post-war period. Novo-Peterhof School of the NKVD - Leningrad border SVU - pu n81 - professional lyceum n148 Life and work of the school during the war years

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Gulbinsky Yuri Valentinovich. Educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic and service-combat activities of the fourth school of the border guard and the troops of the OGPU (Saratov military school). 1932-1973 : dissertation... candidate of historical sciences: 07.00.02 / Gulbinsky Yuri Valentinovich; [Place of protection: Sarat. state. un-t im. N.G. Chernyshevsky]. - Saratov, 2008. - 242 p. : ill. RSL OD, 61:08-7/178

Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 The fourth border school in the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU 25

1.2. Formation of the Fourth Border School - Saratov Military School of the NKVD 33

1.3. Saratov military school and mass repressions of 1937-1938 56

Chapter 2. SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL OF THE NKVD DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 73

2.1. Life and activities of the school during the war years 73

2.2. Graduates and teachers of the school on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War 91

2.3. Participation of the Saratov military school in the performance of special tasks during the Great Patriotic War 108

Chapter 3. ACTIVITY OF THE SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL IN 1945-1973 139

3.1. Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improving the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953) 139

3.2. Participation in the counter-insurgency, counter-guerrilla struggle and deportation of certain groups of the population 160

3.3. On the way to the higher military school (1953-1973) 183

CONCLUSION 205

LIST OF USED SOURCES AND LITERATURE 211

APPS 222

Introduction to work

An integral attribute of the power of any state are armed formations designed to ensure internal security, maintain order in the country and protect its vital facilities. At the same time, in different countries they may have their own names, various forms of organization and differ in some functions. But the field of their activity, in the final analysis, will always be determined by the political regime that exists in the country, by those laws that regulate their tasks, rights, duties and responsibilities.

In modern Russia, such formations are called "internal troops" 1 . As history has shown, with the development of the state, the structure, functions, name and even the social composition of the employees of these troops changed in accordance with the change in the political system of Russia. The only thing that remained unchanged was their belonging to the state military security system 2 .

In the period under study (1932-1973), the internal troops were repeatedly reformed and subordinated to various departments. In accordance with this, their name also changed: troops of the OGPU - NKVD - MTB - MVD.

The history of the internal troops (internal troops) of Russia is full of a huge number of facts and events. In it, as in the life of the whole country, there were heroic, dramatic and tragic pages. Their activities have received the most diverse, sometimes diametrically opposed assessments of researchers. For the most part, this is due to the social

1 The history of internal troops begins in the first quarter of the 19th century. March 27, 1811
of the year on the initiative of the assistant to the St. Petersburg governor Evgraf Komarovsky,
Alexander I issued a decree on the formation of a separate corps of internal guards. This date
It is considered to be the day of the formation of the internal troops of Russia. See: Baranov V.P. and etc.
Internal Troops: Historical Essay. M., 2007. S. 11.

2 The state military security system is understood as a set of
forces used by the authorities in order to maintain order, ensuring internal security
sti, protection of the rights and legitimate interests of its citizens. See: Historical sketch of the image
vaniya and development of police institutions in Russia. (Appendix 5 to the draft law on
transformation of the police in the Empire). SPb., 1913., S. 3.

4 military, historical assessment of the activities of the departments, which structurally included internal troops. However, in the opinion of the author of this study, it is more reasonable to determine the nature of the actions of the troops not only and not so much by departmental affiliation, but by the human factor. This means that a very important role in specific operations or official assignments carried out by units and subunits of the internal troops was played by their leaders-officers - commanders and chiefs. It follows from the thesis formulated above that the system of command staff training has been and remains the most important component of the service and combat activities of internal troops.

It should be noted that throughout the entire pre-revolutionary period such a system did not exist in Russia. The staffing of internal troops with officers was carried out by graduates of army military educational institutions. It was not there in the first years of Soviet power. Only in 1930, at the administrative meeting of the Council of Labor and Defense, it was decided to grant the United State Political Administration (OGPU) the right to organize independent training of the commanding staff 1 .

In the course of implementing this decision, among other military educational institutions, the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU troops was opened in 1932 in the city of Saratov. In its development as an educational institution, it went through four stages of qualitative improvement: a military school, a military school, a higher military school and a military institute. For 75 years, this military educational institution has trained a huge number of military specialists: border guards, infantrymen, sappers, signalmen, commanders and political workers, doctors, police officers and other areas. Many bright pages were written by Saratov residents - graduates of this military educational institution in the history of the border and internal troops, fighting on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. The chronicle of the institution includes

1 See: History of the construction of internal troops. Ch. 1 (1917-1945). M., 1995. S. 127.

5 participation in dozens of special operational and combat missions, as well as the daily, continuous service of graduates in law enforcement within the framework of those laws and orders that were in force in the state. All this played a certain, albeit ambiguous, role in the historical events of Russia in the 20th century.

However, the accumulated experience of organizational, economic, educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of this military educational institution has so far received proper reflection.

It seems that the study of various aspects of the military pedagogical activity of the oldest university in the thirties and sixties will make it possible to draw some conclusions and make recommendations that are useful for the modern process of officer training.

The study of the historical experience of the organization and functioning of the Fourth School (military school), both in normal and extreme conditions, helps to identify various aspects of the construction of internal troops. In particular - the definition of combat readiness, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of military-theoretical and pedagogical thought. In this regard, the service and combat activities of the university, as a military formation, are certainly important. Participation in Chekist military operations and special missions reveals the essence of the tasks assigned to the internal troops and their state significance. A different assessment is appropriate here, taking into account not only the essence of special operations from a tactical (Chekist) point of view. The study of this problem makes it possible to show the moral and ethical side of the ongoing operations, the motives for the behavior of cadets in the performance of special tasks for the deportation of certain peoples or the suppression of the insurgent (partisan) movement. It allows one to determine the dependence of the nature of actions on the political goals of the opposing sides, and contributes to the understanding of social processes in a specific historical situation.

In general, the study of the positive and negative aspects of the experience of training officers for the internal troops reduces the likelihood of errors that affect the trends of modern military special education.

In connection with the above, object of study dissertation work is the Fourth School of the Border Guard and Troops of the OGPU, later renamed the Saratov Military School of the NKVD Troops - MTB - MVD, in the context of the overall development of the officer training system for internal troops in the 1930s - 1960s.

Since the object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process are related to each other as general and particular, subject In this study, the educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic, and service-combat activities of the above-mentioned military educational institution were selected.

The study of the stated problem has not yet been of a scientific nature. For the all-Russian scale, it seemed insignificant and narrow. Practically, neither local historians nor departmental researchers turned to her. It should also be taken into account that the main documents and materials related to the activities of the school remained under the heading "secret" or "top secret" for a long time. Therefore, publications on the history of the school were published only on anniversaries, were published, as a rule, as manuscripts and were of a purely departmental nature. Their content was excessively pretentious, strongly ideologized, reality was varnished and adjusted to fit ideological dogmas. "Inconvenient" stories were excluded.

The first attempt to study the history of the Saratov school (school) was made in 1948. The teacher of the socio-economic cycle, Captain I. Volkov, prepared and published in the newspaper “On the Way of Felix” the article “Fifteenth Anniversary of the School. 1933-1948" 1 .

Since that time, every five to ten years, in typewritten form with a circulation of five to seven copies, commemorative editions began to appear in the form of a brief essay, historical reference, historical essay, textbook, etc. one

All these publications were conceived for propaganda and educational work with cadets. Nevertheless, noteworthy is the historical note published as a manuscript, with the stamp "Do not take it out of the unit" under the title: "The Saratov Military School is 30 years old." Its author, then Candidate of Historical Sciences, Lieutenant Colonel D.P. Vanchinov 3, on the basis of a historical formulary, in chronological sequence, characterized, in general, the thirty-year path of the school.

Structurally, the work consists of three sections. The first section is called "Years of Formation". It tells about when, how and why the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU Troops was created, according to what principles the permanent and variable composition was selected. Some social characteristics of the first recruitment of cadets are given, the first pre-war graduations are described in detail: how many, with what results (in absolute figures and in percentage terms) young officers graduated. Their party affiliation is given, the reasons why some of the graduates did not receive an officer's rank are substantiated.

In the first and subsequent sections, a significant place is given to the work of party and Komsomol organizations, their role and importance in the training of future officers.

1 See: Vradiy P. T. Brief history of the school for 25 years. Saratov: SVU, 1957; Vanchinov D.P. Saratov military school - 30 years: Historical background. Saratov, 1962.; Kaluga A. Ya. F. E. Dzerzhinsky of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 40 years. Saratov, 1972; So-penko A. G. SVVKKU them. F.E. Dzerzhinsky Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 45 years (1932-1977). Saratov, 1977.

The stamp “Do not take out from the unit” meant that the material was intended for official use.

3 Dmitry Polikarpovich Vanchinov, after being transferred to the reserve, he worked at the Saratov State University. N. G. Chernyshevsky, defended his doctoral dissertation and received the academic title of professor, headed the department of history of the USSR of the Soviet period.

The second section of the reference is devoted to the activities of the school during the Great Patriotic War. The author talks at length and at length about the perfidy of the Nazis, about the patriotic upsurge among Soviet people in general and among cadets and officers in particular. Without reference to any sources, he talks about the participation of the school's personnel in the construction of defensive structures around the city of Saratov, about military training of the population, about helping agriculture, about raising funds for the defense fund, etc.

However, in this section, the historical texture and statistics are much weaker than in the previous one. This is explained, apparently, by the fact that the life of the school during the war years is not reflected in the historical form. It is difficult to judge whether this was done due to the dishonesty of the relevant officials or for any other reason, but to this day this gap in the main historical document of the educational institution remains unfilled.

The third section of the book reveals the activities of the school in the postwar years. It analyzes changes in the staffing structure, in the specialization and training profile of officer cadres, tells about the principles of staffing a military educational institution with teachers and cadets.

All other publications on the history of the Saratov School mentioned above have a similar structure, and to some extent duplicate the historical information. Their difference and dignity lies in the fact that the authors add facts and events of recent years to their publications. These publications describe in much more detail the exploits and distinctions of graduates on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the successes and achievements of the pupils of the school in everyday service in a peaceful environment.

So, in the manual of A. Ya. Kaluga, biographies of cadets and officers of the school who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union are given. The feats for which these ranks were awarded to lieutenant colonel A.I. Bankuzov, captain A.F. Bogomolov, lieutenant

A. M. Eroshin, captain I. S. Zenin and other officers 1 . Brought to you
exactly a long list of former cadets, commanders and teachers,
for whom study or work at the Saratov school (school) has become a start
howling platform for achieving high service peaks. In particular, the author
talks about the first teachers of the Fourth School V. T. Korepanov,

V. S. Dolgov, A. I. Makarov, who later became the chiefs of the military
schools and colleges. Describes the career path of officers A. N. Apollonov,
A. A. Kovalchuk, P. V. Burmak. P. E. Kosynkin, D. V. Kramarchuk,

S. I. Iovlev, who held high positions in the central office
MIA. The service-combat path and career growth of graduates are outlined:
P. N. Anoprikov - head of the department of the Main Directorate of Border
troops, A.P. Kozlov - commander of the Separate Motorized Rifle Division, especially
appointment of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, V. F. Zlobanov - head of the Pacific troops;;
border district and many others.

On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Colonel A. I. Talyzin developed a textbook in three editions with a total of 60 typewritten pages. It was intended for officers and teachers as reference material in the system of political and educational work, as well as for cadets in the preparation of reports and messages during the educational process. In the first issue of the manual, the issues of restructuring the work of the school in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War are briefly considered. In the second issue, based on the materials of the large-circulation newspaper of the school "On the Way of Felix", it is told about the features of the training of officer cadres "... in the conditions of an organized rear ...". The third issue is dedicated to teachers and graduates who showed courage, command talent and earned high awards on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

1 See: Kaluga A. Ya. Decree. op. S. 44.

2 See: Talyzin A.I. Saratov Military School during the Great Patriotic War
war of 1941-1945: Textbook. Saratov, 1984.

Among the commemorative publications, VN Lubnin's book 1 is of the greatest interest. This is the first printed work on the history of the school, dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the university. It uses the materials of the above-mentioned manuscripts and publications of other authors, collected memories of veterans and graduates of different years. The book is written in the form of an essay. Its content tells about the participation of command and teaching staff, graduates and cadets in battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, about the protection of the state border of the USSR, important objects of the country, public order and the fight against crime. The book tells about the creative search of the command, the scientific and pedagogical staff, party and Komsomol organizations of the school at various stages of its development. According to the author, he "sought to attract new documentary and factual material, especially from the pre-war period, the first post-war and recent years" 2 . However, there are no references to archival or other documents in the book.

The years of preparation for the 70th anniversary 3 became the most abundant in terms of the number of printed publications reflecting the history and activities of the school.

At this time, a book by G.I. Tsyplina was prepared and published. It turned out to be not quite an ordinary work related to the genre of military memoirs. It is devoted to a narrow topic - the history of the creation and improvement of the educational and material base in one, albeit a major, subject - tactical and special training. However, as Professor V. N. Danilov rightly notes in the preface, “... the peculiarity of this work is that it is based not only on the author’s personal impressions, but on the fact that he

1 See: Lubnin V.N. Saratov Higher Military Command Red Banner
School named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Saratov, 1992.

