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Glass is... Glass is one of the most ancient and, due to the variety of its properties, a universal material in human practice. Physico-chemically - inorganic substance, solid body; structurally - amorphous, isotropic; Aggregately, all types of glasses are an extremely viscous supercooled liquid that reaches a glassy state in the process of cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent the crystallization of melts obtained within the specified temperature ranges (from 300 to 2500 ºС), which are due to the oxide, fluoride or phosphate origin of their compositions.

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The history of glass It has not yet been reliably established how and where glass was first obtained. For a long time, the primacy in the discovery of glassmaking was recognized by Egypt, to which the glass-glazed faience tiles of the inner facings of the Jesser pyramid (mid-III millennium BC) were considered undoubted evidence; to an even earlier period (the first dynasty of the pharaohs) are the finds of faience jewelry (see above), that is, glass existed in Egypt already 5 thousand years ago. Egyptian glassmakers melted glass on open hearths in earthenware bowls. The sintered pieces were thrown hot into the water, where they cracked, and these fragments, the so-called frits, were ground into dust by millstones and melted again. ancient vase

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Properties of glass Glass is an inorganic isotropic substance, a material known and used since ancient times. It also exists in its natural form, in the form of minerals (obsidian - volcanic glass), but in practice - most often, as a product of glassmaking - one of the oldest technologies in material culture. Structurally - amorphous substance, aggregate related to the category - a solid body. In practice, there is a huge number of modifications, implying a lot of various utilitarian possibilities, determined by the composition, structure, chemical and physical properties.

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Currently, materials have been developed for an extremely wide, truly universal range of applications, which are both inherent initially (for example, transparency, reflectivity, resistance to aggressive environments, beauty, and many others) and previously uncharacteristic of glass - its synthesized qualities (for example, heat resistance , strength, bioactivity, controlled electrical conductivity, etc.). Various types of glasses are used in all spheres of human activity: from construction, fine arts, optics, medicine - to measuring equipment, high technologies and astronautics, aviation and military equipment.

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Glass-forming substances Glass-forming substances include: Oxides: SiO2 B2O3 P2O5 TeO2 GeO2 Fluorides: AlF3, etc.

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Artistic glass Artistic glass is a very old craft. Glass was used to make not only dishes, window glass, lenses and other utilitarian items, but also a variety of artistic products. Glass blowing is an operation that allows obtaining various shapes from a viscous melt - balls, vases, glasses. The most important working tool of a glassblower, his blowing tube, is a hollow metal tube 1-1.5 m long, one-third sheathed in wood and equipped with a brass mouthpiece at the end. Using a pipe, the glass blower collects molten glass from the furnace, blows it into a ball shape and molds it. The finished product is knocked off the tube onto a fork and carried into the annealing furnace. The trace (nozzles, cap) remaining from the rebound must be removed by grinding

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Types of glasses Depending on the main glass-forming substance used, glasses are oxide, fluoride, sulfide, etc. Basic method of obtaining silicate glass consists in melting a mixture of quartz sand (SiO2), soda (Na2CO3) and lime (CaO). The result is a chemical complex with the composition Na2O*CaO*6SiO2. Quartz glass is obtained by melting high purity silica raw materials (usually quartzite, rock crystal), its chemical formula- SiO2. Quartz glass can also be of natural origin, formed when lightning strikes deposits of quartz sand. Optical glass - used for the manufacture of lenses, prisms, cuvettes, etc. Chemical-laboratory glass - glass with high chemical and thermal stability. OPTICAL GLASS Quartz glass

Presentation on the topic "Glass" in chemistry in powerpoint format. Informative presentation talks to students about modern types glass, their production and application.

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Glass- the most promising construction material new, twenty-first century. Stocks of quartz sand, from which glass is made, will almost never run out! And the possibilities are many. Now glass nails have been invented. Durable, won't rust or bend!

Story

A hundred and fifty years ago, glass was only brewed in refractory vessels. They were loaded manually with a charge consisting of quartz sand, soda, chalk, dolomite and other materials. The mixture at high temperature turned into a transparent mass. From liquid glass mass, glassblowers blew various vessels, bottles, utensils or cylinders, from which sheets of glass were then obtained. It was the hardest work. At the age of 30 of the last century, the first bath furnaces for industrial glass production appeared in Russia. The demand for it grew very quickly. Glass-making factories began to make glass. And on each - one or more bathroom furnaces that produced tons of glass per day.
Modern bath stoves are large structures. The length of the furnace for the production of window glass is several tens of meters. The mixture is loaded into the furnace continuously at 10-15 tons per hour using mechanical devices. The furnace holds more than 2500 tons of glass mass and produces 350 tons of glass and more per day.
Even at high temperatures, glass mass has a high viscosity, tens of thousands of times greater than water. Therefore, bubbles of gases emitted by soda, chalk and other components of the charge linger in it for a long time. In addition, hundreds of tons of viscous glass melt is difficult to mix and make homogeneous.
Every year we produce hundreds of millions square meters window glass. Moreover, they learned how to make durable pipes, fiberglass, fiberglass, armored glass, hollow building blocks, complex, heat-resistant laboratory glassware from glass. Glass successfully competes with metal. This is very promising material in the most various industries National economy.
The importance of glass in our everyday life is also various dishes, vases, mirrors...
The larger the bath furnace and the higher the glass melting temperature, the more productive the furnace is. It is possible to increase the melting temperature of glass if not only heating the furnace with gas or liquid fuel, but also using the electrothermal effect in the glass mass itself. After all, glass melt at high temperature conducts electricity. Now the temperature of bath furnaces is increased to 16000C and electric heating is widely used.

