What materials is the school and the world around us built from? Presentation "How to build a house" presentation for a lesson on the world around us (2nd grade) on the topic. Organizational moment. Checking homework
Open lesson around the world
Topic: How to build a house.
GOALS:
EQUIPMENT:
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.
II. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC.
It has a roof and windows
And of course there is a porch
We live in it very friendly
And perhaps there is an answer?
What is this? (house)
The topic of our lesson: How to build a house.
Today in class we will introduce you to different types dwellings, let's talk about who builds the house and how, what construction machines work at the construction site, consider the parts of the house and the order of their construction, and construct the house ourselves.
1. Types of housing.
2. Who builds the house and how.
3. Construction machines.
4. Parts of the house and the order of their construction.
5. Design.
Read the proverb.
My home is my castle
How do you understand the meaning of the proverb?
Has the home of cartoon characters become their fortress?
(View video clip)
Has the house become a fortress for the fox? Why?
Has the house become a fortress for Nif-Nif? Why?
Has the house become a fortress for Nuf-Nuf? Why?
Why did Naf-Naf tell the brothers that they were safe?
Do houses like this exist in real life?
Is there an ice house as big as a fox's?
In the Far North, everything is covered with snow and ice, the Eskimos built their homes from snow bricks with windows from pieces river ice. To keep it warm, they lit bowls of seal oil in the house and covered the floors and walls with animal skins. This house is IGLOO.
Are there houses made of straw and twigs like those of piglets?
HUT
Is there a house without walls or windows? DUGOUT
What will happen to such a house in an area where it rains constantly? How do people live in such areas?
HOUSE ON STILTS
Indonesia is located on the islands of the Indian Ocean. There are evergreen forests all around. It's hot and humid. When the time of big rains comes, it pours like buckets for the whole month. There is water all around, but the houses are dry. Stilts lift them off the ground.
WIGWAM
The Indians in North America, inhabitants of forests, stuck flexible tree trunks into the ground, tied their tops, covered them with branches or bark and got a wigwam.
This is the home of the Nenets reindeer herders.
It is made of poles (these are long sticks) on which reindeer skins are stretched. In the center, the hearth is the place where food was prepared.
To the right and left of the entrance to the tent are living and sleeping rooms. The floor is covered with mats made of twigs or grass; reindeer skins were laid out on them; winter reindeer skins also served as beds, because... their fur is thicker and warmer.
YURT
The Kazakhs, Kirghiz and Mongols have long raised sheep, so they cover the frame of poles with felt made of sheep's wool, and they get a yurt.
MAZANKA
In Ukraine, houses are built from brushwood, brick, and coated with clay, hence the name.
RUSSIAN IZBA
In Rus', since ancient times, log houses (huts) were cut from logs of various tree species.
COTTAGE
This modern house. Would you like to live in such a house?
How to build such a house?
What is needed to build a house?
(building materials, construction machines, people)
What professions do people work in construction?
(bricklayer, painter, crane operator, welder, assembler, carpenter)
Work in pairs.
1.Look at Fig. on pp. 112-113 of the textbook.
2. Determine what materials are needed to build a city house and what materials are needed to build a rural house. Arrange the words from the envelope into 2 groups.
What materials are needed to build a rural house?
(logs, boards, slate, bricks, sand, cement)
What are needed to build a city house?
(boards, bricks, sand, cement, concrete slabs)
Look at the illustrations showing the construction of urban and rural houses.
What difference do you see when building these houses?
What can’t you do without when building a city house?
(use of equipment in the construction of a city house)
Look at the pictures of the cars on page 112, what is the name of the car number 1? 2? 3?
(excavator, concrete mixer, dump truck)
It is very important that builders work harmoniously and amicably. Only then will the house be built quickly and efficiently. This means that the driver must deliver the bricks and cement on time, the crane operator must lift everything upstairs, and the mason must lay the bricks.
How should all builders work to build a house efficiently and quickly?
Conclusion: Builders must work harmoniously and amicably.
PHYSICAL MINUTE
One, two, three, four, five.
Let's build and play.
We are building a big, tall house.
We are installing windows and roofing.
What a beautiful house!
We will live together in it.
Working with a book.
1. Turn to pages 114-115.
2. Read the text about construction machines.
The class is divided into 2 subgroups: 1st subgroup reads about excavating machines on p. 114, 2nd subgroup reads the text about loader machines on p. 115.
