Bern is almost the capital of Switzerland. All about Switzerland: a description of the country and useful information for tourists

Bern is often called the capital of Switzerland, although this is not entirely true. The fact is that in the constitution of the Alpine Republic there is no such thing as a "capital" at all, but there is a city of federal significance, where the main authorities are located. Moreover, this city is not fixed in the country's basic law, and the obligation to determine the actual capital (and at the same time the place of their work) is assigned to members of the bicameral parliament. And now, for more than one and a half hundred years, people's deputies prefer Bern - a German-speaking city located in the very center of the country. In the middle of the 19th century, when the constitution was being adopted, he had Zurich and Lucerne among his competitors. I won’t say anything about Lucerne, and Zurich () seemed to me a sterile, sugary boring city. Bern is more interesting. So the choice of the Swiss parliamentarians is clear to me. Although, perhaps, the relative "gaiety" of Bern is not the reason, but a consequence of his capital status.

Despite the special status, there is no airfield where large planes could land in Bern. We flew via Zurich. The journey by car took an hour and a half.

The city is located on the banks of the Aare river.

The Bundeshaus, where both houses of parliament sit: the National Council (lower) and the Council of Cantons (upper). The building was built shortly after it was decided that Bern would become the political center of the country, that is, in the middle of the 19th century.

In front of the Bundenhaus there is a modern fountain. On the site, indistinguishable from the pedestrian part, either one or a dozen jets of water burst out at once. Passers-by need to be on the lookout.

But Bern is famous not for modern, but for ancient fountains, wells, from which you can drink water.

According to legend, the first such springs began to be built as early as the 13th century - first wooden, later stone.

We walk through the historical center, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

In the 40s of the 16th century, the fountains were decorated with stone statues. Pictured is the statue of Justitia (1543)

At the feet of Themis are figures of the most august persons

Episodes from the film "17 Moments of Spring", which took place in Bern, were filmed, as you know, in the Baltic States. But this did not prevent to convey the atmosphere of the city. It seems that somewhere here Professor Pleischner was intoxicated with the air of freedom ...

But now the flowers are in place, you can move on ...

One of the main symbols of the city is the Gothic Bern Cathedral.

The Protestant Cathedral was founded in 1421, and the spire was completed in 1893. As you can see, now the building, which was erected for four centuries, is being reconstructed.

City view from the Kirchenfeldbrücke bridge

Another stone fountain in the Marktgasse lane

Bicycle parking. By the way, in Bern there are also those where bicycles are left for everyone to use. The fact is that it will cost more to throw it away - you will have to pay something like a recycling fee ..

The street leading to another symbol of Bern - the Zytglogge (Clock Tower)

Market in the Bundeshaus

Swiss cheese

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation- small state Central Europe bordering Germany in the north, Italy in the south, France in the west, and Austria and Liechtenstein in the east. The area of ​​the territory is 41,284 km².

Switzerland's northern border partly runs along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which starts in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva.
The country's territory is divided into three natural regions: the Jura mountains in the north, the Swiss plateau in the center, and the Alps, occupying 61% of the entire territory of Switzerland, in the south. The highest point of the country is Peak Dufort (4634 m) in the Pennine Alps, and the lowest point is Lake Maggiore (193 m).

The country is rich in rivers and lakes (most of them are of glacial origin). The Rhine, Rhone, Limmat, Aare flowing from the mountains are the largest rivers in the country.

Ten largest lakes in Switzerland:

Lake Geneva (582.4 km²)

Lake Constance (539 km²)

Lake Neuchâtel (217.9 km²)

Lago Maggiore (212.3 km²)

Lake Vierwaldstet (113.8 km²)

Lake Zurich (88.4 km²)

Lugano (48.8 km²)

Lake Thun (48.4 km²)

Lake Biel (40 km²)

Lake Zug (38 km²)

About 25% of the territory of Switzerland is covered with forests, they extend not only in the mountains, but also in the valleys, and on some plateaus.

Climate

Switzerland has a continental climate typical of Central Europe, but due to the complexity of the terrain climatic conditions individual regions are varied.

In the Alps, winter is relatively cold (temperatures drop to -10°C -12°C, sometimes lower), but almost always sunny. On peaks from 2500-3000 m snow lies throughout the year. About 65% of the annual precipitation here falls in the form of snow, so in winter, due to the accumulation of snow on the slopes, snowfalls occur. In summer, rains and fogs are frequent, and the weather can change very quickly from sunny to rainy.

On the Swiss plateau, winters are mild. The average temperature in January is about -2°C, if snow falls, it usually lasts only a few days. In December and January they blow from the Atlantic strong winds, bringing frequent rains and fogs, but the summer is warm (the average July temperature is + 18 ° C), and the autumn is long and sunny.

The mildest and warmest climate is in the inner mountain valleys and hollows, protected from the cold northern winds by mountains. For example, in the canton of Ticino, on the coast of lakes Lugano and Lago Maggiore, there are many sunny days (in summer the temperature can reach + 30 ° C), there are no large temperature drops and strong seasonal weather fluctuations. Here in open ground palm trees, magnolias and other plants grow southern countries, - essentially like on the Mediterranean coast.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Population

The total population was estimated in 2008 to be 7,580,000, among them 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian and 7% other nationalities. More than 1 million foreigners live in Switzerland, which is 1/7 of the total population, in large cities the proportion of foreigners among residents rises to 1/5 - 1/3.

The population is mainly concentrated in the plateau area. Large industrial centers - Zurich, Basel and Geneva - are characterized by the highest population density.

