Who was the first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee? Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev - biography. General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR

This now almost unused abbreviation was once known to every child and was pronounced almost with reverence. Central Committee of the CPSU! What do these letters mean?

About the name

The abbreviation we are interested in means, or more simply, Central Committee. Considering the importance of the Communist Party in society, its governing body could well be called the kitchen in which fateful decisions for the country were “cooked.” Members of the CPSU Central Committee, the main elite of the country, are the “cooks” in this kitchen, and the “chef” is the General Secretary.

From the history of the CPSU

The history of this public entity began long before the revolution and the proclamation of the USSR. Until 1952, its names changed several times: RCP(b), VKP(b). These abbreviations reflected both the ideology, which was clarified each time (from workers' social democracy to the Bolshevik Communist Party), and the scale (from Russian to all-Union). But the names are not the point. From the 20s to the 90s of the last century, a one-party system functioned in the country, and the Communist Party had a complete monopoly. The Constitution of 1936 recognized it as the governing core, and in the main law of the country of 1977 it was even proclaimed the guiding and guiding force of society. Any directives issued by the CPSU Central Committee instantly acquired the force of law.

All this, of course, did not contribute to the democratic development of the country. In the USSR, inequality of rights along party lines was actively promoted. Even small leadership positions could only be applied for by members of the CPSU, who could be held accountable for mistakes along party lines. One of the most terrible punishments was deprivation of a party card. The CPSU positioned itself as a party of workers and collective farmers, so there were quite strict quotas for its recruitment with new members. It was hard for a representative to find himself in the party ranks creative profession or a knowledge worker; The CPSU followed its own no less strictly. national composition. Thanks to this selection, the truly best did not always end up in the party.

From the party charter

In accordance with the Charter, all activities of the Communist Party were collegial. In primary organizations, decisions were made at general meetings, but in general the governing body was a congress held every few years. A party plenum was held approximately every six months. The Central Committee of the CPSU in the intervals between plenums and congresses was the leading unit responsible for all party activities. In turn, the highest body that led the Central Committee itself was the Politburo, headed by the General (First) Secretary.

In number functional responsibilities The Central Committee included personnel policy and local control, expenditure of the party budget and management of the activities of public structures. But not only that. Together with the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, he determined all ideological activities in the country and resolved the most important political and economic issues.

It is difficult for people who have not lived to understand this. In a democratic country where a number of parties operate, their activities are of little concern to the average person - he only remembers them before elections. But in the USSR the leading role of the Communist Party was even emphasized constitutionally! In factories and collective farms, in military units and in creative groups, the party organizer was the second (and in importance often the first) leader of this structure. Formally, the Communist Party could not manage economic or political processes: This is why the Council of Ministers existed. But in fact, the Communist Party decided everything. No one was surprised by the fact that the most important political problems and five-year plans for economic development were discussed and determined by party congresses. The Central Committee of the CPSU directed all these processes.

About the main person in the party

Theoretically, the Communist Party was a democratic entity: from the time of Lenin until the last moment, there was no unity of command in it, and there were no formal leaders. It was assumed that the Secretary of the Central Committee was just a technical position, and the members governing body are equal. The first secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee, or rather the RCP(b), were indeed not very noticeable figures. E. Stasova, Y. Sverdlov, N. Krestinsky, V. Molotov - although their names were well-known, their relationship to practical guide these people didn't have. But with the arrival of I. Stalin, the process went differently: the “father of nations” managed to crush all power under himself. A corresponding position also appeared - Secretary General. It must be said that the names of party leaders changed periodically: the General Secretaries were replaced by the First Secretaries of the CPSU Central Committee, then vice versa. WITH light hand Stalin, regardless of the title of his position, the party leader at the same time became the main person of the state.

After the death of the leader in 1953, N. Khrushchev and L. Brezhnev held this post, then for short term the position was occupied by Yu. Andropov and K. Chernenko. The last party leader was M. Gorbachev, who was also the only President of the USSR. The era of each of them was significant in its own way. If Stalin is considered by many to be a tyrant, then Khrushchev is usually called a voluntarist, and Brezhnev is the father of stagnation. Gorbachev went down in history as the man who first destroyed and then buried a huge state - the Soviet Union.