2 Ibid. S. 7.

See: Voronov M.S., Kiselev V.I., Shevchenko I.V. 70 years in a single ranks. Saratov: SVKI VV MIA of Russia, 2002; Ershov P. I., Kostyuchek N. S., Shevchenko I. V. Heroes - pupils of the military institute. Saratov, 2002; Filaretov L. A. History of the second battalion. Saratov, 2003; They Forged Victory: Autobiographical Essays. Saratov, 2005. 4 See: Tsygashn G. I. How it was: Military memoirs. Saratov, 2002.

seen, done and what he took part in, but also on genuine archival documents. Therefore, this publication can rightfully be defined as a memoir - a study...” 1 .

Without questioning the facts and events covered in anniversary and memoir publications, it should be noted that from the point of view of science, they should be treated with caution. In some cases, historical inaccuracies are allowed there or there are no documentary substantiations of contradictory facts. So, in the book of V. N. Lubnin it is indicated that “... On May 22, 1943, the 10th anniversary of the school was solemnly celebrated” 2 . I. Volkov gives his essay in the newspaper "On the Way of Felix" the title: "The Fifteenth Anniversary of the School 1933-1948." A. Ya. Kaluga in the manuscript dedicated to the history of the school writes “... May 2, 1972 to the Saratov School named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky turns 40” 3 . It can be seen from the examples given that researchers interpret the date and even the year of the formation of an educational institution in different ways 4 .

In addition, the studies cited only mention “special government assignments” and “special missions” to which the personnel of the school were involved. And there were about ten such business trips from 1937 to 1949. It is silent about the tasks that were carried out by the combined detachments of the school in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and in the Baltic states.

Broadly covering the ideological, organizational, propaganda and intra-union work of party and Komsomol organizations, the authors of the studies did not say a single word about the role of these organizations in total control over the mindsets of communists, Komsomol members and all personnel.

Citing a large amount of statistical data about exploits, distinctions, awards, promotions, etc., researchers do not even hint at

1 See: G. Tsyplin and Decree Op. C. 3.

2 See: Lubnin V.N. Decree. op. p.62

12 misdemeanors, violations of military, labor or educational discipline, by the number of "withdrawn", arrested, convicted or brought to other types of responsibility. Without coverage of such facts, the history of the school looks incomplete and one-sided.

In addition to anniversary publications, some ideas about the history of the school can be gleaned from various collections that promote the feats of arms of the soldiers of the internal troops and employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

A team of authors consisting of A. P. Pozdnyakov, E. A. Nechaev, I. N. Izotov and others published a collection of heroic deeds of soldiers of the internal troops. It, along with others, briefly highlights the exploits of some graduates of the Saratov military school 1 . Researchers

B. Serdinsky, L. Smirnov, B. Dubrovin, E. Ovsyankin collected material on
military personnel forever enlisted in the lists of units. One of the first
pages of this collection is dedicated to the Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Va
Silyevich Mamonov, forever enrolled in the lists of the 1st company of the 1st battalion
to schools. It also tells about the exploits of graduates
A. M. Nemchinova, D. I. Rakusa, I. N. Kuznetsova, A. V. Lopatina 2 .

On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the Separate Orders of Lenin and the October Revolution of the Red Banner Operational Division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for a long time, bearing the name of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, a book was published that tells about the military path of the illustrious unit. Ten to twenty young officers were sent to this division from each graduation of the Saratov School. Among them are P. E. Korzhenko, A. P. Kozlov,

S. A. Melikov, who came through the service to the commander of this unit. On the
pages of the anniversary edition, to one degree or another, are told about six
ten seven graduates - Saratov.

In memory of graduates of the pre-war years of the Saratov military school of the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR, fighters and commanders

1 See: Worthy of the title of a hero. M., 1986. S. 178.

2 See: Golden stars of internal troops. M., 1990. S. 166.

3 See: Order-bearing Dzerzhinsky. M.) 2004.

13 divisions them. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, employees of internal affairs bodies and state security, officers of border guards who performed their military and official duty during the Great Patriotic War, the story of Pavel Smirnov "Bunchuk" is dedicated to 1

This work is based on real events related to the main character of the story, a graduate of the Saratov School V. T. Ogryzko. The story uses materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Military Archive, the Central Archive of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Central Museum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, and memories of veterans of the Great Patriotic War.

In the book of the candidate of historical sciences S. M. Shtutman “Internal troops. History in faces 2 » presents the biographies of the leaders of the internal troops for almost two hundred years of history of these formations. Among other things, the book tells about the commander - the head of tactics of the chemical troops of the Saratov School of Border Guards and the troops of the OPTU Arkady Nikolaevich Appolonov, who later, in the rank of colonel general, headed the internal troops and was deputy minister of internal affairs. The military biography of another teacher of the Fourth School, Petr Vasilievich Burmak, who ended his career as head of the Main Directorate of Internal Troops, is described in a similar way. The same book tells about a graduate of the Saratov military school, who went through his career from a cadet to the commander of the internal troops, an honorary citizen of the city of Saratov, Colonel-General, Hero of Russia Anatoly Aleksandrovich Romanov 3 .

Separate data, interesting stories on the history of the Saratov school (college) can be found in local history publications.

1 See: Smirnov P. Bunchuk. Saratov, 2007.

2 See: Shtutman S. M. Internal Troops: History in Persons. M., 2004.

By a joint decision of the management of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Saratov region and the regional Council of veterans of the internal affairs bodies and internal troops, a collection of 1 essays and memoirs of veterans of the Great Patriotic War - internal affairs bodies was published. Among them are stories about the servicemen of the Saratov Military School I. A. Anokhin, A. Ya. Ignatiev, S. P. Komkov, A. I. Zakharov and dozens of other officers and ensigns.

The Volga Book Publishing House published a book by N. N. Timonin, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, retired colonel, former head of the department of tactics at the Saratov Military School. It presents biographies of the Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia - natives of the Saratov land and those who studied and worked , lived or lives in the Saratov region.Together with other heroes, the pages of the book reflect the biographies of 20 former cadets and officers of the Saratov military school.

It is easy to see that the overwhelming majority of publications about the Saratov military school (school) are devoted to describing the service and combat path of individuals who have accomplished feats, shown courage, or made a brilliant military career. The author of the study pays tribute to the heroes of these publications, self-control in extreme situations, with great respect for their diligence, service zeal in everyday service and highly appreciates the educational role of published books. However, all this literature, although it covers some aspects of the history of the university, is more popular than scientific in nature. As a result, it is legitimate to conclude that the topic of the dissertation does not have its own scientific historiography, and the history of the Saratov school of the border guard and the troops of the OGPU (Saratov military school) has not yet been studied in detail. The prerequisites and reasons for the opening of a military educational institution of this kind have not been identified, its place and special role in the general system of training have not been shown.

See: Glory and memory. Saratov, 1966.

See: Timonin N. N. Feats in the name of the Fatherland are immortal. Saratov, 2006.

15 training of officers for the border guard and troops of the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD, the periodization of the history of the formation and functioning of the educational institution is not justified, the degree of participation of officers and cadets of the school in repressive measures against the "enemies of the people" is not clarified. The actions of the temporary formations of the school in the counterinsurgency and counterguerrilla struggle in the Baltic republics and Ukraine did not find their coverage. An objective assessment of the participation of the combined detachments of the school in the deportation of certain groups of the population in the Volga region and the North Caucasus has not been given, the participation of the school's personnel in the socio-political, economic, cultural and sports life of the Saratov region has not been documented.

Based on the scientific significance of the problem, the level of its development, the dissertation student set himself gel\ based mainly on newly revealed documents and facts, to investigate the history of the creation, development and functioning of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and OPTU troops in the city of Saratov, its transformation into the Saratov Military School of the NKVD-MVD.

to study the structure of educational institutions of OPTU in the early 1930s. and the factors that determined the creation of the Fourth Border Guard School;

the process of formation of the Saratov border guard school and its transformation into a military school;

to analyze the nature and content of the participation of the personnel of the school in the special operations of the NKVD in 1937-1938;

to highlight the life, military-pedagogical and service activities of the school in wartime conditions;

to study the participation of graduates, teachers and cadets of the school in repelling aggression on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the performance of special tasks by the school in the war and the first post-war years;

To analyze structural changes, the restructuring of the educational process and the improvement of the quality of officer training in peaceful conditions in 1945-1973;

AT territorial limits The study included the location of the military educational institution - the city of Saratov, the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, where graduates and teachers of the school fought, as well as the regions where the school participated in special operations.

Chronological framework cover the period from the formation of the 4th school of the border guard and the troops of the OPTU (1932) and until the transformation of the Saratov military school of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a higher military educational institution. The chronological period under study includes the most significant stages in the functioning of the school (school): the pre-war years, the period of the Great Patriotic War, the post-war years, including the years of Khrushchev's experiments with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the relative stability of existence during the period associated with the rule of L. I. Brezhnev. Since it was impossible not to take into account the historical prerequisites and factors that laid the foundation for the emergence of an educational institution for the military security system in the city of Saratov, the dissertation also touches on the years immediately preceding the creation of the Fourth Border School.

Scientific novelty research lies in the very formulation of the problem. In essence, this dissertation is the first attempt to study the history of one of the oldest military educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the context of the general history of the internal troops of Russia. As part of the study, the social and service prerequisites for opening educational institutions in the OPTU system in general and the Saratov school in particular were determined. Such a socio-political aspect as the staffing of an educational institution with permanent and variable staff is considered in detail. A thorough analysis of the organizational, economic and educational and methodological activities of the command and teaching staff in peacetime and wartime conditions has been made. Based on various sources, for the first time

17 introduced into scientific circulation, the participation of cadets and officers in special operations is highlighted, the mechanisms for using military force in solving domestic political problems are analyzed. Some events related to military business trips are given reasonable assessments, sometimes not coinciding with the opinion generally accepted in departmental literature and historiography. For various positions of the life of the school, statistics are widely presented, summarized in a series of tables compiled by the author. For the first time, the connection of the school with public and economic organizations of the city of Saratov and the region is widely shown.

Practical significance The work consists in the fact that it gives a fairly complete picture of the effectiveness of the functioning of a specialized educational institution, both in normal and in extreme conditions. Conclusions and generalizations can be used in developments on today's problems of reforming the internal troops in general and their military educational institutions in particular. In addition, a still little-known noteworthy page in the history of the city of Saratov and the region has been revealed. The cognitive moment of the study is closely connected with the scientific moment and provides certain material for new searches in the history of the region and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. This study also has an educational function. It is especially relevant in connection with the 75th anniversary of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU Troops, and now the Saratov Red Banner Military Institute of Internal Troops. On the traditions, experience, courage and heroism of graduates of past years, the current generation of defenders of the Fatherland is trained and educated.

Methodological basis prepared dissertation work became the principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The author relied on the fundamental principles of historical research - historicism, objectivity, consistency.

All research methods used can be divided into three groups.

The first group includes general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, classification, analogy, etc. They were used not by themselves, but in combination, which, in the author's opinion, made it possible to provide an integrated approach to the study of the history of the Saratov military schools, to study within the given chronological framework all the variety of phenomena and processes that have taken place, to identify the most significant moments against the general background of development, to trace their interconnection and interdependence.

The second group combines special methods of historical research - frontal examination of archival and other sources, historical description, problem-chronological, retrospective, method of actualization, etc. Their application ensured the study of historical phenomena and facts both in close connection with the specific historical situation in which they arose and existed, and in their qualitative change at various stages of development.

The third group consists of the methods used by some other sciences: sociology (survey of participants and witnesses of events), statistics (statistical method), mathematics (calculation, interpolation, generalization and averaging of quantitative indicators of the functioning of the military educational institution under study).

These methods were used both individually and in combination. This depended on the specifics of the issue under consideration, the nature and content of the source, and the task at hand.

source base The research included published documents, materials from archival funds, periodicals, memoirs and interviews with participants in the events.

Among the published documents, of interest are the normative legal acts of the functioning of the border guards located in various collections.

19 personal and internal troops, documents characterizing their practical activities.

Since 1968, a wide publication of documents and materials on the activities of the border troops in the open press began 2 . This work has been going on for over 10 years. In total, 5 collections of documents on the history of the border troops were published, in which documents were published from 1918 to 1950. Since 1972, the publication of documents and materials on the construction and activities of the internal troops for the period 1917-1945 begins.

The undoubted advantage of all collections is the presence of a good reference apparatus: each book contains detailed prefaces and notes, name indexes. These books made a significant contribution to the documentary coverage of the history of the creation and development of internal troops, as well as some issues of the work of military educational institutions. But the documents printed in these collections were pre-selected and published in an abbreviated form. Negative facts from the history of the troops were not reflected in these publications.

The most important sources for the preparation of the dissertation work were unpublished documents and materials gleaned from the archives.

1 See: Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic (1917-1922). Documents and ma
materials. M., 1972; Internal troops during the years of peaceful socialist construction
M., 1975; From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. Documents and materials. 1917-
1921 M., 1958; From the history of the Soviet border troops. 1935 - June 1941 Doku
cops and materials. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR. 1928-1938. M., 1972; borderline
new troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M., 1970; Border troops of the USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968;
Border troops of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941. Collection of documents and
materials. M., 1976.

2 In total, two series of collections were published - open and secret. Secret collection
Nicknames were issued from 1963 to 1975. in five books. Documents published in them, oh
waded the period from 1921 to 1945.

3 See: Border Troops of the USSR. 1918-1928. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR.
1928-1938. M., 1972; Border troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M, 1970; Border howl
ska USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968; Border troops of the USSR. 1945-1950. M., 1975.

4 See: Internal troops of the Soviet Republic 1917-1922: Documents and mat
rials. M., 1972; Internal troops during the years of peaceful socialist construction
1922-1941 M., 1977; Internal Troops in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.
M., 1975.