Swiss citizens are very peaceful, friendly, polite and law-abiding people. They are traditionally conflict-free, reasonable and rationalistic. It is also worth noting the amazing punctuality of the Swiss. The standard of living in Switzerland is very high.

Language

Switzerland has 4 national languages: German (its local dialect is Schwitzerduch), French, Italian and Romansh.

Similarly, the Constitution determines that the official languages, i.e. German, French and Italian are the languages ​​in which legislation is drafted and the public communicates with federal authorities and courts. Romansh is not an official language due to the small number of speakers. However, it is widely used in official meetings with Romansh, who in turn may address authorities in their own language.

For the protection of linguistic minorities, the so-called “principle of territoriality” applies, i.e. adherence to traditional language boundaries and the exclusive use of the area's native language in institutions, courts and schools.

The German language (the most common) is used by the inhabitants of the northern and northeastern parts of Switzerland (Zurich, Bern, etc.).

French consumed mainly in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Friborg and Valais.

On the Italian speaks mainly in the canton of Ticino, while Romansh is spoken only in the mountainous canton of Graubünden.

The local dialect of the German language - "schwitzerduch" is very similar to the classical German, so if you speak German, you will be perfectly understood.

Religion

Currently, Catholics make up about 50% of the population, Protestants - about 48%. Confessional differences in Switzerland do not always coincide with linguistic boundaries. Among the Protestants there are both French-speaking Calvinists and German-speaking followers of Zwingli. The centers of German-speaking Protestantism are Zurich, Bern and Appenzell. The majority of French-speaking Protestants live in the canton of Geneva and the neighboring cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel. Catholics predominate in central Switzerland around the city of Lucerne, in most of the French-speaking cantons of Friborg and Valais, and in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

There are also adherents of the Orthodox faith in Switzerland, one of Orthodox parishes, founded in 1936 by Metropolitan Evlogy, is located in Zurich, also in Geneva is the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin at the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church at the World Council of Churches.

Switzerland also has small Jewish communities in Zurich, Basel and Geneva.

Approximately 400,000 Muslims live in Switzerland, mostly Turks and Kosovars. On November 29, 2009, in a popular referendum in Switzerland, an amendment to the constitution was adopted banning the construction of minarets in the country. In addition, kosher and halal slaughter of animals is prohibited in Switzerland due to their cruelty.

The Swiss can take pride in knowing several foreign languages and can communicate freely with people from different countries. However, knowledge of one's own state languages, unfortunately, are deteriorating due to their preference for English. As a result, the four-lingual Switzerland is gradually turning into a "two and a half-lingual" country. In other words, many Swiss people speak their native language and English but often understand only one of the four official languages.

Currency

official monetary unit Switzerland is the Swiss franc (CHF).

The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 1, 2 and 5 francs, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Almost all shops, hotels, restaurants and cafes accept all major credit cards. Finding an ATM in the "country of banks" is also not difficult.

You can change money at any bank branch. Swiss banks are usually open from 8.30 to 16.30, except weekends. Once a week, banks work longer than usual, to clarify on which day it is necessary in each particular place.

You can also change money at the exchange offices of large department stores, airports, railway stations and stations. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8:00 to 22:00, sometimes around the clock.
However, it is better to change money before leaving, as in Switzerland itself the national currency is overpriced.

Most prices are quoted in both EUR and Swiss CHF. In some large stores, EUR is even accepted for payment, but the change is given out in Swiss CHF. Therefore, it is most convenient to pay with plastic cards.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Communication and communications

Phone code: 41

Swiss internet domain: .ch

Ambulance - 144, police - 117, firefighters - 118, roadside assistance - 140 (round the clock), traffic jams, condition of roads and passes - 163.

How to call

In order to call from Russia to Switzerland, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 41 - area code - subscriber number.

In order to call from Switzerland to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - area code - subscriber number.

Fixed line

While in Switzerland, you can call abroad from any telephone booth using coins or using a phone card, which can be purchased at any post office.

To call from one Swiss city to another, you need to dial the phone year of the city, starting with 0, and then the subscriber's number.

mobile connection

The Swisscom mobile network covers about 99% of the populated areas of the country. When entering Switzerland mobile phone usually he is looking for a suitable network. For example, SWISS GSM appears on the display.

For information on the mobile network coverage of Swisscom Mobile, Switzerland's leading mobile operator, please visit www.swisscom-mobile.ch

Last changes: 05/24/2010

shopping

In small towns and villages, shops are open from 8.30 to 12.00 and again from 14.00 to 18.30 - on weekdays, on Saturday - from 8:00 to 12:00 and from 14:00 to 16:00. In large cities, shops do not close for lunch, but are closed on Monday in the morning, and on one of the weekdays (most often on Thursdays) they are open until 20:00.

Shops are closed on Sundays, except at the airport, some train stations and rest stops along major highways.

In terms of shopping, Switzerland attracts, first of all, with the excellent quality of goods produced in it. There are many different shops here, ranging from small shops with a cozy atmosphere to chic boutiques of famous and not so brands, as well as large department stores.

Traditional "Swiss shopping" are chocolate, cheeses, coffee, local wines, the famous penknives and music boxes, bed linen and tablecloths, embroidered towels, precision instruments, various souvenirs with Swiss symbols, as well as antiques. A shopping trip would be incomplete without buying the famous Swiss watches, which are much cheaper here than in other countries.

It is worth noting that in Switzerland there is a large selection of quality clothing and accessories, depending on the brands, at quite reasonable prices.

In most shops and supermarkets, the salespeople speak English.

