossing over the Tom, beats them (albeit with significant losses) and beats off "their bellies, horses and all kinds of cattle." In autumn, the people of Kersagal again whisper to the Kuznetsk governor about the unification of Tabun, Maychyk and Abakov and the impending strike. But fears are in vain - Tabun and Maichyk move Urga to the south, in the interfluve of Aley and Chares. The Russians were already much stronger, and this winter the Teleuts preferred to intensify the collection of alman from their Kyshtyms.

The struggle for the Teleut "beasts" in the interfluve of Berdi and Ini, as well as on Chumysh, intensified. The Teleuts of the Kuznetsk group are called among the “last departure”: Baskaul Mamrachev, Mamyt (Tabyt) Torgaev, Surnoyakov, Izybekov, Telemyshev. (Torgaev Nikolai. The history of the emergence of the name of the Torgaevs, "Kuznetsk worker". 06.10.2011). Baskaul's father, Mamrach, headed the Telenget embassy to Moscow, and, probably, the strength of the stone city influenced his decision to transfer to Russian citizenship. Baskaul himself led the outgoing Teleuts near Kuznetsk. Travelers were hosting in Chernolesye already as at home, and from time to time between them and the "tabunka people" there were small skirmishes and murders. The enmity between the Teleuts and the “migrants” came to the fore in Teleut-Russian relations as well. Demands to extradite Tabuna Kozhanov, Mamrach and others or to punish them with his power were the main ones to the Russian embassies in 1672-1675. Relations were so tense that in May 1675, things again came to the murder of "Yzsechka and comrades" (Izsechka, Ilzek) from the embassy of I. Kulugachev. (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, pp. 126-128). Judging by the denunciations of "travelers", Tabun was again preparing a campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk. The anti-Russian coalition includes Tabun himself, Udelekov, Maichyk with his son Chaavaiko (Shaadai), the Karagai prince Kooken-Matur Sakylov, the traitor Tuduchka who fled from Tobolsk, and others. Messengers were sent to the Oirat Matur-taisha. But the campaigns did not take place, perhaps the scammers simply filled their price on the "hot".

On October 2, 1676, Kutuy, sent by Tabun to search for the traitor Mamrach, finally finds his son Baskaul in the Berdsko-Insky Tavolgan with a group of fishermen from the “travelling Teleuts” and Russians. Baskaul Mamrachev then headed the foothill Teleuts of Kuznetsk. Baskaul was killed in the skirmish. The reprisals against the heads of the Teleut "excursions", although in a completely distorted heroic form, entered the folk legends and fairy tales of the Teleuts. They were recorded by Verbitsky, Kostrov, Potanin, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky.

The murder of a significant Russian subject provoked a protest from the Tomsk servicemen, who called on the voivode to “subdue Tabunka by war.” Prepare seriously. The son of the Kuznetsk governor Grigory Volkov was appointed commander of the troops, the deployment of troops was determined on the Bulakhta River (Berdi basin), and the exit was the first autumn route (when the rivers were delivered, but not covered with snow). When the troops were on their way for the third day, Baryatinsky recalls them back. He tried to play the "Dzungarian card". Even earlier, with a request to calm the Teleuts, the voivode turned to the ambassadors of Khan Kegen, who were trying to get a pass to travel to Moscow. On October 21, Ambassador Konzhin (Donzhin) brought news that Kegen allegedly promised the voivode to "calm down the White Kalmyks." But this did not bring any effect - until the end of the 70s, the Teleuts continued to raid the Russian villages of the Tomsk district, Chat, Eushta camps and detachments transporting yasak and alman. Twice raids were made on the Verkhnetomsky prison, on the villages of the Sosnovsky prison, on the Tagan River. Umansky calls the period of the 1670s the darkest time in the history of Teleut-Russian relations in the 17th century.

But the possibility of such a major campaign against the Teleut land was still adequately perceived by Tabun. Plus the threat from the struggle for power in Dzungaria, significant human and material losses from the clashes of the last decade. At the end of 1676, through the people of Azkeshtim, having come to ransom Ivan Starchenko, who was captured by Kutui in Tavolgan, Tabun sent a request for a "direct contract" to Tomsk.