One of the significant difficulties in working with archival materials on the troops of the NKVD is the disunity of documents for a large number of archival institutions. This happened due to the peculiarities of the construction, organization and subordination of these troops.

At present, the archival institution in Russia, containing the largest number of documents on the history of the NKVD troops, is the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA). It contains documents on the military educational institutions of the NKVD that existed in the pre-war period and during the Great Patriotic War. Some of these materials are used in the dissertation.

Unfortunately, access to a number of funds of this archive is still limited. This is fund 40956, where the personal files of cadets of several schools of the NKVD troops, including Saratov, are kept. Fund 38265 is also unavailable, where the documents of the Political Department of the Department of Educational Institutions of the NKVD Troops are concentrated. The dissertation used separate documents from fund 40926 (Political Department of the Border Troops of the NKVD of the USSR), funds 38650 and 38651 (Directorate of Operational Troops, which during the Great Patriotic War was transformed into the Main Directorate of Internal Troops of the NKVD). The nature of the documents used in the dissertation - orders and instructions to subordinate troops, including military educational institutions, some operational and statistical material related to the performance of special operations by internal troops.

In the pre-war and war years, the NKVD had the position of Deputy People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs for the troops, in whose subordination were operational (internal) troops, as well as military educational institutions. The archive has a special fund 38652, which contains documents from the Secretariat of the Deputy Minister for the Armed Forces for the period 1940-1948. Directives, instructions, reports and other documentary materials were deposited here, reflecting the operational and service activities of the troops, the process of forming units and schools, and

21 also some documents on the accounting of personnel. Some of these documents were also used in the preparation of the dissertation.

The author studied some materials on the history of the NKVD troops and the training of personnel for these troops, stored in the Central Archive of the Federal Border Service of Russia (TSAFPS), as well as in the Central Museum of this department (CMFS), since until 1939 the border troops were part of the NKVD troops and many documents were common to them.

Most of the valuable sources on the topic of the study were found in the Central Archive of the Internal Troops (TSAVV) in the fund 240 - the Saratov Military School. This is a large number of documents (the author analyzed 317 cases) related to the educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and Troops of the OGPU (Saratov Military School). These are documents of the educational department, political department, rear, medical and financial departments, as well as daily orders for the combat unit, starting from August 18, 1932. Unfortunately, a significant part of the documents of this fund has not yet been removed from the secrecy stamp, which makes it impossible to use them in the open press. Almost all the documents of the fund 240 CABB used in this dissertation are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

During the war years and the first post-war years, the personnel of the Saratov Military School was actively used in various special operations. When covering these issues, materials from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGAS-PI) (fund 644 - State Defense Committee of the USSR), the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF) (funds 9401, 9478 and 9479 - secretariat of the NKVD, department for combating banditry, special resettlement department). These materials made it possible to show the historical background of the special operations associated with the suppression of political banditry and the deportation of certain peoples.

The dissertation widely used the data of the Historical Form of the Saratov Red Banner Military Institute of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as the materials of the political department of the Red Banner Military-Political School of the MTB Troops named after K. E. Voroshilov, stored in the eponymous fund of the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Saratov Region (GANISO).

Memoirs and memoirs of employees and graduates of the Saratov Military School became an important source for the dissertation research.

Separate pages of history are revealed in the memoirs of V. I. Zaitsev, V. P. Glorious, M. G. Padzhev, G. I. Tsyplin.

The deputy head of the Saratov School, Lieutenant Colonel V. I. Zaitsev, who was appointed in December 1942 to the post of chief of staff of the newly formed 10th rifle division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the city of Stalingrad, tells about the cadets and officers who were seconded with him to the Stalingrad division 1.

A graduate of the school, Mikhail Grigorievich Padzhev, was sent for further service to the 24th border detachment, and together with him went the whole way of the Great Patriotic War. In the book "Through the whole war" he describes the actions of the border guards, his battle path and talks about his friends, graduates of the Saratov military school.

See: Zaitsev V. I. Fulfilling a soldier's duty. M., 1987.

See: Padzhev M. G. Through the whole war. (Notes of a border guard). M., 1972.

V. P. Slavnov, a graduate of the Saratov military school, in his military memoirs 1 excitedly recalls his fellow cadets, talks about dear fellow soldiers who selflessly loved their homeland, sacredly performed their military duty, were brave in battle and reliable in friendship. He entered the war in the Smolensk region as a platoon commander, and ended his military career in Czechoslovakia as the commander of the 123rd Infantry Regiment.

Another graduate of the school is Smikozub Ivan Sergeevich, a retired colonel who has gone through a long and difficult path from a soldier to a division commander. The second section of his book is devoted to the period of his life that he spent at the Saratov Military School (1936-1939). Here are interesting reflections on the national and social origin of the cadets, on their service and life experience.

On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, a collection of autobiographical essays by veterans of the Saratov Military Institute was published 3 . In addition to front-line episodes, it contains material about little-known facts about the participation of officers and cadets of the school in the fight against enemy paratroopers in the Saratov region, about repelling the bombing of the railway bridge across the Volga and other strategic targets, about how from the autumn of 1942 until In the spring of 1943, anti-aircraft machine-gun units of the school, headed by officers V. P. Tuchin and N. F. Ugryumov, guarded the Saratov sky in the general air defense system of the city. The Saratov branch of the Central Museum of Internal Troops stores handwritten memoirs of the pupils of the school K. I. Borodavkin, I. M. Bobkov, A. G. Volkov, V. S. Golovchansky, A. A. Zvonkin, A. P. Komov, P. P. Kormoshova, K. I. Matrosova, S. V. Matienko, M. I. Ovsyannikova, A. P. Schastlivenko and

1 See: Slavnov V.P. How much was passed ... M., 1984.

2 See: Smikozub I.S. Notes of an old soldier. Kyiv, 1999.

3 See: They forged Victory. Saratov, 2005.

4 See: Folder “I owe everything to the Saratov school...”: Memories in letters from you
graduates of the Saratov military school. Saratov branch of the Central Museum
internal troops. Stand number 6.

These manuscripts give vivid insights into the everyday life of cadets, about the daily, sometimes routine, work of the commanders of cadets' units. They tell about the methodological subtleties of the pedagogical activity of teachers, about the problems of rear and material support for the life of the university.

The Ekaterinburg printing enterprise "Kontur" published a book of biographical memoirs of graduates of the Saratov Military Institute of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 1 . It uses the archives of the newspaper Son of the Motherland, the press service of the Ural District of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the 12th and 23rd special forces, as well as the personal archives of the heroes of the book. The memoirs tell about the military-pedagogical and service-combat activities of more than a hundred graduates of the post-war years who served in subdivisions, units and formations of the Ural District.

When working on the topic, interviews taken from participants in the Great Patriotic War became valuable source material. These are former commanders, political workers, teachers and cadets of the Saratov School, some other military educational institutions of the Internal Forces of the NKVD of the USSR, who worked or studied there during the period under study.

The different nature of the sources required a comparison and a critical approach to assessing the information contained in them.

In general, the considered source base, as it seems, made it possible to reveal the topic of the dissertation, to realize the tasks set.

The main provisions of this dissertation were tested by the author

in 8 scientific articles and a historical essay (co-authored), in speeches at scientific conferences and seminars.

1 See: Bovda V. B. Life-long service. Yekaterinburg, 2007.

2 See: Gulbinsky Yu. V. Student-centered learning // All-Russian
collection of scientific papers SGSEU. Saratov, 2005, pp. 309-315; His own. The fourth school
of the Border Protection and Troops of the OGPU as an element of the system for the training of command personnel // Military
but-historical research in the Volga region. Issue 7. Saratov: "Scientific book", 2006. P.
177-183; His own. Training of officers of the SVU NKVD in the prewar years (1937-

The fourth border school in the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU

The history of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the troops of the OGPU2 dates back to May 1932. Its opening was caused by a number of factors, primarily the increase in the volume of service and combat tasks assigned to the OGPU, and the growth in the number of its troops by the end of the 1920s - the beginning of the 1930s gg.

The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War led to the strengthening of their power, the formation of an authoritarian regime, within which, during a fierce political struggle, by the end of the 1920s. I. V. Stalin's grouping won. In the course of the suppression of intra-party opposition, dissent was eradicated, repressions were intensified both against political opponents within the party and against all segments of the population who expressed dissatisfaction with the policies of the CPSU (b). The main instrument for implementing the internal political line of the Stalinist leadership in the country was the OGPU, whose functions, as the political regime became tougher, constantly increased. The quantitative increase in the personnel of this department required the organization of new military units and special forces.

The refusal of the Soviet leadership from the NEP and the transition in the late 1920s. to the “full-scale offensive of socialism along all fronts” (forced modernization of the country, including industrialization, collectivization and “cultural revolution”) significantly aggravated the socio-political situation in the country. The continuous forced collectivization of the main part of the country's population - the peasantry, accompanied by a violent breaking of the traditional foundations of life and repression, caused serious discontent and resistance from the broad masses of the rural population of Russia, both in the central regions and on the national outskirts. In a number of regions of the country (in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in Siberia, etc.), powerful peasant uprisings broke out, often taking the form of armed uprisings and partisan actions. To suppress them, the troops of the OPTU were widely used, and when they were not enough, then the units of the Red Army.

The situation in Central Asia sharply aggravated, "Basmachism" revived on a large scale - a mass anti-Soviet insurrectionary movement of the local population: Turkmens, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Kirghiz, etc., carried out, as a rule, under Islamic slogans and took the form of political banditry. The units of the OGPU troops, together with units of the Red Army, had to wage a stubborn struggle against the Basmachi, who enjoyed the support of the indigenous local population and some political forces in neighboring states1. This required strengthening the southern borders of the USSR.

In the summer and autumn of 1929, the Soviet Far Eastern border was also under threat. The attempt of the Chinese authorities in Manchuria, supported by white emigration, to take advantage of the unsettled situation around the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) belonging to the USSR and to regain it by force provoked the Soviet-Chinese war of 1929.1

General destabilization of the socio-political situation in the country at the turn of the 1920s - 1930s. made various manifestations of sabotage possible. In the departmental literature, examples of arson of various economic objects are given. The authors even claim that "saboteurs tried to blow up the Bolshoi Theater"2. The latter seems highly doubtful. Nevertheless, the authorities faced the problem of special protection of industrial facilities, government agencies, the State Bank, the People's Commissariat of Finance, etc.

By a decree of the Council of Labor and Defense of November 19, 1927, the troops of the OGPG began to carry out this task. By March 1932, 466 enterprises and structures were transferred under the protection of the troops. This was another step towards increasing the number of troops of the OGPU and forming in its structure “troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises”4. The industrialization of the country and the rapid growth of industry led to an increase in the role and importance of the "blood arteries of the country" - railways. Being quite vulnerable in terms of possible sabotage, they also required special protection. Therefore, on December 4, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a Resolution on the establishment of troops in the OGPU for the protection of railway structures5. The new troops took control of 1263 railway facilities, including 743 railway bridges, 107 tunnels, 231 water pumps, 44 power plants, 97 factories and depots, and 50 other facilities.

Life and activities of the school during the war years

On June 22, 1941, the school met the day of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, being in the Razboyshchina summer camp. Immediately, after V. M. Molotov's speech on the radio, a rally was organized at the school. The variable and permanent composition was called to hard work and vigilance. School facilities were taken under heavy guard. According to the mobilization plan, the highest degree of combat readiness was introduced.

At 10:30 p.m. on June 22, a telegram was received from the head of the Political Propaganda Department of the NKVD troops of the USSR, divisional commissar Mironenko. It said: “... In connection with the piratical attack of fascist Germany on our Motherland, bring to every soldier the demands of the Soviet Government. Namely - the greatest vigilance, discipline and organization. Demand from each person selfless work at his combat post... Direct all agitation and propaganda work towards the fulfillment by each serviceman of his duty to the Motherland in the Holy Patriotic War for the inviolability, honor and freedom of the socialist Fatherland.

Among the personnel there was the highest patriotic upsurge. In the name of the command received numerous applications for sending to the front.

On June 24, that is, on the third day of the war, on the basis of the order of the head of the department of operational troops of the NKVD, Lieutenant General S. K. Artemyev, the second-year cadets were released ahead of schedule. The graduation committee was headed by the head of the school, Colonel A. V. Vorobeikov. It included the deputy head of the school, Lieutenant Colonel

V. I. Zaitsev, brigade commissar V. V. Mochalov, and also the acting head of the training department, Lieutenant Colonel A. V. Belyavsky. In addition to them, the commission included: A.P. Prokofiev, secretary of the party commission of the school, and S.P. Dyatlov, representative of the third department of the UNKVD.

There were no final exams. The level of progress of graduates was determined by the results of transfer tests from the first to the second year and grades in the disciplines passed for 10 months of 1940-41 years of study.

On June 28, a commission of the same composition and on the same grounds held an early graduation of first-year cadets.

In total, 801 young officers left the Saratov military school for the troops in the first week of the war. Of those released, 31 were members of the CPSU(b), 87 were candidates for party membership, 561 were Komsomol members, and only 22 lieutenants were non-party.

The new recruitment of cadets assumed the acquisition of junior lieutenant courses. Curricula were restructured at the rate of twelve teaching hours per day. For training, only tactics, fire training and political work in a combat situation were left. The first battalion of junior lieutenants was completed and began planned training on July 15, and the second on July 21, 1941. In total, 1172 people were admitted to the courses, i.e. 371 people more than early released lieutenants2.

The direction for study was carried out from units of the troops according to the strict order of the NKVD and in a very short time. This led to a decrease in the quality of the set. Suffice it to say that among the applicants who arrived to study, only one in four had a secondary or secondary technical education. 93 people were not enrolled in the school and sent to their units. Of this number - 60 people for health reasons, 12 - as semi-literate and 21 - for other reasons1.

