Distinctive features of the Russian education system. Education system: concept and elements

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that are independent of each other. Each level of institution has its own forms of organization and legal subordination bodies that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, our country has paid special attention to education. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. Thus, in Soviet times, the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated. state level. However, the revaluation of values today has led to democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, not applicable in the past, have become common among modern participants educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the regulatory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. Levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, to the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the mastery of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state in general, and the individual in particular.

Education levels:

general education;
professional;
higher.

General education

According to the Constitution Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all government institutions. Levels of general education are:

preschool;
school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

initial;
basic;
average.

Each level prepares for mastering the educational program of the next level.

The very first stage in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students to master school curriculum, and also provides basic knowledge about hygiene, ethics and healthy lifestyles. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next level - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in mastering educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, like the preschool level, pursue a single goal - to prepare for mastering the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently understand the world around us.

Vocational education

The levels of professional education are as follows:

initial
average;
higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can obtain various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there either after 9th grade or after graduating from 11th grade.

The next level is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type you can master basic level future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there either after the 9th grade or after the 11th grade. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific level. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered training in an accelerated program.

And finally, higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in a variety of fields. This level of education has its own sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

bachelor's degree;
specialty
master's degree

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own training periods. Please note that a bachelor's degree is entry level, which is mandatory to obtain the rest.

Specialists with higher qualifications in various professions are trained in educational institutions such as universities, institutes, and academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms of training. You can learn:

in person, attending all classes and passing the sessions;
in absentia, independently studying the course material and passing the sessions;
part-time, when training can be carried out on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study without interrupting work);
externally, here you can complete your studies whenever you see fit (it involves issuing a state-issued diploma, but it will have a note on it that you graduated from the educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level regulatory documents of different nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows one to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each educational level overcome.

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs various types, level and (or) focus;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

3) federal state bodies and government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

2. Education is divided into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training, ensuring the possibility of realizing the right to education throughout life (lifelong education).

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to educational levels.

4. In the Russian Federation, the following levels of general education are established:

1) preschool education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

7. The education system creates conditions for lifelong education through the implementation of basic educational programs and various additional educational programs, providing the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, as well as taking into account existing education, qualifications, and experience practical activities while receiving education.

Commentary to Art. 10 of the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”

The commented provisions are not new for domestic educational legislation, since the rules on the structure of the education system contained system-forming acts of educational legislation: and the law on higher education (Article 4). Meanwhile, in the article under consideration, the relevant provisions of these normative acts are somewhat revised and synthesized into normative material, taking into account the multi-level nature of education.

1. The law being commented on proposes a new approach to defining the education system, taking into account changes in the system of educational relations as a whole. It is that:

firstly, the education system includes all types of existing sets of compulsory education requirements: federal state educational standards, federal state requirements, as well as educational standards and educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations.

In order to ensure the quality of education, the legislator provides for: federal state educational standards for basic general education and professional programs, including preschool education, which was not previously envisaged. However, this does not mean the need for certification for students at this level. The law introduces a ban on holding both intermediate and final certification students in preschool educational organizations;

federal state requirements - for additional pre-professional programs;

educational standards - for educational programs of higher education in cases provided for by the commented law or decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The definition of the educational standard is given in paragraph 7) of Art. 2 of Law N 273-FZ, however, we find a more precise interpretation of it in Art. 11 of the Law (see).

Educational programs are also included in the education system, since they represent a set of basic characteristics of education and organizational and pedagogical conditions. This distinction is due to the fact that if either federal state educational standards, or federal state requirements, or educational standards have been developed, the educational program is compiled on their basis. In the event that these are absent (for additional general developmental and with certain features, for additional professional programs * (14); vocational training programs are developed on the basis of established qualification requirements (professional standards), educational programs are the only set of requirements for obtaining this type of education .

Secondly, the education system includes, along with organizations carrying out educational activities, also teaching staff, students and their parents (legal representatives) (up to the age of majority of the student), which makes them full participants in the educational process. Of course, such a position must be supported by specific rights and guarantees for such entities. For this purpose, the legislator introduces Chapter 4, dedicated to students and their parents, and dedicated to teaching, management and other employees of organizations carrying out educational activities ( and ).

Thirdly, the education system includes, along with bodies that manage education at all levels of government, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them. The sign of jurisdiction is not highlighted; instead, the sign of creation of a body by the body exercising management in the field of education is introduced. Such a replacement does not make any fundamental differences. At the same time, the previous formulation of “institutions and organizations” may not have allowed, for example, public councils to be classified as part of the education system.

Fourthly, the education system includes organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education. This is explained by the need to understand the education system as a single, inextricable process of movement of knowledge from the teacher (educational organization) to the student. This process includes information processing centers, certification commissions, etc. This circle does not include individuals (experts, public observers, etc.).

