Social science. A new complete guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam. Ed. Baranova P.A
This collection, compiled by P. A. Baranov, contains 50 options for training in preparation for the social studies exam in 2018. All tasks are as close as possible in difficulty level to those that will be given in the exam, which allows us to adequately assess the abilities and level of preparation of students. Such a large volume of tasks allows you to systematically prepare for the exam in order to correctly distribute time and energy, learn to understand the meaning of the task, since some graduates have difficulties with this.
The book includes questions of different levels of complexity; they require a short or detailed answer. The assignments belong to different module blocks that must be studied in the social studies course. So, there are tasks in the areas of economics, political science, social and legal relations and others. In tasks that require a detailed answer, the depth of knowledge of students, the ability to analyze information, and argue are tested. own opinion. The manual can be used by teachers in the classroom for regular preparation and monitoring the level of knowledge, and it can also be used by schoolchildren themselves for self-study to the Unified State Exam.
The work belongs to the genre of educational literature. It was published in 2017 by AST Publishing House. The book is part of the Unified State Exam 2018 series. Large collection training options". On our website you can download the book "Unified State Examination-2018. Social science. 50 training options exam papers to prepare for the unified state exam" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 2.89 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also refer to the reviews of readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In our partner's online store you can buy and read the book in paper version.
Preface
The guide includes material school course“Social studies”, which is tested on the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of Secondary (Complete) Education in the subject on the basis of which examination tasks are compiled - test and measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Exam.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society”, “Spiritual life of society”, “Man”, “Cognition”, “Politics”, “Economics”, “Social relations”, “Law”, which form the core of the content of public education tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam. This reinforces the practical focus of the book.
A compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.
In the process of preparing for the social studies exam, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work, which is a form conducting the Unified State Exam. Therefore, after each topic, assignment options with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of testing and measuring materials in social studies, their level of complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing skills tested within the framework of the Unified State Exam:
– recognize the signs of concepts, characteristic features of a social object, elements of its description;
– compare social objects, identifying them common features and differences;
– correlate social science knowledge with the social realities that reflect them;
- evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;
– analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);
– recognize concepts and their components: correlate specific concepts with generic ones and eliminate unnecessary ones;
– establish correspondences between the essential features and characteristics of social phenomena and social science terms and concepts;
– apply knowledge about characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, selecting the necessary items from the proposed list;
– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;
– name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social scientific terms and concepts in the proposed context;
– list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;
– reveal the most important ones using examples theoretical principles and concepts of social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;
– apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect current problems human life and society;
– carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);
– formulate your own judgments and arguments on certain problems based on acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.
This will allow you to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should formalize the result of the completed task.
Section 1. Society
Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. System structure of society
The complexity of defining the concept of “society” is associated primarily with its extreme generality, and in addition, with its enormous significance. This led to the presence of many definitions of this concept.
Concept "society" V in a broad sense words can be defined as a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of interaction between people; forms of unification of people.
Society in the narrow sense of the word is:
– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);
– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);
– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);
– humanity as a whole.
Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or being of a society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, to unite, to undertake joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.
As a way of existence for people, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :
– production of material goods and services;
– distribution of labor products (activities);
– regulation and management of activities and behavior;
– human reproduction and socialization;
– spiritual production and regulation of people’s activity.
The essence of society lies not in people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is the totality of social relations.
Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. a system that is capable of seriously changing and at the same time maintaining its essence and qualitative certainty.
At the same time system defined as complex of interacting elements. In turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.
Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of its parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond the individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interrelation of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.
Accordingly, society is complexly organized self-developing open system , which includes individuals and social communities, united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.
To analyze complex systems similar to society, the concept of “subsystem” was developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.
Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the spheres public life basic spheres of public life .
The basis for delimiting spheres of public life are basic human needs.
The division into four spheres of public life is arbitrary. Other areas can be mentioned: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally identified as the most general and significant.
Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :
1. It is different variety of different social structures and subsystems. This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a highly complex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relationships.