In order to ensure the constant readiness of the camp location of the school and to ensure normal study in the conditions of possible enemy air raids, a well-thought-out anti-air and anti-chemical defense of the camp was organized to the last detail. In particular, an air surveillance, warning and signaling post (VNOS) was installed on the water tower. The service at the post ran around the clock. The post was subordinate to the camp duty officer and had a direct telephone connection with the main air surveillance post of the city of Saratov3.

For anti-aircraft fire, three firing positions of heavy machine guns were prepared: on the roof of the water tower, on the embankment of the shooting range and on the roof of the club. Calculations occupied firing positions on the signal "Air Raid". This signal was activated only by order of the camp duty officer on the basis of a report from the observation post about the appearance of enemy aircraft.

Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improving the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953)

The period of the history of the school from 1945 to 1973 is perhaps the most difficult in terms of research.

At this time, the reorganization of the structure, changes in staff were carried out more than ten times, branches were opened and closed, new specialties were introduced. The official name of the school has changed many times. This phenomenon has its own explanation. It is connected with the general processes that took place in the power structures of the state, with their post-war reorganization.

By the end of the Great Patriotic War, the NKVD troops, which included the Saratov Military School, consisted of border troops, internal troops (operational units), escort troops, troops for the protection of railways, troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises and troops of government high-frequency communications . With the end of hostilities, the troops to protect the rear of the army were divided into internal troops in Germany and troops to protect the rear of the Northern and Central groups of troops.

By the end of 1946, in accordance with the general plan for the reduction of the armed forces, the staffing level of operational units decreased by 20%, escort units - by 18, troops for the protection of railways - by 23, troops for the protection of especially important industrial enterprises by 39%. The staffs of government high-frequency communications troops and military educational institutions were not subject to reduction.

In March 1946, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the second convocation, the law "On the transformation of people's commissariats into ministries" was adopted. Based on this law, the functions of the NKVD were divided between two ministries: internal affairs (MVD) and state security (MTB).

The Ministry of State Security was entrusted with the task of combating armed gangs of nationalists and enemy agents, protecting enterprises and institutions, protecting the state border, and solving other problems related to ensuring the country's security. For their implementation, the main forces of internal troops were transferred from the NKVD to the MTB, with the exception of escort units, as well as troops for the protection of especially important industrial facilities and railways, which remained subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs1.

The Saratov School was originally assigned to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1946, it underwent some staffing reorganization. The training department of the infantry and the training department of the medical departments were merged into a common training department. The construction department was reorganized into the personnel department. Battalions renamed to divisions. The combat support battalion became known as the training and economic support battalion. The school itself received the official name "Saratov Military School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs"2.

However, already in March 1947, on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministries of the USSR, a joint order of two ministries was issued: the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the MTB. By this order, the school was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Ministry of State Security.

Lopatin Aleksey Vasilievich - head of the 13th frontier post (90th Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment, Ukrainian border district, Border Troops of the NKVD), lieutenant. He was born on February 2 (15), 1915 in the village of Dyukovo, now Zatkhlino, Shuisky district, Ivanovo region. Russian. He was left without a father early (he died in the First World War), grew up in the village of Aristikha, now the Savinsky district of the same region. In the village of Kolobovo he graduated from a seven-year school, in 1933 - a factory apprenticeship in the city of Kovrov (now the Vladimir region). He worked as a mechanic in the boiler shop at the Kovrov excavator plant. In October 1937 he was drafted into the Red Army and, at his own request, sent to the border school. In 1940 he graduated from the Saratov border school of the NKVD. He was appointed head of the 13th border outpost of the 90th Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment of the Ukrainian border district. The Great Patriotic War found Lopatin in the same position. Its border guards entered into an unequal battle with the German fascists in the early morning of June 22, 1941. Using strong defensive structures, favorable terrain conditions, the fighters put up stubborn resistance to the enemy. When everything around was destroyed by artillery and mortars of the enemy, the border guards moved into the basement of one of the buildings of the outpost and continued to hold back the pressing enemy. Lieutenant Lopatin personally led the battle, skillfully organized all-round defense, tactically competently used the forces and firepower at his disposal. he himself with several fighters remained at the outpost. On June 30, only ten border guards survived at the outpost. On July 1, the enemy dug and blew up the building. The explosion killed all the defenders of the outpost. The defense of the outpost lasted 11 days. More than 100 enemy soldiers were destroyed. outpost) of the 2nd border detachment of the Ukrainian (then South-Western) border district. Vyacheslav Lopatin, the eldest son of the hero-border guard, served at this outpost for several years. Now the outpost has been relocated tens of kilometers to the Volyn region and has become known as Pavlovichi, the surviving exhibitors of the destroyed museum have also been moved there. In the village of Skomorohi, located near the frontier post, a monument to the Heroes-border guards was erected (at present, it is actually destroyed). Lieutenant Lopatin was forever enrolled in the lists of the military unit. Since 1963, the border outpost in the Blagoevgrad district of the People's Republic of Bulgaria also bore the name of the Hero. At home in the village of Dyukovo, on the house where Lopatin was born and lived, a memorial plaque was installed. In the cities of Lviv (now Sichinsky Street), Sokal, Kovrov, Chervonograd, in the village of Savino, Ivanovo region, streets bear his name. Also, his name was given to mine No. 1 in the city of Chervonograd, a collective farm in the village of Skomorohi (liquidated), an elementary school in the village of Zatkhlino, Ivanovo Region. In Kovrov, in August 2009, a memorial stele was opened on the street named after him, and an obelisk was also installed in the Alley of Heroes. In vocational school No. 2 of the city of Kovrov, named after A.V. Lopatin, there is a museum run by the granddaughter of the Hero. His name is immortalized on the memorial of the Ivanovo Heroes of the Soviet Union in Ivanovo and on the memorial in the village of Savino.

Novo-Peterhof Military-Political Border School

Troops of the NKVD them. K. E. Voroshilova (main building)

Peterhof, st. Yuta Bondarovskaya, 13, bldg. one

1935-1939 - judging by the style (early Stalinist neoclassicism with elements of constructivism)

« On February 25, 1929, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On the command and political composition of the Red Army", which determined the main areas of training for the OGPU as well. The first concrete step towards the practical implementation of this document was the publication on November 14, 1930 of the order of the OGPU No. 386/180 on the formation in the city of New Peterhof, Leningrad Region, of the First School of the Border Guard and the OGPU Troops.
In March 1931, the first set of cadets was made in the amount of 570 people with a training period of two years, and on April 1, classes began in the renovated barracks of the former Caspian regiment of the Russian Imperial Army.<…>

In July 1934, the university received a new name - "The First School of the Border and Internal Guards of the NKVD named after K.E. Voroshilov."<…>Soon the school becomes a military-political school.”

(from the article by Lera Savchik “We start from the first border school”, “Military-Industrial Courier”, No. 42 (109), 09.11.2005)

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the school did not return to Peterhof; after numerous renamings and reorganizations, the Golitsyn Border Institute of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation is considered its successor.

(see , date of access 02/17/2012)

Leningrad Border Suvorov Military School

In August 1943, the leadership of the NKVD came to the Soviet government with a proposal to open Suvorov military schools of their department. On September 4, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted Decree No. 946 on the establishment of Suvorov military schools for the NKVD troops in the cities of Kutaisi and Tashkent. In 1946, by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of May 4, the Kutaisi School was transferred to Petrodvorets and became known as the Leningrad Suvorov Border Military School. ( Wikipedia)

Among the graduates of the school is the last head of the border troops of the USSR, Colonel-General I.N. Kalinichenko, Generals Guliev, Donskoy, Rear Admiral G.P. Barefoot and others. There are many scientists among the graduates - surgeon, doctor of medical sciences V.I. Nemchenko, Doctor of Technical Sciences N.A. Malov, Doctor of Technical Sciences Colonel I.S. Guryev and others. (information of the website of SVU graduates, 02/17/2012)

In 1960, during Khrushchev's reduction of the army, the school was closed. Only the names remind of it: Suvorov town, Suvorovtsev lane.

Since 1961, the building has been occupied by various civil organizations. So, until 2006 there was Vocational School No. 81. In 2006 it was merged with Professional trade and economic lyceum №148, who organized his second site here. (inf.

Full text of the dissertation abstract on the topic "Educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic and service-combat activities of the fourth school of the border guard and troops of the OGPU (Saratov military school). 1932-1973."

As a manuscript

Gulbansky Yuri Valentinov,

Specialty 07 00 02 - Domestic

Saratov - 2008

The work was carried out at the Department of National History in Modern Times of the Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky

Scientific leader

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Herman

Arcadia Adochfovich

Official Opponents

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Posadsky

Anton Viktorovich

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Guzeev

Alexey Nikolaevich

Leading organization Moscow Border Institute

Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation

The defense will take place on June 20, 2008 at 4 pm at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212 243 03 at the Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky at the address 410012 Saratov, Astrakhanskaya st., 83, building 11 SSU, room 516

The dissertation can be found in the Zonal Scientific Library of the Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky Reading room No. 3, Saratov, Universitetskaya st., 42

» May 2008

Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation Council, Doctor of Historical Sciences

LN Chernova

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY

Relevance. Armed formations designed to ensure internal security, maintain order in the country and protect vital facilities are an integral attribute of the power of any state. In modern Russia, such formations are called “internal troops”1. As history has shown, with the development of the state, the structure, functions, name and even the social composition of the servicemen of these troops changed in accordance with the change in the political system of Russia. Only their belonging to the state military security system remained unchanged. repeatedly reformed and subordinated to various departments. Therefore, their name of the OGPU - NKVD - MGB - MVD troops also changed

The activities of the Internal Troops received the most varied, sometimes diametrically opposed assessments by researchers. For the most part, this is due to the public, historical assessment of the activities of the departments that structurally included the Internal Troops. However, in the opinion of the author of this study, it is more reasonable to determine the nature of the actions of the troops not only and not so much by departmental affiliation how much by the human factor This means that a very important role in specific operations or official tasks carried out by units and subunits of the internal troops was played by their leaders-officers - commanders and chiefs. service and combat activities of internal troops

It should be noted that throughout the entire pre-revolutionary period, such a system did not exist in Russia. The recruitment of internal troops by officers was carried out by graduates of army military educational institutions. It did not exist in the first years of Soviet power. on granting the United State Poli-

1 The history of the internal troops begins in the first quarter of the 19th century On March 27, 1811, at the initiative of the assistant to the St. Petersburg governor Evgraf Komarovsky, Alexander I issued a decree on the formation of a separate corps of the internal guard This date is considered to be the day of the formation of the internal troops of Russia See Baranov V P and others Internal troops Historical feature article. M, 2007 C 11

the right to organize independent training of the commanding staff1

In the course of implementing this decision, among other military educational institutions, the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU troops was opened in Saratov in 1932. In its development, as an educational institution, it went through four stages of qualitative improvement: a military school, a military school, a higher military school and military institute For 75 years, this military educational institution has trained a huge number of military specialists of border guards, infantrymen, sappers, signalmen, commanders and political workers, doctors, police officers and other areas. The chronicle of the institution includes participation in the Great Patriotic War, in dozens of special operational and combat missions, as well as the daily, continuous service of graduates in law enforcement within the framework of those laws and orders that were in force in the state. However, the accumulated experience of organizational, economic, educational and pedagogical and service-combat activities of this military educational institution have not yet received proper understanding

It seems that the study of various aspects of the military pedagogical system of the oldest university in the thirties - sixties of the XX century will make it possible to draw some conclusions and give recommendations that are useful for the modern process of officer training.

The study of the historical experience of the organization and functioning of the Fourth School (military school), both in normal and extreme conditions, helps to identify various aspects of the construction of internal troops In particular, the definition of combat readiness, taking into account the peculiarities of the development of military-theoretical and pedagogical thought In this regard , of course, the service and combat activities of the university as a military formation are important. Participation in Chekist-troop operations and special missions reveals the essence of the tasks assigned to the internal troops and their state significance. Here, a different assessment is appropriate, taking into account not only the essence of special operations from a tactical (Chekist) point of view The study of this problem makes it possible to reveal the moral and ethical side of the ongoing operations, the motives for the behavior of cadets in the performance of special tasks for the deportation of certain peoples or the suppression of the insurgent (partisan) movement. depending on the political goals of the warring parties, contributes to the understanding of social processes in a specific historical situation

In general, the study of the positive and negative aspects of the experience of training officers for internal troops reduces the likelihood of errors that affect the trends of modern military special education.

Object of study. In connection with the foregoing, the object of study of the dissertation work is the Fourth School of the Border Guard and

"See History of the construction of internal troops Part 1 (1917-1945) M, 1995 C 127

troops of the OGPU, later renamed the Saratov Military School of the NKVD - MGB - MVD troops in the context of the overall development of the officer training system for internal troops in the 1930s - 1960s

Subject of study. The subject of this study is the educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic, and service-combat activities of the above-mentioned military educational institution.

The degree of knowledge of the problem. The study of the stated problem has not yet been of a scientific nature. For the all-Russian scale, it seemed insignificant and narrow. Neither local historians nor departmental researchers practically addressed it. It should also be taken into account that the main documents and materials related to the activities of the school remained under stamped "secret" or "top secret" Therefore, publications on the history of the school came out only by anniversaries, were published, as a rule, as manuscripts and were of a purely departmental nature. dogmas "Inconvenient" stories were excluded

The first attempt to study the history of the Saratov school (college) was made in 1948. The teacher of the socio-economic cycle, Captain I Volkov, prepared and published in the newspaper “On Felix’s Way” the article “Fifteenth Anniversary of the School 1933-1948”1. Since that time, every five to ten years, in typewritten form in a circulation of five to seven copies, commemorative editions began to appear in the form of a brief essay, historical background, historical essay, textbook, etc.