VAT and tax-free:

Purchases over 400 francs in a single store can receive a VAT refund. Value Added Tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.6%. To receive a refund in the store, you need to receive a "Tax-free Shopping Check" (Global Refund Check) check, according to which, when leaving the country, you, as a foreign citizen, will be refunded the amount of VAT. Goods must be taken out of the country within 30 days.

In order to receive your money, you must:

1. In the shop

• After making a purchase at a store that is part of the Global Refund system (as evidenced by the presence of a brand name at the entrance to the store), ask for a Global Refund check for you, directly from the cashier, customer service department or the store's central accounting department.

Upon receipt of the check, make sure that your details (first name, last name, country of residence, home address and passport number) are filled out in the appropriate field on the check, and that the cashier's check is attached to the Global Refund check.

2. At customs

Immediately before you leave the internal market of the host country, you must present the purchased items and the Global Refund receipt at the border customs, on which the customs officers will put a mark confirming the export of the goods. Therefore, before leaving the country, the goods cannot be used (the goods must be labeled). Without a customs seal, a refund is not possible. At airports, customs clearance must be done before baggage check-in.

3. You can receive money, according to the return option you have chosen:

• to a card (or bank account), which, in this case, must be indicated in the Global Refund check, while the check is sent by you to the address indicated on the envelope attached to the Global Refund check;
• in cash at the points of payment of the Global Refund company directly in the host country, after affixing the customs stamp;
• in cash in the country of arrival at the bank.

Last changes: 04/26/2013

Where to stay

Most of the hotels in the country are members of the Swiss Hotel Association. They have good and spacious rooms with all the services required for an institution of this category. However, hotels that are not members of the Association are usually also cozy and tidy. In general, Swiss hotels are better than the "middle European" ones. The price of breakfast (buffet) is usually included in the price of the room. For an additional fee, most hotels offer two or three meals a day.

Also throughout Switzerland there are about 80 hostels (youth hotels of economy class), the cost of living in such hotels is about 15 - 20 francs per day. It can accommodate both individual tourists and families, tourist groups and even groups of schoolchildren of various ages. To stay in such a youth hotel, a national or international Youth Hotel Card is required. There is no age limit, however, during the high season, persons under the age of 25 years have benefits.

There are also a large number of campsites in Switzerland, but it is important to note that camping is only allowed in specially designated areas. AT summer period when this type of holiday is very popular, it is recommended to book campsites in advance.

Another alternative to accommodation in the country during the holidays can be renting an apartment. This is especially practiced in the Swiss Alps. For example, a four-room apartment can accommodate 8-10 people. The cost of rent depends on such factors as: the prestige of the resort, the area of ​​​​the apartment, the cost of furniture and even kitchen utensils. It is also worth remembering that the price announced to you may not include a fee for bed linen, a deposit (on average 400 euros) in case you break or break something, and an accommodation fee (1 euro per person per day ). After you rent out your apartment, the so-called final cleaning is carried out in it, which you also have to pay: it will cost from 20 to 50 euros, depending on the size of the room.

Sea and beaches

A beach holiday in Switzerland is a holiday on the numerous lakes of the country.

Last changes: 01.09.2010

Story

The history of Switzerland is due to its special geographical position, which had a significant impact on the development of the state and society as a whole.

The Swiss Confederation in its modern form has existed only since 1848. Until that time, there was no Swiss history as such. We can only talk about the historical development of individual regions, later united into a single Swiss state.

The settlement of the territory of modern Switzerland began from time immemorial. Scientists believe that the first settlements arose here in the 12th millennium BC. At first, people lived in caves, and later - along the shores of lakes. Starting from 500 BC on the Swiss plateau lived mainly Celtic tribes, among which were the Helvetians. In 58 B.C. e. these lands, as a result of Caesar's campaign, were captured. In the next three centuries, Roman influence contributed to the development of the culture of the population and its Romanization.

In the 4th-5th centuries. AD The territory of present-day Switzerland was captured by the Germanic tribes of the Alemanni and Burgundians.

In the 6th-7th centuries. it became part of the kingdom of the Franks and in the 8th-9th centuries. was ruled by Charlemagne and his successors. Under Charlemagne, Switzerland was divided into ten counties (Gaue).

In 843, the Treaty of Verdun led to the division of Switzerland into parts: the western one, together with Burgundy, and the southern one, together with Italy, went to Emperor Lothair, the eastern one, along with all of Alemannia, went to King Louis the German. The subsequent fate of these lands is closely connected with the history of the Holy Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Carolingian empire, they were captured by the Swabian dukes in the 10th century, but they could not keep them under their rule, and the region broke up into separate fiefs. In the 12th-13th centuries. attempts were made to unite them under the rule of large feudal lords, such as the Zähringens, the founders of Bern and Friborg, and the Habsburgs. In 1264 the Habsburgs won a dominant position in eastern Switzerland. The Counts of Savoy were entrenched in the west.

Having tried to cancel the privileges of some local communities in order to unite their possessions, the Habsburgs encountered strong resistance. At the center of this resistance were the peasants who lived in the mountain valleys of Schwyz (hence the name of the country Switzerland), Uri and Unterwalden. On August 1, 1291, these "forest" cantons enter into an "Eternal Alliance", the meaning of which was reduced to mutual support in the fight against external enemies, and primarily with the Habsburgs. Thus the Swiss Confederation was founded. Traditionally, 1291 is considered the year of the formation of the Swiss Confederation.

