Spitz and primitive types of dogs. Overview of Aboriginal dogs still preserved. Social and cultural factors of rock formation

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Characteristic features of primitive domestic dogs.

For several tens of thousands of years, a dog has been subjected to artificial selection, carried out in various directions - for hunting, performing various services, and for creating original decorative forms. Even Ch. Darwin paid attention and cited it as an example of the variety of forms formed by a species under the influence of artificial selection carried out by man. In those days there were about 200 breeds. Currently, more than 400 breeds have been recorded, but this is far from all. In various remote corners, there are local, aboriginal breeds. In a number of countries that are not members of the International Kennel Federation (FCI), there are numerous, widely known breeds that are not registered and therefore not taken into account by international organizations.

Primitive breeds - understand such breeds, in the formation of which natural selection has played a large role. These are breeds of domestic animals that have remained unchanged in appearance and productivity since time immemorial. Many primitive dog breeds are actually natural endemic populations. Such populations are usually small, well isolated from other populations of the same species. Reproduction of animals in such populations is carried out almost panmictically. (Panmictic called populations consisting of sexually reproducing individuals, which are characterized by cross-fertilization.)

Purposeful artificial selection is completely absent in them.

The concept of "primitive", indicates the presence of a large number of signs of a wild species that provide adaptation to the specific conditions of a given geographical area.

An important condition for the existence of primitive breeds is their isolation from other breeds.

Primitive rocks were formed in ancient times and formed spontaneously, mainly under the influence of natural selection. Such breeds were characteristic of subsistence farming with a backward economy, low breeding technology and primitive conditions for keeping animals. A characteristic feature of primitive breeds was low productivity; dogs were difficult to train and were relatively weakly attached to humans; large and powerful males sharply differed from small and weak-boned females. Along with the shortcomings, these breeds also had valuable qualities: great endurance, unpretentiousness in food, adaptability to difficult conditions of existence and use.

Primitive dog breeds are created by nature and without human intervention, only with the help of natural selection.
Primitive breeds have developed under conditions of extensive subsistence farming under the strong influence of natural selection. These breeds are well adapted to local natural conditions, are little changeable, the animals are hardy, and are characterized by low, but universal productivity. Primitive dog breeds retain similarities to their wild wolf ancestor, such as erect ears, a wedge-shaped muzzle, an almost square, slightly elongated format, small, deep-set eyes often with an oblique slit, and an independent character. Some of them also have a moderate number of puppies, can feed them on regurgitated meat food and have one estrus a year only at certain times of the year.

Indigenous Breeds: Dog breeds from an area or country that have not been crossed with imported domesticated dogs and are well adapted to local climatic and economic conditions. The productivity of aboriginal dogs is usually low, but versatile.
It is worth noting that not every aboriginal dog breed is primitive.

Pariah: In this case, the term Pariah refers to a local or regional group of dogs that have lived and reproduced without human influence, at least since the prehistoric period. While pariahs may have been domesticated in the past, their modern morphology has evolved through natural selection alone. Although they are quite domesticated animals, they are able to survive on human refuse and partly by hunting small animals. In many areas of their distribution, they have intermingled with abandoned or lost cultural dogs or their crosses. As a result of this, pariahs have significantly lost their wild native appearance. Not all pariah dogs in the past and now lived and live wildly.

Phenotypically Aboriginal: These breeds have retained traces of Aboriginal/primitive dogs, but their history is not sufficiently documented to judge whether they are autochthonous, a return to a historical type, or they were created by crossing with Aboriginal breeds.

Those breeds that can still be restored to date, their minimal populations, must be preserved, as they represent the cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples. In addition, native breeds of dogs are carriers of the most unique genetic fund, a reserve for improving many existing factory breeds that originate from them. It is studies of aboriginal populations that can answer the question of the origin of the domestic dog, as well as some questions related to human ecology.

Many people know that the dog was the first domesticated animal. Comparisons of morphology, physiology, behavior and recent studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate that all dog breeds are descended from the same ancestor - the wolf.

The domestication of the wolf took place about 15,000 years ago in Asia. Later, dogs began to spread among the human tribes of the world with migrations, wars and trade. The presence and participation of dogs gave people valuable experience, and it hastened and facilitated the domestication of other animals as well. Domestication and modification of dogs continued wherever they went with people, and this largely depended on the traditions of their owners and local conditions. Together with people, dogs have significantly expanded their distribution area, populating all continents and landscapes, from polar deserts to tropical forests, and many islands of the southern seas, except for Antarctica. As a result, aboriginal breeds of dogs were formed.

The word aboriginal means "original", and the name aboriginal dogs in this case is applicable to dogs of certain geographical areas of the world, where they were discovered and described by travelers, ethnographers and naturalists. Naturally, their history in each particular place is connected with the history of the people with whom they live. Therefore, a significant part of the information about them came to us from ethnographic sources. Aboriginal dog breeds were formed under conditions of primitive selection and free keeping. They bred almost without artificial restrictions and with a minimum of care for them from their owners. In some countries they still live the way they lived hundreds and thousands of years ago.
Physical isolation separated different groups of people from their dogs, and this was enough for the accumulated differences between local breeds to persist and become more and more stable. Strictly speaking, these were not breeds in the modern sense, because there was no purposeful selection of pairs in the breeding process, the dogs bred uncontrollably. Many dogs participated in breeding, and the mortality of puppies was the main limit to the growth of their numbers. Differences between geographically close breeds were often only statistical, and dogs with mixed traits were common where there was trade contact between their owners. Natural selection has always played a big role, and selection for the qualities people need came into play only when the owner supported the most valuable dogs in difficult times. For example, he gave food at the highest price to a bitch or carried her puppies inside the house in bad weather.

In addition to the primitiveness of the traditional content and selection, one can also talk about the primitiveness of the external appearance, mental make-up, hunting style and other features of dogs. Among native breeds, some individuals may have more primitive traits than others. Aboriginal dogs with a primitive appearance living now are the oldest breeds in the world. In general terms, their appearance is quite typical in all countries and is easily recognizable by visible "wild" signs. These are such dogs as Russian huskies, dingoes and basenjis. Of course, in every region of the world they differ in details of appearance, such as the color and length of the coat, the proportions of the head, the size and set of the ears, as well as the size and proportions of the body. There are also differences associated with reproduction: the most primitive of them have one estrus per year in a strictly defined season. But their differences in innate reactions to wild and domestic animals, familiar and unfamiliar people and a tendency to hunt, guard, work in a sled, general obedience, etc. are much stronger. Caucasian Shepherd Dogs, but they also bear the features of primitiveness in character, in the style of work and physiology.
The evolution of native breeds continued until recently. However, the growth of the human population and the global spread of a cosmopolitan culture have become a serious threat to their existence. Many unique native dogs have already died out, others have become rare and are losing their uniqueness due to mixing cultural (factory) breeds with imported dogs. Those native breeds that have received recognition from kennel clubs also lose their original dignity, turning into factory breeds bred for exhibition sports.

When hunting, a primitive dog uses all the senses given to it by nature in order to quickly find game, as a wolf would do.
In some geographical areas, the extinction of native dogs is also a result of changes in the way of life of the indigenous population.
Unfortunately, efforts to save still-living aboriginal dogs from extinction face many difficulties. Zoologists, for the most part, do not study them because they consider them a trivial subject. After all, dogs are pets. National and international conservation organizations are not interested in them, because aboriginal dogs do not belong to wild species and under existing legislation cannot be considered species that are threatened with extinction. They are not in the Red Book.

Aboriginal dogs are of great value to all dog lovers as unique creations of nature and man. Nowadays, when they are becoming a rarity, amateurs show more and more interest in them.

A growing number of scientists agree that the dog is an evolutionary product descended from the southern race of wolves, and that the final step towards domestication took place in the east. The "domestic dog" became a reality as humanity moved from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a more sedentary lifestyle. This process was completed by the end of the last ice age, that is, about 12 thousand years ago. From the beginning of domestication, dogs quickly spread across Eurasia, got to America through Beringia, traveled with the Jomo people to Japan, sailed with Asian sailors to the Pacific Islands, accompanying nomadic shepherds with their herds, got through the Suez Canal to Africa.
As such, domestic dogs are not endemic to Africa. As in most other parts of the world, they came as immigrants. On the African continent, archaeologists have found the earliest remains of domestic dogs at Nabta Playa, Merim de Beni Salam and Maladi. All these places are located near the Nile Estuary in Egypt. Radiocarbon dating has shown that domestic dogs arrived in Africa about 7,000 years ago.
During the first millennium since their introduction to Africa, dogs spread along the Nile River and into the northern region of the country, where Sudan is now located. Drawings on pots dug up near the ancient settlement of Hierakonpolis depict dogs on leashes or in collars. They clearly show that the dog was an important part of the Neolithic way of life in the area. This characteristic Neolithic art dates back to 5,700 years ago. There is also evidence that at the same time, domestic dogs accompanied nomadic pastoral tribes who drove their herds to the Sahara region, which at that time was not yet as dry as it is now. Rock art discovered in the Hoggar and Tibesti mountains depicts hunting scenes with dogs. And here, archaeologists were able to date these finds 5,700 years ago. Further, archaeological evidence shows that the dog continued to spread further into western Africa and further along the Nile into the northern parts of Uganda and Kenya. It should be noted that the spread across northern Africa occurred long before the first pharaoh began to rule Egypt 5300 years ago.