All these publications were conceived for propaganda and educational work with cadets. However, noteworthy is the historical note published as a manuscript, with the stamp “Do not take it out of the unit”3, entitled “Saratov Military School - 30 years” Its author, candidate of historical sciences , Lieutenant Colonel D P Vanchinov4 on the basis of a historical form, in chronological order, characterized in general terms the thirty-year path of the school. All other publications on the history of the Saratov school mentioned above have a similar structure, and to some extent duplicate the historical background. Their difference and dignity lies in the fact that the authors add to their publications the facts and events of recent

2 See Vradiy P T A brief history of the school for 25 years Saratov, 1957, Vanchinov D P Saratov military school - 30 years Historical reference. Saratov, 1962;

3 The stamp “Do not take out from the unit” meant that the material was intended for official use

4 Dmitry Polikarpovich Vanchinov, after being transferred to the reserve, he worked at the Saratov State University. K G Chernyshevsky, defended his doctoral dissertation and received the academic title of professor, head of the Department of History of the USSR of the Soviet period

years These publications describe in much more detail the exploits and distinctions of graduates on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, the successes and achievements of the pupils of the school in everyday service in a peaceful environment

So, in the manual A Ya. Kaluga1 there are biographies of cadets and officers of the school who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. And S Zenin and other officers A fairly long list of former cadets, commanders and teachers for whom study or work at the Saratov school (college) became the launching pad for achieving high service peaks is given. In particular, the author talks about the first teachers of the Fourth School, V T Korepanov, V S Dolgov, A.I. Makarov, who later became heads of military schools and colleges. The career path of officers A.N. Apollonov, A.A. Kovalchuk, P.V. Burmak, P.E. Kosynkin, D.V. Ministry of Internal Affairs The service and combat path and career growth of graduates of P. N. Anoprikov, head of the department of the Main Department of military troops, A P Kozlov - commander of the Separate Motorized Rifle Division for Special Purposes of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, V F Zlobanov - head of the troops of the Pacific Border District and many others

On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Colonel A. I. Talyzin developed a textbook2 in three editions with a total volume of 60 typewritten pages. It was intended for officers and teachers as reference material in the system of political and educational work, as well as for cadets when preparing reports and during the educational process The first issue of the manual briefly discusses the issues of restructuring the work of the school in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War In the second issue, based on the materials of the large-circulation newspaper of the school “On the Way of Felix”, it is told about the features of officer training “in conditions of an organized rear. ." The third issue is dedicated to teachers and graduates who showed courage, commanding talent and deserved high awards on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War

Among the jubilee publications, the book by VN Lubnin3 is of the greatest interest. -

1 See Kaluga A Ya SVU named after FE Dzerzhinsky Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 40 years old Saratov, 1972

2 See Talyzin A I Saratov Military School during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 Textbook Saratov, 1984

3 cm Lubnin VN Saratov Higher Military Command Red Banner School named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky Saratov, 1992

The years of preparation for the 70th anniversary of the school began to reflect the history and activities of the school1.

At this time, a book by G. I. Tsyplina2 was prepared and published. This turned out to be not quite an ordinary work, belonging to the genre of military memoirs. It is devoted to a narrow topic - the history of the creation and improvement of the educational and material base in one, albeit major, subject - tactical and special training However, as Professor V. N. Danilov rightly notes in the preface , “...the peculiarity of this work is that it is based not only on the author’s personal impressions, on what he saw, did and took part in, but also on genuine archival documents. Therefore, this publication can rightfully be defined as memoirs - research. ,"3.

Without questioning the facts and events covered in anniversary and memoir publications, it should be noted that from the point of view of science, they should be treated with caution. In some cases, historical inaccuracies are allowed there or there are no documentary substantiations of contradictory facts. , what ". On May 22, 1943, the 10th anniversary of the school was solemnly celebrated" 4 And Volkov gives his essay in the newspaper "On the Way of Felix" the title "Fifteenth Anniversary of the School 1933-1948" And Ya. school to them. F.E. Dzerzhinsky is 40 years old”5 From the above examples, it is clear that researchers interpret the date and even the year of the formation of an educational institution in different ways6

In addition, the studies cited only mention “special government assignments” and “special missions” to which the personnel of School A were involved in such missions from 1937 to 1949. there were about ten. It is silent about the tasks that were carried out by the combined detachments of the school in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and in the Baltic states.

1 See Voronov M S, Kiselev V I, Shevchenko I V 70 years in a single ranks Saratov SVKI VV MIA of Russia, 2002, Ershov L K, Kostyuchek N. S, Shevchenko I V Heroes - Pupils of the Military Institute Saratov, 2002, Filaretov L A History of the second battalion. Saratov, 2003, They forged victory Autobiographical essays Saratov, 2005

2 See Tsyplin G. I. How it was Military memoirs. Saratov, 2002

3 See ibid C 3

4 See Lubnin VN Decree Op. C 62

honors, awards, promotions, etc., the researchers do not even hint at the number of misconduct, violations of military, labor or educational discipline, the number of “withdrawn”, arrested, convicted or brought to other types of responsibility Without disclosing such facts, the history of the school looks incomplete and one-sidedly

In addition to anniversary publications, some ideas about the history of the school can be compiled by various collections that promote the feats of arms of soldiers of the internal troops and employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs A team of authors consisting of A.P. Pozdnyakov, E.A. Nechaev, I.N. it, along with others, briefly highlights the exploits of some graduates of the Saratov Military School. "Researchers V Serdinsky, L. Smirnov, B Dubrovin, E Ovsyankin collected material about military personnel forever enrolled in the lists of units. One of the first pages of this collection is dedicated to the Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Vasilyevich Mamonov, forever enrolled in the lists of the 1st company of the 1st battalion of the school. It also tells about the exploits of graduates A. M. Nemchinov, D. I. Rakus, I. N. Kuznetsov, A. V. Lopatin2

On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the Separate Orders of Lenin and the October Revolution of the Red Banner Operational Division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which for a long time bore the name of F.E. From ten to twenty young officers were sent to this division from each graduation of the Saratov School. Among them, P. E. Korzhenko, A. P. Kozlov, S. A. Melikov, who reached the position of commander of this formation. sixty-seven Saratov graduates

The memory of the graduates of the pre-war years of the Saratov Military School of the Border and Internal Guards of the NKVD of the USSR, fighters and commanders of the division named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky, employees of the internal affairs bodies and state security, officers of the border guards who performed their military and official duty during the Great Patriotic War, is dedicated to the story of Pavel Smirnov "Bunchuk »4 This work is based on real events related to the main character of the story, a graduate of the Saratov School V. T. Ogryzko Patriotic War

The book by S M Shtutman "Internal Troops History in Persons5" presents biographies of the leaders of the internal troops for almost two hundred years

1 cm Worthy of the title of hero M, 1986 C 178

2 cm Golden stars of the internal troops M, 1990 C 166

3 See Ordenosnaya Dzerzhinsky M., 2004

4 See Smirnov P Bunchuk Saratov, 2007

3Sm ShtutmanS M Internal troops History in faces M., 2004

the history of these formations Among other things, the book tells about the commander - head of tactics of the chemical troops of the Saratov school of border guards and the troops of the OGPU Apollonov Arkady Nikolaevich, who later, in the rank of colonel general, led the internal troops and was deputy minister of internal affairs. The military biography of another teacher of the Fourth School is similarly stated - Burmak Petr Vasilyevich, who ended his career as head of the Main Directorate of Internal Troops The same book tells about a graduate of the Saratov Military School, who passed his career from a cadet to the commander of internal troops, an honorary citizen of the city of Saratov, Colonel General, Hero of Russia A A Romanov1

Separate data, interesting stories on the history of the Saratov school (college) can be found in local history publications. By a joint decision of the leadership of the Internal Affairs Directorate of the Saratov region and the regional Council of veterans of the internal affairs bodies and internal troops, a collection of essays and memoirs of veterans of the Great Patriotic War - internal affairs bodies2 was published. Among them are stories about the servicemen of the Saratov Military School I. A. Anokhin, A Ya Ignatiev, S. P. Komkov, A. I Zakharov and dozens of other officers and ensigns

The Volga Book Publishing House published a book by N. N. Timonin, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, a retired colonel and former head of the department of tactics at the Saratov Military School3. It presents biographies of the Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia - natives of the Saratov land and those who studied, worked, lived or lives in the Saratov region. The pages of the book reflect the biographies of 20 former cadets and officers of the Saratov military school.

It is easy to see that the vast majority of publications about the Saratov military school (school) are devoted to describing the service and combat path of individuals who have accomplished feats, shown courage or made a brilliant military career. The author of the study pays tribute to the heroes of these publications and highly appreciates the educational role of published books. However, all this Literature, although it covers some aspects of the history of the university, is more of a propaganda than a scientific character. As a result, it is legitimate to conclude that the topic of the dissertation does not have its own scientific historiography, and the history of the Saratov School of Border Guards and the troops of the OGPU (Saratov Military School) is still not studied in detail The prerequisites and reasons for opening a military educational institution of this kind have not been substantiated. His place and special role in the general system of officer training for the border guard and the troops of the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD is not shown. The periodization of the history of the formation and functioning of the educational institution is not substantiated.

2 See Glory and memory Saratov, 1966

3 See Timopin N N Feats in the name of the Fatherland are immortal Saratov, 2006

The degree of participation of officers and cadets of the school in repressive measures against “enemies of the people” has not been clarified Volga, North Caucasus and other regions. The participation of the personnel of the school in the socio-political, economic, cultural and sports life of the Saratov region has not been documented.

Purpose of the study. Based on the scientific significance of the problem, the level of its development, the dissertation student set himself the goal, based mainly on newly identified documents and facts, to explore the history of the creation, development and functioning of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU troops in the city of Saratov, its transformation into the Saratov Military School NKVD-MVD.

Research objectives. Given the novelty and complexity of the problem, the author limited the scope of the study to the following tasks: the study of the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU in the early 1930s and the factors that determined the creation of the Fourth School of the Border Guard, the study of the process of formation of the Saratov School of the Border Guard and its transformation into a military school, analysis of the nature and content of participation personnel of the school in the special operations of the NKVD 1937-1938, coverage of life, military-pedagogical and service activities of the school in wartime conditions, the study of the participation of graduates, teachers and cadets of the school in repelling aggression on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the performance of special tasks by the school in the military and the first post-war years, analysis of structural changes, restructuring of the educational process and improving the quality of officer training in peaceful conditions 1945-1973

The territorial scope of the study includes the location of the military educational institution - the city of Saratov, the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, where graduates and teachers of the school fought, as well as the regions where the school participated in special operations

The chronological framework distinguishes the period from the formation of the 4th school of the border guard and the OGPU troops (1932) and until the transformation of the Saratov military school of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a higher military educational institution. Patriotic War, post-war years, including the years of Khrushchev's experiments with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the relative stability of existence during the period associated with the rule of L. And Brezhnev Since it was impossible not to take into account the historical prerequisites and factors that laid the foundation for the emergence in the city of Saratov of an educational institution for the military security system, the dissertation also covers the years immediately preceding the creation of the Fourth Frontier School

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it gives a fairly complete picture of the effectiveness of the functioning of a specialized educational institution both in normal and extreme conditions. Conclusions and generalizations can be used in developments on today's problems of reforming the internal troops in general and their military educational institutions in particular, in addition, a noteworthy page in the history of the city of Saratov and the region, so far read by few people, has been revealed. The cognitive moment of the study is closely related to the scientific moment and provides certain material for new searches on the history of the region and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. This study also has an educational function. It is especially relevant in connection with the 75th anniversary of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU troops, and now Saratov Red Banner Military Institute of Internal Troops

The methodological basis of the prepared dissertation work was the principles and methods of scientific knowledge. The author relied on the fundamental principles of historical research - historicism, objectivity, consistency. All used research methods can be divided into three groups. The first group includes general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, classification, analogy, etc. The second group combines special methods of historical research - frontal examination of archival and other sources, historical description, problematic - chronological, retrospective, updating method, etc. The third group consists of the methods used by some

other sciences - sociology (survey of participants and witnesses of events), statistics, mathematics (calculation, interpolation, generalization and averaging of quantitative indicators of the functioning of the military educational institution under study) the nature and content of the source and the task

The source base of the study was made up of published documents, archival materials, periodicals, memoirs and interviews with participants in the events.

The most important sources for the preparation of the dissertation work were unpublished documents and materials gleaned from the archives. Currently, the largest number of documents on the history of the NKVD troops is stored in the Russian State Military Archive (RGVA) These are documents on the military educational institutions of the NKVD that existed in the pre-war period and during of the Great Patriotic War Some of them were used in the dissertation The author studied materials on the history of the NKVD troops and the training of personnel for these troops, contained in the Central Archive of the Federal Border Service of Russia (TSAFPS), as well as in the Central Museum of this department (CMFS) Most valuable sources on research topic was found in the Central Archive of the Internal Troops (TSAVV) in the fund 240 - Saratov Military School. This is a large number of documents related to the educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of the educational institution under study. When covering the participation of the school in special operations, materials were used from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) (f 644 - the USSR State Defense Committee), the State Archives of the Russian Federation (GARF) (funds 9401, 9478 and 9479 - the secretariat of the NKVD, the department for combating banditry, department of special resettlement), These materials made it possible to draw the historical background of special operations related to the suppression of anti-Soviet rebellion and the deportation of certain peoples.