Conclusion

The history of the CPSU was academic discipline, mandatory for all universities in the country, and every schoolchild in the Soviet Union knew the main milestones in the development and activities of the party. Revolution, then civil war, industrialization and collectivization, victory over fascism and the post-war restoration of the country. And then virgin lands and space flights, large-scale all-Union construction projects - the history of the party was closely intertwined with the history of the state. In each case, the role of the CPSU was considered dominant, and the word “communist” was synonymous with a true patriot and simply a worthy person.

But if you read the history of the party differently, between the lines, you get a terrible thriller. Millions of repressed people, exiled peoples, camps and political murders, reprisals against undesirables, persecution of dissidents... We can say that the author of every black page Soviet history- Central Committee of the CPSU.

In the USSR they loved to quote Lenin’s words: “The party is the mind, honor and conscience of our era.” Alas! In fact, the Communist Party was neither one nor the other, nor the third. After the 1991 coup, the activities of the CPSU in Russia were banned. Is the Russian Communist Party the successor to the All-Union Party? Even experts find it difficult to explain this.

L. I. Brezhnev was elected to this position. At the XXIII Congress of the CPSU, held in 1966, changes were adopted to the CPSU Charter, and the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was abolished. The former title of the position of the first person in the Party Central Committee, General Secretary, which was abolished in 1934, was also returned.

Chronological list of actual leaders of the CPSU

Supervisor	With	By	Job title
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich	October 1917	1922	Informal leader
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich	April 1922	1934	General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich	1934	March 1953	Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich	March 1953	September 1953
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich	September 1953	October 1964	First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich	October 1964	1966	First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich	1966	November 1982	General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich	November 1982	February 1984
Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich	February 1984	March 1985
Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeevich	March 1985	August 1991

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Plan
Introduction
1 Joseph Stalin (April 1922 - March 1953)
1.1 The post of General Secretary and Stalin’s victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)
1.2 Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)
1.3 The last years of Stalin's reign (1951-1953)
1.4 Death of Stalin (March 5, 1953)
1.5 March 5, 1953 - Stalin's associates dismiss the leader an hour before his death

2 The struggle for power after the death of Stalin (March 1953 - September 1953)
3 Nikita Khrushchev (September 1953 - October 1964)
3.1 Post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee
3.2 First attempt to remove Khrushchev from power (June 1957)
3.3 Khrushev's removal from power (October 1964)

4 Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982)
5 Yuri Andropov (1982-1984)
6 Konstantin Chernenko (1984-1985)
7 Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
7.1 Gorbachev - general secretary
7.2 Election of Gorbachev as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council
7.3 Position of Deputy Secretary General
7.4 Ban of the CPSU and abolition of the post of Secretary General

8 List of General (First) Secretaries of the Party Central Committee - those who officially held such a position
References

Introduction

Party history
October Revolution
War communism
New Economic Policy
Stalinism
Khrushchev's thaw
The era of stagnation
Perestroika

The General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (in informal use and everyday speech is often shortened to General Secretary) is the most significant and only non-collegial position in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The position was introduced as part of the Secretariat on April 3, 1922 at the Plenum of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), elected by the XI Congress of the RCP (b), when I. V. Stalin was approved in this capacity.

From 1934 to 1953, this position was not mentioned at the plenums of the Central Committee during the elections of the Secretariat of the Central Committee. From 1953 to 1966, the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was elected, and in 1966 the position of General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee was again established.

The post of General Secretary and Stalin's victory in the struggle for power (1922-1934)

The proposal to establish this post and appoint Stalin to it was made based on Zinoviev’s idea by member of the Politburo of the Central Committee Lev Kamenev, in agreement with Lenin. Lenin was not afraid of any competition from the uncultured and politically small Stalin. But for the same reason, Zinoviev and Kamenev made him secretary general: they considered Stalin a politically insignificant person, saw in him a convenient assistant, but not a rival.