In 1677, the governor changed in Tomsk. Prince Pyotr Lukich Lvov abandoned the intimidating policy of his predecessor, the "fierce governor" Prince Daniil Baryatinsky. In autumn, Lvov sends the embassy of I. Danilov to the Telenget Khanate, and at the end of the year Vasily Bubenny. Shert Tabun did not give, but assured of a "peaceful setting." The raids have noticeably subsided. But in August 1679, two khans at once expressed their desire to give wool to the Russian Tsar: Tabun and the Oirat Kooken-Matur. Their ambassadors Baaran and Sebi, respectively, said that the Dzungarian kontaishi Galdan Khan allegedly ordered this to be done. And he even punished "give amanats in Tomsk." In the autumn of the same year, the Kyrgyz prince Shanda Senchikeev incited Tabun from the "other side to fight the Tomsk district", but he refused him. The Kyrgyz raid was repulsed by Starkov's detachment of 417 people. (Khromykh A.S. “Features of the outer frontier in the south of central Siberia.” Minusinsk, 2007). The winged voivode sent a solid embassy of 12 people to the Karagay and Teleut lands, headed by the same Tambourine. With the order of accepting an extensive sherti and taking "direct" amanats. But either Prince Lvov did not understand the ambassadors, or the ambassadors or interpreters simply deceived him, but Tabun, enraged by the demands of the amanats, refused to waste, and took away the "royal salary" by force, and caused all sorts of inconvenience to the embassy. To demonstrate his determination, Tabun, in front of the posovs, personally went to collect the Alban from the Dvoedans of the Kuznetsk district.

Subsequently, through Galdan Khan, Tomsk still gets Tabun to promise not to send his people to Tomsk and Kuznetsk. In July 1680, in Urga of the Dzungarian kontaishi (beyond the Imel river), in the “judicial yurt”, a detailed complaint of Prince Lvov against the Teleuts and Kyrgyz, brought by the embassy of Grigory Pushin, was examined. Tabun justified his actions by shifting responsibility for them to the Russian side, and the khan's zaisans "ordered firmly" the prince to the tsar's subjects "not to repair any enthusiasm." On the way back, Tabun assured Pushchin of peacefulness, escorted him to the Telenget boundary and provided him with "food" to Tomsk.

Sheep stopped, trade revived. Contradictions persisted only in relation to defectors and double-dwellers (the collection of alman only intensified). When in 1682 Matur-taishi and Kooken-Matur went to Kuznetsk, Tomsk and their districts, they called Tabun with them, but he refused and "did not want anything badly." The following year, the embassy of Matvey Rzhitsky sent to Tabun with an offer of sherti, and a royal salary: a portico of cloth and a bucket of “hot wine”. Tabun refused. In November 1684 Rzhitsky's message was repeated, and so was the result. In addition, Tabun put forward demands for lands in Tavolgan, the issuance of "high teleuts" and the transfer of Urga back to Meret. The first was formally satisfied, the second and third were not - Prince Andrei Koltsov-Mosalsky was inconveniently close proximity. On October 31, 1685, the voivode makes the next attempt - the embassy of I. Verbitsky goes to the Teleuts. The parties pretty much bargained - the ambassador lied that after issuing "expatriates" and moving to Meret, the voivode turned to Moscow, and Tabun kept promising to go to Galdan Khan to ask permission for the king's wool. But, having accepted the gifts “with honor”, ​​the prince nevertheless promised not to come to war, not to beat the yasash and not to rob, and not to take his yasak from them, and again expressed his desire “to be under the royal majesty with a high hand ... on the river Meret”.

In 1686, Kouken Mathur turned to Tabun about a joint military campaign against Tomsk and Kuznetsk, but “Tabun didn’t give him, Kokon, people and refused to do so, but told him Kokon that there would be no quarrel with the sovereign’s people.” In the spring of 1688, Khan Tabun refused to help the Dzungur Khan Galdan-Boshogt, who fought with the Buruts for dominance over Khalkha, thereby actually declaring a break with the Oirats. Twelve years earlier, in 1676, Tabun had already refused to help Galdan (then still Kegen-kutukhta) in the internecine struggle of the Western Mongols. And then and now the Dzhungars did not have the strength and opportunity to punish their outlying Kyshtyms. The Russians hastened to send two embassies to Khan Tabun. In April 1688, an embassy headed by the son of the boyar Semyon Lavrov left Tomsk for the purpose of "calling for citizenship" in Urga Khan Tabun. Two months later, the embassy of Andrey Smetannikov and Ivan Bedarev arrived from Kuznetsk with the aim of "calling under the high sovereign's hand into eternal servitude" on the terms of sending amanats and paying preferential yasak (1 fox per bow). Smetannikov was somewhat disheartened by Tabun's harsh refusal to the Kuznetsk ambassadors, since a new ungraceful allied treaty had already been concluded by Lavrov's embassy, ​​and the khan would not swindle "alongside". So, after 25 years of military confrontation, the bezyasak agreement on the military-political union between the Russian Tsardom and the Telenget Khanate of 1609 was restored with an additional obligation on the part of Tabun Khan “not to go to war under the Sar cities and districts, and not to go to war with their children and brothers and nephews and ulus people do not send." This treaty is also important because Tabun for the first time gave the wool in full form, which he avoided earlier, referring to the fact that he was the kyshtym of Galdan Khan (Umansky A.P. “Teleuts and Russians in the 17th-18th centuries”, N. , 1980, p. 152).