Fifthly, in addition to associations of legal entities and public associations, the education system includes associations of employers and their associations operating in the field of education. This position is due to the intensifying direction of integration of education, science and production; understanding of education as a process that culminates in employment and, in this regard, orientation to the demands of the world of work. Employers take part in the work of educational and methodological associations (), are involved in conducting state final certification for basic professional educational programs, and in conducting a qualification exam (result of vocational training) (,); employers and their associations have the right to carry out professional and public accreditation of professional educational programs implemented by an organization carrying out educational activities, and compile ratings on this basis ().

Paragraph 3 of the commented article 10 of the Law on Education in the Russian Federation introduces a system of types of education, dividing it into general education, vocational education, additional education and vocational training.

Vocational training, despite the seemingly absent “effect” of educational activities - increasing the educational qualifications of the student, also presupposes the need to master the educational program of secondary general education, if it has not been mastered.

This system should make it possible to realize a person’s educational needs throughout his life, that is, not only the opportunity to receive an education at any age, but also to obtain another profession (specialty). For this purpose, various educational programs are being introduced.

The system of education levels is changing, according to which the structure of general education in accordance with the Law includes:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education;

In the structure of professional education:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialist training, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The main innovation is that: 1) preschool education is included as the first level of general education; 2) primary vocational education is not distinguished as a level; 3) higher professional education absorbs the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel (previously carried out within the framework of postgraduate professional education).

The change in educational levels is caused by the requirements of the Bologna Declaration, the International Standard Classification of Education.

The question arises: what are the consequences of changing the system of educational levels?

Modernization of the system of educational levels affects the system of educational programs and types educational organizations.

Changes in educational programs follow the corresponding changes in educational levels.

The introduction of preschool education into the system of educational levels looks frightening at first glance. By rule, this presupposes the presence of federal government educational standards with confirmation of the results of mastering the preschool educational program in the form of a final certification. However, in this situation, the Law provides for a “big” exception to the rule, which is justified, given the level of psycho-physical development of children at such an early age. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students. That is, confirmation of compliance with the requirements of federal state educational standards should be expressed not in the form of testing the knowledge, skills and abilities of students, but in the form of reporting by employees of a preschool educational organization on the work done aimed at implementing the requirements of the standard. Preschool education is now the first level of education, but the legislator does not make it compulsory.

Law N 279-FZ now provides for primary general education, basic general education and secondary general education as separate levels of education. In the previous Law N 3266-1 they were levels of education.

Since the level of primary vocational education “falls out,” it is replaced by two programs introduced into secondary vocational education, which represent a successful combination of instilling skills in the field of primary vocational education with the knowledge and skills necessary to perform work requiring the level of secondary vocational education. As a result, the main programs of secondary vocational education are divided into programs for training skilled workers and programs for training mid-level specialists.

Changes in the higher education system lead to its division into several sublevels:

1) bachelor's degree;

2) specialist training, master’s degree;

3) training of scientific and pedagogical personnel.

The term “professional” itself is no longer applied to higher education, although the latter is still part of the vocational education system.

Bachelor's, master's and specialist's degrees, which have already become familiar to us, retain their legal significance, now side by side with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel. A specialty, as an educational program, is provided where the standard period for mastering an educational program in a specific area of training cannot be reduced.

It should be noted that in the system of education levels, the allocation of sublevels is dictated by different tasks. If we talk about secondary school, then receiving primary education is considered as incomplete education and parents are obliged to ensure that their children receive primary, basic general and secondary general education. These levels are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the following levels of general education. The requirement of compulsory secondary general education in relation to a specific student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen, if the corresponding education has not been received by the student earlier.

The identification of sublevels in higher education is dictated by the need to indicate the independence of each of them and self-sufficiency. Each of them is evidence of higher education without " subjunctive moods". Judicial practice on this matter, based on the 1992 education law, in contrast, approaches the assessment of a bachelor's degree as the first level of higher education, insufficient to occupy positions requiring high vocational training, for example, judges. This approach has been implemented throughout the entire system of courts of general jurisdiction, including the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation * (15).

Hence, the concept of incomplete higher education can only refer to the fact of an incomplete standard period for mastering a particular educational program of a certain level of education. Consequently, when the educational program in a specific area of training has not been fully mastered, it is impossible to talk about passing a specific level of education with the issuance of an education document, which is confirmed by judicial practice * (16).

It should be noted that in regional legislation there are examples of ranking depending on the “level” of education (specialist, master’s degree), for example, wage coefficients. This practice is recognized as inconsistent with the law, since in this case the provisions of Part 3 of Art. 37 Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. and 132 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, prohibiting discrimination in the sphere of labor, including discrimination in establishing and changing wage conditions.

Following the logic that each of the “types” of the level of higher education, be it bachelor’s, specialist’s or master’s degrees, confirms a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements (Article 2 of the Law, “Basic Concepts”), then no restrictions can be set for one of the species versus the other.

However, this statement requires clarification: certain restrictions are already provided for by the Law itself. What regulatory requirements does this follow? We find the answer in Art. 69 “Higher Education”, which states that persons with secondary general education are allowed to master bachelor’s or specialist’s programs (the types are equivalent).

Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs. This emphasizes the higher position of master's programs in the hierarchy of higher education.

However, further we see that the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjunct), residency, and assistantship-internship is possible for persons with at least a higher education education (specialist or master's degree). That is, in this case we see that the specialty “at the finish line” corresponds in its level of preparation to the master’s degree. But the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel is the next level of higher education.

Thus, the education system, according to the law on education, is a unified system, starting with preschool education and ending with the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel, as the necessary level of education for engaging in certain types of activities or certain positions (for example, residency).

Changing levels of education led to a change in the types of educational organizations: expanding opportunities to create different types of organizations providing training. In addition to educational institutions themselves, according to the Law, organizations that have educational divisions in their structure are actively involved in the education system.

Additional education is a type of education and includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education. Each of them involves the implementation of separate educational programs.

Additional educational programs include:

1) additional general education programs - additional general developmental programs, additional prerequisites professional programs;

2) additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.

The selection of various types of educational programs, including within the framework of additional education, allows us to ensure continuity of education throughout life. The proposed system of educational programs provides the opportunity to simultaneously master several educational programs, take into account existing education, qualifications, practical experience in obtaining an education, and study under an abbreviated training program.

Article 10. Structure of the education system

1. The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;

2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;

4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;

5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

3. General education and vocational education are implemented according to educational levels.

ConsultantPlus: note.

On the correspondence of educational and educational qualification levels in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol, see Art. 2 of the Federal Law of 05.05.2014 N 84-FZ.

4. In the Russian Federation, the following levels of general education are established:

1) preschool education;

2) primary general education;

3) basic general education;

4) secondary general education.

5. The following levels of professional education are established in the Russian Federation:

1) secondary vocational education;

2) higher education - bachelor's degree;

3) higher education - specialty, master's degree;

4) higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

6. Additional education includes such subtypes as additional education for children and adults and additional vocational education.

The education system in the Russian Federation is a set of interacting structures, which include:

EDUCATION SYSTEM: CONCEPT AND ELEMENTS

The definition of the concept of an education system is given in Art. 8 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”. It is a set of interacting subsystems and elements:

1) state educational standards of various levels and orientations and continuous educational programs;

2) networks of educational institutions implementing them; 3)

bodies exercising management in the field of education, and institutions and organizations subordinate to them; 4)

associations of legal entities, public and state-public associations carrying out activities in the field of education.

The system-forming factor in this case is the goal, which is to ensure the human right to education. The system under consideration represents a certain integrity, orderliness and interconnection of various parts of the structure of such a complex phenomenon as education. If education is understood as a process of upbringing and training in the interests of the individual, society and the state, then the education system in its most general form can be represented as an ordered set of relations between the subjects of the educational process. The main subject of the educational process is the student. It is no coincidence that in the definition of education given in the preamble of this law of the Russian Federation, human interests are put in first place. All of the above elements of the education system are designed to ensure their implementation.

There are three subsystems in the education system: -

functional; -

organizational and managerial.

The content subsystem reflects the essence of education, as well as the specific content of education at a particular level. It largely determines the nature of the relationships between other subsystems and elements of the education system. The elements of this subsystem are state educational standards and educational programs. The functional subsystem covers educational institutions various types and types that implement educational programs and directly ensure the rights and interests of students. The third subsystem includes educational authorities and institutions and organizations subordinate to them, as well as associations of legal entities, public and state-public educational associations. Obviously, in the context of this legal norm, we mean not educational institutions, but other institutions under the jurisdiction of educational authorities (to denote them, experts use the term “subordinate educational infrastructure”). These can be scientific and research institutes, printing enterprises, publishing centers, wholesale depots, etc. They play a fairly important role in the education system, organizationally ensuring its effective functioning.

The inclusion in the education system of various types of associations that carry out their activities in the field under consideration reflects the state-public nature of education management, the development of democratic institutions and principles of interaction between the state, municipalities, public associations and other structures in the field of education for the most effective implementation of individual rights for development through raising the educational level.

2. Forms, types, levels of education (Articles 10 and 17)

2. The concept of "education".

The term "education" can be considered in different meanings. Education is one of the most important areas public life. Education is an industry social sphere and sector of the economy. They often talk about education as a qualification requirement when filling certain positions or when concluding an employment contract.

Education is understood as a purposeful process of upbringing and training in the interests of an individual, society, and the state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels (educational qualifications) established by the state.

Thus, education is a process that meets the following characteristics:

1) purposefulness;

2) organization and controllability;

3) completeness and compliance with quality requirements.

3. Levels of education.

In educational legislation, the concept of “level” is used to characterize educational programs (Article 9 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) and educational qualifications (Article 27). In Art. 46 provides that the agreement on the provision of paid educational services must, among other conditions, also determine the level of education.