Initially, this position meant only the leadership of the party apparatus, while the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Lenin, formally remained the leader of the party and government. In addition, leadership in the party was considered inextricably linked with the merits of the theorist; therefore, following Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin were considered the most prominent “leaders”, while Stalin was seen to have neither theoretical merits nor special merits in the revolution.

Lenin highly valued Stalin's organizational skills, but Stalin's despotic behavior and his rudeness towards N. Krupskaya made Lenin repent of his appointment, and in his “Letter to the Congress” Lenin stated that Stalin was too rude and should be removed from the post of General Secretary. But due to illness, Lenin withdrew from political activity.

Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev organized a triumvirate based on opposition to Trotsky.

Before the start of the XIII Congress (held in May 1924), Lenin's widow Nadezhda Krupskaya handed over a “Letter to the Congress”. It was announced at a meeting of the Council of Elders. Stalin announced his resignation for the first time at this meeting. Kamenev proposed to resolve the issue by voting. The majority was in favor of leaving Stalin as General Secretary; only Trotsky's supporters voted against.

After Lenin's death, Leon Trotsky claimed the role of the first person in the party and state. But he lost to Stalin, who skillfully played out a combination, winning over Kamenev and Zinoviev to his side. And Stalin’s real career begins only from the moment when Zinoviev and Kamenev, wanting to seize Lenin’s inheritance and organizing the struggle against Trotsky, chose Stalin as an ally who must be had in the party apparatus.

On December 27, 1926, Stalin submitted his resignation from the post of General Secretary: “I ask you to relieve me from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. I declare that I can no longer work in this position, I am unable to work in this position any longer.” The resignation was not accepted.

It is interesting that Stalin never signed the full name of his position in official documents. He signed himself as "Secretary of the Central Committee" and was addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee. When the Encyclopedic Directory “Figures of the USSR and Revolutionary Movements of Russia” (prepared in 1925-1926) was published, Stalin was introduced there in the article “Stalin”: “since 1922, Stalin has been one of the secretaries of the Central Committee of the party, in which position he remains now.” That is, not a word about the post of Secretary General. Since the author of the article was Stalin’s personal secretary Ivan Tovstukha, it means that this was Stalin’s desire.

By the end of the 1920s, Stalin had concentrated so much personal power in his hands that the position became associated with the highest position in the party leadership, although the Charter of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks did not provide for its existence.

When Molotov was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1930, he asked to be relieved of his duties as Secretary of the Central Committee. Stalin agreed. And Lazar Kaganovich began to perform the duties of the second secretary of the Central Committee. He replaced Stalin in the Central Committee..

Stalin - sovereign ruler of the USSR (1934-1951)

According to R. Medvedev, in January 1934, XVII Congress An illegal bloc was formed mainly from the secretaries of regional committees and the Central Committee of the National Communist Parties, who, more than anyone else, felt and understood the error of Stalin’s policies. Proposals were put forward to move Stalin to the post of Chairman of the Council people's commissars or the Central Executive Committee, and elect S.M. to the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee. Kirov. A group of congress delegates talked with Kirov on this subject, but he resolutely refused, and without his consent the whole plan became unrealistic.

· Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich 1977: “ Kirov is a weak organizer. He's a good extra. And we treated him well. Stalin loved him. I say that he was Stalin's favorite. The fact that Khrushchev cast a shadow on Stalin, as if he killed Kirov, is vile ».

For all the importance of Leningrad and Leningrad region their leader Kirov was never the second person in the USSR. The position of the second most important person in the country was occupied by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Molotov. At the plenum after the congress, Kirov, like Stalin, was elected secretary of the Central Committee. 10 months later, Kirov died in the Smolny building from a shot by a former party worker. An attempt by opponents of the Stalinist regime to unite around Kirov during the 17th Party Congress led to the beginning of mass terror, which reached its climax in 1937-1938.