Earthmoving machines.
(bulldozer, excavator)
Loaders.
(tower crane, forklift, truck crane)
Conclusion: What is needed to build a house?
Prepare building materials, construction equipment and invite builders.
1. Read the text in the textbook, pp. 114 – 115.
2.Prepare a story about construction machines.
Let's determine the procedure for building a house and its main parts.
Where does construction begin, what is laid first?
(foundation, walls, roof, finishing)
Conclusion: How to build a house? (In a specific order)
Construction of a house.
There are envelopes with geometric shapes on your desks.
You must use the figures to build a house, not forgetting the parts of the house and the order of construction.
Best works I'll take a photo and show you.
Look what kind of houses we have made, whether they will become a fortress for us. Are all parts of the house present?
Let's check how you have mastered the material. There are checkered leaves on the table. Take your pens, choose 1 correct option, write down the question number and letter.
1.What do you need to prepare for construction?
D) Camera
D) Construction materials
2. What special machines are used at construction sites?
M) Buses
H) Fire department and ambulance
O) Diggers and loaders
3. In what order is a house built?
K) Roof, finishing, foundation, walls
L) foundation, walls, finishing, roof
M) foundation, walls, roof, finishing
Peer review.
Swap papers with your desk neighbor.
Conclusion: How to build a house?
1. Prepare building materials, equipment and workers.
RESULT OF THE LESSON: How to build a house? What do you need to prepare?
1. Prepare building materials and equipment.
2. Build a house in a certain order.
Spare physical exercise
We are building a house.
One, two, three, four, five.
Let's build and play.
We are building a big, tall house.
We are installing windows and roofing.
What a beautiful house!
An old gnome will live in it.
Children perform jumps on the spot.
They stand on their toes and stretch their arms up.
Show the window, the roof with your hands - clasp your hands above your head
They extend their arms forward with an index gesture.
They squat.
Merzlyakova Olga Viktorovna
Topic: How to build new home? Lesson about the world around us in 2nd grade
We invite you on a journey. Sit down, my friend, on a magic carpet, Let us fly over the whole earth, Let's look at the houses where the People who inhabit the blue globe live.
What are these houses called? h a t a Khata is the traditional dwelling of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians living in the south of Russia. The frame of the hut was made of rods, which were coated with clay. The top of the hut was whitewashed with lime.
yurta Yurt is a portable dwelling of some peoples of Asia and Southern Siberia leading a nomadic lifestyle. The yurt has a cone shape and is covered with felt and animal skins.
ch u m Chum is a portable dwelling made of poles and reindeer skins with a conical roof among some peoples of the north. eastern Siberia engaged in reindeer husbandry.
Saklya is the home of the Caucasian highlanders. The saklya is built from stones and clay and can be attached directly to the rocks. To protect the home from the wind, they tried to choose the leeward side of the mountain slope for construction. s a k l i
An igloo is a house made of snow blocks that Eskimos build in their winter camps. The igloo is all made of snow. Even the beds on which people sleep. Transparent pieces of ice are inserted into the windows instead of glass. and g l u
In hot countries, in damp places reed huts are built on stilts to keep them cool and dry. And it's hard for snakes to reach. x i z i n a
Wigwam is the home of the Indians. It is a structure made of posts driven into the ground in a circle. The outside of this structure was covered with a covering made from the skins of animals, most often wild bison. c and g in a m
Izba is a traditional Russian dwelling. Master carpenters cut the hut from spruce or pine logs and covered it with a plank roof made from hewn boards, with a carved wooden ridge on top. The roof is sloping so that snow does not linger in winter. i z b a
Test yourself Dwelling hut chum saklya igloo hut wigwam hut Building material twigs, clay poles, animal skins stones, clay snow blocks reed poles, animal skins logs, boards
Construction machinery dump truck truck crane forklift excavator bulldozer tower crane
Building materials bricks sand slate concrete slabs boards logs cement
Who built this house? bulldozer operator excavator operator crane operator bricklayer roofer carpenter painter parquet floorer
Town house 1. They dig a large hole - a foundation pit. 2.Lay concrete base– foundation. 3. Lay walls of bricks. 4. To speed up construction they use concrete blocks. 5. Cement and concrete are used to hold materials together. 6. The roof is covered with tiles and tin.