Educational level (educational qualification) is the minimum required volume of educational content, determined by the state educational standard, and the permissible limit of the lower level of mastering this volume of content.

In the Russian Federation, six educational levels (educational qualifications) have been established:

1. basic general education;

2. secondary (complete) general education;

3. primary vocational education;

4. secondary vocational education;

5. higher professional education;

6. postgraduate professional education (clause 5, article 27 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”).

7. additional education.

Achievement of a particular educational qualification must be confirmed by relevant documents. Mastering a certain educational level is a necessary condition for continuing education at a state and municipal educational institution of a subsequent educational level. The presence of professional educational qualifications is a condition for admission to certain types of activities and to occupy certain positions.

We can conclude that the level of education is determined by the level of the educational program being implemented. General education programs are implemented at such levels of education as preschool, primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general, and professional educational programs - at the levels of primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate education. Additional educational programs (Article 26 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) are carried out within each level of professional education.

Preschool education (Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) pursues the goals of raising children early age, protection and strengthening of their health, development individual abilities children and preparing them for school.

General education includes three levels corresponding to the levels of educational programs: primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) education. The objectives of primary general education are the education and development of students, teaching them reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, as well as the basics of personal hygiene and healthy image life. Primary general education is the basis for obtaining basic general education, which should create conditions for the education, formation and formation of the student’s personality, for the development of his inclinations, interests and abilities for social self-determination. It is the basis for obtaining secondary (complete) general education, as well as for primary and secondary vocational education. Secondary (complete) general education should develop in students an interest in understanding the world around them, their creative abilities, and form the skills of independent learning activities based on the differentiation of learning. At this stage of education, additional subjects are introduced at the student’s discretion in order to realize his interests, abilities and capabilities. This is how the primary vocational guidance of schoolchildren is carried out.

Primary vocational education (Article 22 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) provides training for skilled workers (workers and employees) in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic or complete general education.

Secondary vocational education (Article 23 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) is aimed at training mid-level specialists, satisfying the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. The basis for obtaining it can be basic or complete general and primary vocational education. Secondary vocational education can be carried out at two educational levels - basic and advanced. The basic one is implemented according to the main professional educational program, providing training for mid-level specialists, which should include general humanitarian, socio-economic, mathematical, general natural sciences, general professional and special disciplines, as well as industrial (professional) practice.

The duration of training on the basis of basic general education is at least three years. An increased level of secondary vocational education ensures the training of mid-level specialists with an advanced level of qualifications. The main professional educational program at this level consists of two components: a training program for a mid-level specialist in the relevant specialty and an additional training program, which provides in-depth and (or) expanded theoretical and (or) practical training in individual academic disciplines (cycles of disciplines). The duration of study in this case is at least four years. The education document records the completion of in-depth training in the specialty.

Higher professional education (Article 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) is aimed at training and retraining specialists at the appropriate level. It can be obtained on the basis of secondary (complete) education or secondary vocational education.

Basic educational programs of higher education can be implemented continuously and in stages.

The following levels of higher education have been established:

Incomplete higher education;

Bachelor's degree;

Training of certified specialists;

Master's degree.

The minimum periods of study at these levels are two, four, five and six years, respectively. The first level is incomplete higher education, which must be carried out as part of the main educational program. Completion of this part of the program allows you to continue higher education or, at the student’s request, receive a diploma of incomplete higher education without final certification. The second level provides training for specialists with a bachelor's qualification. It ends with a final certification and issuance of a corresponding diploma. The third level of higher education can be carried out according to educational programs of two types. The first of them consists of a bachelor's training program in a specific area and specialized research or scientific and pedagogical training for at least two years and ends with a final certification, including a final work (master's thesis), with the assignment of a "master" qualification, certified diploma The second version of the educational program involves preparation and state final certification with the assignment of specialist qualifications (engineer, teacher, lawyer, etc.), which is also confirmed by a diploma.

Postgraduate professional education (Article 25 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”) ensures an increase in the level of education, as well as scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher education. It can be obtained in postgraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies created in educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific organizations. It can also be conditionally divided into two stages: preparation and defense of dissertations for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences and Doctor of Sciences in the specialty.

Vocational training should be distinguished from vocational education (Article 21 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”), which has the goal of accelerating the student’s acquisition of the skills necessary to perform a specific job. It is not accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the student and can be obtained in educational institutions of primary vocational education and other educational institutions: in interschool educational centers, training and production workshops, training sites (shops), as well as in educational departments of organizations that have the appropriate licenses, and in the form of individual training from specialists who have passed certification and have the appropriate licenses.

Additional education forms a special subsystem, but it is not included in the structure of educational levels, since it is designed to provide additional educational needs of citizens, society and the state.

4. Forms of education.

When defining education as a purposeful process of training and education in the interests of the citizen, society and the state, it is necessary to take into account that it can be received in various forms that best meet the needs and capabilities of the subjects of the educational process, primarily the student. The form of education in the most general sense can be defined as a way of organizing the educational process. Classification of forms of education is carried out on several grounds. First of all, depending on the method of participation of an educational institution in the organization of the educational process, a distinction is made between receiving an education in an educational institution and outside it.