Since 1934, mention of the position of General Secretary has completely disappeared from documents. At the Plenums of the Central Committee, held after the XVII, XVIII and XIX Party Congresses, Stalin was elected Secretary of the Central Committee, actually performing the functions of the General Secretary of the Party Central Committee. After the XVII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, held in 1934, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks elected the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, consisting of Zhdanov, Kaganovich, Kirov and Stalin. Stalin, as chairman of the meetings of the Politburo and the Secretariat, retained general leadership, that is, the right to approve one or another agenda and determine the degree of readiness of draft decisions submitted for consideration.

Stalin continued to sign his name in official documents as “Secretary of the Central Committee,” and continued to be addressed as Secretary of the Central Committee.

Subsequent updates to the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939 and 1946. were also carried out with the election of formally equal secretaries of the Central Committee. Charter of the CPSU, adopted at XIX Congress CPSU, did not contain any mention of the existence of the position of “general secretary”.

In May 1941, in connection with the appointment of Stalin as Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Politburo adopted a resolution in which Andrei Zhdanov was officially named Stalin's deputy in the party: “In view of the fact that comrade. Stalin, remaining at the insistence of the Politburo of the Central Committee as the first Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, will not be able to devote sufficient time to work on the Secretariat of the Central Committee, appoint Comrade. Zhdanova A.A. Deputy Comrade. Stalin on the Secretariat of the Central Committee."

The official status of deputy party leader was not awarded to Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, who had previously actually performed this role.

The struggle among the country's leaders intensified as Stalin increasingly raised the question that in the event of his death he needed to select successors in the leadership of the party and government. Molotov recalled: “After the war, Stalin was about to retire and at the table said: “Let Vyacheslav work now. He's younger."

For a long time, Molotov was seen as a possible successor to Stalin, but later Stalin, who considered the first post in the USSR to be the head of government, suggested in private conversations that he sees Nikolai Voznesensky as his successor in the state line

Continuing to see Voznesensky as his successor in leadership of the government of the country, Stalin began to look for another candidate for the post of party leader. Mikoyan recalled: “I think it was 1948. Once Stalin pointed to 43-year-old Alexei Kuznetsov and said that future leaders should be young, and in general, such a person could someday become his successor in leadership of the party and the Central Committee.”

By this time, two dynamic rival groups had formed in the country's leadership. Then events took a tragic turn. In August 1948, the leader of the “Leningrad group” A.A. suddenly died. Zhdanov. Almost a year later in 1949, Voznesensky and Kuznetsov became key figures in the Leningrad Affair. They were sentenced to death penalty and they were shot on October 1, 1950.

All rulers of Russia Mikhail Ivanovich Vostryshev

FIRST SECRETARY OF THE CPSU Central Committee NIKITA SERGEEVICH KHRUSHCHEV (1894–1971)

FIRST SECRETARY OF THE CPSU Central Committee

NIKITA SERGEEVICH KHRUSHCHEV

The son of poor peasants Sergei Nikanorovich and Ksenia Ivanovna Khrushchev. Born on April 3/15, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Dmitrievsky district, Kursk province.

Nikita received primary education at the parochial school in the village of Yuzovka, where the family moved. Since 1908, he worked as a mechanic, boiler cleaner, and shepherd. In the years Civil War fought on the side of the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he joined the RSDLP(b).

In the early 1920s, he worked in the mines and studied at the workers' department of the Donetsk Industrial Institute. Since 1924, he was engaged in economic and party work in the Donbass and Kyiv.

In the 1920s, the head communist party in Ukraine there was L.M. Kaganovich, and, apparently, Khrushchev made a favorable impression on him. Soon after Kaganovich left for Moscow, Khrushchev was sent to study at the Industrial Academy named after I.V. Stalin, where he completed two courses in 1929–1931.

From January 1931 he was at party work in Moscow, in 1932–1934 he was the second secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU(b), in 1934–1938 he was the first secretary of the Moscow city committee of the CPSU(b), in 1935–1938 he was the first secretary of the Moscow Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

In January 1938, Nikita Sergeevich was appointed first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. In the same year he became a candidate, and in 1939 - a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. He was the first person in Ukraine until 1949.