And yet, fearing the revenge of the Jungars, Tabun continues to insist on the migration of the uluses back to Meret. In 1689 Khan Tabun twice sent his embassies to Tomsk - in March Sobai Tyuryaev with Toyan Umraev and in December Nomoi Kireev. Tabun was interested in three main issues: the guarantees of the Russian authorities that Urga Khan would not be attacked in the event that the stake was transferred to its former place on Meret; on the admission of the Telenget embassy to Moscow to consolidate the union at a higher level and on the extradition of fugitive subjects of the Telenget khanate. In September 1690, Tabun received a positive response from the Tomsk governor Ivan Durnovo to allow the Telengetsky embassy to Moscow, but without deciding to migrate to Meret, and without issuing the fugitives. In this situation, Khan Tabun also refused to send an embassy to Moscow. And by 1688 the number of Teleuts who traveled abroad had grown. There were already 144 of them, and they were headed by Mamyt Torgaev, who was baptized and named Davyd. Traveling service Teleuts had to participate together with the Russians in skirmishes against the Kyrgyz and Dzungars. Naturally, they suffered losses in killed and captured, and after the 90s their number drops to 100, 75, and by 1703 to 63 people (Dolgikh B.O. “Clan and tribal composition of the peoples of Siberia in the 17th century”, M, 1960 page 106).

Consolidation of the Russians and the departure of the Telengits.

Nevertheless, for seven years, from 1688 to 1695, good relations existed between the neighbors, trade and cultural ties expanded and strengthened. The place of the "Kolmatsky bargaining" from Tomsk moved to the boundary. The Russians began to actively move south. Since 1695, after the founding of the village of Kruglikovo on the Iksa, one by one, the plowings on the right-bank rivers Oyash, Inya, Berd turned black, the villages of Pashkovo, Krasulino, Gutovo, Morozovo appeared. Two years later, on the left bank, on the site of the future Novosibirsk, the village of Krivoshchekovo appeared. The dispute over fishing grounds continues. Teleuts from Tomsk, Bobosh and Taulai, "devastated in a thief's secret" the beaver tracts "up the Berda river". There are also shelters of fugitive yasash. In 1694-95, many conflicts arose in barter because of direct deceptions of Teleuts by Russian and Chat merchants, for insulting “for their own stomach” Teleuts rob anyone, even ambassadors. So, for the deceit perpetrated by Ivan Shumilov, Matai Tabunov robs the embassy of Matvey Rzhitsky, who was returning from Karagay from Irka Udelov. The message of Kalina Grechaninov (Manuilov) and Aleksey Kruglikov, which arrived at Tabun “with a reprimand for untruths,” was also robbed, and with the threat of war against Tomsk. Later it turned out that the “quarrel” in the Teleut land was also caused by Bukharian merchants, that “without vacation” they came here from Tara to trade in “reserved goods” - gunpowder and lead, and also talked about the intention of the Russians to “fight” Tabun.