Rural house 1. Lay a brick foundation - foundation. 2. The logs are fastened to the base using grooves. 3. The logs are covered with boards. 4. The roof is covered with slate and tiles. 5. Windows are protected with shutters and decorated with platbands.
The presentation used the resources of Internet sites: http://www.lenagold.ru http://dob.1september.ru/2002/20/4.htm http://community.livejournal.com/krapivin_ru/458150.html
Preview:
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Slide captions:
Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak - for children! Lesson literary reading in 2nd grade.
From the biography of S.Ya. Marshak Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak was born on November 3, 1887 in Voronezh. Early childhood and the first school years the future writer spent his time in the small town of Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh province. His family lived poorly, but amicably.
Since childhood, the boy was drawn to knowledge, to books, and began to write poetry early. First he studied at the gymnasium, then graduated from the University of London. The writer's first books of poetry appeared in 1923. From the biography of S.Ya. Marshak
Riddles of S.Ya. Marshak He makes noise in the field and in the garden, But he won’t get into the house. And I’m not going anywhere while he’s walking. Rain
Riddles of S.Ya. Marshak What is in front of us: Two shafts behind the ears, A wheel in front of our eyes, And a nurse on the nose? Glasses
Riddles of S.Ya. Marshak In Linen Country A steamboat is sailing along the Sheet River, back and forth. And behind him there is such a smooth surface - Not a wrinkle to be seen! Iron
Riddles of S.Ya. Marshak I rule a horned horse, If I don’t put this horse against the fence, it will fall without me. Bike
Riddles of S.Ya. Marshak They beat him with a hand and a stick, No one feels sorry for him. Why are they beating the poor guy? And for the fact that he is inflated! Ball
My Merry, Sound Ball, Where did you rush off to? Ball Yellow, Red, Blue, Can't keep up with you!
Where did you have lunch, sparrow? - In the zoo with the animals. - First I had lunch Behind bars at the lion. - I refreshed myself at the fox's, drank some water at the walrus's...
This is how absent-minded there was. There lived an absent-minded man on Basseynaya Street. In the morning he sat down on the bed, began to put on his shirt, put his hands into the sleeves - It turned out that these were trousers. That's how absentminded he is from Basseynaya Street!
The lady checked in a sofa, a suitcase, a suitcase, a painting, a basket, a cardboard box and a small dog... Luggage.
Here is the briefcase, coat and hat. It's Dad's Day off. Dad didn't leave today. So, he will be with me. What are we going to do today? We will discuss this together. I’ll sit with dad on the bed - Let’s discuss it together.
Once upon a time there was a girl. What was her name? Whoever called knew it. But you don't know. How old was she? How many winters, So many years, - Not forty yet. And only four years. And she had... Who did she have? Gray, Mustachioed, All striped. Who is this? Kitty. Mustachioed tabby.
Who is knocking on my door With a thick bag on a belt, With the number "5" on a copper plaque, In a blue uniform cap? This is him, This is him, the Leningrad postman. Today he has a lot of Letters in the bag on his side - From Tashkent, Taganrog, Tambov and Baku. At seven o'clock he started the business, at ten the bag lost weight, and by twelve o'clock he delivered everything to the addresses...
Carbon monoxide smoke began to billow. Gary's room is full. In the arms of Kuzma the fireman He carried Lena out of the window... On the market square, At the fire tower All day and night The watchman at the booth Looked around - To the north, To the south, To the west, To the east - Is there any smoke visible... Fire
The quitters were going to class, and the quitters ended up at the skating rink. A thick satchel with books on the back, And skates under the armpits on the belt... The cat and the quitters The gray cat answers the quitters: - I, a mustachioed cat, will soon be one year old. I knew a lot of lazy people like you, and I met such people for the first time!
If you are Polite and not deaf to your conscience, You will give in to the old woman without protest... And if you are Polite, Then, sitting in class, You will not chatter like two magpies with your friend...
For the first time in the arena For Moscow schoolchildren - Scientists seals, Dancing lions. Bear jugglers, Acrobatic dogs, Elephant tightrope walker, World champion. The only strongmen in the world Throw weights like children's balls...