Long live the socialist revolution! Artist Vladimir Serov. 1951

In Great Patriotic War Khrushchev was a member of the Military Councils of a number of fronts, and in 1943 he received the rank of lieutenant general; led the partisan movement behind the front line.

In 1949–1953, Nikita Sergeevich was the first secretary of the Moscow city and regional committees of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

After Stalin’s death, when the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers G.M. Malenkov left the post of Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev became the head of the country's highest party apparatus, although until September 1953 he did not have the title of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Between March and June 1953, L.P. Beria attempted to seize power. In order to eliminate him, Khrushchev entered into an alliance with Malenkov. In September 1953, he took the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee.

In the first years after Stalin's death, there was talk of "collective leadership", but soon after the arrest of Beria in June 1953, a struggle for power began between Malenkov and Khrushchev, in which Khrushchev won.

At the beginning of 1954, Nikita Sergeevich announced the start of a grandiose program for the development of virgin lands in order to increase grain production.

The reason for Malenkov's resignation from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in February 1955 was that Khrushchev managed to convince members of the CPSU Central Committee to support the course of preferential development of heavy industry, and, consequently, the production of weapons, and to abandon Malenkov's idea to give priority to the production of consumer goods.

Khrushchev appointed N.A. to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Bulganin, securing the position of the first person in the state.

The most striking event in Khrushchev's career was the 20th Congress of the CPSU, held in 1956. In his report to the congress, he put forward the thesis that war between capitalism and communism is not “fatally inevitable.” At a closed meeting, Khrushchev condemned Stalin, accusing him of mass extermination of people and erroneous policies that almost ended in the liquidation of the USSR in the war with Nazi Germany. This report resulted in unrest in the Eastern bloc countries of Poland (October 1956) and Hungary (October and November 1956).

N.S. Khrushchev in Stavropol. Artist G.I. Kuznetsov

In June 1957, the Presidium (formerly Politburo) of the CPSU Central Committee organized a conspiracy to remove Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. After his return from a trip to Finland, he was invited to a meeting of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee, which, by seven votes to four, demanded his resignation. Khrushchev convened a Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, which canceled this, and dismissed the “anti-party group” of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich.

At the end of 1957, Khrushchev dismissed Marshal G.K., who supported him in difficult times. Zhukova. Nikita Sergeevich strengthened the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee with his supporters, and in March 1958 he took the second post - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, uniting in himself the highest party and executive power.

Soon a joke appeared:

“Why did Khrushchev take the positions of First Secretary and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR?

“I realized that you can’t live on one salary.”

Khrushchev initiated the consolidation of collective farms (kolkhozes). This campaign led to a decrease in the number of collective farms over several years. He wanted to turn peasant villages into agricultural cities, so that collective farmers would live in the same houses as workers and would not have personal plots. Having little understanding of agriculture, Nikita Sergeevich carried out radical reforms in the countryside, which ultimately led to a food crisis.

Historian S.S. Dmitriev writes in his diary on April 10, 1957: “The leader’s next speech is full of nonsense and vulgarity, contains an apology for Lysenko and rude, unconvincing attacks against those who dare to doubt the usefulness of the organo-mineral fertilizer mixtures proposed by Lysenko. Thus, again, direct interference of the party in science with the help of administrative shouts.”

In 1957, after the successful testing of an intercontinental ballistic missile and the launch of the first Earth satellites into orbit, Khrushchev issued a statement demanding that Western countries “put an end to cold war" His demands for a separate peace treaty with East Germany in November 1958, which would have included a renewed blockade of West Berlin, led to an international crisis.

On the initiative of Nikita Sergeevich, on April 23, 1959, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was adopted “On the elimination of excesses in decoration, equipment and interior decoration public buildings" Inexpensive block houses began to be built throughout the country, which led to a sharp deterioration in their appearance, but it provided housing for millions of Soviet people, many of whom had previously lived in wooden barracks or overcrowded communal apartments.