energy saving heat

It is now going viral all over the world. And for good reason. In winter, energy-saving glass retains heat, in summer - cool. It has been calculated that thanks to these glasses it is possible to reduce energy costs by about 30%.
In general, a decrease in heat losses miraculously affects the climate of the entire planet - it allows you to avoid global warming. So, by purchasing such glasses, you are committing an act of a universal scale.

Tinted, colored and mirror glass

Used in construction, they give buildings respectability and solidity. And on the other hand, mirrored glasses carefully hide the "insides" of the house, protecting your personal life. Also used in cars. The effect of such glass is wonderful: no one sees you, but you see everything that happens on the street. Facade of buildings, colored doors, partitions, windows, etc.

patterned glass

The surface is generously decorated with all sorts of ornaments. Now in Europe, for example, the most "squeak" is glass with small-small geometric patterns. This technology is new, and therefore such glasses are four times more expensive than conventional patterned ones.
For example, "frost" glass is made like this - silicate glue is applied to the glass, and then placed in an oven. The result is very similar to the patterns that form on our glasses in winter. The process of the birth of patterned glass "blizzard" is also interesting. Under the cooling plastic glass mass, air is let in, which, punching its way, leaves relief waves on the glass.

Safe and durable glass

Now in rich houses and buildings they put glass tables.
In public places where there are a lot of people, they try to install safety glasses. Have you seen, probably, placers of glass chips at the site of a car accident? So, exactly tempered glass apply to "glazing" of cars, buses and other transport, entrance doors and partitions. Non-sharp fragments are obtained, as experts say. Double-glazed windows are soundproofed.

Protective glass

Glasses of class A (protection against vandalism) crack only if they are hit hard several times with a brick.
Protection class B - bulletproof glass.
Used in buildings: glass entrance doors, protective windows.
Also such glasses are used in cars of special importance.
Laminated glass.

Glass Application

in the construction industry ( window blocks with wooden or metal bindings; doors; partitions; decorative stained-glass windows, finishing tiles and mirrors; greenhouses; thermal insulation of multilayer building envelopes, fiberglass materials)
In the electrovacuum industry (glass vacuums)
In the production of glass containers (chemical vessels, bottles, jars, household utensils, etc.)
Optical industry (glasses, lenses, etc.)
Instrumentation (board, protective plates)
In the interior (mirrors, glass partitions, glass blocks, transparent columns, coffee tables and tables for equipment, glass shelves, bookcases and other types of furniture and decorations.

Glass Glass is... Glass is one of the most ancient and, due to the variety of its properties, a material that is universal in human practice. Physico-chemically inorganic. Presentation on the topic "glass"

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Presentation on the topic:

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slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Glass is... Glass is one of the most ancient and, due to the variety of its properties, a universal material in human practice. Physicochemical - inorganic matter, solid; structurally - amorphous, isotropic; aggregate all types of glasses - an extremely viscous supercooled liquid, reaching a glassy state in the process of cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent the crystallization of melts obtained in given temperature limits(from 300 to 2500 ºС), which are due to the oxide, fluoride or phosphate origin of their compositions.

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

The history of glass It has not yet been reliably established how and where glass was first obtained. For a long time, the primacy in the discovery of glassmaking was recognized by Egypt, to which glass-glazed faience tiles were considered undoubted evidence. interior linings pyramids of Jesser (mid-III millennium BC); to even more early period(the first dynasty of the pharaohs) include finds of faience jewelry (see above), that is, glass existed in Egypt already 5 thousand years ago. Egyptian glassmakers melted glass on open hearths in earthenware bowls. The sintered pieces were thrown hot into the water, where they cracked, and these fragments, the so-called frits, were ground into dust by millstones and melted again. ancient vase

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Description of the slide:

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Artistic glass Artistic glass is a very old craft. Not only dishes, window glass, lenses and other utilitarian items were made of glass, but also a variety of art products. Glass blowing is an operation that makes it possible to obtain glass from a viscous melt various forms- balls, vases, glasses. The most important working tool of a glassblower, his blowing tube, is a hollow metal tube 1-1.5 m long, one-third sheathed in wood and equipped with a brass mouthpiece at the end. Using a pipe, the glass blower collects molten glass from the furnace, blows it into a ball shape and molds it. Ready product they knock it off the pipe onto a pitchfork and carry it into the annealing furnace. The trace (nozzles, cap) remaining from the rebound must be removed by grinding

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The history of the modern bottle The very first bottles in the modern sense were ugly - thick-walled, lopsided, made of cloudy dirty glass with bubbles. However, they could already boast small size, a certain convenience, and therefore quickly gained popularity. But still, a lot of time passed before the bottles acquired modern harmony and noble posture. Of the first glass bottles, the most highly valued and expensive were the products of Venetian craftsmen - intricate shapes, with rich gilding and overhead, also made of glass mass, details. The heart of this glass industry was the island of Murano - because of the threat of fires in 1292, all the glass production of the Venetian Republic was transferred to it because of the threat of fires. The craft reached its peak in the 15th century and was caused by the emergence of new glass blowing technology and new methods of glass processing. At the same time, the masters of the island of Murano learned how to make not only colored, but also white (it is also “milk”) glass, which immediately became fashionable in Europe ... In those days when glassmaking developed in Venice and Venetian products became known outside the Apennine peninsulas, the local craftsmen, as well as the glassblowers of the cities of Faenza and Urbino, put a lot of effort and skill in the production of bottles. The bottles made by these craftsmen (cast in special metal molds) have become real works of art - bizarre in appearance, tall and graceful, flat or almost spherical. They were decorated with convex relief drawings depicting flowers, fruits, and even various scenes from mythology. It was in such bottles that wines, other drinks and seasonings were served on the table in rich houses. More simple bottles served to store liquid products, but they were also considered quite expensive in those days. Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, medicines and perfumes began to be stored in modern-style glass bottles. It is the same 18th century was marked by an incredible rise in the wine trade, which, in particular, was famous for the Enlightenment. Manufacturers were forced to solve the problem of exclusive branding of their products on bottles. The main problem was that appearance products invariably had to attract with their grace the whimsical gaze of a fastidious buyer. Sealing wax, which was used to cover the cork of a bottle until that time, was a short-lived material: seals were easy to fake. Around the end of the XVIII century. the custom came into fashion to mark with seals not sealing wax, but the actual wine bottle immediately before putting it on sale. In addition, the quality of the product was additionally confirmed by excise lead seals, which customs officials supplied with those sent to long way wine boxes. Somewhat later, after the Napoleonic wars, which almost undermined the export of Portuguese port wine to England, information about the contents began to be applied to the mold before the glass bottle was poured. At the same time, chemists synthesized glue, with which it became possible to attach a label to bottle glass. The further - the more: wine merchants invented the most incredible forms of bottles for bottling intoxicating drinks, and all these forms were patented. To date, bottles are one of the most mass-produced types of glass production. They are very diverse in purpose, shape, color and capacity. Bottles for wine differ quite a lot from each other: champagne, Bordeaux, Burgundy, Rhine, as well as those intended for strong and dessert wines and special wines like Tokay, port, vermouth, malaga and many others. others

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Glass bottles Glass is a very ancient packaging material: glass vessels were used in Egypt and Syria as early as three thousand years BC. e. At the same time, the technology of glass production is very static. Previously, bottles were blown using a special glass tube made of metal (most often iron) and approximately one third covered with wood. On one side of the tube was a mouthpiece, on the other - a special pear-shaped thickening for glass intake. After the tube was warmed up, it (with its thickening down) was lowered into the molten glass mass and turned so that the glass mass adhered to the “pear”. The glass blower quickly pulled out the pipe and, turning it so that the molten glass was held, inserted it into a special hollow mold made of clay or metal and began to blow hard into the mouthpiece. The resulting glass bubble filled the inside of the mold, forming a hollow bottle. By and large, the only major innovation before the beginning of the twentieth century was the invention of a hundred years BC. e. glass tube. In addition, the master was not always able to maintain the beauty of the form. The lower part of the vessel, as a rule, turned out to be more massive than the upper one, since the bottle was blown from a hot glass bubble, pulling it up to the neck. The final shape - damask, cone or rounded - was also given to the bottle by hand, "running" it on special figured surfaces made of bog oak. The bottles were heavy because the composition of the glass mass included metal salts.