The behavioral traits of primitive dogs are not distorted and are very bright. They are strongly attached to people, but not intrusive, undemanding, exceptionally quick-witted and hardy. They willingly train and work, especially in a situation in which they can use their natural quick wit. For example, teach them to track and search, and you will be amazed at the results. They accept even our traditional obedience training, but they only do it for positive rewards.

Classifying the breed as a “primitive” type means that the dog is cool, interesting, closest to nature, with an unusual individual character. Primitive breeds are perfectly adapted to life without a person in the community of their fellows. These breeds are the least subject to the influence of mankind, artificial selection, they were formed a long time ago, independently of people, and have remained so. These are the most natural dogs.

Half Greyhounds of the Mediterranean

A very peculiar group of Mediterranean dogs, often referred to as greyhounds: Canary Podenco, Ibizan Podenco, Portuguese Podengo, Sicilian Greyhound, Pharaoh Hound. These dogs have recently interested cynologists, and so far they cannot agree whether to consider them greyhounds, hounds, spitz or single them out separately. Therefore, in the short history of factory breeding of Mediterranean dogs in the FCI, they have already been transferred from one group to another.
First of all, it should be noted that all these dogs are considered direct descendants of one of the ancient Egyptian hunting dogs. A similar large greyhound-like dog with erect ears and a curled tail appeared on the frescoes and bas-reliefs of Ancient Egypt starting from the third millennium BC. She is well known to modern cynologists under the name Tezem. Theseems, for example, are depicted in drawings from the tomb of Ptahotep dating back to the 3rd millennium BC. e., on one of which we see a hunter with two dogs, and on the other - Tezema, who took a large antelope in place.
Many cynologists believe that the ancient Egyptian Tezema are the ancestors of almost all greyhounds. And one of the breeds from the island of Malta, due to the similarity with Tesem, and also to no small extent thanks to the efforts of English cynologists, even received the name "Pharaoh Hound". And paying tribute to the ancient origin of these dogs, clubs of lovers of "pharaohs" in England and the USA chose as their emblems the image of a dog found in the tomb of Antef II and dating back to 2000 BC. e.
Whether the father-in-law was an ancestor of the greyhounds or not is still impossible to say for sure, since in the middle of the second millennium BC. e. in ancient Egypt, the images of Tezem are already being replaced by a dog with hanging ears and a low tail. But the fact that the greyhound-like hunting dogs of the Mediterranean are descended from dogs similar to the tezeme and, apparently, were available not only among the Egyptians, but also among other ancient peoples of this region, is almost beyond doubt.
It is believed that these hunting dogs were brought to the shores and islands of the Mediterranean in ancient times, first by the Phoenicians, and then by the Greeks, Carthaginians and Romans. These ancient dogs lived for many centuries on the Mediterranean coasts of Greece, Italy, Spain, France, Crete, Malta, Sicily, the Balearic and Canary Islands. So, on a coin from Sicily, dating from about 400 BC. e., depicts a dog very similar to the modern Sicilian greyhound. And, for example, on the Balearic Islands, located in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, such dogs were believed to have arrived at the beginning of the first millennium BC. e., and maybe even earlier, and they have survived here to this day without any special changes.
Of course, everywhere developed their own local types of hunting dogs. However, they turned out to have a lot in common in the exterior: type of head, erect ears, straight topline, manner of carrying the tail, a range of colors, amber eye color and flesh-colored nose. In addition, they are used in similar conditions, and the manner of work of these dogs is almost the same.
Since ancient times, Mediterranean dogs have been used to catch rabbits and hunt other small animals. They have always been distinguished by good instinct, sight and hearing - in essence, the same properties as our domestic huskies. And now, they are not only able to work “by sight”, but also, using their hearing and instinct, they are able to detect a rabbit both underground in a hole and in dense thickets. On the hunt with these dogs, tame ferrets "furro" can also be used. At the same time, the dog waits at the hole and catches the expelled animal with a jump - a hunting method that was also used with real small greyhounds such as the greyhound. An important feature of these dogs is also the ability, using their instincts, to drive game along the trail with a voice in the manner of a hound.
According to the classification adopted in England and America, Mediterranean dogs belong to the Hound group - “greyhounds and hounds” and are considered, in general, greyhounds. However, the combined use of the sense organs is a qualitative difference between this group of hunting dogs and real greyhounds, which use their eyesight in pursuit. In addition, the very exterior of the Mediterranean greyhounds does not imply the possession of agility - an integral property of real greyhounds. These dogs are distinguished by a lively temperament, and also, with sufficient independence, greater contact - qualities that are not very characteristic of real greyhounds.
Despite some ability to follow an animal with a voice with the help of their instincts, Mediterranean dogs cannot be considered real hounds, which use only their instincts when searching for and pursuing an animal. However, in the FCI system for a long time they were classified as beagle dogs. And from 1987 to 1989, the FCI classified breeds related to greyhounds, in other words, greyhound-like.
These special properties, as well as some signs similar to spitz (likes) turned out to be quite good reasons for classifying Mediterranean dogs by many cynologists as a special intermediate group - “half-spitz" (i.e. "half-like"). Therefore, since 1990, these dogs have been assigned to FCI group 5 - "Spitz and primitive types of dogs." Moreover, for some reason, the Pharaoh Hound is included in section 6 - “primitive types of dogs”, and the Canarian Podenco, Ibizan Podenco, Portuguese Podengo, Sicilian Greyhound in section 7 - “primitive type hunting dogs”. True, the assignment of most of these breeds to hunting provided certain tax benefits in their countries of origin, which are enjoyed by owners of hunting dogs and which owners of greyhounds are deprived of. Although performance tests are still not required for them.
Mediterranean greyhounds, with all the commonality of their characteristics, depending on their place of origin, differ in some features of the exterior and have their own names. The Spaniards and the Portuguese call these dogs, respectively, "podenco" ("podenco") or "podengo" ("podengo"), which, of course, means the same thing and can be translated as "hare hound". There is a Portuguese Podengo in the Iberian Peninsula and an Ibizenco Podengo. The islands are inhabited by two varieties of Spanish Podencos - the Ibizan Podenco and the Canary Podenco, as well as the Sicilian Greyhound and the Pharaoh Hound. All of these breeds are recognized by the FCI, but in England and the States there are standards only for the Ibizan Podenco and the Pharaoh Hound.

Social and cultural factors of rock formation.

Breeds not only change: many of them, which do not meet the requirements of man, disappear, are replaced by new ones, that is, they exist as long as they are useful to man and meet his social and cultural needs.

rock-forming the process is determined by socio-ecological and natural-historical factors.

Dog breeds must be considered in close connection with the human production process, with the social formation of human society, as well as its culture and aesthetic needs.

M. Wilkens and some other scientists considered the main rock-forming factors to be natural-historical (climate, soil, composition of vegetation, terrain).

Dogs faster and easier than other domestic animals, they undergo changes under the influence of external conditions and natural-historical factors, form the most diverse, sometimes very distant and little similar forms.

One socio-economic formation replaced another. New areas of human activity expanded and appeared, life changed, the cultural level of a person grew. Along with this, the dog, a faithful companion of man, also underwent changes. New breeds appeared in which certain qualities of the animal were strengthened or weakened for its use in work.

In the appearance of indoor-decorative breeds of dogs, the main role was played by the cultural and aesthetic needs of a person, and sometimes the vagaries of fashion. If earlier a person was engaged in breeding dogs and the formation of a new breed almost blindly, then the rapid development of science and knowledge of the laws of genetics helped him introduce a certain order into breed formation and improvement of dog breeds.

Dog breeds were created, created and improved mainly under the influence of socio-economic factors, but this happens under certain natural historical factors that also have a certain influence on the breed-forming process, but are not the main breed-forming factor.

constancy(persistence in the transmission of traits to offspring) of the breed is ensured by breeding work, which accumulates from generation to generation the qualities and characteristics of animals, fixes and turns them into a characteristic feature of the breed.