To settle the outbreak of anti-Russian sentiment, to restore allied relations, the voivode Vasily Rzhevsky sends an embassy to Urga, headed by N. Prokofiev. Against the background of the threat of the Russians to "fight", the embassy was more successful for the Russians than ever. “On January 6, 1696, Khan Tabun assumes the following additional, specific obligations: neither he himself, nor his children, nor his relatives will carry out military operations against Russian cities and districts; not to ruin or beat Russian and yasash people; observe and act in accordance with the allied agreement concluded between the Russian kingdom and the Telenget Khanate. A month later, upon returning from Karagay, Shal Tabunov, the eldest son of Khan Tabun bashchi, brought a similar coat to the Russian ambassadors. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000). There is a funny moment in this coat. The Russian governors perfectly understood the impact on the loyalty of the second side of the “salary” with “hot wine”. So, with the last sherti of Khan Tabun, the "sovereign's salary" was not enough for the late khan's son Shalu, who was a great lover of "hot wine". And the ambassadors had to apologize strongly and promise him "salaries in the future." The temptation won, and Shal gave the wool "dry". The parties also agreed on the exchange of "robbery belly" and the continuation of fair bargaining. Shert is also given by Maychyk's son Beykon, who had just risen to the head of the ulus after the death of his elder brother Shaadai. With the Karagai prince Irka Udelov, who separated from the Machikov Ulus, the Russians by that time were also able to normalize relations.

The nomad camps of the Teleuts shifted further and further to the south. At the very end of the 17th century Tabun roamed in the northern Altai along the rivers Boronoul, Kasmel and others. Maychikov uluses roamed along Alei and Chares to Biya and Katun. After the death of Tabun in 1697, Shal became the last khan of the Telenget state. In 1699, the Kyrgyz prince Korchin Yerenyakov addressed the Teleuts with a proposal for a joint campaign against Tomsk, but was refused. Having learned about this, the Tomsk governor Grigory Petrovo-Solovovo sends the son of the boyar I. Yadlovsky and his comrades with a “reprimand” about relations and with an order to impose yasak on the Teleut princes. The ambassador receives a harsh refusal from Bazan Tabunov and Beikon Machikov: “We didn’t give our coat to the great sovereign in order to give us yasak.” (Umansky A.P. "Teleuts and Russians in the XVII-XVIII centuries", N., 1980, p.14).

Apparently, the "leaving" life was not sweet. In 1700, a group of yasash "foreigners" ran from the Russians to the Telenguts with a large theft of cattle and horses. However, the following year, the embassy of N. Prokofiev agreed that "those thieves in Tomskaya were expelled." In 1702, “exiting Teleuts” asked the king to add yasak from serving Teleuts, for which Davyd Torgaev (who became the head of the ulus after the death of Baskaul), Kulcheman Sarchin and Piglet Bekhtuchakov went to Moscow with a petition. Petition did not receive their satisfaction - yasak, although preferential, was not laid down from them. After 1703, the ulus of Sartaev and Vaska Porosenkov emerged from the ulus of the Uskat Teleuts of Davyd Torgaev. Part of the Teleuts moved to the Bachat River, where the core of the modern Teleut people gradually formed. Over the next two centuries, living mainly among the Chats and Ueshtins, the Teleuts adopted their language, culture, religion and became Tatars. (Verbitsky V.I. "Altai foreigners", M. 1893, pp. 121-122).

Over the next years, the Russians will fill up separate "kibitkas" of Teleuts, here and there there are military skirmishes between the parties. The last Russian embassy to the Telengets was sent in 1705. Nothing is known about his goals, but, perhaps, the subsequent conclusion by Khan Shalom Tabunov of an agreement on a military-political alliance with Dzungaria is connected with him.

In the south, the Dzungarian Ulus entered its heyday. In the internecine struggle for the Khan's throne, Tsevan Rabdan finally wins. In 1703, Khan Tsevan Rabdan completely conquers the Kyrgyz, whom he resettles from the Yenisei deep into the Dzhungar Ulus to the territory of modern Kyrgyzstan. After the conclusion of the Teleut-Dzhungar treaty, Khan Shal puts at the disposal of Khan Tsevan Rabdan part of the Telenget troops. Khan Tsevan Rabdan initially uses them to protect his headquarters, located in the Ili Valley. “So, for example, in 1707, during the attack of the enemies of the Dzungar Khan on his Urga, out of 700 people of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts taken to Urga for caution from the Buruts,” the vast majority was killed, in particular, 30 people remained from the Teleuts at the head with Matai Tabunov.

After 1710, the Telengetsky Ulus becomes a vassal of Dzungaria in Southern Siberia. The Mundus Bashchilars with their military squads participate in the gatherings of the Albanians and in the military expeditions of the Dzungars. But this is the history of Kuzbass, Altai, northeastern Kazakhstan and the Teleuts themselves. We note only the most important further points.