1 See Internal troops of the Soviet Republic (1917-1922) Documents and materials M, 1972, Internal troops during the years of peaceful socialist construction 1922-1941 M, 1977, Internal troops in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 M, 1975, From the history of the troops of the Cheka and Border Guard Documents and materials 19171921 M, 1958, From the history of the Soviet border troops. 1935 - June 1941 Documents and materials M, 1973, Border troops of the USSR 1928-1938 M., 1972, Border troops of the USSR 1939-1941 M, 1970, Border troops of the USSR 1941-1945 M, 1968, Border troops of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941 Collection of documents and materials M, 1976 and others

political school of the MTB troops named after KE Voroshilov, stored in the fund of the State Archive of Contemporary History of the Saratov Region (GANISO)

The picture of the history of the Saratov Military School is significantly supplemented by the publications of the periodical press. The most valuable source in this regard is the school newspapers “On the Way of Felix” and “Dzerzhinets”. Separate materials are taken from the central press - the newspapers Pravda, Izvestia, Krasnaya Zvezda, the magazine “Border Guard”. An important source for the dissertation research was memories and memoirs of employees and graduates of the Saratov Military School. When working on the topic, interviews taken from participants in the Great Patriotic War became valuable material. These are former commanders, political workers, teachers and cadets of the Saratov School, some other military educational institutions of the internal troops of the NKVD of the USSR, who worked or studied there during the study period

The different nature of the sources required a comparison and a critical approach to assessing the information contained in them. In general, the considered source base, it seems, made it possible to reveal the topic of the dissertation, to realize the tasks set.

Approbation. The main provisions of this dissertation were tested by the author in speeches at scientific conferences and seminars, in 8 scientific articles and a historical essay written in co-authorship

In the introduction, the relevance of the topic, the object and subject of the study, the chronological and territorial scope of the study are substantiated, a historiographic analysis is carried out, the source base is characterized, the purpose and objectives of the dissertation, its methodology and structure are determined.

The first chapter "ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOURTH SCHOOL OF THE BORDER GUARD AND THE OGPU TROOPS" reveals the reasons for the creation of the Fourth Border Guard School, its role and place in the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU, highlights the process of creating the school and its formation. personnel in carrying out mass repressive actions of 3937-1938

Paragraph 11. “The Fourth Frontier School in the Structure of OGPU Educational Institutions” reveals the situation in the country in the early 1930s. provisions inspired and intensified the activities of anti-Bolshevik forces abroad. Under these conditions, the leadership of the USSR took a course to strengthen internal security. The functions of the OGPU were expanded,

the number of troops of this department was increasing, which required resolving the issue of training command personnel for them. by opening a number of military schools for the first time in the history of Russia, a mechanism for training personnel for the state internal security system was created.

Paragraph 1.2 "The Formation of the Fourth Border School - the Saratov Military School of the NKVD" reveals the process of creating and developing the Fourth Border School Legally, the Fourth School begins on August 18, 1932. On this day, Order No. 1 is issued for the school, which discusses the practical issues of its organization in the Saratov School the buildings under construction of the chemical faculty of Saratov State University were allocated. By mid-March 1933, the construction of the buildings of the first stage was completed. The first stage of the formation of the school was completed. The temporary paramilitary organization acquires the status of a military educational institution. This order and the organizational measures that followed it should be considered the second stage in the formation of the Saratov school. The third stage in the formation of the school as an educational institution was its recruitment by a variable composition, i.e. cadets. more than half of those enrolled as cadets had an education of grades 4-6 8 cadets were self-taught and only 232 people had a seven-year education The preferential right to enter was given to communists and Komsomol members Among them were 93% On May 1, the representative of the Saratov City Council A. V. Serdyukov, announcing the order of the OGPU board No. 72 dated April 27, 1933, presented the Battle Banner to the Fourth School. On May 3, 1933, classes began to train commanders-organizers of border protection, as well as specialists in sappers and chemists. Already in September 1933, the school was undergoing the first serious inspection. Shortcomings in the work of the school became the basis for the removal of commander S. I. Abramovich from the leadership of the school on November 27, 1933 a political department is created at the school

In June 1934, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the All-Union People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) was formed. The Saratov school became known as the "Fourth Border School of the NKVD of the USSR." On April 20, 1937, the Fourth School became the Saratov Military School of the Border and Internal Guards of the NKVD. The acute need for commanders for the NKVD troops did not allow to meet the scheduled training dates.

he couldn’t be tall, but he was compensated by “reliable ideological worker-peasant hardening” and good physical endurance

In paragraph 1.3. "Saratov military school and mass repressions of 1937-1938" shows the relationship between the events of the "great terror" of 1937-1938. with the life of the Saratov military school and its personnel. This connection manifested itself in two ways. On the one hand, repressions did not bypass the school All employees, from the head of the school to the last cadet in the ranks, were subjected to a total check Dozens of them were arrested and expelled from the school Among them, the head of the political department Zabarko, the head of the logistics department Tsishpa, teachers Ovsyannikov, Zaitsev Usov, Myltsev, cadets Sosedkin, Borovoy, Kilta and many others An atmosphere of fear, mutual surveillance, denunciation reigned in the school. On the other hand, the personnel of the school from July 1937 to January 1938 were involved in mass repressive operations of the NKVD Character The tasks performed by the cadets and commanders were reduced mainly to the protection of "important state criminals", searches, arrests, special escort and other operational activities. In addition to this main work, the cadets participated in the "search for and terrorists and traitors to the people of all stripes" The geography of the cadets - the Volga region, the Urals, Central Asia Cadets who distinguished themselves in "exposing enemies of the people" and "achieving confessions" were promoted and encouraged in every possible way. Their activity on special business trips was evaluated and taken into account when transferring to a higher course, as well as when graduating from school. Participation in operations has become a kind of practice for cadets. However, business trips and, especially, their non-simultaneous completion, brought disorganization into the educational process. The development of the curriculum was suspended. The summer session was not held

Chapter two "SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL OF THE NKVD IN THE YEARS OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR" is devoted to various aspects of the activities of the school and its graduates during the war years.

In paragraph 2.1. "The life and activities of the school during the war years" it is noted that on June 22, 1941, the school met, being in the summer camp Razboishina. Immediately, after a speech on the radio by V.M. hard work and vigilance The school facilities were taken under heavy guard According to the mobilization plan, the highest degree of combat readiness was introduced The highest patriotic enthusiasm arose The command received numerous applications for sending to the front 1st year 801 newly-made commanders went to the troops No final examinations were held New recruitment of cadets involved completing short-term courses for junior lieutenants Curricula were restructured at the rate of twelve training hours a day For training

only tactics, fire training and political work in a combat situation were left. Since the end of 1941, the school has become like a huge training complex for the training of commanders of various levels and specialties, courses for junior lieutenants, courses for junior political officers, courses for junior lieutenants (signallers, chemists and sappers), courses for junior specialists (signallers, chemists and sappers), courses for military During this period, the Novo-Peterhof Red Banner Military-Political School named after K.E. Voroshilov and the Kharkov Military Medical School of the NKVD were evacuated and located on the territory of the school. educational process From February 1943, the school returned to the terms and programs of training in peacetime.

Problems were created by the fact that with the beginning of the war, the most experienced commanders and teachers were recalled from the school to the troops. High school graduates who did not have sufficient methodological skills arrived in their place. Guided by common sense, classes in military disciplines began to be held exclusively in the field in any weather. , day and night. The teachers tried to create an environment close to combat. The cadets were instilled with the skills to overcome the hardships and deprivations of military life, the difficulties of the front-line situation, the will to win was brought up. One of the most valuable assets of that school was the flexibility and mobility of building the educational process, taking into account the tactics of the enemy and the successful actions of our troops. To pass the exams began to arrive privates and sergeants who had combat experience, military distinctions and exploits. The teaching staff also changed qualitatively. Almost half of the teachers were front-line soldiers. All this made it possible to replenish traditional forms of education with fundamentally new approaches. New forms of educational work were also born. Its core was military-patriotic education, instilling responsibility for the fate of the Motherland. , in agricultural work

But the main purpose of the school was the training of officers-commanders for internal troops. And it was fully implemented. In total, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, the school trained infantry officers - 5066, sapper officers - 100, chemical officers - 101; political workers - 299, doctors - 316, chemical instructors - 93, radio operators - 188 people Total - 6136 specialists

Section 2.2. "Graduates and teachers of the school on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War" reveals the significant contribution of graduates of the Saratov Military School to the victory. Many of them began their front-line biography at dawn on June 22, 1941 and frontier posts. They commanded outposts or were part of the headquarters of border commandant's offices and detachments. there were no outposts attacked in the first days of the war

one that would surrender to the enemy or leave a protected area without an order. In most cases, the garrisons perished to the last man. The border guards gave their lives dearly and, as documents show, showed mass heroism and self-sacrifice. Among them were school graduates A. V. Lopatin, A. A. Konstantinov, 3. V. Druz and many others.

Many graduates of the Saratov School fought near Leningrad as part of the 1st, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd divisions of the NKVD troops During the battle near Moscow, a special role in maintaining public order in the capital was assigned to the Separate Motorized Rifle Division named after F E Dzerzhinsky (OMSDON), which constituted a special reserve of supreme power in the defense of Moscow. 37 graduates served in this division at that time. The graduates of the school made their contribution to the defeat of the aggressor troops near Stalingrad. Soldiers of the 10th rifle division of troops fought there along with army units The NKVD Division was formed in February 1942. The 282nd regiment was formed in Saratov. The Deputy Head of the Saratov Military School, Lieutenant Colonel Vasily Ivanovich Zaitsev, was appointed Chief of Staff of the 10th Division. For 56 days and nights of continuous fighting, units of the 10th Division burned or knocked out 113 tanks, destroyed 15 thousand soldiers and officers of the enemy Heavy were the losses of the division Withdrawn from combat in early October 1942 The division consisted of only about 200 people

Many heroic deeds were accomplished by graduates of the school in the battles for the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus and the countries of Eastern Europe. Yarovoy A.S. In total, over 20 teachers, cadets, and graduates of the school were awarded this high title during the war years. In gratitude for military work, for diligence in training and educating courageous patriots of the Motherland, only in 1945, on behalf of the Soviet government, 1296 awards were presented to the school staff

Section 2.3. "Participation of the Saratov military schools in the performance of special tasks during the Great Patriotic War" We are talking about participation in organizing and carrying out the eviction of individual Soviet peoples from the European part of the USSR to the eastern regions of the country. The first such task was participation in the deportation of Volga Germans (September 1941). From among the commanding officers and cadets, 6 operational groups of 150 people were formed, areas were designated for the operation "Arkadaksky, Ershovsky, Volsky, Bazarno-Karabulsky, Vyazovsky, and Neu-Waltersky of the Saratov region. According to local NKVD bodies, even with some its understandable tendentiousness, the operational and political-economic situation in the areas of operation did not differ significantly and was calm.

The second special task, which was solved by the personnel of the Saratov military school, was connected with the elimination of insurrection (“banditry”) in the North Caucasus and the deportation of certain peoples of this region. The personnel of the school were sent on an operational business trip by two groups. in the deportation of Kalmyks, the second (1231 people) was on duty in the vicinity of the city of Ordzhonikidze From February 23, 1943, both groups (later the battalion) participated in the deportation of Chechens, Ingush, and a little later, Balkars This trip lasted over three months In September-November 1944 d the staff of the school was sent to Georgia, where they strengthened the protection of the state border with Turkey during the days of the deportation of the Meskhetian Turks Despite various difficulties, the tasks of the trip were completed. The vast majority of officers and cadets demonstrated correct behavior, avoiding cruelty and arbitrariness.

Chapter 3. "ACTIVITIES OF THE SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL IN 1945-1973" In paragraph 3.1. “Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improving the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953)” highlights the numerous reorganizations carried out in the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the MTB and the related changes in the status and profile of the Saratov School. From March 1947, the school was transferred to in the MGB The leading direction of specialization is the infantry. The transition to the new department was accompanied by serious problems of an objective, and more often subjective nature in all areas of military supply. The problem of housing for officers, accommodation of cadets was acute.

Since 1950, a new curriculum has been introduced. It significantly changed the ratio of hours for the study of various disciplines. The military cycle, which included seventeen academic disciplines, had a budget of 2722 hours, which was more than 70%, 602 hours, or almost 16% of the total time budget, were allocated to the subjects of the socio-economic cycle. Half of them were devoted to the history of the CPSU (b) A year after the introduction of the new program, the school underwent a comprehensive 20-day inspection According to the inspection, some successes in the educational process did not reduce the responsibility of officials for serious shortcomings and omissions directions, final documents and reports on the results of the work were full of ideological clichés, accusations of insufficient understanding of the "importance, greatness, genius of Comrade Stalin's works." As a result of the work of the inspection, a number of officers were removed from their posts. As a result, control over the organization and content of the educational process was further tightened. In general, the transfer of the school to the MGB, the close attention of its leadership to the system of training officers for their department, the tough demand for the quality of the educational process played a positive role in the development of Saratov-

During this period, the skills of disciplined behavior of cadets, the methodological skills of training and educating subordinates, and the skills of public speaking in front of an audience began to be more persistently inculcated. In the 1952-53 academic year, the educational activities of teachers intensified, the interest of cadets in the subjects studied and the military profession as a whole was indicated.