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Only since 1901, when the first automatic bottle machine was patented, did the real development of the mass glass industry begin. Glass is very characteristic material. The main specificity is that it must be processed in an extremely hot and semi-liquid state. The molding or blowing operation is very fast, it should be completed in just a few seconds (in some individual cases - in a few minutes). After that, the glass loses its plasticity. By and large, bottle blowing technology has undergone only minor changes since then. Another thing is that this process is now fully automated. The molten glass mass from the glass melting furnace flows into the feeder, from where it is squeezed out in a fixed portion through a special hole and cut off with mechanical scissors. The resulting drop of a certain weight falls into the draft form of the glass-forming machine, where the neck rim is formed and the bottle body is pre-inflated. Then the draft mold is opened and the resulting workpiece is moved to the final mold, where the final formation of the product takes place. Frozen bottles go for annealing and slow cooling. The quality of annealing is determined by the term "glass thermal past". Good annealing allows you to get rid of the occurrence of internal stresses inside the glass, due to which the finished product can crumble into small pieces at the slightest impact, increase in pressure (bottling) or temperature (pasteurization).

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The presentation on the topic Glass can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Presentation subject: Chemistry. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you to interest your classmates or audience. To view the contents of the presentation, use the player, or if you want to download the presentation, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 11 slides.

Presentation slides

Glass is…

Glass is one of the most ancient and, due to the variety of its properties, a universal material in human practice. Physico-chemically - inorganic substance, solid body; structurally - amorphous, isotropic; Aggregately, all types of glasses are an extremely viscous supercooled liquid that reaches a glassy state in the process of cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent the crystallization of melts obtained within the specified temperature ranges (from 300 to 2500 ºС), which are due to the oxide, fluoride or phosphate origin of their compositions.

History of glass

Until now, it has not been reliably established how and where glass was first obtained. For a long time, the primacy in the discovery of glassmaking was recognized by Egypt, to which the glass-glazed faience tiles of the inner facings of the Jesser pyramid (mid-III millennium BC) were considered undoubted evidence; to an even earlier period (the first dynasty of the pharaohs) are the finds of faience jewelry (see above), that is, glass existed in Egypt already 5 thousand years ago. Egyptian glassmakers melted glass on open hearths in earthenware bowls. The sintered pieces were thrown hot into the water, where they cracked, and these fragments, the so-called frits, were ground into dust by millstones and melted again.

ancient vase

glass properties

Glass is an inorganic isotropic substance, a material known and used since ancient times. It also exists in a natural form, in the form of minerals (obsidian is a volcanic glass), but in practice - most often, as a product of glassmaking - one of ancient technologies in material culture. Structurally - amorphous substance, aggregate related to the category - a solid body. In practice, there is a huge number of modifications, implying a lot of various utilitarian possibilities, determined by the composition, structure, chemical and physical properties.

Currently, materials have been developed for an extremely wide, truly universal range of applications, which are both inherent initially (for example, transparency, reflectivity, resistance to aggressive environments, beauty, and many others) and previously uncharacteristic of glass - its synthesized qualities (for example, heat resistance , strength, bioactivity, controlled electrical conductivity, etc.). Different kinds glass is used in all areas human activity: from construction, visual arts, optics, medicine - to measuring technology, high technology and astronautics, aviation and military equipment.

glass formers

Glass-forming substances include: Oxides: SiO2 B2O3 P2O5 TeO2 GeO2 Fluorides: AlF3, etc.

art glass

Art glass is a very old craft. Glass was used to make not only dishes, window glass, lenses and other utilitarian items, but also a variety of artistic products. Glass blowing is an operation that allows obtaining various shapes from a viscous melt - balls, vases, glasses. The most important working tool of a glassblower, his blowing tube, is a hollow metal tube 1-1.5 m long, one-third sheathed in wood and equipped with a brass mouthpiece at the end. Using a pipe, the glass blower collects molten glass from the furnace, blows it into a ball shape and molds it. The finished product is knocked off the tube onto a fork and carried into the annealing furnace. The trace (nozzles, cap) remaining from the rebound must be removed by grinding

vessels. They were filled manually with a charge consisting of quartz sand, soda, chalk, dolomite and other materials. Charge at high temperature turned into a transparent mass. From liquid glass mass, glassblowers blew various vessels, bottles, utensils or cylinders, from which sheets of glass were then obtained. It was the hardest work. At the age of 30 of the last century, the first bath ovens appeared in Russia for industrial production glass. The demand for it grew very quickly. Glass-making factories began to make glass. And on each - one or more bathroom furnaces that produced tons of glass per day. Modern bath stoves are large structures. The length of the furnace for the production of window glass is several tens of meters. The mixture is loaded into the furnace continuously at 10-15 tons per hour using mechanical devices. The furnace holds more than 2500 tons of glass mass and produces 350 tons of glass and more per day. Even at high temperatures, glass mass has a high viscosity, tens of thousands of times greater than water. Therefore, bubbles of gases emitted by soda, chalk and other components of the charge linger in it for a long time. In addition, hundreds of tons of viscous glass melt is difficult to mix and make homogeneous.