The last diplomatic communication between representatives of the Telenget Ulus and the Russian kingdom took place in 1715-1716. In 1714, the blacksmiths disrupted the collection of Albans from the Dvoedans in favor of Khan Tsevan Rabdan. During its collection in the taiga regions of the Kuznetsk district, a detachment of the boyar son Serebrennikov captured the brother and son of the Telenget Khan Baigorok Tabunov and Chap Shalov. “Izvestia o grievances” writes that in 1715 “Mountain Telenguts, namely Todoshevs, Kiptsaks, Telioshevs… having fought three times, brought them into tributaries by force…”. (Samaev G.P. "Gorny Altai in the 17th-mid-19th centuries: problems of political history and joining Russia", G-A., 1991, p. 78). In the spring of 1915, the troops of the Oira taiji Cheren-Donduk, the cousin of Tsevan Rabdan, entered the territory of the Telenget Ulus, numbering 3,000 soldiers. Due to its replenishment with Telengets, Sayans, Tochintsy, the army is quickly replenished to 7,000 people. Telenget Batu Nekerov arrives in Kuznetsk. He conveys to the voivode Boris Sinyavin a written message from the Taiji Cheren-Donduk, the commander Manzu Boydonov and Khan Shala Tabunov demanding the extradition of Baigorok, Chap and other captured Telengets and the threat of a military campaign against Kuznetsk. “If you want peace, give up my people; if you want a soldier, tell me.” 15 days were given for a response. But the change in the situation in the west forced Cheren-Donduk to turn his army to the Irtysh and besiege a new Russian fortress near Yamyshevsky Lake. (Tengerekov I.S. "Telengety", 2000).

In September 1715, the Telenget Khan Shal Tabunov wrote to Sinyavin: “The White Tsar and Kontaishi two live peacefully. What are you and I conquered for? We will live peacefully - the hair will turn white. For iron, let us take up the bones, they will turn white. And in the summer of 1716, Shal sent his ambassador to Kuznetsk, the telenget Nomoy, whose son was also among the captives. Khan sent a ransom for the captives. Voivode Sinyavin accepted the ransom, but he did not give them to Nomoi themselves. Moreover, Colonel Sinyavin ordered Ambassador Nomoy to be chained up, put in jail, and then sent to Tobolsk, and the governor appropriated ten of his horses for his "disobedience." “By his own order, the Berd clerk Ivan Butkeev ravaged the Teleut yurts, while three were killed and two were wounded.” ("Monuments Siberian history”, St. Petersburg, 1885, book 2, p. 298). That same summer, half of the Tomsk garrison, led by Alexei Kruglikov, was sent to Kuznetsk for service. This is how the last peace proposal to the Russians ended for the Telengets.

The first signs of unhindered penetration to the south, to the territory of the Teleuts, began to appear already around 1713. In 1716, the Berdsky prison was founded on the southern bank of the Berdi. It became the first surviving Russian fortification already beyond the "Teleut boundary". In 1717, the feudal state of the Telengetsky Ulus ceased to exist. It voluntarily became part of the Dzungar Khanate.

One fine day, Russian patrols went out into the steppe and did not find a single camp there. Since 1713, the main population of the Telenget Khanate, as well as the Kyrgyz one before it, began to move “on four thousand carts” by the Dzungar Khan into the interior of their country across the Ili River. These were the descendants of the Mundus of Abaq and Qashqai-Bura: Shal, Baigorok, Matai, Bazan, Koen, Zhiran, Manzu, Mogulan, Bekin, Batu-Menko, Mergen-Kashka, Angir, Mekey, together with their fellow tribesmen and ulus people. At first, Kontaisha Tsevan Rabdan explained to the Russian ambassador, centurion Ivan Cheredov, that the Russian authorities “inflicted many insults on the Telenguts ... and it became impossible for the Telenguts to live, and he didn’t even take quarrels and Telenguts to himself,” but a few years later he directly told another ambassador, Ivan Unkovsky, that he took the Yenisei Kyrgyz and Teleuts to him, "so that they would not leave him for the Russians." (Samaev G.P. "Gorny Altai in the 17th-middle of the 19th century: problems of political history and joining Russia", G-A., 1991). After that, the "foreign campaign" began. The Russian colonialists began to actively move along the Ob to the south of Siberia and build military fortifications to secure the lands of the former Telenget Khanate for Russia. Berdsk prison, Beloyarsk fortress, Biysk fortress, Ust-Kamenogorsk fortress. Only those prisons had no one to attack, although separate military skirmishes continued for several more decades.