In paragraph 3.2. "Participation in the counter-insurgency, counter-guerrilla struggle and deportation of certain groups of the population" reveals the nature and content of the special missions of the school personnel in the first post-war years. From December 1946 to February 1947 the entire school was sent to Lithuania, where there was an active anti-Soviet partisan struggle, to ensure the holding of elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. Western Ukraine (Volyn region).

In 1949, the school carried out operational tasks in the Latvian SSR, in the Krasnodar Territory, the Adygei Autonomous Region and in the Moldavian SSR. They were associated with the deportation of part of the local population. All operations were similar in terms of the nature of the tasks and tactics of actions. Only the number of cadets involved, the degree of secrecy, disguise during the preparatory period, and material and technical equipment differed. Special attention was paid to "observance of the law and correctness, combined with firmness and determination" had a chance to fulfill the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 29, 1949 “On the eviction from the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian SSR of kulaks with families, families of bandits and nationalists” this and each of subsequent operations involved 1200-1300 officers and cadets

Based on the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 2214-356 ss of May 29, 1949, in June, the combined detachment of the school on the territory of 60 districts of the Krasnodar Territory and Adygea participated in the operation to evict the "Dashnaks" (Armenians - South), Turks and Greeks According to the recollections of individual participants operations, evicting Armenians, Greeks and Turks was morally difficult. If the cadets felt hatred in the Latvian farms, then everyone who was taken from the Caucasian villages looked poor and unhappy. They did not understand why they were being expelled from the land on which many generations of their ancestors lived

The deportation from Moldova was carried out in July in accordance with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1290-467 ss of April 6, 1949 “On the eviction from the Moldavian SSR of former kulaks, large landowners, German accomplices, White Guards, members of pro-fascist organizations, as well as the families of these persons” The cadets of the school participated in this operation in the city of Balti and the surrounding areas. Here they had to face mass attempts to hide from deportation, with numerous escapes while being escorted

at the loading station. Indirect evidence suggests that some of these escapes were facilitated by cadets. Despite the difficulties, the task was completed. The personnel (excluding isolated cases) showed organization, high discipline, vigilance and good physical conditioning

Section 3.3. "On the way to higher school (1953-1973)" tells about the life of the Saratov military school for two decades, which fell on the periods of the "thaw" and the first years of "developed socialism". On March 8, 1953, on the third day after Stalin's death, at the initiative of L P Beria, the MTB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs are merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs. camp management (GULAG) Saratov school was transferred to the direct subordination of the UUZ, and for the other two departments began to train officer cadres

Having once again changed its name, internal structure and curriculum, the school began training officers - organizers of the service for the protection of correctional labor institutions, their production zones, as well as especially important industrial facilities. Three divisions of 200 cadets for the GUVKO were left in the structure of the school , one division (100 people) for the Gulag and one division (100 people) for advanced training courses for officers (KUOS) The military component of the educational process has decreased. The restructuring of the educational and material base by the cadets began, which negatively affected their training. A few years later, negative comments about their professional training began to come from the escort units and formations where graduates were assigned. The number of entrants has sharply decreased The prospect of service in parts for the protection of correctional institutions (colonies and camps) turned out to be not very attractive in moral terms and extremely unromantic. There was a problem of understaffing of educational units. There were cases when the component bodies fraudulently lured Suvorovites and youth to the school, presenting it as a border, counterintelligence, etc. Such cadets, especially those from Suvorov, expressed their open indignation, did not want to study, violated discipline. Facts of group disobedience, sabotage of common events, a dismissive and negative attitude towards military service in general and service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in particular, began to appear. Such problems became a chronic disease for the school for more than ten years, until the end of the 1960s

Significant changes in the system and methods of protection, in particular, the introduction of electrical warning alarms and other technical means, led to the introduction of a civilian specialty in the Saratov School - "electrical technician for wire communications and radio" A new round of "militaryization" and the beginning of "technization" of the school strengthening permanent staff From 1966 to 1972, almost completely

the management and teaching staff began to teach physics, electrical and radio engineering, mathematics, drawing, theoretical mechanics, etc. 68% of the officers had higher and incomplete higher education educational process, which had a positive effect on the reviews from the troops about graduates. Gradually, a whole galaxy of talented teachers grew up. To this day, the “Sazanov system”, “Filaretov school”, “Maslov’s method”, “Komkov’s professionalism” are not forgotten in the former school, and now the military institute , "Romanov's military leadership talent", etc. As before, the school actively helped Saratov, strengthened patronage ties with enterprises and educational institutions. In 1973, the school received the status of a higher educational institution

In conclusion, the results of the study are summed up, the main conclusions arising from the content of the work are formulated.

The study allows us to assert that the activities of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the Troops of the OGPU (Saratov Military School) are inextricably linked with the history of the USSR and its power structures. It is part of the process of formation and development of the system of military professional education and training of officers for the implementation of the internal functions of the Soviet state . The opening of such an educational institution was due to the unfavorable internal situation in the country for the authorities, which had developed by the beginning of the 1930s. and as a result of this, the rapid growth in the number of troops of the OGPU, for which command personnel were needed, the OGPU created its own structure of military educational institutions, an element of which was the Fourth School in Saratov

An analysis of the documents shows that the studied military educational institution had two statuses: 1) an educational institution, 2) a military formation. In its development, the Saratov school went through a number of stages. organizational and economic construction, staffing with permanent and variable staff, setting up the educational process On April 20, 1937, the Saratov school acquires the status of a military school, moving to the 2nd stage of development, the second status begins to be realized. The bottom line is that, in operational terms, the school made up the military operational reserve of the people's commissar (later the minister), in whose subordination it consisted. Therefore, consolidated detachments of various sizes were periodically formed from its composition to perform service-combat tasks or conduct special operations, which were used as ordinary military units

Another basis for dividing the history of the Fourth School (military school) into stages of activity is also legitimate. It is associated with the generally accepted periods in the history of the Soviet state - the pre-war period, the period of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period, which includes "Khrushchev-

thaw" and "stagnant years" It was on this basis that this study was carried out. In the pre-war years (1932-1941), the foreground was the creation, accumulation and improvement of the material and educational base of the educational process food, clothing, logistics, medical support and other necessary conditions for life. Particular attention was paid to the creation of educational facilities, a tactical field base, a firing range, a training border outpost with all its elements. All this made it possible in a short time to establish a targeted educational process and two and a half years after the signing of the order on the creation of the Saratov school, she produced the first graduation of commanders.

In 1937-1938, commanders and cadets in practice felt the essence of Stalin's thesis of "class struggle" Dozens of commanders, cadets, soldiers, ranging from the first chief - the military commissar of the school and the head of the political department and ending with the Red Army - projectionist, were arrested by the NKVD A significant number of teachers lost not only party cards, but also military ranks, positions held, and in some cases freedom. On the other hand, during this period, the personnel of the school were actively involved in the practice of “search”, interrogations, “revelations”, “confiscations” and protection of “enemies of the people” » in a number of regions and cities of the country

During the Great Patriotic War, due to the change in the volume and nature of the tasks assigned to the internal troops, the structure of the school, the content of training, the principle of recruitment, areas of specialization and the terms of training were repeatedly changed. School graduates, along with performing their traditional tasks, guarded the rear of the acting army, actively participated in the hostilities on many fronts Numerous feats and heroism of graduates, the manifestation of the best professional qualities speak of the high-quality and overall effective work of the Saratov Military School in the prewar years

The study showed that the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s in the history of the Saratov School can rightfully be considered a period of regression in its development as a military educational institution. The beginning of this process was the transformation in 1951 of the internal troops into internal security. The processes of de-militaryization began to manifest themselves especially actively with the transition of the school in 1953 from the Ministry of State Security to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and the change in the profile of the educational institution. Graduates of the school began to be assigned the primary officer rank of “lieutenant of the internal security”. A huge amount of construction work at the school, associated with the re-equipment of the educational material base for the training of organizers of the escort service, led to a large gap between cadets and teachers from the educational process. This significantly reduced the methodological level of classes and the effectiveness of the entire training system. Of all the tasks previously performed by graduates, the escort service was one of the least attractive. At the same time, it was one

of the most intense, responsible and psychologically difficult types of service. These and other factors had a negative impact on the prestige of the school as an educational institution. Many cadets, especially after a military internship, were disappointed in their choice of profession. The influx of applicants began to decrease.

The situation began to change for the better after the adoption on October 12, 1967 of the USSR Law "On universal military duty" On its basis, the government issued a decree on the composition of the internal troops. This document returned the internal troops to the Armed Forces. Their former name and the name of the structural elements of the platoon, company were restored. , battalion, regiment, division Since the end of the 1960s, there has been a rapid qualitative growth in the educational process. Along with the educational and methodological, the research work of teachers and cadets comes to the fore. These and other factors served as the basis for the transformation of the Saratov school in 1973 into a higher military educational institution, which has been successfully functioning to this day

In addition to the main task - the training of officers, the school in the 1930s - 1940s. 9 times, almost in full force, went to various regions of the country to participate in the search and arrest of "enemies of the people", in counter-guerrilla, counter-insurgency struggle, in the deportation of certain groups of the population. the idea of "the rightness of their cause", "danger of the enemies of the Soviet state" and "sacred duty to the Motherland". Without taking into account the moral, universal side of these tasks, without analyzing them from the position of today, it is legitimate to note that from the point of view of the professional training of future officers, these business trips have played a positive role. learned how to quickly navigate and make the right decisions to complete a specific task The trips showed that cadets and commanders can successfully endure the conditions of camp life, quickly and without fuss create temporary garrisons and ensure military order in them, establish an uninterrupted supply of food and other types of allowances From their own experience they were convinced of the importance of such types of combat support as reconnaissance, communications, medical and sanitary, engineering and logistics activities. The experience gained by the cadets was taken as the basis for improving their service skills and developing practical skills the skills of the forthcoming independent service Business trips were the basis for the analysis of errors and miscalculations in the curricula, in the entire educational process. Such an analysis made it possible to quickly make adjustments to planning documents, to the content of training sessions, to strengthen the practical orientation of training

An analysis of the responses of operational chiefs, who had cadet units at their disposal, convinces of a high level of personal training.

future officers The main merit of the commanders of temporary formations was that, with the successful fulfillment of the assigned tasks, they managed to retain their personnel without allowing a single case of combat losses, while the total losses of the internal troops participating in these special operations only after the war reached several thousand people Many participants in the operations, both cadets and officers, humanly sympathized with the deportees, provided them with some assistance in collecting, loading, escorting, however, as military men were obliged to do their “work” Without denying individual cases of cruelty, they should be considered as individual manifestations that characterize the individual qualities of a particular person. The Service Instructions, the entire system of ideological indoctrination of cadets, aimed them at the fact that there was a class struggle against the enemies of the working people, that there was no place for pity in this struggle, that decisive firm measures were required. In practice, "the class enemy » often provided old people, women and children

After the collapse of the USSR, in separate publications, in the media, the internal troops were presented by some authors as "a special elite of the Stalinist regime", as "zombies of the socialist system", staffed according to special principles. A study of the history of the Fourth School (military school) gives reason to refute this point Of course, when staffing the school with permanent and variable composition, both social origin and party affiliation and relations with Soviet laws were taken into account. Preference was given to people from industrial workers and peasants, communists and Komsomol members. But this was a generally accepted method for selecting civil servants in general and military personnel in particular. The very same system of training and education was no different from the training of officers for the Red Army. Graduates of the school were ordinary people. Their difference consisted in the specifics of the tasks performed, which were assigned to the internal troops by the state regime.

On the whole, the experience of the school performing “special assignments” in the 1930s and 1940s raises the important problem of the responsibility of the authorities for the use of internal troops against civilians of their own country. It seems to be relevant today. In modern legislation, it is necessary to clearly fix the limits where military-political necessity ends and the crime begins in the use of violence by the authorities against the citizens of their country. limit, even if ambitious politicians demand it from them.

Other Publication

Gulbinsky Yu V Training of officers of the SVU NKVD in the prewar years (1937-1941) // Ways to improve and develop the professional competence of future officers Interuniversity sb scientific st Saratov, 2006 C 46-51

Gulbinsky Yu V Participation of the NKVD troops in the fight against terrorism and the nationalist underground in the 40-50s of the XX century // Legal foundations for the fight against terrorism Interuniversity sb scientific art. Saratov, 2006 C 34-39

Gulbinsky Yu V The evolution of military school and military education in the Soviet and post-Soviet period // Reports of the Academy of Military Sciences scientific journal Saratov, 2006 C 105-110

Gulbinsky Yu V The fourth school of the border guard and troops of the OGPU as an element of the system for training command personnel // Military-historical research in the Volga region Issue 7 Saratov, 2006 C 166-174

Gulbinsky Yu V 75 years on guard of the fatherland Historical essay Saratov, 2007 H 1-2 C 12-73

Gulbinsky Yu V The teacher is the one from whom they learn // At the combat post Moscow, 2006 No. 4 C 18-20

Gulbinsky Yuri Valentinovich

EDUCATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC AND SERVICE AND COMBAT ACTIVITIES OF THE FOURTH SCHOOL OF THE BORDER GUARD AND TROOPS OF THE OGPU (SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL) 1932-1973

Signed for printing 17 05 2008 Offset printing Offset paper Typeface Time

Format 60x84 1/16 1 Uch-izd l 1 _Circulation 100 copies Order 127_

Publishing Center of the Saratov State Supervisory Agency "Tempus" 410060, Saratov, Astrakhanskaya, 83

ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOURTH SCHOOL

BORDER GUARD AND OGPU TROOPS.

1.1 Fourth border school in the structure of educational institutions

1.2. Formation of the Fourth Frontier School

Saratov military school of the NKVD.