The firefighters are looking, the police are looking, the photographers are looking in our capital, they have been looking for a long time, but they can’t find some guy about twenty years old. Of medium height, broad-shouldered and strong, he wears a white T-shirt and cap. The "GTO" sign is on his chest. They don't know anything about him anymore...
A bear of five or six years old was taught how to behave: - Visiting, bear, You can’t roar, You can’t be rude and swagger. You need to bow to your acquaintances, take off your hat to them, don’t step on their paws, and don’t catch fleas with your teeth, and don’t walk on all fours...
Snowy blizzard, blizzard, Spin yarn for us, Whip up fluffy snow, Like swan fluff. You, agile weavers - Whirlwinds and blizzards, Give rainbow brocade for shaggy fir trees. Blizzard. Work hard, blacksmith frost, forge us today a Necklace for birches for New Year's Eve!
Marshak is a storyteller. Twelve months Teremok Cat's house Fear of grief - no happiness to be seen Parsley - a foreigner Smart things Tale of a goat Magic wand Golden wheel...
A mouse sang in a hole at night: - Sleep, little mouse, shut up! I'll give you a crust of bread and a candle stub. The mouse answers her: “Your voice is too thin.” It’s better, mom, not food, look for a nanny for me!.. A fairy tale about a stupid mouse
The cat took the mouse away and sang: “Don’t be afraid, baby.” Let's play cat and mouse for an hour or two, dear! The frightened little mouse answers her, half asleep: “Our mother didn’t tell us to play cat and mouse...
You will read this fairy tale Quietly, quietly, quietly... Once upon a time there lived a gray hedgehog and his hedgehog. The gray hedgehog was very quiet and the hedgehog too. And they had a child - A very quiet hedgehog... A quiet fairy tale
On holiday, on Sunday, before going to bed for the night, the hostess began to fry, cook, stew and bake. It was autumn in the yard, and the wind was blowing damp. The old man says to the old woman: - Old woman, close the door!... Old woman, close the door!
Whatever a fool does, he does everything wrong. He doesn’t start from the beginning, But he ends up at random... He builds a house from the ceiling, Carries water with a sieve, Catches the sun in the field with his hat, Erases the shadows from the walls with a rag, Takes the door with him into the forest, So that the thief does not break into it. Not so... And she pulls a brown cow onto the roof by a rope, so that she can graze a little Where the grass has grown...
Why doesn't the moon have a dress? The tailor took the crescent's measurements and invites him to try it on. But in just fourteen days the month became twice as full... The crescent moon looked to the tailor, Not to the heavenly, but to the earthly. - Sew me, master, an elegant dress. I will walk across the sky on holiday.
Find out the fairy tale! Teremok
Find out the fairy tale!
Find out the fairy tale!
Marshak - translator Marshak is one of the best translators of foreign poetry of that time. While still a young man, he was able to go to study in England. He was deeply touched by folk songs, ballads and poems of English poets and he began to translate them into Russian. S.Ya.Marshak also translated from Latvian, Polish, Jewish, Czech, Kazakh, Hungarian, Italian, Ukrainian and Armenian.
Robin-Bobin Robin-Bobin Somehow refreshed himself on an empty stomach: Ate a calf Early in the morning, Two sheep and a ram, Ate a whole cow. And a counter with a butcher, A hundred larks in dough, And a horse and cart together, Five churches and bell towers - And even dissatisfied!
Where were you today, pussy? - From the Queen, from the English. - What did you see at court? - I saw a mouse on the carpet! Visiting the Queen English song
Brave men English folk song Translation by S. Marshak One day twenty-five tailors entered into battle with a snail. Each of them has a needle and thread in their hands! But they barely carried their feet away, fleeing from the enemy, when they saw Snail’s horns in the distance.
Here's the house. Which Jack built. And this is wheat. Which is kept in a dark closet in the house that Jack built. And this is a cheerful tit bird, Which deftly steals wheat, Which is stored in a dark closet In the house that Jack built. The House That Jack Built
Samuel Marshak Wishes to friends I wish you to bloom, grow, save, and improve your health. It's for a long journey - The most important condition. May every day and every hour bring you something new. Let your mind be kind and your heart be smart. I sincerely wish you, Friends, all the best. And everything good, friends, is not cheap for us!
Thanks to Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak for a wonderful gift for children!
I suggest looking at the illustrations on the board
Look and tell me: are all houses the same?