Here another one opens full of secrets, a page in the history of the "development" of Siberia. Bugrovanie - the looting of pagan burials, has been practiced in the Irtysh region for a hundred years. After the huge territory left by the "white Kalmyks" was opened to the Muscovites, the mounding reached its climax. The Ob area turned out to be full of untouched barrows, which were filled with gold and silver! As usual, officials immediately took the profitable business into their own hands. “The heads of the cities of Tara, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Isetsk and other places sent free detachments from local residents for reconnaissance of these graves and concluded with them such a condition that they must give a certain or a tenth of the gold, silver, copper, stones, etc., found by them. writes the captured Swedish officer Philip Stralenberg, who was in Siberia at that time. Excavated treasures of a high artistic level were sold for next to nothing, items made of gold and silver were melted down. Grave gold and silver was used by almost all Siberian clerks. In the capital's mansions of the then Siberian governor, Prince Matvey Gagarin, there were decorations worth more than three million rubles (for comparison: the estimated cost of building and launching all the Nevyanovsk plants in the Urals was 11,888 rubles). Enraged, Peter ordered Gagarin to be hanged for edification and issued a decree according to which the excavated "antiquities" from precious metals had to surrender to the state without fail for a "happy dacha." It was not there - the objects recovered from the "hillocks" began to settle almost exclusively in European collections. But bugrovanie is not the topic of our study, so I will send those interested to the note of journalist Fedor Grigoriev, who analyzes this issue on the site http://n-vpered.ru/2011/02/09/bugrovanie.html, and to other sites: http: //www.metallsearch.ru/nenkladi/b36.html , http://www.vn.ru/index.php?id=103551 ...

For us, the Siberian "antiquities" once again serve as proof of the former power and wealth of the state of the Telengets and other Siberian peoples. Part of the Teleuts (descendants of Bashchi Yentugai) managed to get rid of forced resettlement in the Dzungarian regions. Some remained in the foothills of the Altai, others arbitrarily left for the right bank of the Ob and the southern part of the left bank. There they waited for the Russians. In 1756, the Dzungar Khanate was defeated by the Great Qing Empire. The winners staged a real massacre. “The Mongol-Chinese exterminated everything that they met alive - they killed men, raped and tortured women, and children smashed their heads against a stone or wall, burned dwellings, slaughtered livestock; they killed up to 1,000,000 Kalmyks ... "(Potapov L.P. "Essays on the history of the Altaians", M-L., 1953, p. 179). Fleeing from the genocide, and wanting to become Chinese subjects, the Telengets asked back in August 1755 “to be accepted into the Russian Empire” (AVPR, f. 113, op. 113/1, d. 4, 1755-1757, l. 48). Then the request remained unsatisfied. And only on June 21, 1756, in the Biysk fortress, the senior Telenget zaisans Buktush Kumekov and others voluntarily entered into citizenship already Russian Empire... and next year, almost all of them were deported to the Volga, where they disappeared into the Kalmyk environment and among other peoples of the Volga region.

This is the story of another indigenous population of the Novosibirsk region.

What gave Siberia the Russian conquest? A little later, Europeans began to explore the New World. Over the years, they have turned the new continent into a prosperous land. What did the aliens bring to the native inhabitants of Siberia? The Siberian regionalist of the 19th century Nikolai Yadrintsev wrote that “the discovery of a new vast region like Siberia, having aroused the Russian minds, at the same time most clearly revealed the mental impotence of the Russian people” (Yadrintsev N.M. “Siberia as a colony”. To the anniversary tercentenary - St. Petersburg, 1882, pp. 228,444). How I would like these words to be refuted by real history.

More than a hundred years have passed. The phantom of Siberian statehood is back on horseback. Will Russia be able to change the situation?

Place of publication.

Novosibirsk region in ancient times

In the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. forest tribes of the Mongoloid type penetrated the territory of the Novosibirsk Ob region, and in the III-II centuries BC. e. - northern forest tribes By this time, settlements appeared - fortified settlements surrounded by earthen ramparts, ditches. At the beginning of the 13th century, the hordes of Genghis Khan fell upon Siberia, after whose death a struggle for power began between his sons and grandsons. At this time, the people of the Siberian Tatars developed in Western Siberia. It was formed as a result of the merger of local tribes: the Altai Kipchaks, who gave the Siberian Tatars their Turkic language, and the conquerors - the Tatar-Mongols. The Baraba Tatars lived in the western part of the Novosibirsk region, while the Chat Tatars lived in the northeastern part, along the banks of the Ob. One of the energetic tribal leaders Mara-Mamet in 1495 united the Tatar lands along the Tobol and in the middle reaches of the Irtysh into one khanate and declared himself its khan. Then he conquered and annexed the lands of the Tyumen Khanate and the Baraba Tatars to his possessions. The city of Isker (Kashlyk) became the capital, and the new khanate was named Siberian.