The constancy of the breed covers exterior-constitutional and economically useful working traits. Therefore, he distributes dogs into classes according to the results of grading, based on these signs.

The constancy of the breed is relative, it is supported by selection and selection.

Plastic(variability depending on the direction of selection) of the breed gives it the ability to adapt to different conditions and is a factor in further progress. The plasticity of the rock is due to intrabreed types. In particular, the most common breed in the world, the German Shepherd, has a number of intrabreed types with some minor differences among themselves, but meeting the breed standard. Dogs of all these types of strong and strong-dry constitution, on the one hand, are allowed for breeding work in various natural and economic conditions, and on the other hand, they are distinguished by rather high working and aesthetic qualities.

The plasticity of the breed, the presence in it of dogs of several intrabreed types makes it possible to avoid overdevelopment of organisms.

The plasticity of the breed is its important positive quality, the basis for the further progress of the breed.

The structure of rocks. Breeds are created from breed groups that make up the initial stage of the formation of a breed.

A breed group is a "pre-breed", in other words, a breed that has not yet been completed in its creation, has not reached the right to be called a breed, i.e. breed candidate. The formed breed consists of offspring, intrabreed types, lines, families.

Spawn are zonal types of animals. Economic factors are decisive in their formation; physical and geographical factors are inextricably linked with them. The latter are among the important components of the division of the breed into zonal types - offspring, which serve as a retired part of breeds of wide distribution.

Practice shows that it is very difficult, and not necessary, to conduct isolated breeding work with individual offspring of dogs.

Breeding work in the conditions of a single country makes it possible to apply hetero-ecological selection to use the effect of heterosis.

Inbreeding type determined by the constitutional features of dogs and their zonal type in terms of working qualities. Intrabreed types of dogs are mandatory structural units with which the breeder works in the process of improving the breed. The breeder puts the selection of animals of desirable types as the basis of his work to improve the breed as a whole.

The uniformity of the animals of the breed is considered a good indicator of the selection of non-breeding stock. Lines and families can be considered as intrabreed patterns of uniformity.

Line- objectively existing, having a certain high-quality originality, breeding animals, descended from a certain outstanding ancestor-producer. The line is a valuable group of dogs (males and females) with similar features of behavior, constitution, exterior and working qualities, the ancestor of which is an outstanding breeder in terms of working and breeding qualities.

The line is characterized by: the presence of a certain large group of animals; qualitative originality - the type of dogs included in it and plasticity.

One of the important techniques for improving dog breeds is the line breeding method. At the same time, lines are valuable only when highly valuable genotypes are fixed in them. This breeding method is widely used.

Family- a highly productive valuable group of breeding queens, descended from an outstanding ancestor, similar to her in constitution and working qualities and characterized by certain properties that are persistently inherited. The uterine families most often have on-farm significance for the livestock of a certain cynological organization. Outstanding families are of general importance. those. they are used for all existing livestock of the breed. Selection of livestock according to brood families should be given no less attention than work with lines. Valuable families are important intrabreed structural parts that determine the development of individual breeds as a whole, because the origins of prominent sires are closely related to the brood families.

"Fading" rocks

Under adverse conditions (poor and inadequate feeding, poor maintenance, poor adaptation to environmental conditions, weakened constitution), breeds can be reborn and even degenerate.

At rebirth dogs of factory breeds are close to primitive in their qualities. At the same time, their working qualities decrease, the animals acquire a primitive type that does not meet the high selection requirements.

degeneration (degeneration)) - An extreme form of rebirth of animals. It is associated with a weakening of the constitution ( overdevelopment), a weakening of sexual function, leading to reduced fertility and the appearance of developmental anomalies. The degeneration of breeds comes as a result of long-term related mating (inbreeding-depression or inbreeding-degeneration). To avoid the degeneration and degeneration of breeds, it is necessary to carry out planned, reasonable breeding work with dog breeds at a high scientific zooengineering level.

During the transition to the Neolithic era with the development of agriculture and cattle breeding, a person actively included the dog in the circle of his economic interests, which immediately affected its appearance and laid the foundation for breed formation. In contrast to natural populations, where relative uniformity is maintained by the mechanism of stabilizing selection, which eliminates genetic and, accordingly, phenotypic deviations, a new mechanism, named by D.K. Belyaev, destabilizing selection, removing restrictions on the shaping process.

It is clear that when selecting dog offspring, a person was guided by its practical usefulness, and under his care what was eliminated in the wild nature was preserved. The cause of the shaping process is both the accumulated load of mutations inherited from the wild ancestor and the newly formed mutations. In the wild species, the accumulated mutations could only be recessive and exist in a heterozygous state.

Naturally, dominant mutations, say, hairlessness, in nature were doomed to a lethal outcome. In populations of domestic dogs, the coefficient of inbreeding is very high, and in order to obtain useful results, man deliberately used inbreeding. Under these conditions, the accumulated load of recessive mutations of the ancestor is cleaved out in the homozygous state and manifests itself phenotypically. Human selection, fixing new mutations and activating those accumulated by the ancestral species, creates such a combination of genes in the genome that leads to its destabilization and to a change in the very manifestation and expression of mutations, resulting in an outbreak of morphogenesis.

Already for the Neolithic in Europe, seven fossil forms of the domestic dog have been identified.
1 - Canis familiaris inostranzem Anuczin. Foreign dog. Found by prof. A. A. Inostrantsev at the site of an ancient man in the region of Lake Ladoga during the construction of a bypass canal and described by the zoologist D. N. Anuchin. A large wolf-like animal with a shorter muzzle and strong jaws. The find dates back to 3-4 thousand years BC. e.
2 - Canis familiaris putiatini Studer. Found in the vicinity of Bologoe. The age of Putyatin's dog is about 6 thousand years. The skull is similar in structure to that of the dingo.
3 - Canis familiaris leineri Studer. The Leiner dog is described by Studer from the early Neolithic in the vicinity of Bodman.
4 - Canis familiaris palustris Rutimeyer. Found and described Rutimer in the piled structures of the Swiss lakes. He called her a peat (peat) dog. The short, narrow face is similar to that of a Spitz, which is why this shape is sometimes called a Peat Spitz. The remains of such a dog were found in the piled buildings of Munich, caves in Belgium, on the coast of Lake Ladoga and in other places. The age is about 4 thousand years.
5 - Canis familiaris matris optima Seittels. Bronze dog, about 3 thousand years old.
Found in the Czech Republic, Russia. A large dog with a wedge-shaped skull, a long narrow muzzle, with a well-defined occipital crest. Age 4-5 thousand years.
It is assumed that it was used as a shepherd dog to guard the herd.
6 - Canis familiaris intermedius Woldricu. An ash or ash dog, so named due to the fact that its bone remains are found in the ashes of sacrificial fires in the territory from Austria to the Amur. The Latin name translates as intermediate, which indicates the intermediate position of her skull between the skulls of the peat-spitz and the bronze dog. The shape of the skull is similar to that of modern beagle dogs, with a blunt muzzle and a sharpened transition to the brain part of the skull.
7 - Canis familiaris decumanus Nehring. The bones of this dog were found by Nering near Berlin. Large dog, skull close to that of Inostrantsev's dog. In some respects, it resembles Great Danes.

The complexity of the problem of rock formation, and the classification of rocks, is determined by the fact that this process is due to two groups of factors: biological and social.

Biological factors include variation, heredity, and natural selection. At the same time, when creating breeds, a person used the variability inherent in the canine genome in growth, the properties of the coat and its color, and even in ugly, abnormal for wildlife mutations such as acromicria (shortening of the bones of the facial part of the skull), acromegaly (lengthening of the bones of the facial part of the skull and limb bones), chondrodystrophy (a sharp lag in the growth of limb bones and, as a result, disproportionately short legs), dwarfism (small body size while maintaining proportionality). In rock formation, a person sought to consolidate, in a number of generations, quite certain exterior-constitutional and behavioral properties. Selection for the desired properties was inevitably accompanied by the loss of some properties inherent in the Canis familiaris species as a whole. That is why no training will force a greyhound to sit at a checkpoint and guard a warehouse, and a St. Bernard to catch a hare.

Social factors are various events, and turns in the history of mankind, and social order: the practical and spiritual needs of man. The phenomenon of the breed has no analogues in the wild, because the breed is a group of animals that is sufficient in number, has a common origin, has specific exterior-constitutional and socio-economically useful properties that are persistently inherited. Because of this, in most classifications of dog breeds, both biological principles (origin, kinship, i.e., genetic connection) and the principle of user properties lie. However, it is hardly possible to consistently maintain both of these principles in the classification of dog breeds so that there are no contradictions. In particular, the currently accepted classification of dog breeds, developed by the International Cynological Federation (FCI), is not free from such contradictions.