It’s true, there are different types of houses: brick, wood, panel.
Why do we call them that: wooden, brick, panel?
That's right, certain building materials are used to build each house.
So we have a question:
How to build a strong house? As we work on this question, we will fill out a table that will help us formulate a conclusion.
| House name | Construction material | Connection method | Construction time |
Words: wooden, panel, brick, wood, brick, panels, mortar, notch-groove, long-term, short-term, warm in winter, cool in summer.
The whole class is divided into 3 groups:
Group 1 prepares a conclusion about brick houses, group 2 - a conclusion about panel houses, group 3 - a conclusion about wooden houses. Each group has an assistant captain. Children work with cards.
1st group:
Wooden house - this is a fortress for every family man, and a wooden one is also an environmentally friendly, “breathing” housing. For many centuries, people have chosen wood as a building material, and all because such structures are durable, thermally conductive, cozy and attractive. The house will be warm and cozy in winter, cool and refreshing in summer, so the owners are guaranteed comfort at any time of the year. When starting to build, they planned where the foundation of the furnace would go, and the building was erected around this place. Hence the expression - “dancing from the stove”, which means starting over. A coin was placed at the base of the house - to wealth. The logs were connected using special recesses - grooves. One row of logs was called the “crown.” Building a house was like weaving a wreath. The end is the crown of the matter. They crowned the house with a roof. The windows were protected with shutters, decorated with paintings, carved platbands. In the old days wooden houses The whole village built it, so the house was erected in a matter of days. The only inconvenience was that the wood was easily flammable, but now special non-flammable materials are used to process wood.
Group 2:
Brick house
Nowadays, practice proves that brick houses are considered the most desirable during construction. Brick walls “breathe”, and in a brick house with such walls a microclimate that is favorable for the owner is created. They are fireproof, durable, not susceptible to rotting and insect pests, durable and durable. This is not Nuf-Nuf's thatched house, brick house, creates a feeling of protection and reliability. After all, as they say in the old proverb, “my home is my castle.” Brick houses erected from various types bricks, which are connected to each other using a solution of sand, cement and water.
Group 3:
The construction of a multi-storey residential building today is the main option for solving the housing problem. The advantage of the technology is that not one, but several families will move into a house, even if the construction is carried out on a small plot of land. Several types of construction are popular: panel, brick, monolithic. The choice of type of development is carried out in accordance with soil conditions, seismological conditions, climatic conditions, availability of materials, means and capabilities. Before to build panel house years passed, but with our modern technology and with new technologies, houses are built in a few months. Panel houses have poor thermal insulation than brick and wood ones.
| House name | Construction material | Connection method | Construction time |
| wooden | notch-groove | short-term |
|
| panel | long-term |
||
| brick | long-term |
Lesson topic: “How to build a new house?”
Lesson objectives:
- introduce students to the construction profession;
- expand children's ideas about different homes, building materials and construction machines;
- develop children’s cognitive activity and ability to work with educational text;
- improve skills of independent group work;
- cultivate a respectful attitude towards people of different professions.
Equipment: textbook “The World Around Us” by Pleshakova A.A., workbook, computer, multimedia projector, slide presentation ( Appendix 1 ), VCR, video film, task cards for group work
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
1. Organizational moment. Checking homework
There are so many very good things around,
Who serve us honestly.
But how did it appear, where did it come from?
Everything that we sometimes need.
– In the last lesson we learned the secrets of some things. Tell us:
- how clay is transformed into different products;
- how a book is born;
- how woolen things are made (pages 105-107 of the textbook).
2. Communicate the topic and purpose of the lesson
– Today we will take you on another journey. ( Appendix 1 . Slide 2.)
We enter the house, and in that house
Warmth, water and light.
The house is beautiful, cozy, durable.
How old is the house?The house was built five years ago -
Both the house and the whole block.
But who built this house?
And how did it become a home?
– Formulate the purpose of our lesson. (Answer the question: “How to build a new house?”).
3. Updating children's knowledge
– How did a person learn to build? Where did you start? (Children's answers)
Feeding people, clothing the hunt,
But they began to feel reluctant to live in the cave.
It was cold there for both the old and the young,
And they went hunting for building materials.
– What was the building material? What were the houses made of? ( Appendix 1 . Slides 3-11.)