Novosibirsk region in the XVI-XVIII centuries.

The struggle for supreme power in the Siberian Khanate escalated in the middle of the 16th century, when one of the descendants of Genghis Khan, the son of the Uzbek ruler Kuchum, who seized all power in Siberia, presented his claims to the khan's throne.
After the conquest of the Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) khanates, the paths to the east opened up before the Russian people. On September 1, 1582, a detachment of the legendary Yermak set off for Siberia. The decisive battle with Kuchum took place on October 26, 1582 on the banks of the Irtysh. In it, Yermak won a victory and then took Isker (Kashlyk) without a fight. After the death of Yermak in 1584, the surviving 150 Cossacks left Siberia and went "to Russia." But at this time, a detachment sent by the new Tsar Fedor, headed by the governor I.Ya. Mansurov crossed the Urals and established himself in Siberia. On August 20, 1598, Andrei Voeikov's detachment defeated Kuchum's army at the mouth of the Irmen River in what is now the Novosibirsk Region. Having suffered a defeat, Kuchum could no longer recover from him. The Chat and Baraba Tatars accepted Russian citizenship. A new period in the history of Siberia began.
From the end of the 16th century, mass migration to Siberia from the European part of the country began. The government launched vigorous activity: the peasants of the northern counties, exiles, city dwellers (townspeople) “cleaned up” (that is, recruited) by the tsarist governors were sent to Siberia. However, free settlers played a decisive role in the formation of a permanent peasant population. They were attracted by rumors of free fertile lands and a free life.
Under the protection of defensive lines, Russian peasants began to settle in the southern regions of Western Siberia. The settlement of the territory of the region began from the Tomsk district. In 1703, near the mouth of the Umreva River, the Umrevinsky Ostrog grew up, Russian villages appeared in the basins of the Oyash, Chaus, and Inya rivers. In 1710, the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded - a Russian settlement on the territory of the future Novosibirsk. In 1713, the Chaussky prison was set up on the banks of the Ob. After another 3 years, the Berdsky prison grew up at the mouth of the Berdi. In 1722, in the Baraba steppe, along the road connecting Tara with Tomsk (and which later became part of the Moscow-Siberian tract), Ust-Tartassky, Kainsky and Ubinsky fortified points were founded.

Novosibirsk region in the XIX-XX centuries.

In 1822, on the initiative of M.M. Speransky, a reform of the management of Siberia was carried out, taking into account both the interests of the state and the needs of the region with a multinational composition of the population. The Manifesto of February 19, 1861 granted the peasants personal freedom. This reform was of considerable importance for the region, although there were no landlord peasants here. The number of migrants from the central land-poor regions of Russia to Siberia has noticeably increased. In 1893, in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the railway bridge across the Ob, the village of Aleksandrovsky appeared, renamed in 1895 into Novonikolaevsky. Due to its convenient geographical position, its trade and economic importance quickly increased, the Ob station became the largest station in Siberia.
Industry gradually developed in cities and towns. In many villages, small, manual-based butter factories appeared, producing butter for export. By 1907 there were several dozen of them. P. A. Stolypin even declared that Siberian oil began to give more money to the treasury than Siberian gold.
At the end of 1906, in accordance with the agrarian law of November 9, a new mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia (the Stolypin reform) began. During 1906-1914, about 3 million people moved to Siberia. The government gave the settlers benefits, but the conditions were not easy.
In 1909, Novonikolaevsk received the status of a city.
The World War made Novonikolaevsk one of the centers that supplied soldiers, equipment, and food to the front. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and footwear enterprises grew rapidly. The decrease in the male population in the village led to the fact that in 1915 less grain was harvested than in 1914. In 1925 it was renamed to Novosibirsk.