Cultural factors is a complex concept that includes culture itself, subculture and class.
Culture is the main force that determines the desires and all human behavior. It includes the basic values, desires, behavioral characteristics that he establishes while living in society.

What is breed acclimatization? Examples, possible changes.

Currently, more than 400 dog breeds are known. New breeds constantly arise, which are bred by crossing dogs of different breeds, for example, the black terrier, the Moscow watchdog, or by selection from among various types of dogs living in various settlements in different parts of the world, for example, the Canaan dog, basenji.

Dogs have been helping people since ancient times. The nature of the use of dogs has changed over time. At first, they helped a person to hunt, herd herds, and guarded his home. But then the dogs mastered more complex professions. Now true friends of a person can be guides of the blind, rescuers, search dogs, they can participate with their owner in various competitions and much more.

The concept of purebred means having verified and reliable information that such and such a dog is descended from known parents belonging to a particular breed. In parts of the world separated from each other by great distances, the main breeds of dogs were formed. In this division of dogs according to breed, man also took an active part, who accelerated the development of individual individuals, especially types of dogs that were especially useful to him, and accordingly slowed down and even prevented the development of certain breeds and individuals.

Man was engaged in breeding purebred dogs already in that period, which we are able to trace only through archaeological monuments. In ancient Babylon, the Egyptian kingdom, ancient China, and even more so in ancient Greece and, later, in the Great Roman Empire, dogs of various breeds were kept. Already in those ancient times, individual breeds of dogs and their inherent features were known to man. Along with this, there was also a classification of the value of individual dog breeds within various types of breeds. In the Middle Ages, dog breeding became even fashionable; then many new breeds of dogs arose, for example, hunting hounds and small dogs that served to entertain the courtiers.

In order to introduce some new qualities into an already existing breed that this breed did not have before, dogs of different types were crossed. When the process of improving the breed through crossbreeding was completed, a so-called standard was created. When breeding already existing breeds, strict selection was used, the ultimate goal of which was to obtain such specimens of animals that would resemble the ideal type corresponding to the standard.

The breed standard is a specific detailed description of the appearance of a dog of a certain breed, together with other information about it, which is necessary for further accurate reproduction of the so-called "picture" of this dog. The standard defines the dimensions of the male and female, and not only the height at the withers, but also other parts of the body, namely, the head, tail, legs. The head is described in detail, including the dental system, eyes, ears, muzzle. Then the ratio of the length of the front legs and the depth of the chest was determined. The following describes the shape and proportions of the head, neck and topline to the base of the tail, the line of the belly and the placement of the hind legs, both in free stance and in motion. Along with this, many other details were recorded that are of great importance for the appearance of the dog and help determine the state of health of the animal. In addition to a detailed description of the appearance, character and characteristics of the breed, the standard also includes a description of hereditary deficiencies that often appear in this breed of dog or are specific to this breed, these deficiencies are listed in a certain order, starting with those whose appearance is marked by a negative assessment judges at the show when the dog was first compared to the description of the breed standard. In conclusion, they describe the shortcomings that are not significant for the dog, but reduce its assessment, since they can be inherited and, more importantly, may increase during inheritance, and lead to the appearance of serious shortcomings in its offspring. Based on all of the above, a standard can be defined as a description of an ideally built healthy dog ​​of a certain procedure.

Getting into new climatic conditions, animals undergo profound physiological changes. Adaptation of the body to changing environmental factors is called acclimatization. Usually, during acclimatization, animals develop the necessary adaptive functions within two or three generations. In each subsequent generation formed in this environment, acclimatization is facilitated. Adaptive shifts that develop over several generations are called adaptation.

There are two types of adaptation: genotypic, inherited from parents, and phenotypic, acquired by the organism in the process of ontogenesis.

Acclimatization is a complex process, but it is noticeably facilitated if the animals are provided with adequate feeding and normal conditions are created for them. Crossbred or hybrid animals acclimatize more easily than purebreds.

If the environmental factors of acclimatization and the biological characteristics of the organism are not taken into account, then this can lead to degeneration, impoverishment or degeneration of even the most highly productive breeds.

Rebirth is the first stage of breed changes as a result of adverse factors. At the same time, the productivity of animals decreases, and in terms of their characteristics they approach native breeds.

Seedy arises from a mismatch between the biological needs of the body and living conditions. In animals, the proportionality of the physique is violated, defects in the exterior appear, and productivity decreases.

Degeneration is characterized by a sharp weakening of the constitution of the animal, a decrease in productivity, fertility, the appearance of deformities, sexual anomalies, etc.

Examples of acclimatization of dogs: fouling in cold conditions and vice versa; change in the type of constitution, strengthening or weakening of the pigment, changes in the jaw apparatus due to changes in nutrition, etc.

Wolf-dog hybrids and breeds, their features.

Crossing dogs with their wild wolf ancestor is a phenomenon that has long been known to science in our country and abroad. However, it has been little studied and is therefore of great interest. Black, white, piebald " geeks", As well as individuals with an intensely red color, reminiscent of a fox, were found among wolves in the past in the Voronezh region (Barabash-Nikiforov, 1957), the Krasnodar Territory (Kotov, Ryabov, 1959) and other places. But they have always been rare.

However, later the number of wolf-dogs began to increase in places. The main reason for the appearance of wolf-dog hybrids in nature was a significant decrease in the number of wolves as a result of human persecution, which was accompanied by the disintegration of wolf packs, a violation of the sexual structure of predator populations. This, in turn, made it difficult to meet heterosexual individuals necessary for the formation of new ones. couples and families. During the formation of pairs, the missing wolves began to be replaced by dogs that retained their ethological and genetic closeness with them, which was nowhere lacking.

The psychological barrier that appears on the way of rapprochement between wolves and dogs during reproduction is usually suppressed, since the instinct of procreation dominates. In the future, wolf-dogs retain the ability to reproduce, and can also re-cross with the original forms. Apparently, they lack the sterility characteristic of many other hybrids, which contributes to the introgression of genes.

This was the case with wolves and dogs in the USA, Canada (Dennler, 1966; Novak, 1967), later it became characteristic of a number of flat regions of our country (Gursky, 1975; Ryabov, 1973, 1978). In places where wolf populations were not so actively destroyed (Kazakhstan, the Caucasian Reserve and its environs), there was no "friendship" of wolves with dogs.

In the Voronezh region, the largest number of outbreaks of wolf-dog hybrids and hybrids themselves was noted from the late 50s to the early 70s in areas where the wolf was on the verge of complete extermination, and in some places later completely disappeared. His place in nature began to be occupied by wolf-dog hybrids.

As a result of the subsequent increase in the number of wolves (by 1979 they had mastered the entire territory of the Voronezh region), cases of hybridization of wolves with dogs began to be observed less often, although the number of hybrids apparently remains significant. It’s just that they mixed with wolves, were absorbed by them during repeated crossings, since when living together, hybrids more often interbreed with wolves, and not with dogs. Wolves in most cases do not distinguish them from their own kind. This is facilitated by the fact that the signs of the wolf, as a wild species, usually dominate during hybridization, while the signs of the dog disappear after several generations, due to which the hybrids take on the appearance of a wolf. True, in the case when hybrids with a small admixture of wolf blood live independently in nature, it is possible for them to be replaced by wolves that have come to this area again. Then they move closer to settlements where closer contact with dogs is inevitable. As a result, hybrids can partially "dissolve" among stray and feral dogs.

Occasionally, wolves are in contact with dogs even now, with their relatively high numbers. Defective wolf specimens, single males and, probably, wolf-shaped hybrids go for such convergence.

Hybrids with an atypical color for a wolf (black, piebald) are easily found in nature even at a distance, especially when they are seen in a pack with real wolves. Locals, especially hunters, know them well. More often, wolf-dogs are detected after shooting or taking broods. Again, their morphology, which is atypical for a wolf, and the presence in a pack or next to a brood of real wolves help to determine them. Hybrids living independently in nature, similar to wolves and dogs in equal measure, sometimes differ in purely wolf behavior, in particular, they hunt dogs and eat their meat, and predators, outwardly similar to wolves, behave like dogs: for example, they hide for days in dilapidated huts on the outskirts of villages.

Lone she-wolves often mate with dogs, less often - male wolves, as well as hybrids of both sexes. " Friendship"For the first time, it is tied up in the winter during the rut, usually at cattle burial grounds. Purebred and hybrid she-wolves, after mating with dogs, raise offspring on their own. The male wolf tries to take the dog with him, and if she does not leave him, then the animals raise puppies together. In the future, they, like wolves, form a related pack (Ryabov, 1973; Gursky, 1975). Just like a wolf, predators live when offspring from hybrid parents grow up. Mostly large dogs come into contact with wolves, among which are more often noted purebred German shepherds, yard dogs, and sometimes hounds. True, there are cases when "friendship" was established with small dogs.