On September 15-27, 1959, Khrushchev's first trip to the United States took place. He was accompanied by more than a hundred people, including his wife, son Sergei, daughters Yulia and Rada. Throughout all these days, the front pages of central Soviet newspapers were entirely devoted to this visit; photographs of Khrushchev were published daily, something that had previously been avoided.

The international situation noticeably warmed up after Khrushchev agreed to push back the deadline for resolving the Berlin issue, and Eisenhower agreed to convene a conference on top level, which would consider this issue. The summit meeting was scheduled for May 16, 1960 in Moscow. However, on May 1, 1960, a US U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down in the airspace over Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), and the meeting was disrupted.

In September-October 1960, Khrushchev visited the United States as head of the Soviet delegation to the UN General Assembly. During the Assembly, he was able to negotiate with the heads of government of a number of countries. His report to the Assembly contained calls for general disarmament, the immediate elimination of colonialism and the admission of China to the UN.

In June 1961, Khrushchev met with US President John Kennedy and again expressed his demands regarding Berlin. During the summer of 1961, the Soviet foreign policy became more and more stringent, and in September the USSR interrupted the three-year moratorium on testing nuclear weapons, carrying out a series of explosions.

At the end of 1959, Khrushchev made a delusional proposal in the next twenty years, by 1980, to build a communist society in the USSR and become the first economic power in the world. On October 30, 1961, at the XXII Party Congress, the CPSU Program was adopted, which allocated 20 years for building a communist society. What came of this dream, soviet people experienced it for ourselves.

On March 5–9, 1962, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee took place in the Grand Kremlin Palace. The next proposals of Khrushchev, outlined in his report, on the tasks of the party to improve leadership were discussed agriculture. Khrushchev insisted that instead of grasses that restored soil fertility, it was necessary to sow corn. Which is what they began to do.

A joke appeared:

“The son of the collective farm chairman asks his father:

- Dad, what is corn? You only talk about her...

- Oh, son, corn is a terrible thing. If you don’t remove it, they will remove you.”

During the “Khrushchev Thaw,” when censorship concessions were made for literary and artistic figures, many talented writers, artists, composers, theater and film workers successfully worked in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev looked closely at many of them: he helped some, he poisoned others.

On October 14, 1964, by the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was relieved of his duties as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and member of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee. He was replaced by L.I. Brezhnev, who became the First Secretary of the Communist Party, and A.N. Kosygin, who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

Nikita Sergeevich died after heart attack in the Kremlin hospital on September 11, 1971 and was buried on September 13 at the Novodevichy cemetery.

N.S. Khrushchev and F. Castro in a birch grove. Artist Marat Samsonov. 1960s

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Nikita Khrushchev before 1953 Certification, from the personal file of Nikita Khrushchev, reserve commissar. “Certification for the period from June 21 to September 1, 1930. Personal information. Energetic, decisive, disciplined, he completed his hikes with a “satisfactory” rating. Service data. Military

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Chapter 1 Nikita Sergeevich - a dissident “from now to now” The first dissident in the USSR was Nikita Khrushchev. Moreover, a dissident not in the sense of dissent, proposing a different course of development, but in the sense of an enemy and destroyer of the state. It was his report at the 20th Congress of the CPSU that caused more

From the book Once Stalin Told Trotsky, or Who the Horse Sailors Are. Situations, episodes, dialogues, anecdotes author Barkov Boris Mikhailovich

NIKITA SERGEEVICH KHRUSHCHEV. The Great Whistleblower and Anti-Soviet, or We Will Soon Come to the Complete Victory of Communism The editor-in-chief of Izvestia, Alexei Adzhubei, has given birth to a third son. Everyone in the family, including his father-in-law Khrushchev, was looking forward to the girl. Not yet knowing about the addition to

From the book How Brezhnev replaced Khrushchev. Secret history palace coup author Mlechin Leonid Mikhailovich