2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up; it is system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships that a person creates with his own active work together with other people. These “invisible” social connections and relationships are given to people in their language, various actions, activity programs, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and must be considered as a whole, in the totality of its individual components.
3. Society has self-sufficiency, i.e. the ability of its active joint activities create and reproduce necessary conditions own existence. Society is characterized in this case as an integral, unified organism in which various social groups, a wide variety of activities that provide vital living conditions.
4. The society is exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. Main actor in the choice of development options is the person.
5. Society highlights special status of subjects, determining its development. Man is a universal component of social systems, included in each of them. Behind the confrontation of ideas in society there is always a clash of corresponding needs, interests, goals, the impact of such social factors, How public opinion, official ideology, political attitudes and traditions. Inevitable for social development is intense competition of interests and aspirations, and therefore, in society there is often a clash of alternative ideas, heated polemics and struggles take place.
6. Society has unpredictability, non-linear development. Presence in society large quantity subsystems, constant clash of interests and goals different people creates prerequisites for implementation different options and models of future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is completely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists create models of social forecasting: options for the development of the social system in its most diverse areas, computer models of the world, etc.
Sample assignment
A1. Choose the correct answer. Which feature characterizes society as a system?
1. constant development
2. part of the material world
3. isolation from nature
4. ways people interact
In the directory addressed to graduates high school and applicants are given the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test and measurement tests - are compiled Unified State Exam materials(KIMS).
The reference book presents the following content module blocks: “Man and Society”, “Economics”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law”.
A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - provides maximum efficiency preparation for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.
The concept of truth, its criteria.
In many ways, the problem of the reliability of our knowledge about the world is determined by the answer to the fundamental question of the theory of knowledge: “What is truth?”
The classical concept of truth is associated with the first definition: truth is knowledge that corresponds to its subject and coincides with it.
True:
there is a process, and not some one-time act of comprehending an object in full at once;
is always specific: it is always connected with certain place, time, circumstances. For example, the atomistic concept of the past fundamentally contains the truth: material bodies really consist of atoms that are indivisible. If, however, we do not indicate that we are talking about certain conditions, we assume that atoms are always indivisible, then we will make a mistake and violate the principle of concreteness of truth.
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- Social studies, New complete reference book for preparing for the Unified State Exam, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2018
- Unified State Examination, Social Studies, Full Express Tutor, Baranov, Vorontsov, Shevchenko, 2013
- Unified State Exam in Social Studies, Full express tutor, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2013
The following textbooks and books.
Name: Social science - Complete guide to prepare for the Unified State Exam.
The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, provides the full material of the “Social Studies” course, which is tested on the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of content elements in the subject, on the basis of which examination tasks - test and measurement materials of the Unified State Examination - are compiled.
The reference book presents the following sections of the course: “Society, Spiritual life of society, Man, Cognition, Politics, Economics, Social relations, Law.
A brief and visual form of presentation - in the form of diagrams and tables - ensures maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample assignments and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.
Name: The most complete edition typical options real tasks of the Unified State Exam-2009 - Social studies.
The proposed collection allows you to form an idea of the features of all types of tasks used on the Unified State Exam in social studies. It included 12 training variants of CMMs, compiled from tasks from the open segment of the Federal Bank test tasks, posted on the FIPI website (www.fipi.ru). The collection contains answers to the tasks of the training options. The collection also includes standard instructions for Unified State Examination participants, sample answer forms and instructions for filling them out.
Download and read The most complete edition of standard versions of real tasks of the Unified State Exam-2009 - Social studies - Kotova O.A., Liskova T.E.
Name: The most complete edition of real tasks for the Unified State Exam 2008 - Social Studies.
The use of materials from the collection in teaching practice will make it possible to obtain fairly objective information about the state of general education training for high school students. School teachers and teachers of pre-university training structures can apply the presented versions of KIM at the stage of summarizing the studied material and repeating it to identify the level of students’ preparedness in the subject, their readiness for final certification V Unified State Examination form. This is the most complete collection of exam assignments, including: detailed instructions for Unified State Examination participants, two sample exam forms, rules for filling them out, instructions for conducting the exam in subjects; options for all real tasks that meet all the requirements for the Unified State Exam 2008 and can be found in the exam; correct answers to tasks in parts A and B and assessment criteria for tasks in part C.