4. Getting to know new material
- There are different houses. People live in houses, people work in houses. For a long time they were built according to the custom of their ancestors. In Rus', for example, a person began by carefully choosing a place to build a house. Sometimes, to find a suitable place, the builder walked along the river bank for many kilometers. They often did this: they floated a log on the water, and where it landed on the shore, they founded a settlement.
Even in those days it was believed that building a house could only be done with an axe. It was impossible to use a saw. The fact is that the ax compacts the wood, the cut area becomes smooth, and the pores that exist in the wood are closed. Moisture does not penetrate them, and they do not begin to rot ahead of time, as happened with those logs and boards that were processed with a saw. Starting to fell the trees, the man put a piece of bread at the roots, bowed to the ground, and asked for forgiveness: “I didn’t take the ax out of boredom, I came out of great need.”
When starting to build, they planned where the foundation of the furnace would go, and the building was erected around this place. Hence the expression - “dancing from the stove”, which means starting over. A coin was placed at the base of the house - to wealth. The logs were connected using special recesses - grooves. One row of logs was called the “crown.” Building a house was like weaving a wreath. The end is the crown of the matter. They crowned the house with a roof. The windows were protected with shutters, decorated with paintings and carved frames.
The highest beautiful places allocated for churches and temples. They were built from stone and decorated with stone carvings and ornaments. High domes were erected using special lifting devices, because there were no cranes then. To make this lift work, horses were used. And the domes of cathedrals and churches soared upward.
5. Working with the textbook
“And now powerful, smart machines and convenient materials have come to help people.
– Open the textbook on page 112. Read the text “At a construction site.” (Reading the text.)
– What machines make the work of builders easier? (Children's answers. Appendix 1 . Slide 12.)
– Look at the pictures on page 111. Name the building materials that are shown here. What are they for? (Children's answers. Appendix 1 . Slide 13.)
– In modern construction, other materials invented by man are also used: glass, metals, plastic. Tin sheets are often used on the roofs of city houses.
6. Physical education minute
- Show with gestures the work that the characters in the poem do.
How to build a new house,
To make it comfortable? (They spread their hands.)Project drawing
Will do architect. (“They are drawing” in the air.)Frames, doors, window sill –
Will go through with a hammer carpenter. (They knock fist on fist.)It's time to paint and whitewash -
We invite you painter ! (“They paint” in the air.)And now please
Welcome to the house! (Inviting gesture.)
7. Continued work on new topic
– At a construction site, builders perform different types of work. Here the bulldozer carefully cuts and spreads the ground, because the bulldozer operator is a master of his craft. An excavator is digging a pit. This excavator operator deftly controls it. The tower crane is so large that you cannot immediately notice the cabin where the worker sits - the crane operator. Masons lay bricks, roofers lay roofs, carpenters install frames and doors, painters paint walls, parquet workers lay parquet. But it is very important that all builders work together, harmoniously, only then the house will be built quickly and efficiently. (Slide 14.)
– Now watch the video “Who built this house?” (Watch the video.)
8. Consolidation of what has been learned
The work is carried out in groups.
- Let's try to build a new house ourselves. Let's divide the class into two groups. You are now construction crews. The first team will build a city house, and the second - a rural one.
Everything you need is on the cards. Determine the sequence of work, completing the sentences with words from the dictionary. Tell us how your construction is going.
Brigade 1.
City house
Brigade 2.
Country house
Presentation of the results of the work of the teams. Checking and evaluating work. ( Appendix 1 . Slides 14-15.)
- Man learned to build. He became the Great Builder. A builder can do anything, he is needed everywhere, and is held in high esteem everywhere.
9. Lesson summary
– What goal did we set for ourselves?
– Have we answered the question?
– What new things did you learn for yourself in the lesson?
10. Homework
– Complete tasks No. 1-3 on page 41 of the notebook.
Used literature:
1. Zubkov B.V. From wheel to robot. – “Baby”, 1988.
2. Yaroslavtseva A. That we should build a house. – “ Fun lessons", 2005, No. 4, p. 26.
3. “Fun Lessons”, 2005, No. 2, p. 14.
4. Semyonova M. We are Slavs! – St. Petersburg. "ABC", 1998.
5. Efimovsky E. Wise sciences - without edification and boredom: Carousel of inventions. – St. Petersburg: TIT “Comet”, 1994.