The timing of reproduction, characteristic of purebred wolves, is preserved in nature only when she-wolves are crossed with dogs. With the reverse combination, as well as in hybrids, they can significantly deviate from the norm. And although this sometimes happens with real wolves, we tend to put hybrids closer to dogs that can breed in nature at any time of the year.

Judging by the meetings of sleepy animals and the timing of the birth of babies, in the conditions of the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, she-wolves are covered with dogs from February to mid-March, and hybrid she-wolves (dogs, hybrid and real wolves) - from December to March. Mating of hybrid wolves in the first half of December was also noted in the Latvian SSR (Kronit, 1971). A hybrid she-wolf, taken as a puppy from a den in the Khokholsky district of the Voronezh region and raised in captivity, mated with a yard dog at the age of 8.5 months and subsequently brought offspring. This significantly distinguishes it from purebred wolves, which reach sexual maturity by two years of age, and brings them closer to dogs capable of producing offspring in nature in the first year of life and twice a year.

Seeking a meeting, wolves and dogs often show high activity. So, on the outskirts of the village of Sknarovka, Kantemirovskiy district, Voronezh region, a she-wolf repeatedly came to a male German shepherd tied at a farm in the winter of 1971/72 and called him howling. Being on the opposite bank of the river, she rose on her hind legs, jumped up, looking in the direction where the dog was tied. The male was released several times, and the couple immediately left. The dog later returned home unharmed. Another she-wolf behaved similarly in mid-February 1975 on the outskirts of the village of Rassvet, Pavlovsky district, Voronezh region. A guard dog resembling a German shepherd, which had previously guarded the sheep, rushed towards her. Predators were seen in the field in the evening and during the day, here, in front of the tractor drivers, they repeatedly mated.

Lame wolf, who lived on the territory of the collective farm. XX Party Congress of the Kamensky District of the Voronezh Region, in the presence of wolves in this and neighboring Podgorensky District, clearly gravitated towards dogs in the winter and for two years in a row brought offspring from them. In February 1977, she stayed for a long time near the only dilapidated hut of the former Sidorenka farm, in which an old woman lived, keeping a small yard dog on a chain. The she-wolf was lying nearby in the garden under a bush. When the old woman left the house, she stepped aside. From the end of February to March 20, a she-wolf was already seen on the fields of the neighboring Pobeda collective farm in the Podgorensky district with a large shepherd dog guarding the pigsty, and two or three mongrels snooping under their feet. In 1978, she formed a pair with a wolf.

In the winter of 1974/75, a female German Shepherd living on a farm near the village of Polubyanka, Ostrogozhsky District, Voronezh Region, teamed up with two wolves who visited the cattle burial ground. They walked together for a long time, only occasionally the dog returned home. An ambush was set up for predators, as a result of which the dog was killed, the wolves had already managed to escape.

Two hybrid wolves that appeared in 1975 on the outskirts of the village of Petropavlovka, Voronezh Region, lived mainly on the dogs they killed. However, in February, a medium-sized yard dog joined them (Ryabov, 1978).

In the conditions of the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, hybrid puppies in purebred she-wolves appeared on April 28, in early May, from May 15 to 17. In hybrid she-wolves, broods were noted in mid-February, late March, and mid-April. In the first half of February, a hybrid wolf calved in the forests of the Latvian SSR.

The fecundity of predators that gave birth to hybrid puppies in nature, the structure of their den, and the appearance of puppies can be judged from 22 detected broods (19 complete and three incomplete). Of these, 13 we identified in the Voronezh region and adjacent areas, two in the Krasnodar Territory, six broods were found by I. G. Gursky (1975) in the Odessa region, one brood was noted in the Latvian SSR. In the case when a female dog and a male wolf formed a pair, the number of puppies in the litter ranged from three to eight (four broods, the average is 6). A she-wolf and a male dog have a number of puppies from four to nine (eight broods, the average is 6.5). In hybrid wolves - from five to eight (six broods, the average is 6). The average indicator as a whole is 6.2, and in the Voronezh region - 6.7. The ratio of males to females in broods (in all cases, mother-wolf) - 3:5; 5:2; 4:2; 2:2; on average - 3.5:2.7. The hybrid she-wolf, covered with a yard dog, had three males and two females in the litter. So, for any combination of parental pairs, the average number of hybrid puppies in a litter is close to that of purebred wolves, say, the tundra, Tien Shan and Dzungarian Ala-Too (Makridin, 1959; Fedosenko et al., 1978) and higher compared to the average number of wolf cubs in the broods of Belarus, the Odessa region and especially the Caucasian Reserve (Serzhanin, 1955; Gursky, 1978; Kudaktin, 1979).

The dog bitch, who lived in nature with a wolf, bred her offspring in an old stack of straw. Hybrid she-wolves bred in dense forests and on the slopes of forested steppe ravines in expanded burrows of foxes, badgers and at the location of an old military dugout. Purebred wolves - in similar places. Sometimes they dragged the puppies into the wheat fields. In the first days of June 1975 in the Kamensky district, a she-wolf transferred monthly hybrid puppies from the forest not to some remote place, but under a lonely thick vine bush at the edge of a ravine, 250 m from the farm of the Put Ilyich collective farm. Nearby, garbage from a farm was dumped into a ravine, people constantly walked nearby. Nevertheless, the puppies lived there for two weeks.

The lame she-wolf mentioned above in 1976 and 1977 brought out hybrid puppies not far from the hut of the former farm, where she came to the tied dog. The first time she bred in a damp gully with thickets of sedge, the second - in the raspberry thickets of an abandoned farm garden.

Hybrid puppies from yard dogs, bitches and wolves, as well as from hybrid she-wolves mated with mutt males, in most cases did not differ in body shape and color from dogs. Coloration varied from solid rufous and greyish rufous to gray and black with white spots on the chest and legs and sharply speckled. There were instances that did not differ in color from wolf cubs (out of six puppies in the litter, there were two of these). She-wolves brought hybrid offspring, more like cubs, sometimes dogs, or even equally like both. Of the 44 such puppies known to us, 32% turned out to be black and black-brown, 2% were dark with white spots on their paws, 27% were brownish-gray, black-brown and gray-brown with white spots on the body (including tip of the tail) - 30%, reddish with and without white spots - 9%. The body shape of the puppies also varied in the direction of one or the other parent. At the same time, we know that hybrid puppies, similar in body shape and coloration to wolf cubs, later acquired clear dog features in the structure of the head, six black-colored puppies from another brood began to look more like wolves in body shape with age. An even greater resemblance to wolves was acquired by matured hybrids from the third brood, which in childhood very much resembled ordinary puppies in body shape and color (gray-brown with spots).

Hybrids taken from nature (approximately the first and second generations in terms of dogs), both in childhood and in adulthood, were able to howl and snort only like a wolf.

So, stray dogs, numerous in the Voronezh region and other places, in the past rendered an obvious service to wolves: they helped them survive at a low population density, and then multiply, introducing a considerable number of hybrid individuals into the population. This was apparently facilitated by the greater fecundity of dogs and wolf-dog hybrids compared to wolves.