Download and read The most complete edition of real tasks for the Unified State Exam-2008 - Social Studies - Kotova O.A., Liskova T.E.
Name: Excellent student in the Unified State Examination - Social studies - Solving complex tasks.
The book is dedicated to the most difficult Unified State Exam assignments in social studies - open-type tasks with detailed, freely constructed answers. The authors provide characteristics of all varieties of these tasks, descriptions of their models, features of implementation, examples of graduates’ answers and comments on them.
Materials used in the book demo options Unified State Examination and the open segment of the Federal Test Bank.
Name: Social studies - Express tutor for preparing for the Unified State Exam - Man - Cognition.
This book is training manual for fast and effective preparation schoolchildren and applicants for the Unified State Exam (USE) in social studies, which in its content corresponds to the state standard of social science education. The manual is intended to assist in systematizing, deepening, and generalizing knowledge in two content blocks of the social studies course “Man” (section 1) and “Cognition” (section 2).
Download and read Social Studies - Express - tutor for preparing for the Unified State Exam - Man - Cognition - Baranov P.A.
Name: Social studies - Express tutor for preparing for the Unified State Exam - The spiritual life of society.
This book is a textbook for quickly and effectively preparing schoolchildren and applicants for the Unified State Exam (USE) in social studies, which in its content corresponds to the state standard of social studies education. The manual is intended to assist in systematizing, deepening, and generalizing knowledge in two content blocks of the social studies course: “Society” (section 1) and “Spiritual life of society” (section 2).
Unified State Exam 2018: Social studies
Directory
Olga Aleksandrovna Yakushenko
Irina Igorevna Kucherova
Elizbar Igorevich Zakaraya
© Olga Aleksandrovna Yakushenko, 2017
© Irina Igorevna Kucherova, 2017
© Elizbar Igorevich Zakaraya, 2017
ISBN 978-5-4485-5385-1
Created in the intellectual publishing system Ridero
Yakushenko O. A.– teacher of history and social studies, editor-in-chief of the magazine “New in Education”, winner of a number of professional competitions
Kucherova I. I.– Deputy Director for Educational Work, history and social studies teacher of the highest qualification category, expert of the regional examination commission.
Zakaraya E.I.– teacher of history and social studies of the first qualification category, winner of a number of professional competitions.
In Russia, the Unified State Exam appeared in experimental form back in 2001. This type of exam has become new not only for graduates, but also for teachers. In 2018, the Unified State Exam is already 17 years old. During this time it appeared huge amount reference books, but after analyzing most of them dedicated to the social studies exam, we came to the conclusion that they either contain a lot of unnecessary information, or the materials are written in a language that is difficult for most students to understand.
For 10 years, teachers based personal experience To successfully prepare graduates for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, we collected all the material bit by bit, selected questions for each exam topic, analyzed about 200 different manuals and other sources.
The presented material will be useful to teachers preparing high school students for the Unified State Exam in social studies and, of course, to graduates. This manual covers all exam topics to the required extent, provides an overview of the questions and the sequence of their solution.
Review
Taking into account the very tough modern requirements to the level of training of graduates educational organizations, as well as systematic changes to the testing and measuring materials of the Unified State Examination and the Unified State Examination, the relevance of creating an extensive, illustrated and relevant in the light of the changes in KIM-2017 textbook for the course “Social Studies” is difficult to overestimate.
The manual consists of five sections - “Man and Society”, “Economy”, “Social Relations”, “Politics”, “Law” - which include relevant topics diagnosed by the corresponding state exam. Despite the fact that the manual is focused on preparing for the Unified State Exam, it can be quite successfully used (according to a truncated program to a certain extent) in preparation for the Main State Exam, since it is written in a very accessible and easy-to-understand language. The architectonics of the work seems logical, justified and does not cause any complaints.
The undoubted advantage of the work is its clear compliance with the latest changes made to the structure and content of the Unified State Exam-2017 in the course “Social Studies”.