The proof of the strength of the confederation was confirmed already in 1315, when the highlanders of the forest cantons faced the superior forces of the Habsburgs and their allies. At the Battle of Morgarten they won what is considered one of the most important victories in Swiss history. This victory encouraged other communities to join the confederation as well. In 1332-1353 the cities of Lucerne, Zurich and Bern, the rural communities of Glarus and Zug entered into separate agreements with the three united cantons, forming a number of confederations. Although these agreements did not have a common basis, they were able to ensure the main thing - the independence of each of the participants. Having been defeated in the battles of Sempach in 1386 and Nefels in 1388, the Habsburgs were finally forced to recognize the independence of the cantons, united in a confederation.

At the beginning of the 15th century the members of the confederation felt strong enough to go on the offensive. In the course of numerous wars and campaigns against the Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dukes of Savoy, Burgundy, as well as Milan and the French King Francis I, the Swiss secured a reputation for magnificent warriors. During the period of the "heroic age" of Swiss history (1415-1513), the territory of the confederation expanded by adding new lands in Aargau, Thurgau, Vaud, as well as south of the Alps, as a result of which 5 new cantons were created.

By 1798 Switzerland had become a confederation of 13 cantons. In addition to them, the confederation included lands that entered into an alliance with one or more cantons. There was no permanent central body: All-Union Diets were periodically convened, where only full-fledged cantons had the right to vote. There was no all-union administration, army and finance, and this situation remained until the French Revolution.

Religious reform, which began with an open challenge to the Roman Catholic Church by Huldrych Zwingli, split the country into two camps. The Zwinglian current of Protestantism subsequently merged with the current of John Calvin from Geneva into the Swiss Reformed Church. The cantons of central Switzerland remained Catholic. After short religious clashes, an approximate balance was established between the two religions.

In 1648 Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire was officially recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia.

In 1798 French troops invaded the country and occupied it. A single and indivisible Helvetian Republic is formed, which falls under the complete subordination of France.

After the defeat of the French, Switzerland regains its independence and retains its territorial borders. It already includes 22 cantons. After lengthy negotiations, a Union Treaty was drawn up, signed in September 1814. It proclaimed the union of 22 sovereign cantons, but did not indicate that they constituted one state. In the Declaration of the Congress of Vienna (March 1815) and the Treaty of Paris (November 1815), the Great Powers recognized the eternal neutrality of Switzerland.

In subsequent years, internal divisions between "conservative" and "radical" districts become more and more noticeable. The conflict came to a head when the radicals organized a military expansion against the canton of Lucerne, in response, Lucerne entered into an alliance with Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Friborg and Valais, called the Sonderbund. Civil War lasted only 26 days and led to the defeat of the Sonderbund. The war proved once again that the country is in deep crisis and needs radical reforms.

On September 12, 1848, the basic law of the Swiss Confederation was signed, which turned the country from a weak union of individual cantons into a union state with a strong political system. A new era begins in the history of Switzerland. A permanent body of executive power was created in the form of a federal council of seven members, elected by the legislature from two chambers - the national council and the council of cantons. The federal government was empowered to issue money, regulate customs regulations and, most importantly, determine foreign policy. Bern was chosen as the federal capital.

The revised constitution of 1874, with subsequent amendments, further strengthened the power of the federal government without compromising the federal basis of the Swiss state. Starting from the second half of the 19th century. a dense network of railways is being built, industry is developing, especially engineering, chemical industry and watchmaking.

With the outbreak of the First World War, there was a threat to the national unity of Switzerland: the French-speaking Swiss were mainly sympathetic to France, and the German-speaking people to Germany. The role of Switzerland in World War II is ambiguous. Formally maintaining neutrality, the country bought peace at the cost of political and economic collaborationism. Switzerland opened a huge loan to Germany, and also supplied the latest technology necessary to strengthen the military potential.

With the end of World War II, Switzerland decided not to join the newly formed United Nations (UN) and acquired observer status, which allowed the European headquarters and several UN specialized organizations, including the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization, to be located in Geneva. This decision strengthened the position of Switzerland in international politics. This country is a member of several UN organizations: the International Court of Justice, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Switzerland provides significant assistance to developing countries.

In 1979, a new canton was formed in Switzerland, called the Jura.

In 1983, Switzerland became a full member of the Group of Ten, an association of the largest contributors to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

On December 12, 2008, Switzerland officially entered the Schengen visa-free area. On the borders of the country, passport control has been canceled at all ground checkpoints. At international airports, Switzerland has prepared its air terminals to serve intra-Schengen flights where passport control is not required, and separated these flights from other international terminals.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

For the Swiss, talking about salary or source of income is considered a closed topic. Even close friends do not dedicate each other to these issues.

Switzerland is considered to be a wealthy country, and the majority of the population live in abundance. Naturally, there are very rich people, but you don't see them on the streets. They live modestly and do not advertise their millions.

The list of 500 richest people in the world, compiled in 2007 by the American magazine Forbes, includes 8 representatives of Switzerland. Ernesto Bertarelli is recognized as the wealthiest Swiss. His fortune is 8.8 billion dollars.

Switzerland attracts wealthy foreigners. According to the Swiss magazine Bilanz, of the ten richest people in Switzerland, five have foreign citizenship. Them general state is CHF 103 billion. fr. (78 billion dollars). The richest foreigner living in Switzerland is the head of the Swedish company IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, whose fortune is $33 billion. He also ranks 4th on the Forbes list of the 500 richest people in the world.

In Switzerland, wine is the most popular alcoholic beverage. According to the results of 2005, the share of grape wines was 50% in total sales. Beer accounted for only one-third. The biggest beer drinkers, contrary to popular belief, are Italian-speaking, not German-speaking Swiss.