In an educational institution, training can be organized in full-time, part-time (evening), and correspondence forms. The differences between them lie mainly in the volume of the classroom load, or more precisely, in the relationship between the classroom load and independent work student. For example, if at full-time During training, classroom work should account for at least 50 percent of the total hours allocated for mastering the educational program, then for part-time and part-time students - 20 percent, and for part-time students - 10 percent. This determines other features of the organization of the educational process in different forms training (in particular, determining the number of consultations, methodological support, etc.).

In recent years, due to the development information technology(computerization, Internet resources, etc.) distance educational technologies are becoming increasingly widespread. Educational technologies, implemented mainly using information and telecommunication technologies with indirect (at a distance) or incompletely indirect interaction between a student and a teacher, are called distance learning (Article 32 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”). It provides access to education for those citizens who, for some reason, do not have the opportunity to receive education in traditional forms (those living in remote areas, suffering from certain diseases, etc.). Distance educational technologies can be used in all forms of learning. Procedure for using remote educational technologies was approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2005 No. 137. Along with traditional information resources, specialized textbooks with multimedia support, educational videos, audio recordings, etc. are used to support the distance learning process. Current control and intermediate certification can be carried out traditional methods or using electronic means that provide personal identification (digital electronic signature). Mandatory final certification is carried out in the form of a traditional exam or defense of a thesis. Students undergo practical training as usual, while educational training can be organized using distance technologies. The ratio of the volume of training, laboratory and practical classes using remote technologies or through direct interaction between a teacher and a student is determined by the educational institution.

Outside the educational institution, family education, self-education and external studies are organized. Only general education programs can be completed in the form of family education. This form of education is relevant for certain categories of students who may experience difficulties in mastering educational programs under normal conditions. It is also possible to receive help from teachers working on a contractual basis or from parents. In any case, the student undergoes intermediate and state final certification at an educational institution.

To organize family education, the parents (other legal representatives) of the student enter into an appropriate agreement with the general education institution, which may provide for the provision of guidance on the development of the general education program by teachers of the institution, the conduct of individual lessons in all or several subjects by teachers of this institution, or their independent mastery. The educational institution, in accordance with the agreement, provides the student with textbooks and other necessary literature free of charge for the duration of his studies, provides him with methodological and advisory assistance, and provides the opportunity to perform practical and laboratory work on existing equipment and carries out intermediate (quarter or trimester, annual) and state certification. The work of teachers whom an educational institution engages to work with students using this form is paid on an hourly basis based on the teacher’s tariff rate. The procedure for recording classes conducted is determined by the educational institution itself.

Parents, together with the educational institution, are fully responsible for the student’s mastery of the educational program. Parents should be paid additional cash in the amount of education costs for each student at the appropriate stage of education in a state or municipal institution. The specific size is determined based on local funding standards. Payments are made in accordance with the agreement from the educational institution's savings fund. Additional expenses for parents to organize family education,

exceeding established standards are covered by them at their own expense. Parents have the right to terminate the contract at any stage of education and transfer the child to another form of mastering the educational program. An educational institution also has the right to terminate the contract if the student fails at the end of two or more quarters in two or more subjects, as well as in the event of failure at the end of the year in one or more subjects. However, repeated mastery of the program in this form is not allowed.

Self-education is the student’s independent mastery of an educational program. It acquires legal significance only in combination with external studies. External education refers to the certification of individuals who independently master an educational program. Externship is allowed both in the general and vocational education systems. The regulation on obtaining general education in the form of an external study was approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2000 No. 1884. Any student has the right to choose an external study as a form of education. To apply for an external study, you must submit an application to the head of the educational institution no later than three months before certification and submit existing certificates of intermediate certification or a document on education. External students are provided with the necessary consultations on academic subjects (including pre-examination ones) in the amount of at least two hours, literature from the library fund of the institution, the opportunity to use subject rooms for laboratory and practical work. Externs undergo intermediate certification in the manner determined by the institution. If they have passed certification for the full course of a transfer class, they are transferred to the next class, and upon completion of a certain level of training they are allowed to take final certification.

According to a similar scheme (albeit with some peculiarities), professional educational programs are implemented in the form of external studies. For example, the Regulations on external studies in state and municipal higher educational institutions of the Russian Federation, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of October 14, 1997 No. 2033, grants the right to receive higher education in this form to persons with secondary (complete) general or secondary vocational education. Admission and enrollment in universities is carried out in general procedure. Except student card and the grade book, the external student is given a certification plan. It is provided free of charge with sample programs academic disciplines, assignments for tests and coursework, other educational and methodological materials. Current certification of external students includes taking exams and tests in disciplines provided for by the main educational program in the chosen field of study or specialty; reviewing tests and coursework, reports on production and pre-diploma internships; acceptance of laboratory, tests, coursework and practice reports. Examinations are administered by a commission of three full-time professors or associate professors, appointed by order of the dean of the faculty. The passing of the exam is recorded by members of the commission. Attached to the minutes are written responses and other written material accompanying the oral response. Other types of ongoing certification are carried out orally. The grade is given in a special certification sheet, which is signed by the members of the commission and endorsed by the head of the department. Positive grades are then entered into the grade book by the chairman of the commission. The final certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the generally established procedure and includes passing state exams and defending a diploma project (work). Certification can be carried out in one or several universities.