Other advantages of this textbook include a logical and clear system for presenting material; in-depth coverage of the main aspects of the discipline being studied; the presence of a practical part - tests compiled in the image and likeness of the Unified State Exam KIM, which gives students the opportunity to become as closely acquainted with the structure of examination tests as possible; illustration; very solid bibliographic basis; presence of a glossary.
In general, the textbook has been prepared in a qualified manner, in terms of its content, theoretical and pedagogical properties, it fully complies with all the requirements, we evaluate it positively and can be recommended for publication.
Reviewer:
Doctor of History, Professor
Sochinsky state university A.A.Cherkasov
Section I. Man and Society
Question 1. Natural and social in man
2) Biological and social in man
3) The difference between man and animal
4) Individual, individuality, personality
5) Factors influencing the formation of personality
1) Theories of human origin. Anthropogenesis
According to scientists, the approximate age of our planet is 4.5 billion years, and humanity is 10-15 million years old. Anthropology deals with the issue of the emergence and development of man as a biological and sociocultural being.
Anthropology(“anthropos” - “man” and “logos” - “mind, knowledge”) is a science that studies the origin and evolution of man, his structure and physiology, and the formation of races.
The process of the formation of Homo sapiens, which lasted millions of years, is called anthropogenesis(“anthropos” - “man” and “genesis” - “origin”).
Theories of human origin:
Scientific, evolutionary (biological) or theory natural selection, according to researchers, originated in antiquity, but received public recognition only after the publication of the works of the English naturalist and traveler Charles Robert Darwin. The essence of this theory is that man descended from some lower form of hominids (the most highly organized family of apes). To prove the correctness of his research, Charles Darwin gives the following arguments: similar embryonic development, blood composition, bone shape, identical diseases, etc.
“It is well known that man is built according to the same general type or pattern, like other mammals."
“Embryonic development. The very embryo (embryo) is very early period barely distinguishable from the embryos of other vertebrates.”
Darwin Ch. The origin of man and sexual selection
Evolutionary theory assumes that, as a result of the struggle for existence, the fittest individuals survive and participate in reproduction, that is, natural selection, resulting in the emergence of new species. Hereditary variability is the basis for the formation of new characteristics, which are subsequently fixed in the structure and functions of organisms.
In the 20th century, new discoveries helped build the chain of human evolution from Australopithecus to modern look. And in the last decade, new archaeological research has revolutionized all ideas about the human past and about the theory of Charles Darwin.
More and more scientists are coming to the conclusion that primitive people were completely Homo sapiens (reasonable people) and differed from monkeys no less than you and me, and their primitive way of life seems to indicate only a lack of material and technical base. Any of us would look no more “modern” on an ancient planet.<…>
Material shortage and harsh conditions everyday life was successfully overcome by ancient people. Neolithic (new) specialists stone age) indicate the following amazing fact: several fossil skeletons of primitive man were discovered with traces of a successfully performed cranial operation, after which the patients lived safely for many years. Even with the use of modern medical equipment Neurosurgeons are not always able to achieve positive results. Imagine the skill a doctor must have had to perform a craniotomy with stone (obsidian) instruments!
Vertyanov S. Origin of life: Facts, hypotheses, evidence.
Religious (divine) or theological theory– a worldview concept according to which everything on Earth was created by the Supreme Creator (God). The main source of this theory is Old Testament, which sets out a version of the creation of the world.
“And God created man in His own image, in the image of God He created him; male and female he created them.”
Old Testament
This theory is the earliest and many researchers believe that it does not require any evidence. Similarities between myths and legends different nations, telling about the creation of man, is one of the confirmations of the possible truth of this version.
“The wonderful structure of the cosmos and the harmony in it can only be explained by the fact that the cosmos was created according to the plan of an omniscient and omnipotent being. This is my first and last word.”
I. Newton
“I believe in God as a Person and in all conscience I can say that I have not been an atheist for a single minute of my life. While still a young student, I decisively rejected the views of Darwin, Haeckel and Huxley as helplessly outdated views.”