Our Nikita Sergeevich On that September day in 1971, when Khrushchev was taken to the hospital, from where he would never return, on the way Nikita Sergeevich saw corn crops. He said sadly that they had sown it wrong, the harvest could have been greater. The wife, Nina Petrovna, and the attending physician asked

author Khoroshevsky Andrey Yurievich

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (Born in 1894 - died in 1971) First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and Soviet leader from 1953 to 1964. Hero of the Soviet Union (1964). Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961). Knight of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd degree. The third leader of the Soviet

From the book History of Humanity. Russia author Khoroshevsky Andrey Yurievich

Mikhalkov Nikita Sergeevich (Born in 1945) Russian film director, actor, screenwriter, producer. People's Artist of the RSFSR. Chairman of the Union of Cinematographers of Russia. Knight of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree, Sergius of Radonezh, I degree, Legion of Honor and

From the book Favorites of the Rulers of Russia author Matyukhina Yulia Alekseevna

Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1894 - 1971) Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev - Soviet statesman and party leader, first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee from 1953 to 1964. Born into a peasant family in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk Province in 1894. In winter, little Nikita went to school, and in summer time

From the book Great Battles of the Criminal World. History of professional crime Soviet Russia. Book two (1941-1991) author Sidorov Alexander Anatolievich

Nikita Khrushchev and the “thieves’ breakup” A short period from the mid-50s to the early 60s - difficult time for the "thief" world. And this is connected primarily with the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which took place from February 14 to 25, 1956 in the Kremlin and brought together 1,436 delegates from all over the country. Congress

From the book Complete collection essays. Volume 16 [Other edition] author Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

From the book Khrushchev’s “thaw” and public sentiment in the USSR in 1953-1964. author Aksyutin Yuri Vasilievich

4.2.2. “Our dear Nikita Sergeevich!” On April 17, 1964, Khrushchev turned 70 years old. In the morning, in the two-story mansion on the Lenin Hills, where he lived, he was congratulated by members and candidates for membership of the Presidium of the Central Committee, secretaries of the Central Committee. Some of them, as the observant Shelest noted, behaved

From the book World history in sayings and quotes author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich

General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee - the most high position in the hierarchy of the Communist Party and, by and large, the leader of the Soviet Union. In the history of the party there were four more positions of the head of its central apparatus: Technical Secretary (1917-1918), Chairman of the Secretariat (1918-1919), Executive Secretary (1919-1922) and First Secretary (1953-1966).

The people who filled the first two positions were mainly engaged in paper secretarial work. The position of Executive Secretary was introduced in 1919 to perform administrative activities. The post of General Secretary, established in 1922, was also created purely for administrative and personnel work within the party. However, the first Secretary General Joseph Stalin, using the principles of democratic centralism, managed to become not only the leader of the party, but also the entire Soviet Union.

At the 17th Party Congress, Stalin was not formally re-elected to the post of General Secretary. However, his influence was already enough to maintain leadership in the party and the country as a whole. After Stalin's death in 1953, Georgy Malenkov was considered the most influential member of the Secretariat. After his appointment to the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers, he left the Secretariat and Nikita Khrushchev, who was soon elected First Secretary of the Central Committee, took the leading positions in the party.

Not limitless rulers

In 1964, the opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee removed Nikita Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary, electing Leonid Brezhnev in his place. Since 1966, the position of the party leader was again called the General Secretary. In Brezhnev's times, the power of the General Secretary was not unlimited, since members of the Politburo could limit his powers. The leadership of the country was carried out collectively.

Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country according to the same principle as the late Brezhnev. Both were elected to the party's top post while their health was failing and served only a short time as secretary general. Until 1990, when the Communist Party's monopoly on power was eliminated, Mikhail Gorbachev led the state as General Secretary of the CPSU. Especially for him, in order to maintain leadership in the country, the post of President of the Soviet Union was established in the same year.

After the August 1991 putsch, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary. He was replaced by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who served as Acting Secretary General for only five years. calendar days, until that moment, Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspended the activities of the CPSU.