In the vocational education system, the right of students to choose certain forms of training may be limited, taking into account the specifics of training in certain specialties. For example, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 22, 1997 No. 463 approved the List of specialties, the acquisition of which in full-time, part-time (evening) form and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed; Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 22, 1997 No. 1473 approved the List of areas of training and specialties for which higher professional education is not allowed in correspondence and external studies. In particular, such lists include some specialties in the field of healthcare, transport operation, construction and architecture, etc.

Educational legislation allows for a combination of various forms of education. At the same time, for all its forms within the framework of a specific basic educational program, a single state educational standard applies.

5. Conclusion.

Thus, education as a system can be considered in three dimensions, which are:

– social scale of consideration, i.e. e. education in the world, country, society, region and organization, state, public and private education, secular and clerical education, etc.;

– level of education (preschool, school, secondary vocational, higher vocational at various levels, institutions of advanced training, graduate school, doctoral studies);

– profile of education: general, special, professional, additional.

The education system includes:

1) federal state educational standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) orientations;
2) organizations carrying out educational activities, teaching staff, students and parents (legal representatives) of minor students;
3) federal state bodies and government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, exercising public administration in the field of education, and local government bodies, exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

Continuous replenishment, refinement of knowledge, acquisition and comprehension of new information, development of new skills and abilities become the most important prerequisites for increasing a person’s intellectual level, his standard of living, an urgent need for any specialist. The education system includes a number of stages that are discrete in nature, but thanks to continuity, its continuity is ensured.

Continuity allows a person to smoothly transition from one stage of development to the next, from one to the next, higher stage of education.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of different types and types:

· preschool;
· general education (primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education);
· primary vocational education;
· secondary vocational education;
· higher professional education;
· postgraduate professional education;
· additional adult education;
· additional education for children;
· for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);
· special (correctional) (for students, pupils with developmental disabilities);
· other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Preschool education(nursery, kindergarten). It is not compulsory and usually covers children from 1 year to 6 - 7 years.

Comprehensive school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

· Primary education (grades 1 - 4) usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and remote areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, with most children entering school at the age of 6 or 7 years.
· Basic general education (grades 5 - 9). At the age of 10, children graduate from primary school and move on to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enroll, for example, in a technical school.
· Complete general education (grades 10 - 11). After studying for two more years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Vocational education. Vocational education is represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

· Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in professional lyceums or other institutions of primary vocational education after completing the 9th or 11th grades.
· Secondary vocational education. Institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.
· Higher professional education.

Higher education is represented by universities, academies and higher institutes. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On higher and postgraduate professional education” the following types of higher education are established in the Russian Federation educational institutions: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a diploma specialist(duration of study - 5 years), or degree bachelor's(4 years), or master's degree(6 years old). Higher education is considered incomplete if the duration of study is at least 2 years.

Postgraduate education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Educational institutions can be paid or free, commercial or non-profit. They can enter into agreements with each other, unite into educational complexes (kindergarten - primary school, lyceum - college - university) and educational and scientific production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be obtained part-time or on-the-job, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

Preschool education in Russia is designed to ensure the intellectual, personal and physical development of a child from one year to 7 years, strengthening his mental health, development of individual abilities and the necessary correction of developmental deficiencies.

Preschool education is carried out:

· in preschool educational institutions
· in general education institutions (pre-school)
· in institutions of additional education for children (centers and associations for early child development)
· at home in the family.

The legal and regulatory activities of preschool educational institutions of the Russian Federation are regulated by the Model Regulations on Preschool Educational Institutions. The preschool education system and its educational institutions are designed to meet the needs of the population and families with preschool children for educational services. This is emphasized in the Concept of Preschool Education and proclaimed in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” and the Model Regulations on a Preschool Educational Institution. Preschool educational institutions are identified as an independent type of educational institutions and the possibility of their species diversity is determined. The educational program of preschool education is separated as an independent educational program from general education programs. At the same time, the educational programs of preschool and primary general education are continuous. Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, diversity, freedom in choosing the priority direction of the educational process, and the use of educational programs.

Since the beginning of 2005, Russian kindergartens have lost funding from the federal budget for the first time in 85 years of their existence as state institutions. Their maintenance is now entirely the responsibility of local authorities. Municipalities have limited ability to maneuver between budget deficits and parents' ability to pay.