A characteristic feature of Swiss society, as well as European society as a whole, is late marriages. First get professional education, make a career and, having reached a certain position in society, decide to start a family. The average age at first marriage is about 29 for women and 31 for men.

Most often, young people formalize their family relationships immediately before the birth of their first joint child.

As for the number of children in a family, families with many children are rare. On average, a family does not have more than one or two children, as living expenses increase and large apartments become very expensive.

Only 1/3 of the Swiss population owns a home. Compared to other European countries, this is a very low figure.

Modern rules for obtaining citizenship in Switzerland are one of the most difficult in Western Europe, so the number of foreigners who acquire Swiss citizenship is much smaller than in any single European country. At the same time, the share of foreigners in the total population of Switzerland is very high, so in 2008. it amounted to 21.7%. It should be noted that the distribution of foreigners in Switzerland is very uneven.

Especially high percentage of foreigners among children. A census conducted in 2000 showed that 25.8% of children under the age of 6 did not have Swiss citizenship, and in five large cities of the country this number exceeded 45%. Approximately one in five children born in Switzerland has at least one parent with a foreign nationality.

Almost all pharmacies in Switzerland are closed on Saturday and Sunday afternoons, there are pharmacies on duty only in large cities, in this situation it does not hurt to take a standard set of medicines with you, which can be useful for minor ailments.

If you decide to travel around the country by car, you should remember that some sections of Swiss highways are tolled, so you will have to pay a fee when entering them.

Also, do not forget that for non-compliance with even elementary traffic rules in Switzerland, impressive fines are levied, and you will practically not see policemen on the roads, all violations are recorded by video cameras installed on the roads of the whole country.

Last changes: 20.01.2013

How to get there

Daily regular direct flights to Geneva and Zurich from Moscow are operated by Aeroflot (from Sheremetyevo-2) and Swiss (from Domodedovo). The duration of the flight to Geneva and Zurich is about three hours.

Also weekly Rossiya flights from St. Petersburg make flights to Geneva. In addition to direct regular flights, transit flights through Paris, Prague, Vienna, Dusseldorf and Amsterdam and other European cities are possible. Also, a flight to Switzerland can be made from the airports of such Russian cities as Samara, Yekaterinburg, Rostov, but all of them with transit in European cities.

during the ski season and new year holidays operators usually increase the number of flights and raise charters from Moscow to Geneva, Basel or Sion (which is in close proximity to Zermatt, Verbier, Saas-Fee and Crans-Montana).

The airports of Geneva and Zurich are combined with railway stations, so any destination can be reached at maximum speed on the day of arrival.

You can also get from Moscow to Switzerland by train, which departs from the Belorussky railway station and arrives in the city of Basel. Travel time 1 day 15 hours.

Road from the CIS countries

Daily regular flights Ukraine is operated by Ukraine International Airlines and Swiss on the route Kyiv - Zurich. Austrian Airlines (via Vienna) and Malev (via Budapest) fly from Odessa to Geneva.

From the Belarusian capital, daily flights to Geneva are jointly carried out by Belavia and Austrian Airlines (via Vienna), Lufthansa planes fly twice a week via Frankfurt. On the route Minsk - Zurich, the national carrier of Belarus operates the following codeshare flights: once a week with LOT (via Warsaw), three times a week - with Czech Airlines (via Prague) and daily - with Austrian Airlines (via Vienna).

Regular flights of Turkish Airlines (via Istanbul), Lufthansa (via Frankfurt) and KLM (via Amsterdam) fly from Almaty to Geneva four times a week, British Airways planes (via London) fly three times a week.

Last changes: 07.02.2013

is a mountainous country located in the southern part of Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. It borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein.

The name comes from the name of the canton of Schwyz, derived from the ancient German "burn".

Official name: Swiss Confederation

Capital: Berne

The area of ​​the land: 41.3 thousand sq. km

Total population: 8.6 million people

Administrative division: Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).

Form of government: Federal parliamentary republic. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government.

Head of State: The president is elected by parliament for a year from among the members of the government.

Composition of the population: 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian and 1% Romansh.

Official language: German, French, Italian and Romansh are the national and official languages ​​of the Swiss Confederation.

Religion: 50% - Catholics, 48% - Protestants.

Internet domain: .ch

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +41

Country barcode: 760-769

Climate

Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north.

In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At that time minimum temperature is -1...-4, maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, in the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum falls on the summer period (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum for the period from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).

On South winter temperatures almost the same, and summer - higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum temperature is +26...+28. There is more rainfall in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation per month falls here, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).

The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. It is snowy in the highlands in winter. The temperature for most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February) at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees in the daytime). The maximum snow height is observed, as a rule, in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters, it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.

Geography

Swiss Confederation, state in Central Europe. According to the state structure - a federal republic. The area of ​​the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border runs partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which starts in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

The Jura mountain range, the Swiss plateau (the so-called "middle lane") and the Alps are the three main geographical regions of the country.

Most of the country is located in the Alps. The average height of the mountains is 1,700 m. The snow limit lies at an altitude of 2,500 m. The Swiss Alps have about 100 mountains with a height of 4,000 m or more, as well as about 1,800 glaciers. The second highest mountain in Switzerland is the Jura. These mountains became famous thanks to the excavations, which resulted in the discovery of numerous remains of dinosaurs. It was at the place of excavations in the limestone mountains of the Jura that the name of the geological period was given.