Wolf dogs - breeds, features.
Recently, three breeds of service dogs have been bred on the basis of a German shepherd crossed with a wolf. Sarlos Wolfdog: It was bred in the Netherlands by Lendert Sarlos.
In 1975, the Dutch club recognized the breed, which was registered with the FCI in 1981 under the name of the Sarlos Wolfdog (Sarlos Wolfhond). At present, sarlos are widely used in
Holland as guides for the blind, as well as in the rescue service, to search for people in the rubble and to save the drowning.
The second carrier of about 25% of the wolf genotype was bred in Czechoslovakia and was named "Volchak".
The third dog was bred in Italy. All these dogs have kept
behavioral traits characteristic of a wolf, unusual for dog breeders dealing with ordinary German shepherds. Many dog ​​breeds are not devoid of the presence of wolf genes in their genotype.
Sled dogs of the Arctic even in the time of A. Brem resembled local wolves. In addition to wolves, dogs also crossed with jackals. These hybrids amaze with their strength and sharpness of flair. Wolf-dog hybrids are inferior to the wolf in size and strength, and jackal-dog hybrids, on the contrary, are superior to the jackal in size and strength. Forensics are of particular interest to jackal-dog hybrids. Their sense of smell is so strong that they distinguish the sex of a person by smell, and differentiate
male and female scent trails they could with half an hour difference.
Dogs are also crossed with both wolves and jackals. The German scientist Gilzheimer received a triple hybrid: a wolf - a jackal - a dog. And
interestingly, a fox with a dog does not give offspring. N.I. Ilyin in his book "Genetics and Breeding of Dogs" claims that the described "fox dogs" are the product of an error or delusion, even
artificial insemination between a fox and a dog remains without consequences. And on wolf-dogs, you can dwell in more detail, since work in this direction has been going on for a very long time. Obtaining hybrids of dogs and a wolf has its roots in the distant past. The Roman historian Pliny the Elder wrote that the Gauls tied their bitches in the forests to mate with wolves. C. Darwin, referring to many researchers, wrote that the North American Indians, in order to improve the breed of their dogs, crossed them with wolves. Professor S. A. Gruner argued that the peoples of North-Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka deliberately infused the blood of a wolf to their huskies. Hybrids were obtained that were valued for agility, endurance, the ability to endure hunger for a long time and run long distances, which is important for these peoples. The wolf mostly acted as an improver of sled dogs, although there are many examples of improving the hunting qualities of dogs. L.A. Sabaneev, in the notes to the second chapter of his work on the wolf, writes: “In Lithuania, excellent (hounds) dogs are obtained from the admixture of wolf blood. This circumstance was well known to the ancient canine hunters, and it has been used to this day. So, according to legend, Timashev's greyhounds in the Ufa province are famous for their viciousness, they originated from a hybrid of greyhounds with wolves. Recently, the wolf breed of dogs was bred by the famous Tver hunter P.I. Belovensky. Such information is very interesting. But there is a problem. On the one hand, crossing a dog with a wolf to get a hybrid with a more valuable property is not difficult for an experienced dog breeder.
But on the other hand, such hybridization is not a very common occurrence. Let's try to understand this in more detail. Careful studies of wolf-dog hybrids, which were carried out by German scientists,
indicate that the behavioral traits of the wolf clearly dominate in hybrids of the first generation: they are all shy, cautious and timid. Hybrids of the second generation were very diverse
by outward signs. Some of them looked like a wolf and some like a dog. But almost everyone was characterized by fearfulness. Based on the obtained results of crossing a dog with a wolf, German scientists deny the possibility of improving the qualities of dogs, stating: “Crossing a dog with a wolf does not give the desired results. The wolf is a shy, extremely cautious and distrustful animal. And this property, being dominant, when crossed with a dog, is steadfastly transmitted to offspring. But at the same time, Professor N.A. Ilyin wrote that wolf-dog hybrids of the first and second generations can be trained like ordinary dogs. Voilochnikov A. T. and Voilochnikova S. D., who conducted a hybridological experiment at the Kirov VNIIOZ, came to a similar conclusion as the German scientists. And at the Perm Military Institute of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, an experiment was set up to breed wolf-dog hybrids. The experience was successful. Hybrids were trained for the mine-detection service, at the border, etc. In this institute, for the first time in world practice, contrary to all previous experience, hybrids of a wolf and a dog of the first generation were obtained, which do not show pathological fearfulness, including in relation to humans, and this does not depend on their cultivation and upbringing. And this proves that wolves do have both genes that determine fearfulness towards humans, and genes that determine loyalty towards him. They purchased a two-year-old she-wolf, who at the age of three was mated to a German shepherd dog. She was bred to the next estrus by the same male. The third estrus was not mated. The fourth estrus was bred to a male from her second litter. Fifth estrus - re-mating with a male from her second litter, but there was an empty one, which
ended in a false pregnancy. It is also important to note that the first two litters of hybrids had 50% wolf blood, and the fourth 75%. After analyzing the results obtained, paying particular attention to
behavioral sign - loyalty, tolerance for a person, came to certain results.
The reaction of hybrids of the first litter to strangers is distrust, keeping a distance, but without panic. All hybrids of this litter are characterized by neophobia. Skis, bicycles, strollers, umbrellas, cameras in the hands cause an avoidance reaction, mainly in individuals with black color, and what is most interesting, neophobia was practically not detected in two hybrids with a zone color, they were more collected and quickly adapted to the new environment. But there were problems when changing the trainer. In the second litter, only one puppy had some self-doubt and timidity. The rest of the hybrids were
liberated, did not shade in a new environment, were not afraid of strangers. Puppies of the third litter from three to four weeks of age, in contrast to the previous litters, very actively and curiously ran up to the enclosure grate when people appeared, but at the age of 7 weeks only one puppy passed the Campbell test, and for the rest the test result predicted serious problems in socialization.
The following conclusions were made: hybrids are emotionally very restrained; have much greater physical strength and endurance than dogs; shots and explosions do not represent
problems for them; training is very quickly understood and assimilated; operant skills are easily developed by clicker training; have a higher instinct than a dog (search for the offender in
caches during a search of an object does not exceed one minute, in dogs from one and a half to four minutes, with a standard of six minutes); characterized by rationalism. Hybrids participated in sporting events for
lines of the Perm Regional Club of Service Dog Breeding and won prizes.
The hunting habits of hybrids are different from those of wolves. When hunting in packs, these animals are capable of chasing prey for a long time, exhausting even perfectly healthy animals. They can also take prey by starvation, when the members of the pack, changing, watch for hours their victim, driven into a place inconvenient for attack.
With equal success, wolf-dogs attack both wild ungulates and livestock. But their main and most dangerous difference from wolves is the complete absence of fear of humans. Hybrids run into barnyards in broad daylight and slaughter cattle in front of confused people. They have lost their fear so much that they even attack lone travelers, such cases are described. The worst thing is that it is almost impossible to distinguish werewolves, as wolf-dog hybrids are aptly called, from domestic dogs in appearance. Well, heels of assorted mongrels are running towards you along the forest road, because the village is a kilometer away, you never know stray dogs. The insight that these creatures are not dogs at all sometimes comes to people too late.
What has been said is probably enough to think about the advisability of further experiments on obtaining wolf-dogs. You can accidentally bring out such a creature that then we will not know how to get rid of it.
With the current variety of dogs, the colossal rate of breed formation inherent in this unique species, it is possible to create a new breed suitable for almost any, even the most fantastic work. For each new service, the breeds that are most suitable in all respects are first selected, as a rule, there are several of them, and then painstaking selection, selection of pairs, careful selection, plus a little luck, and you can register a new breed.
But what about the wolf? He has his own way. And if this magnificent beast is lucky and a person still saves it, it will continue to remain in the wild as its creation and a necessary part.

What features do primitive rocks have incompared to factory?

The very signs of factory breeds that distinguish them from the original wild type are in many cases nothing more than biological anomalies. Excesses in anatomical and external morphological deviations, which have become a kind of trademark of some factory breeds of dogs, have their price in the form of inconvenience, and sometimes even survival of the dog, and must be compensated by the concerns of its owner. In addition, their general fitness and health are weakened by a long existence under fairly regular veterinary supervision, which for generations has preserved genetically inferior animals.

Primitive aboriginal dogs are more biologically perfect and better adapted to survive without human care. Aboriginal dogs, used by people for any kind of work or living freely, are built functionally correctly, without any frills: their movements and running are economical, accurate, well coordinated and light, like wild dogs. This has always been supported by strict, albeit unconscious, selection.

Other features of their perfection include a full set of large, symmetrically spaced and strong teeth throughout life, something that many popular factory breeds rarely boast. They have a long potential active life span, innate immunity and great resistance to local diseases transmitted by ticks and blood-sucking insects, and even immunity or tolerance to ticks, fleas and worms; great endurance while working on a hunt, in sleds or when grazing and guarding herds in difficult climatic conditions. They require less food because their digestion is more efficient.

In parts of the world where Aboriginal dogs have historically been used for work, they work with passion. They do best what they were adapted for in their country of origin, in their native or similar environment. On the hunt, in the sled, guarding the house or the herds, they do not need regular encouragement. Moreover, they often remain hungry for a long time, but do not stop working. The enthusiasm of the working primitive dog is explained by the fact that for them the very process of work with the participation of the owner is their best reward.

When hunting, a primitive dog uses all the senses given to it by nature in order to quickly find game, as a wolf would do. When dealing with a large and dangerous animal, such a dog must balance its courage with the degree of danger. Otherwise, she will be quickly killed or maimed and her owner may lose his assistant, and a poor owner cannot afford to keep a pack of dogs.

Unfortunately, primitive dogs began to be replaced by factory breeds and disappear first in cities, then in individual countries, and finally, by the middle of the twentieth century, their extinction accelerated on a worldwide scale.

The growing popularity of factory breeds is also due to the fact that they are easier to control and more convenient for keeping in densely populated areas. Aboriginal breeds were more and more pushed to the periphery, into the wilderness, where the population is rarer. But time passes, and arriving people bring new dogs there too. Wherever dogs are kept in the old tradition, allowed to roam and mate uncontrollably, native breeds, mixed with imported factory breeds, lose their specificity and thus cease to exist as such.