From January 1, 2007, as part of measures to improve the demographic situation, parents whose children attend state and municipal kindergartens began to receive such compensation. Compensation in state and municipal institutions is calculated as follows: 20% of the maintenance fee for the first child, 50% for the second child and 70% for the third and subsequent children. The amount of compensation is determined based on the amount of fees actually paid by the parents for the maintenance of the child in the specified institutions.

Economic difficulties in the country have caused a number of negative processes in the functioning of the system of preschool educational institutions. In Russia now more than a third of young families with a child are not provided with preschool institutions. Parents are entrusted with the functions of the first teachers and the responsibility to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child’s personality in early childhood.

It is impossible not to indicate such a problem as low wages preschool education workers, which in turn becomes an obstacle to attracting young specialists to this field.

General secondary school - an educational institution aimed at providing students with systematized knowledge of the fundamentals of science, as well as the relevant skills and abilities that are necessary for further professional training and higher education. Educational institutions providing general secondary education include secondary schools, lyceums and gymnasiums; education in them lasts 11 years. Usually they enter a general education institution at the age of 6 or 7; graduate at 17 or 18 years old.

The academic year begins on September 1 and ends at the end of May or June. There are two main ways to divide the school year.

Divide by four quarters. Between each quarter there are holidays (“summer”, “autumn”, “winter” and “spring”).
Divide by three trimester. Trimesters are divided into 5 blocks with a week's holidays between them and summer holidays between the third and first trimesters.

At the end of each quarter or trimester, a final grade is given for all subjects studied, and at the end of each year, an annual grade is given. If the annual grades are unsatisfactory, the student may be retained for the second year.

At the end of the last grade, as well as at the end of the 9th grade, students take exams in some subjects. Based on the results of these exams and annual assessments, grades are assigned to the matriculation certificate. For those subjects for which there are no exams, the annual grade is included in the certificate.

Most schools have a 6-day work week (closed on Sunday), with 4-7 lessons daily. With this system, lessons are 45 minutes long. It is also possible to study 5 days a week, but with a large number of lessons (up to 9), or with a large number of shorter lessons (35-40 minutes each). Lessons are separated by breaks of 10-20 minutes each. In addition to studying in classes, students do homework (for younger students, there may not be homework at the teacher’s discretion).

Education is compulsory until grade 9; education in grades 10 and 11 is not compulsory for all children. After the 9th grade, the graduate receives a certificate of basic secondary education and can continue his studies at a vocational school (vocational school, vocational lyceums), where, among other things, it is also possible to complete a complete secondary education program, or at a specialized secondary school (technical school, college, a number of schools: medical, pedagogical) where one can receive specialized secondary education and qualifications, usually as a technician or junior engineer, or even start working immediately. After completing the 11th grade, the student receives a certificate of complete secondary education - a Certificate of Complete General Education. To enter a higher educational institution, a complete secondary education is usually required: a high school certificate, or a document confirming completion of a secondary vocational school, or a technical school diploma, as well as the result of the Unified State Examination (USE).

Since 2009, the Unified State Exam has acquired the status of mandatory and is the only form of state (final) certification of school graduates.

The general education system may also have specialized secondary schools or separate classes (pre-profile and specialized): with in-depth study of a number of subjects - foreign language, physico-mathematical, chemical, engineering, biological, etc. They differ from ordinary ones in the additional teaching load in specialization subjects. Recently, a network of schools has been developing full day, where children not only receive a general education, but a large amount of extracurricular work is carried out with them, clubs, sections and other associations for additional education of children operate. The school has the right to provide additional educational services to a student only if an Agreement for the provision of additional educational services is concluded with his parents (legal representatives), from the moment of conclusion of such an agreement and for the period of its validity. Additional educational services are provided in excess and cannot be provided in return or as part of the main activity.

Except secondary schools in Russia, there are also institutions of additional education for children - musical, artistic, sports, etc., which do not solve the problems of general education, but are focused on the goals of developing children's creative potential, their choice of self-determination in life, and profession.

Vocational education implements professional educational programs of primary, secondary and higher vocational education:

· primary vocational education aims to train skilled workers in all main areas of socially useful activities on the basis of basic general education. For certain professions, it can be based on secondary (complete) general education. Can be obtained from vocational and other schools;
· secondary vocational education (SVE) - aims to train mid-level specialists, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of basic general, secondary (complete) general or primary vocational education.

The following types of secondary specialized educational institutions are established:

a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training;
b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

In other words, technical schools and colleges teach specialties in which secondary vocational education can be obtained in 3 years (in some specialties - in 2 years). At the same time, the college also requires training in advanced training programs (4 years).

· higher professional education - aims to train and retrain specialists at the appropriate level, meet the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education.

In the Russian Federation, there are three types of higher educational institutions in which higher education can be obtained: institute, academy and university.

The Academy is distinguished by a narrower range of specialties; as a rule, they are for one sector of the economy. For example, the Academy of Railway Transport, the Agricultural Academy, the Mining Academy, the Economic Academy, etc.