In Switzerland you can find everything that is found in Europe. It has collected within its borders all the captivating contrasts inherent in this continent, offering the attention and feelings of the traveler a rare combination of natural and man-made sights.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the height above sea level. Broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate in the region of the Swiss plateau up to a height of 800 m. Above 1000 m, broad-leaved species remain mainly beech; spruces, pines, firs appear. And starting from a height of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azaleas, juniper.

The Swiss Plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, sometimes pine is mixed with them. On the southern slope of the Alps, the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the slopes of the mountains, coniferous forests grow, forming a transitional belt between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentian and edelweiss are typical in summer.

Animal world

The animal world is severely depleted. While the snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tiers as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. in Swiss national park, located near the border with Austria, roe deer and chamois live, less often - alpine mountain goat and fox; there are also white partridge and several species of birds of prey. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.

In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, among birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, snow finch. On the shores of the lakes you can meet gulls, and in the lakes - trout, char, whitefish, grayling.

Attractions

Switzerland is an example of a classic tourist country - elegant cities and famous resorts with cozy hotels, majestic mountains, pristine lakes and picturesque hillsides. Here, in a small space, all the beauties of nature and outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated.

Small towns with a unique flavor abound in the country, such as Biel - the "watch capital" with two official languages, the famous Solothurn - a city with Baroque buildings and many cultural monuments, Chur - the oldest city in Switzerland (2500 BC. ), Disentis with an interesting Benedictine monastery and museum (VIII century), Münster with a Benedictine convent (VIII century, UNESCO protected cultural monument), Guarda and Splügen - typical alpine villages with many beautiful "chalets", the birthplace of Le Corbusier - La Chaux-de-Fonds with its International Watch Museum, Afoltern and Emmental, where famous cheese-making exhibitions are held, or Romont with its Swiss Museum of Glass Painting. Each such town has a unique charm and deserves special attention.

Banks and currency

Swiss franc (CHF), equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Banks and currency exchange are open from 8.00 to 16.00 (some until 17.00 - 18.00) on weekdays, a break from 12.00 to 14.00. Once a week banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8.00 to 22.00, often around the clock.

Many stores accept convertible currency and accept all major credit cards and traveler's checks. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at the exchange offices of large department stores, airports and some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is too high.

Useful information for tourists

There are no endemic infectious diseases in Switzerland. Vaccinations against those are not required upon entry, except for those who have been in an epidemic area 14 days prior to arrival in Switzerland. Swiss medical facilities are among the best in the world. In the event of a doctor's visit or hospitalization, you must pay a deposit in cash or traveler's checks or present health insurance. After your hospitalization, you will be sent an invoice, but you may be asked to pay on the spot.

The most popular among buyers are jewelry, watches and chocolate. All major jewelry firms have a representative office in Geneva. For Switzerland, watches have become the epitome of precision, elegance, a kind of world standard.

Tipping is usually not customary, except in restaurants, where tipping is 10% of the order value. We advise you to carefully read the bill, not out of economy, but to comply with tradition - and never exceed 10% of the tip. They are handed over only after they bring change up to a centime.

Switzerland - the most detailed information about the country with a photo. Landmarks, Swiss cities, climate, geography, population and culture.

Switzerland

Switzerland is a state in Central Europe. This is one of the most beautiful and richest countries in the world, most of the territory of which is occupied by mountains (Alps and Jura). Switzerland borders Italy in the south, Germany in the north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, and France in the west. This is a federal parliamentary republic, which is divided into 20 cantons and 6 semi-cantons. The population speaks German, French, Italian and professes Christianity (while the proportion of Catholics and Protestants is approximately equal).

The name of the state comes from the canton of Schwyz, one of the three cantons that founded the Confederation. Switzerland is a country of amazing alpine landscapes and picturesque small towns, blue lakes that reflect mountains and glaciers, and green valleys. This is a country of banks and watches, cheese and chocolate, which has maintained its neutrality for many centuries. Switzerland is famous for its remarkable cultural heritage, stunning nature and world-class ski resorts.

Useful information about Switzerland

1. The official languages ​​are German, French, Italian and Romansh (or Swiss).
2. Currency - Swiss franc.
3. Visa - Schengen.
4. The standard of living is very high.
5. The population is more than 8 million people.
6. Area - 41,284 km².
7. The capital is Bern.
8. Time - UTC +1, summer +2.
9. Switzerland is one of the safest countries in the world with a very low crime rate.
10. Tax Free - only possible with purchases worth more than 300 francs.
11. Holidays: January 1 - New Year, January 2 - St. Berthold's Day, Good Friday (April-May), Easter (April-May), Monday of Bright Week (the first after Easter), May 1 - Labor Day, Ascension of the Lord (in May -June), Pentecost and Spirits Day (May-June), Feast of the Body of the Lord (usually in June), August 1 - National holiday Switzerland, August 15 - Assumption of the Virgin Mary, November 1 - All Saints Day, December 8 - Day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, December 25 - Christmas, December 26 - Boxing Day.

Geography and nature

Switzerland is located almost in the center of Europe and occupies an important strategic position between the North and South of the continent. Geographically, the country can be divided into:

• The Jura is a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Switzerland.
• The Swiss Plateau or Mittelland is the central part of the country, sandwiched between the Alps and the Jura. It is a hilly plain.
• The Alps are the largest mountain range in Switzerland, which occupies 61% of its territory. They are divided into the Pennine Alps, the Lepontine Alps, the Rhaetian Alps and the Bernina Massif.

In terms of relief, most of Switzerland is mountainous. The average height above sea level exceeds 500 meters. The highest point in Switzerland is Peak Dufour (4634 m), the lowest is Lake Maggiore - 193 m.