In some geographical areas, the extinction of native dogs is also a result of changes in the way of life of the indigenous population. For example, the Eskimo sled dogs are some of the best in the world, but they are almost extinct because they no longer need them. Modern Eskimos no longer live in igloos built from blocks of ice, but in warm standard houses with electricity. Now the Canadian Eskimo dog is officially recognized as a purebred breed. It is used for sports or for the family hobby of sledge riding. Canadians know the value of the qualities of aboriginal dogs and are determined to keep them as a sled breed.

Unfortunately, efforts to save still-living aboriginal dogs from extinction face many difficulties. Zoologists, for the most part, do not study them because they consider them a trivial subject. After all, dogs are pets. National and international conservation organizations are not interested in them because native dogs do not belong to wild species and cannot be considered endangered species under existing legislation. They are not in the Red Book.

Aboriginal dogs are of great value to all dog lovers as unique creations of nature and man. Nowadays, when they are becoming a rarity, amateurs show more and more interest in them. They are valued for various reasons. There is a large category of people driven by the romantic "call of the ancestors", the dream of a simple independent life like "in the good old days" and untouched nature. They are attracted by the undistorted appearance and character of aboriginal dogs. There is another important category of lovers of such animals. These are those who value aboriginal dogs just for their working qualities. They need them to protect sheep herds from wolves and coyotes, for hunting or for riding in sleds. There are people who are attracted to aboriginal dogs because they are dogs of their ancestors, part of the national heritage. The modern connoisseur of aboriginal dogs is no longer embarrassed by the presence of wolf features in them. On the contrary, they rather appreciate them for it. The wolf features of the Laikas are an important part of their primeval beauty. This is their so-called "bestiality".

In order to unite the efforts of lovers of aboriginal dogs in 1999, Janice Kohler-Matsnik organized the Society for the Preservation of Primitive Aboriginal Dogs (PADS - Primitive Aboriginal Dog Society).

Russia is the richest country in valuable native dogs, including the world's best hunting, sledding and shepherd breeds. In a cruel historical irony, Russia, being home to the best and most numerous native sled dogs, has missed the development of the growing worldwide sport of sledge-drawn dog riding. Worse, during the Soviet era, the aboriginal dogs of the north were systematically exterminated, evidence of which is in all regions where these dogs existed. It is not too late to find and restore what has been preserved. Not so long ago, the general public became aware that the native Chukchi and Kamchatka huskies still survived. Is it still possible to find and restore the unique Amur Laika in her homeland? Are there still fast indigenous Mansi hunting huskies still alive anywhere? And where are those exceptionally capable "fox-like" Evenki hunting huskies? How many reindeer-herding huskies of the old aboriginal type are still chasing deer? Aboriginal Caucasian Shepherd Dogs, Central Asian Shepherd Dogs, Tazis and Taigans are unique breeds and should not be allowed to be lost.

PADS decided to open its branch in Russia in order to give a real opportunity to all people interested in the preservation of aboriginal dogs to establish contacts with each other, exchange opinions, experience and coordinate efforts to find, rescue and, if possible, restore aboriginal breeds in Russia.

What classifications, besides the FCI, do you know? Their characteristic

German classification:

Group 1 - spitz and northern dogs,

Group 2 - Pinscher and Schnauzer,

Group 3 - Great Danes and Mastiffs,

4 group - greyhounds,

Group 5 - shepherd and guard dogs ( Great Danes),

6 group - shepherds,

Group 7 - hunting dogs (gun dogs),

8 group - dachshunds and hounds,

9 group - terriers,

10 group - poodles,

Group 11 - decorative and indoor dogs.

English classification:

The British CU (Kennel Club) distinguishes six groups:

1 - hunting (hounds, greyhounds);

2 - podruzhenny;

3 - terriers;

4 - user breeds;

5 - service breeds;

6 - room-decorative.

American classification:

The American COP distinguishes seven groups:

1 - hunting ( gun);

2 - hunting (hounds, greyhounds);

3 - working dogs (service);

4 - terriers;

5 - room-decorative (toy);

b - unsportsmanlike dogs;

7 - shepherd dogs ( shepherds);

In the Scandinavian countries- eight groups:

1 - Spitz-shaped;

2 - bloodhounds on the blood trail and hounds;

3 - gun-mounted;

4 - guard and service breeds;

5 - terriers;

b - greyhounds;

7 - non-hunting breeds and companion dogs;

8 - room-decorative.

In Australia, there are six groups:

1 - room-decorative;

2 - terriers;

3 - gun rocks;

4 - hunting dogs (hounds, greyhounds);

5 - service breeds;

6 - non-hunting breeds.

Size classification

Very small dogs. Height less than 30 cm. Weight less than 5 kg.

Little dogs. Height 30-40 cm. Weight 5-10 kg.

Medium dogs. Height 40-56 cm. Weight 10-20 kg.

Large dogs. Height 56-65 cm. Weight 20-30 kg.

Very large dogs. Height 65-75 cm. Weight 30-50 kg.

Giant dogs. Height over 75 cm. Weight over 50 kg. I

Classification by use.

When classifying, two main groups of breeds are obtained: hunting and non-hunting.

Hunting breeds of dogs, in turn, are divided into hounds, blood trail hounds, greyhounds (pursued by sight), cops and setters (hunt birds), spaniels (hunt waterfowl and in the bush), retrievers (bring shot game) , dachshunds and hunting terriers (burrowing), hunting huskies.

Non-hunting breeds include all others, which in turn are divided into several groups: shepherds (sheepdogs, mastiffs, huskies), watchdogs (dogs, spitz, pinschers and schnauzers), sports (bred for fighting terriers, sledding huskies), decorative ( decorative terriers, spaniels, pinschers, western and eastern decorative dogs, some Great Dane dogs (shar pei, English and French bulldogs, pug), Italian greyhound, dalmatian.). The concepts by which these groups are designated are highly variable and often arbitrary. The origin of these concepts is based on the purposes for which dogs are used.

Dog breeds can also be divided into three groups: hunting, sports and service and decorative (such a classification can most often be found in domestic literature).

Service and sports - shepherds (shepherds, mastiffs, huskies), watchdogs (dogs, spitz, pinschers and schnauzers), sledding huskies.

Decorative - terriers (bred for fighting), decorative terriers, spaniels, pinschers, western and eastern decorative dogs, some dog-shaped dogs (shar pei, English and French bulldogs, pug), greyhound, dalmatian, poodles.

One more classification can be given, based on the purpose for which the dog is used.

Hunting - used only for hunting, not suitable for sports and companions due to a strong hunting instinct (jagdterrier).

Sports and hunting dogs are suitable for both hunting and sports, they can be good companions, it is possible to use them in separate services (for example, to search for drugs) (Labrador Retriever, English Cocker Spaniel).

Service - are used only in any services, they are not suitable either for companions or for sports, mainly due to increased aggressiveness towards people (Caucasian, Central Asian Shepherd Dogs).

Sports and service - can be used in various special services and for sports, as well as as companions (Rottweiler, Airedale Terrier, Collie).

Sports and decorative - decorative dogs that can be used as companions and for participation in competitions (poodle, sheltie, miniature schnauzer).

Indoor-decorative - dogs that need home maintenance and caring care are unlikely to be suitable for sports competitions and as companions (English Bulldog).

Classification of dog breeds by origin:

Spitz, Pinschers and Terriers.

spitz dogs

real spitz

Sled dogs

Terriers and Bull Terriers

Pinscher and Schnauzer

Great Danes

Large herding dogs

Real Shorthair Great Danes or Fighting Dogs

Long haired Great Danes

western greyhounds

southern greyhounds

northern greyhounds

Eastern greyhounds

hounds

real hounds

Blood trail hounds

Continental cops

English cops

Spaniels

Retrievers

Retrievers of American origin

Retrievers of European origin

Decorative dogs

Western lapdogs

Oriental decorative dogs

Hairless dogs and decorative dogs of Central America

Only dogs registered with the FCI or one of the countries listed in the second group may be awarded the title of International Champion at shows in those countries.

Most dog breeds are hunting dogs, often very closely related in origin. The functional classification of these breeds differs from the above.