University covers wide range specialties from different fields. For example, technical university or a classical university.

Any of these two statuses can be assigned to an educational institution only if it conducts extensive and recognized scientific research at a certain level.

To obtain “institute” status, it is enough for an educational institution to provide training in at least one specialty and conduct scientific activity at our own discretion. However, despite these differences, Russian legislation does not provide any advantages or restrictions for graduates of accredited institutes, academies or universities.

A license gives an educational institution the right to conduct educational activities. A license is a state document authorizing a university (or its branch) to train specialists in the field of higher professional education. The license is issued by the Federal Service for Supervision of Education and Science. Both private and state universities are required to have a license. This document is issued for 5 years. After the license expires, the activities of the university are illegal. The license of a university or branch must have annexes. The annexes to the license indicate all the specialties in which the university or branch has the right to train specialists. If the specialty for which admission of students has been announced is not in the application, then teaching students in this specialty is illegal.

In the Russian Federation there are various shapes ownership of educational institutions: state (including municipal and federal subjects) and non-state (whose founders are legal entities or individuals). All accredited educational institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, have equal rights to issue state diplomas and deferment from conscription for military service.

Postgraduate professional education provides citizens with the opportunity to improve their level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications on the basis of higher professional education.

To obtain it, the following institutes have been created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions:

postgraduate studies;
doctoral studies;
residencies;

Unfortunately, in modern world Most people do not reach the possible level of development, and from this the person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a basic and natural human right - aims to satisfy a person’s need for information and directly for training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary human needs: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 “On Education”, where it is understood as a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of the individual, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). From the above definition it follows that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - education and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should represent the unity of the processes of learning, upbringing and results.

A more expanded concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of a model Educational Code for the CIS member states.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and training in the interests of the individual, society, and state, focused on preserving, improving and transferring knowledge, transmitting culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, constant improvement of moral, intellectual, aesthetic and physical state of society.

Education is understood as “a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of the individual, society, and state.”

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law “On Education” states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization a certain amount elements, “something whole, representing a unity of regularly located and interconnected parts.”

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework of the systems approach, general theory of systems, and various special theories of systems.

The provision of the Law on the systematic nature of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interconnection and consistency of all links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, “gaps” and inconsistencies between the various levels and educational programs of the Russian educational system and, ultimately, make the educational service high-quality, and the process of providing it to the population effective.

In this regard, V.B.’s remark is correct. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include individuals in the “set of interacting elements” of the education system, because it is the individual, and not society, not the state, who is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself is not conceivable . Humanistic orientation of the entire legal system modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately define the rights, obligations and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, currently the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

Content subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the meaningful side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a highly systematic education as a whole in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from in first place.

Functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of their form of ownership, type and type.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is, in the vast majority of cases, three-tiered, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is, as a rule, divided between three main management entities - federal government bodies, public administration regional level and local governing bodies of educational institutions (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is also valid for private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and management subsystem is four-tiered: in addition to the three above-mentioned governing entities, municipal education authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as exercise other powers (Article 31 of the Education Law).

In its structural section, education, as well as training, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as assimilation of experience, education of behavioral qualities, physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about social functions person.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which state, non-state, and municipal educational institutions of various types and types operate:

Preschool;

General education;

Institutions for orphans and children without parental care;

Professional (primary, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Preschool education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

Comprehensive secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for educating children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and remote areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, with most children entering school at the age of 6 or 7 years.

Basic general education. At the age of 10, children graduate from primary school and move on to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enroll, for example, in a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for two more years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Presented by universities, academies and higher institutes. According to the Federal Law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education,” the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (duration of study - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the duration of study is at least 2 years.

Vocational education. Vocational education, represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained at vocational lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after completing the 9th or 11th grades.

Secondary vocational education. Institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. Post-higher education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the backdrop of economic globalization and Russia’s desire to enter a single educational space, are subordinated to the interests of a united Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas of public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system is the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the ministers of education of 29 countries.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the university charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - “Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of the Architecture of the European Higher Education System” (1998), among the main priorities putting forward the ideas of the fundamental principles of a single European space and a single higher education zones for the development of the European continent.

The Bologna Declaration of 1999 (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in education systems European countries, but also in other directions. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in the rapprochement of national states and the formation of transnational socio-state systems.

As you can see, plans to create a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration of the states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of economic management.

Russia’s entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on domestic policy state and at the same time a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to the similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the existing statements of Russia's intentions by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. becoming part of the common European higher education system are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can only be granted to countries of the European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia experiences a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in finding a model of education reforms that is adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only global processes, but also the interests of sustainable development of Russia in the short and long term.

The task of the domestic education system is modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and effectively, to arm Russian citizens such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also need in the future.

The development of the Russian education system is determined by world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country that have occurred over the past 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia is taking an active part in creating a unified international educational space. Since the 90s, extensive modernization has been carried out Russian system education aimed at its democratization and development “as an open state-social system.”