In the mountains of Switzerland are the sources of the largest rivers in Europe: the Rhone and the Rhine. Also, the country is known for a large number of picturesque lakes: Geneva, Firwaldstet, Thun, Zurich, Biel, Neuchâtel, Lago Maggiore. Most of them are of glacial origin. By the way, there are many glaciers in the mountains of Switzerland.

The nature of Switzerland is quite rich and varied. 1/4 of the country's territory is still covered with forests. Oak and beech predominate in the forests, spruce, pine, and fir in the mountains. Deer, roe deer, chamois, foxes, hares, partridges live in the mountains and forests of Switzerland.

Climate

The predominant type of climate is continental. The climate of mountainous regions is determined by altitudinal zonality. In the west of the country the climate is much milder, while in the east and south it is much more severe.

Best time to visit

Switzerland is open for tourists all year round And every season is good in its own way. If the main goal is its ski resorts, then you need to come in winter. For studying cultural heritage country and attractions is quite suitable off-season. For trips to the mountains and lakes, it is better to visit Switzerland in the summer.

Story

Switzerland has been inhabited since the Stone Age. During the existence and flourishing of the Roman Empire (from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD), Celtic tribes (Helvetians) lived here. The east of Switzerland was inhabited by the Rhaetians, who were related to the Etruscans. In the 2nd century BC, local tribes raided the Roman Empire and even inflicted several defeats on the Romans. Switzerland was subjugated in 52 BC when the revolt of the Gauls against the power of Rome was put down. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans begin to lose their positions under the onslaught of the Germanic tribes. By the 5th century, the north of Switzerland was taken over by the Alemanni and the west by the Burgundians.

In the Middle Ages, Switzerland was fragmented into several kingdoms, which were subjugated by the Franks during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. The Christianization of the population began in the 4th century. In 843 the territory of Switzerland was divided between Italy and Germany. At the beginning of the 10th century, the entire territory of the country was subordinated to the German kings and in 1032 became part of the Holy Roman Empire, under whose rule it remained for 3 centuries.

In the 11th-13th century, trade develops in Switzerland and new cities appear. This led to the emergence of new trade routes. One of the main trade arteries of Switzerland was of great importance and passed through the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, Grisons and the St. Gotthard Pass. During this period, the Habsburgs came to power in the Holy Roman Empire. Fearing their oppression, on August 1, 1291, a military treaty was concluded that united Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. This date is considered the foundation of the Swiss Union and Swiss statehood. In the 14th century, the Habsburgs repeatedly tried to take control of the cantons, but suffered several defeats.

In the 14th century, the composition of the Swiss Union was replenished with Zurich, Lucerne and Bern. This led to an increase in tension between the cantons, which resulted in the Zurich War. It is interesting that large cities within the confederation received the status of freemen, had broad autonomy and carried on a brisk trade with other cities of Europe. In the 15th century, new cantons joined the Swiss Union. In 1499, the Holy Roman Empire tried to regain control of the recalcitrant territories, but was defeated. By the way, around this period, the first principles of Swiss neutrality were laid down.

In the first half of the 16th century, the Reformation began in Switzerland. In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, which secured the independence of Switzerland. In the 17-18 century, life in the state was peaceful. During this period, industry develops in Switzerland, and the country itself grows rich on loans, turning into one of the main financial centers in Europe.

At the end of the 18th century, a revolution broke out in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland. The German-speaking cantons, led by Bern, tried to suppress it, but this led to the occupation by France and the formation of the Helvetic Republic. During this period, the first constitution was adopted on the model of the French. After the withdrawal of French troops in 1802, the restoration of the old order began. In 1803, Napoleon returned feudalism to Switzerland, gave a new constitution and increased the number of cantons. In 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris secured the independence of Switzerland and its neutrality.

In 1848, a new constitution was adopted in Switzerland. Since 1850, the franc has become the single currency, and the capital is Bern. In 1844 the first railway was built from Basel to Strasbourg. In the First and Second World Wars, Switzerland took the side of military neutrality. Although during the Second World War she collaborated with the Nazis. In 1999 a new constitution was adopted. Switzerland is currently one of the richest countries in the world. One of the largest physical laboratories, CERN, operates on its territory. It was also in Switzerland that the Internet was born. Here the first website, browser and web server were developed.

Administrative division

In administrative-territorial terms, Switzerland is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. The cantons are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into cities and communities.

• obwalden
• Nidwalden
• Neuchâtel
• Ticino
• Thurgau
• Aargau
• Graubünden
• St. Gallen
• Glarus
• Friborg
• Solothurn
• Basel-Stadt
• Basel Land
• Schaffhausen
• Appenzell Ausserrhoden
• Appenzell-Innerrhoden

Regionally, the country can be divided into:

• Northwestern Switzerland - Basel, Aargau, Solothurn.
• Zurich region.
• Central Switzerland - Lake Lucerne and the cantons of Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz.
• Eastern Switzerland - the area between the sources of the Rhine and Lake Constance (Thurgau, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, St. Gallen).
• The Lake Geneva region is the French-speaking part of Switzerland (the cantons of Geneva, Bern, Valais, Fribourg).
• Southern Switzerland is an Italian-speaking region (Canton of Ticino).

Population

Interestingly, 90% of the Swiss population consider themselves ethnic Swiss. At the same time, the country does not have a single language. Language composition: German Swiss (65%), French Swiss (18%), Italian Swiss (10%). Therefore, the most common language, nevertheless, is German. Religiously, the vast majority are Christians (half of whom are Catholics and the other half are Protestants).