I. Greyhounds;

II. Hounds;

III. Blood (Hanoverian, Bavarian);

IV. Bloodhounds (cocker, springer spaniel);

V. Pointers: English (island) - shorthaired (pointer) and longhaired (English, Irish and Scottish setters); continental - shorthair (German shorthair, Hungarian), longhair (German longhair, large Munsterland, small Munsterland) and wirehair (German wirehair, Czech barbel, Weimar wirehair, Hungarian wirehair);

VI. Burrowing: dachshunds; terriers.

Until recently, in our country there was the following division into groups: service breeds of dogs, hunting and decorative ones. At the same time, an unjustifiably small number of breeds were classified as service breeds - those that were used in army structures. In the 80s, these were East European (German), Caucasian, Central Asian, South Russian Shepherd Dogs, Collie, Rottweiler, Airedale Terrier, Giant Schnauzer, Black Terrier and Moscow Watchdog. There was also a Moscow diver, but he did not pass the certification for the breed group and began to breed like a Newfoundland in GOLS. Until 1972, Dobermans, Boxers, Great Danes, St. Bernards and Newfoundlands were also considered service dogs, which were later classified as decorative breeds.

Bibliography

Domestic dog breeding. - M: 2000

Gusev V. G., Guseva E. S. Cynology. - M: 1998

Sabaneev L.P. Hunting dogs ... - M: 1985

Valtsov D.P. Pershinskaya hunting - M: 2003

Inshakov A. I., Tsigelnitsky E. G. Great Danes and Bulldogs - Austria: 1995

A. Mazover, L. Krushinsky and others. Service dog, Domodedovo, 1994

Collection of Education, training and breeding of service dogs, Murmansk, 1992

Collection Domestic breeds of service dogs, St. Petersburg, 1992

Cynology F. I. Polishchuk, A. L. Trofimenko

"O . Mazover A.P. "Hunting Dogs" - Moscow: Timber Industry, 1979

Internet resources:

Currently, the problem of preserving native and local breeds of domestic animals, including dogs, is recognized by the world community as one of the important areas in the preservation of the cultural and natural heritage of our planet. Since 1974 two UN agencies: the Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), jointly run several projects in this direction.

In cases where the gene pool is preserved for a long time in a local area, it represents a natural wealth, no less valuable than the reserves of coal, oil, gold, etc. In our country, these are the gene pools of many local breeds of domestic animals, horses, cattle, birds and, of course, dogs - the most ancient companions of man.

The well-known geneticist A. S. Serebrovsky pointed out two processes that change the composition of the gene pool: selection (natural and artificial), which seeks to multiply some genes and eliminate others, and mutation, which creates new genes. The breed gene pool is usually considered as a complex of hereditary inclinations, or a set of genes and their alleles, which determine the main characteristics and qualities of the breed. In the literal sense, the gene pool of any kind of domestic animals is determined by the diversity of breeds, offspring, populations and individual animals, which generally corresponds to the concept of “genetic resources”.

Dogs have been with humans for centuries. Faithfully serves to protect the territory and property of the owner, guard livestock, participate in military battles, help in hunting, is used as a draft force, and even acts as a sacred animal. How many years have passed since the first dog approached the human fire is not known for certain. Most scientists are inclined to believe that the first dogs appeared in East Asia about sixteen thousand years ago. During this time, a lot of water has flowed under the bridge, but dogs continue to faithfully serve humanity.

Dog breeds, as you know, are divided into two large subgroups: factory - bred with the direct participation of man and aboriginal or primitive - formed over many centuries under the influence of nature itself. Aboriginal dog breeds are a natural wealth, no less valuable than minerals and ancient artifacts. Their gene pool is still used to breed and improve the quality of factory breeds. The exterior of the natives is maximally adapted to the conditions of existence in a certain territory.

Domestic aborigines are rather large individuals with well-developed bones, powerful muscles, rough or strong type of constitution. The coat of aboriginal dogs can be both short and long, but there is always a thick undercoat, thanks to which the dog feels very comfortable both in cold and hot weather. In addition, the undercoat, coupled with dense but elastic skin, protects the aborigine from the fangs of a predator, does not allow you to quickly get to the vital organs.

Another distinguishing feature that is characteristic of aboriginal breeds is the ability to make independent decisions. At a time when dogs worked to guard the herds, for example, the shepherd practically participated in the process. His task was to drive cattle to richer pastures as needed. Everything else was done by dogs. They gathered a flock, not allowing them to scatter, protected from wolves and thieves, which were many at that time. The shepherd had only a sharp dagger as a weapon, so dogs served as the main weapon. It was on them that the life of the shepherd and the safety of the herd depended.

The shepherd did not manage the dogs in any way, they themselves decided how to carry out their service. In addition, the dogs were forced to get their own food. The owner's food supplies were extremely small and by sharing a piece of cake with the dogs, he himself risked being left hungry. Small and not very small rodents, frogs, lizards served as food for dogs. Anything that can be caught and eaten. If fruit trees could be found nearby, the dogs did not disdain to eat the fruits. But never, under any circumstances, did a working dog touch the owner's livestock.

The highest demands were placed on the dogs. Therefore, people practically did not control mating. The dogs who returned to the village themselves decided who would be the father of the offspring of this or that bitch. Often there were skirmishes between the males, the winner received the right to the "first night". Thus, only the strongest male, with the most functional exterior, could leave offspring. The female gave birth on her own, without any veterinary assistance. The bitch that did not cope with its task was destroyed. Puppies were also left to their own devices, naturally, only the strongest, most adapted to life individuals survived. It was from such puppies that later loyal and uncompromising working dogs grew up.

Natural selection has done its job. All aboriginal dogs have excellent health, the ability to think and make decisions independently, their exterior is as functional as possible, the psyche is iron.

These dogs are not easy to train. Under natural conditions, natives work and survive without human help. Recently, I often wonder: why do aborigines need a person? There is only one answer so far. Aborigines are the strongest empaths, they feel our attitude. Love and respect from the owner, the dogs need, like air. And just for the enthusiastic praise of a loved one, the dog is ready to move mountains. This is what the whole training process should be built on. Firstly, you need to achieve complete voluntary (!) Submission from the dog. And only then ask to perform this or that action.

The hand of a native dog trainer must be both soft and hard at the same time. Severe pressure, as well as an overly loyal attitude, will not work. In the first case, you will get forced aggression - the dog will sooner or later begin to defend itself or close in on itself, and it is extremely difficult to break through the armor, detached from the world of an aboriginal dog! In the second case, the dog will take a vacant, as it seems to her, leader position and begin to train you. Deciding who is worthy to bring food to her and who is not, who has the right to go out into the yard in the evening, and who is under house arrest...

Aboriginal dogs are very dominant. Give up - you'll regret it. They are very well versed in the intricacies of human nature and perfectly recognize falsehood. If you really love a dog, she will answer you the same. He will love, follow your commands and protect your life, without hesitation giving his own. These are the best guards and companions. Aboriginal dogs have a reputation for not being trained, don't believe it! This statement is wrong! This has been proven by many aboriginal dog owners, myself included. Give your dog the right motivation and he will hang on to your every word, every fleeting desire.

Currently, many native breeds of dogs are taken under the wing of factory breeding. On the one hand, this is not bad, because with a competent approach, you can strengthen the desirable signs and weaken the undesirable ones. But one must act very carefully here. Aboriginal dog breeds are divided into several types. For example, mountain and steppe natives, within the same breed, are different. Laek has already been divided into three different breeds with the light hand of the cynologist E. Shereshevsky.

Now we have Russian-European, West Siberian and East Siberian Laika. But this is one breed, and by crossing the Russian-European and East Siberian Laika, for example, we could improve the exterior and working qualities of the breed ... But it’s impossible, puppies will be considered mestizos. Nevertheless, Siberian hunters have not taken into account the presence or absence of pedigrees for a long time and, without a twinge of conscience, knit three types among themselves. When hunting, papers are not important, the main thing is working qualities and a functional exterior. I have seen Siberian hunters' huskies. Despite the lack of documents, the dogs are beautifully built and would give a hundred points ahead to any show husky.

Now they are talking about the division of the Caucasian Shepherd Dog into long-haired and short-haired. With a shudder, I think about what will happen if this happens. But I hope that conversations will remain conversations.

The task of modern breeders of native breeds is to preserve the unique qualities of dogs as much as possible. Do not focus only on the exterior, psyche or working qualities, for example. All characteristics characteristic of the breed must be in the complex! The benefit of breeding material in the native habitats of native breeds is still enough ...

The native breeds of Russia and the countries of the former USSR include: Caucasian and Central Asian Shepherd Dogs, all types of driving and hunting Laikas, Tibetan Mastiff, Mongolian Shepherd Dog, South Russian Shepherd Dog. The "import" primitive breeds include the Cirneco del Etna, the New Guinean singing dog, the Korean jindo, the Mexican hairless dog, the Vietnamese Fukuoka dog, the Peruvian Inca orchid, and many other breeds that are different for each locality. All of them have a functional exterior, good health and amazing working qualities.