Novosibirsk region during the Civil War

The news that the Provisional Government had been overthrown in Petrograd, and the All-Russian Congress of Soviets had proclaimed Soviet power, came to the region on November 9, 1917. First of all, banks were nationalized - Russian-Asian, Siberian Trade. This was followed by the nationalization of water transport and the Trans-Siberian Railway - the basis of the economy of the Novonikolaev region. The privately owned Altaiskaya Railway. All this quickly led to the destruction of existing economic ties and to chaos.
At the beginning of 1918, an armed detachment was formed against the Bolsheviks in Novonikolaevsk, relying on the support of the townspeople, merchants, and industrialists. The peasantry of Siberia, embittered against grain requisitions, actually came out on their side. The performance of the Czechoslovak Corps dramatically changed the balance of power. The power of the Soviets fell. Novonikolaevsk and the region adjacent to it were in the rear of the whites. By the summer of 1919, the Red Army launched a general offensive on the Eastern Front. On November 14, the capital of Kolchak, Omsk, fell. A month later, the Volga regiment of the 27th division of the 5th red army entered Novonikolaevsk.
Having restored power in Western Siberia, the Bolsheviks announced a surplus appraisal. Food was forcibly confiscated from the peasants and sent to Central Russia. The policy of "war communism" caused a deep crisis in the Siberian countryside. The peasants reduced the area under crops, slaughtered livestock, and reduced the harvest of grain. In March 1921, at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b), the surplus appraisal was replaced by a food tax. Now the state did not take all the grain from the peasants, but only part of it. The remaining peasants had the right to sell. Thus, a step was taken towards a market economy - NEP. The New Economic Policy breathed life into industry as well. A stream of people flocked to Novonikolaevsk from everywhere. There was not enough housing, shacks were built and dugouts were dug, such settlements were called "nakhalovkas".
Novonikolaevsk-Novosibirsk turned from a provincial town in the Tomsk province into the capital of the entire Siberian region. In the second half of the 1920s, the country took a course towards industrialization. Private landowners were forcibly driven into collective farms. Industrialization and collectivization were accompanied by mass repressions not only among the peasantry, but also among party workers, workers, employees, intellectuals, and the clergy.
Until 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk Region was part of the Tomsk Governorate, from 1921 to 1925 - the Novonikolaev Governorate, from 1925 to 1930 - the Siberian Territory, and from 1930 to 1937 - the West Siberian Territory.
On September 28, 1937, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory. This date is considered official day area education.
Subsequently, in 1943, the Kemerovo region was separated from the region, and in 1944, the Tomsk region.

Novosibirsk Region during the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, the industry of the region quickly switched to the production of products for the army, aviation and navy. By the end of 1941, 70% of the total production of Novosibirsk enterprises was products for the front. This period contributed to the rapid economic development of the region.
Factories, institutes, and creative teams are being evacuated here from the front line. In the first months of the war, specialists and equipment from more than 50 plants and factories arrived in the Novosibirsk Region, 26 hospitals were organized. The unfinished building of the Opera and Ballet Theater houses exhibits from the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the Hermitage, museums in Moscow, Leningrad, Novgorod, Sevastopol and other cities.
Groups of a number of theaters come to Novosibirsk.
During the war years, the industry of the Novosibirsk region, with the participation of evacuated factory teams, increased output by 8 times. Echelons with military equipment and ammunition are sent to the front. Enterprises produce aircraft, shells, optical sights, uniforms, radio transmitters.

Novosibirsk region in the post-war years

After the end of the war, the creation of a powerful military-industrial complex was considered the most important direction in the development of Siberia. In the development of the country's aviation industry, the role of the plant named after. Chkalov in Novosibirsk, which in the 1950s began to produce high-speed jet fighters MIG-19. Another industry that has received powerful development has become radio electronics. Plant them. The Comintern was the only enterprise in the east of the country that produced radar stations. The Elektrosignal plant and others completely switched to the production of military radio engineering products. For agriculture, the post-war period is characterized by the massive development of virgin and fallow lands. In the region for 1954-1960 they were plowed 1549 thousand hectares. Already in 1954, the collective farms handed over to the state three times more grain than in the previous year. Grain purchases amounted to 1,638,000 tons (in 1953, only 391,000 tons). For this record, the Novosibirsk Region was awarded the Order of Lenin. Major "shifts" during the years of the thaw occurred in the development of culture, education, and science. One of the most significant events was the creation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Novosibirsk Akademgorodok. In a short time, Akademgorodok gained high international prestige. The experience of creating Akademgorodok was then used in the organization of the Siberian branch of the Agricultural Academy, and in 1969 a research center was created near Novosibirsk and the settlement of Krasnoobsk arose. In 1970, the Siberian branch of the Academy of Medical Sciences began its work, which in 1979 was transformed into the Siberian branch of this academy.