Transport

The largest airport in Switzerland is located in Zurich. Other international airports are located in Basel, Geneva, Lugano, Bern and St. Gallen. The country is connected by modern highways with Germany and Austria.

A vignette is required for driving on Swiss motorways. Its cost is 40 francs and it is valid for one year. The fine for not having a vignette is 200 francs.

Switzerland has one of the most developed rail networks in Europe, so getting around the country by train is very convenient. Also, many railways are very scenic. Regular rail links are available to almost all neighboring European countries. You can also get to Switzerland by bus from some countries of Eastern Europe, Spain and Portugal.

Speed ​​limits: 50 km/h - built-up areas, 80 km/h - outside built-up areas, 120 km/h - motorways. Speeding fines are very high.

It is permissible to control the vehicle with a blood alcohol content of not more than 0.5‰.

Swiss cities and popular destinations

The capital of Switzerland is Bern. This is a picturesque old town with a beautiful medieval historical center, which is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The largest city and transport hub of Switzerland. It is one of the most dynamic Swiss cities with beautiful architecture, plenty of entertainment and leisure opportunities.

The capital of the canton of the same name, located on the shores of the picturesque Lake Geneva. It is a city of banks and museums, parks and galleries, where the headquarters of the UN in Europe is located.

The cultural capital of Switzerland with a beautiful old town and vibrant nightlife. This city is located on the river Rhine on the border with France and Germany.

Other popular cities:

• Lausanne is the capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud. This small town is the seat of the International Olympic Committee and a major university center.
• - one of the most beautiful and popular cities in Switzerland. It is located on the shore of the lake of the same name on the border of the Alps.
• Lugano is the capital of Southern Switzerland and the canton of Ticino. It is famous for its picturesque nature and cultural component of recreation.
• Interlaken is a small resort town located between the Thun and Brienz lakes.

Switzerland strikes with a whole scattering of picturesque small towns that seem to have come off a postcard.

Landmarks of Switzerland

Old cities and historical sights

The old town of Lucerne is located on the shores of a picturesque lake surrounded by mountains. It is a medieval core with old houses, bridges and sights. Lucerne's main symbols are the 14th-century bridge chapel and the famous "Dying Lion" sculpture.

For great scenery and views, visit the lookouts.

Chillon Castle in Montreux is a magnificent castle on the shores of Lake Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and for a long time remained the residence of the Savoy dynasty.

Saint-Pierre is a cathedral, the pearl of the old city of Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and contains a large number of Romanesque and Gothic elements.

Cathedral of St. Nicholas - a beautiful gothic church in the city of Friborg. Friborg itself is considered one of the most beautiful medieval cities in Europe.

The old town of Sion is one of the most picturesque in Europe. It is located on the river Rhone and has a charming medieval atmosphere. The most famous sights are the Cathedral, the Witches' Tower and the Bishops' Castle.

Oberhofen is a romantic medieval castle on the shores of Lake Thun, turned into a museum. A large and beautiful park adjoins the castle.

Notre Dame Cathedral is the most outstanding example of Swiss Gothic, a grandiose medieval cathedral located in Lausanne.

Bern's Old Town is a labyrinth of cobbled streets and old houses, the tallest cathedral in Switzerland and a medieval clock tower.

The charming old town of Zurich with beautiful architecture and interesting sights. Here you can find more than 50 museums and 100 art galleries. Bahnhofstrasse in Zurich is one of the best shopping streets in Europe with trendy designer shops.

Natural attractions of Switzerland

The Matterhorn is one of the most famous mountains in Europe. This legendary peak is located in the Pennine Alps and has a height of 4478 m.

Jungfraujoch is one of Switzerland's most popular natural attractions, located in the Bernese Alps. At an altitude of 3445 meters there is an observatory and an observation deck, as well as the largest glacier in Europe and the famous trail to Mount Eiger. At the foot of the mountains is the picturesque ski resort Grindelwald.

Interlaken is one of the most popular summer resorts in Switzerland, located between picturesque lakes. Offers over 45 scenic mountain railways, cable cars and ski lifts.

Lake Geneva is the largest alpine lake located on the border of Switzerland and Austria.

St. Moritz is one of the most famous ski resorts in Switzerland. Nestled among beautiful alpine lakes, jagged peaks and forests.

Lake Lugano is the pearl of the canton of Ticino. Here, among the Alpine peaks, subtropical plants grow, and the surroundings are saturated with the flavor and atmosphere of Italy.

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Central Europe. Located near the town of Schaffhausen.

Accommodation

Finding accommodation in Switzerland is not a problem. The country is a very popular tourist destination, so there are a large number of hotels, guest houses and even campsites of different price categories. On average, the cost of living in Switzerland is quite high. Although if you start looking for housing in advance or come in the off-season, you can find great options.

Kitchen

Swiss cuisine was formed under the influence of the culinary traditions of Italy, Germany, France. Switzerland is historically an agricultural country, so most traditional dishes are easy to prepare. Many cantons have regional cuisine.

Popular food:

• Fondue - melted cheese with slices of bread.
• Raclette is a dish similar to fondue.
• Rösti is a popular potato dish.
• Birchermuesli - muesli.
• Älplermagrone - casserole with onions and cheese.
• Zürcher Geschnetzeltes - veal with mushrooms in a creamy sauce.
• Malakoff - fried cheese balls or sticks.
• Apple Rösti is a sweet dish with apples.
• Tirggel - Christmas biscuits.
• Polenta, risotto and pizza in Southern Switzerland.

Traditional products: cheese, sausages, chocolate, meringue, wine.