1.3. Saratov military school and mass repressions

SARATOV MILITARY SCHOOL OF THE NKVD DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.

2.1. Life and activities of the school during the war years.

2.2. Graduates and teachers of the school on the fronts

Great Patriotic War.

2.3. Participation of the Saratov military school in the performance of special tasks during the Great Patriotic War.

ACTIVITIES OF THE SARATOV MILITARY

SCHOOLS IN 1945-1973

3.1. Structural changes, restructuring of the educational process, improvement of the quality of officer training in the post-war years (1945-1953).

3.2. Participation in the counter-insurgency, counter-guerrilla struggle and the deportation of certain groups of the population.

3.3. On the way to the higher military school (1953-1973).

Dissertation Introduction 2008, abstract on history, Gulbinsky, Yuri Valentinovich

In modern Russia, such formations are called "internal troops"1. As history has shown, with the development of the state, the structure, functions, name and even the social composition of the employees of these troops changed in accordance with the change in the political system of Russia. Only their belonging to the state military security system remained unchanged2.

1 The history of internal troops begins in the first quarter of the 19th century. On March 27, 1811, at the initiative of the assistant to the St. Petersburg governor, Evgraf Komarovsky, Alexander I issued a decree on the formation of a separate corps of internal guards. This date is considered to be the day of the formation of the internal troops of Russia. See: Baranov V.P. etc. Internal troops: Historical essay. M., 2007. S. 11.

2 The state military security system is understood as a set of forces used by the authorities to maintain order, ensure internal security, protect the rights and legitimate interests of their citizens. See: Historical essay on the formation and development of police institutions in Russia. (Appendix 5 to the bill for the transformation of the police in the Empire). SPb., 1913., S. 3. a military, historical assessment of the activities of departments that structurally included internal troops. However, in the opinion of the author of this study, it is more reasonable to determine the nature of the actions of the troops not only and not so much by departmental affiliation, but by the human factor. This means that a very important role in specific operations or official assignments carried out by units and subunits of the internal troops was played by their leaders-officers - commanders and chiefs. It follows from the thesis formulated above that the system of command staff training has been and remains the most important component of the service and combat activities of internal troops.

1 See: History of the construction of internal troops. Ch. 1 (1917-1945). M., 1995. S. 127. participation in dozens of special operational and combat missions, as well as the daily, continuous service of graduates in law enforcement within the framework of those laws and orders that were in force in the state. All this played a certain, albeit ambiguous, role in the historical events of Russia in the 20th century.

However, the accumulated experience of organizational, economic, educational, pedagogical and service-combat activities of this military educational institution has so far received proper reflection.

In connection with the foregoing, the object of the dissertation research is the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU Troops, later renamed the Saratov Military School of the NKVD Troops -MTB - MVD, in the context of the overall development of the officer training system for internal troops in the 1930s - 1960s - e gg.

Since the object and subject of research as categories of the scientific process correlate with each other as general and particular, the subject of this study is the educational, pedagogical, organizational, economic and service-combat activities of the above-mentioned military educational institution. G

Since that time, every five to ten years, in typewritten form in a circulation of five to seven copies, commemorative editions began to appear in the form of a brief essay, historical reference, historical essay, textbook, etc.1

All these publications were conceived for propaganda and educational work with cadets. Nevertheless, noteworthy is the historical note published by L as a manuscript, with the stamp "Do not take it out of the unit" under the title: "The Saratov Military School is 30 years old." Its author, then Candidate of Historical Sciences, Lieutenant Colonel D.P. Vanchinov3, on the basis of a historical formulary, in chronological order, characterized, in general, the thirty-year path of the school.

In the first and subsequent sections, a significant place is given to the work of party and Komsomol organizations, their role and importance in the training of future officers.

The stamp “Do not take out from the unit” meant that the material was intended for official use.

A. M. Eroshin, Captain I. S. Zenin and other officers1. A fairly long list of former cadets, commanders and teachers is given, for whom studying or working at the Saratov school (college) has become a launching pad for achieving high service peaks. In particular, the author tells about the first teachers of the Fourth School V. T. Korepanov,

V. S. Dolgov, A. I. Makarov, who later became the heads of military schools and colleges. The career path of officers A. N. Apollonov, A. A. Kovalchuk, P. V. Burmak is described. P. E. Kosynkin, D. V. Kramarchuk,

S. I. Iovlev, who held high positions in the central office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The service and combat path and career growth of graduates are described: P.N. border district and many others.

On the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Colonel A. I. Talyzin developed a textbook in three editions with a total of 60 typewritten pages. It was intended for officers and teachers as reference material in the system of political and educational work, as well as for cadets in the preparation of reports and messages during the educational process. In the first issue of the manual, the issues of restructuring the work of the school in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War are briefly considered. In the second issue, based on the materials of the large-circulation newspaper of the school "On the Way of Felix", it is told about the features of the training of officer cadres. in an organized rear. The third issue is dedicated to teachers and graduates who showed courage, command talent and earned high awards on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War.

1 See: Kaluga A. Ya. Decree. op. S. 44.

2 See: Talyzin A.I. Saratov Military School during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945: Textbook. Saratov, 1984.

Among the commemorative publications, the most interesting is the book by V. N. Lubnin1. This is the first printed work on the history of the school, dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the university. It uses the materials of the above-mentioned manuscripts and publications of other authors, collected memories of veterans and graduates of different years. The book is written in the form of an essay. Its content tells about the participation of command and teaching staff, graduates and cadets in battles on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, about the protection of the state border of the USSR, important objects of the country, public order and the fight against crime. The book tells about the creative search of the command, the scientific and pedagogical staff, party and Komsomol organizations of the school at various stages of its development. According to the author, he "sought to attract new documentary and factual material, especially from the pre-war period, the first post-war and recent years"2. However, there are no references to archival or other documents in the book.

The years of preparation for the 70th anniversary were the most abundant in terms of the number of printed publications reflecting the history and activities of the school.

At that time, a book by G.I. Tsyplina4 was prepared and published. It turned out to be not quite an ordinary work related to the genre of military memoirs. It is devoted to a narrow topic - the history of the creation and improvement of the educational and material base in one, albeit a major, subject - tactical and special training. However, as Professor V. N. Danilov rightly notes in the preface, “... the peculiarity of this work is that it is based not only on the author’s personal impressions, but on the fact that he

1 See: V. N. Lubnin. Saratov Higher Military Command Red Banner School named after F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Saratov, 1992.

2 Ibid. S. 7.

4 See: Tsygagan G. I. How it was: Military memoirs. Saratov, 2002. saw, did and took part in, but also on genuine archival documents. Therefore, this publication can rightfully be defined as a memoir - a study.

Without questioning the facts and events covered in anniversary and memoir publications, it should be noted that from the point of view of science, they should be treated with caution. In some cases, historical inaccuracies are allowed there or there are no documentary substantiations of contradictory facts. So, in the book of V. N. Lubnin, it is indicated that “. On May 22, 1943, the 10th anniversary of the school was solemnly celebrated”2. I. Volkov gives his essay in the newspaper “On the Way of Felix” the title: “Fifteenth Anniversary of the School 19331948”. A. Ya. Kaluga writes in a manuscript dedicated to the history of the school “. May 2, 1972 to the Saratov School named after. F. E. Dzerzhinsky turns 40”3. From the above examples, it can be seen that researchers interpret the date and even the year of the formation of an educational institution in different ways4.

In addition, the studies cited only mention "special government assignments" and "special missions" to which the personnel of the school were involved. And there were about ten such business trips from 1937 to 1949. It is silent about the tasks that were carried out by the combined detachments of the school in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and in the Baltic states.

Citing a large amount of statistical data about exploits, distinctions, awards, promotions, etc., researchers do not even hint at

1 See: G. Tsyplin and Decree Op. C. 3.

2 See: Lubnin V.N. Decree. op. p.62

3 Kaluga A. Ya. Decree. op. S. 3

4 The author's research and comments on these disagreements are given in the text of the main part of the dissertation. misdemeanors, violations of military, labor or educational discipline, by the number of “withdrawn”, arrested, convicted or brought to other types of responsibility. Without coverage of such facts, the history of the school looks incomplete and one-sided.

B. Serdinsky, JI. Smirnov, B. Dubrovin, E. Ovsyankin collected material about military personnel who were forever enlisted in the lists of units. One of the first pages of this collection is dedicated to the Hero of the Soviet Union Nikolai Vasilyevich Mamonov, forever enrolled in the lists of the 1st company of the 1st battalion of the school. It also tells about the exploits of graduates A. M. Nemchinov, D. I. Rakus, I. N. Kuznetsov, A. V. Lopatin2.

On the occasion of the eightieth anniversary of the Separate Orders of Lenin and the October Revolution of the Red Banner Operational Division of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for a long time, bearing the name of F. E. Dzerzhinsky, a book was published that tells about the military path of the famous unit3. Ten to twenty young officers were sent to this division from each graduation of the Saratov School. Among them are P. E. Korzhenko, A. P. Kozlov,

S. A. Melikov, who came through the service to the commander of this unit. On the pages of the jubilee edition, to one degree or another, sixty-seven graduates from Saratov are described.

In memory of graduates of the pre-war years of the Saratov military school of the border and internal guards of the NKVD of the USSR, fighters and commanders

1 See: Worthy of the title of a hero. M., 1986. S. 178.

2 See: Golden stars of internal troops. M., 1990. S. 166.

3 See: Order-bearing Dzerzhinsky. M., 2004. divisions. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, employees of internal affairs bodies and state security, officers of border guards who performed their military and official duty during the Great Patriotic War, the story of Pavel Smirnov "Bunchuk" is dedicated1

In the book of the candidate of historical sciences S. M. Shtutman “Internal troops. History in the Faces” presents the biographies of the leaders of the internal troops for almost two hundred years of history of these formations. Among others, the book tells about the commander - head of tactics of the chemical troops of the Saratov school of border guards and the troops of the OGPU Appolonov Arkady Nikolayevich, who later, in the rank of colonel general, headed the internal troops and was deputy minister of internal affairs. The military biography of another teacher of the Fourth School, Petr Vasilievich Burmak, who ended his career as head of the Main Directorate of Internal Troops, is described in a similar way. The same book tells about a graduate of the Saratov Military School, who went through his career from a cadet to the commander of the internal troops, an honorary citizen of the city of Saratov, Colonel General, Hero of Russia Anatoly Alexandrovich Romanov3.

Separate data, interesting stories on the history of the Saratov school (college) can be found in local history publications.

1 See: Smirnov P. Bunchuk. Saratov, 2007.

2 See: Shtutman S. M. Internal Troops: History in Persons. M., 2004.

By a joint decision of the management of the Department of Internal Affairs of the Saratov Region and the Regional Council of Veterans of Internal Affairs Bodies and Internal Troops, a collection1 of essays and memoirs of veterans of the Great Patriotic War - internal affairs bodies was published. Among them are stories about the servicemen of the Saratov Military School I. A. Anokhin, A. Ya. Ignatiev, S. P. Komkov, A. I. Zakharov and dozens of other officers and ensigns.

1 See: Glory and memory. Saratov, 1966.

2 See: Timonin N. N. Feats in the name of the Fatherland are immortal. Saratov, 2006. The training of officers for the border guard and the troops of the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD, the periodization of the history of the formation and functioning of the educational institution is not justified, the degree of participation of officers and cadets of the school in repressive measures against the "enemies of the people" is not clarified. The actions of the temporary formations of the school in the counterinsurgency and counterguerrilla struggle in the Baltic republics and Ukraine did not find their coverage. An objective assessment of the participation of the combined detachments of the school in the deportation of certain groups of the population in the Volga region and the North Caucasus has not been given, the participation of the school's personnel in the socio-political, economic, cultural and sports life of the Saratov region has not been documented.

Based on the scientific significance of the problem, the level of its development, the dissertation student set himself the goal \ based mainly on newly identified documents and facts, to explore the history of the creation, development and functioning of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU troops in the city of Saratov, its transformation into the Saratov Military School NKVD-MVD.

To study the structure of educational institutions of the OGPU in the early 1930s. and the factors that determined the creation of the Fourth Border Guard School;

The process of formation of the Saratov Border Guard School and its transformation into a military school;

To analyze the nature and content of the participation of the personnel of the school in the special operations of the NKVD in 1937-1938;

To highlight the life, military-pedagogical and service activities of the school in wartime conditions;

To study the participation of graduates, teachers and cadets of the school in repelling aggression on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and the performance of special tasks by the school in the war and the first post-war years;

To analyze structural changes, the restructuring of the educational process and the improvement of the quality of officer training in peaceful conditions in 1945-1973;

The territorial framework of the study includes the location of the military educational institution - the city of Saratov, the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, where graduates and teachers of the school fought, as well as the regions where the school participated in special operations.

The chronological framework covers the period from the formation of the 4th school of the border guard and the OGPU troops (1932) and until the transformation of the Saratov military school of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs into a higher military educational institution. The chronological period under study includes the most significant stages of the functioning of the school (school): the pre-war years, the period of the Great Patriotic War, the post-war years, including the years of Khrushchev's experiments with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the relative stability of existence during the period associated with the reign of JI. I. Brezhnev. Since it was impossible not to take into account the historical prerequisites and factors that laid the foundation for the emergence of an educational institution for the military security system in the city of Saratov, the dissertation also touches on the years immediately preceding the creation of the Fourth Border School.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the very formulation of the problem. In essence, this dissertation is the first attempt to study the history of one of the oldest military educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the context of the general history of the internal troops of Russia. As part of the study, the social and service prerequisites for opening educational institutions in the OGPU system in general and the Saratov school in particular were determined. Such a socio-political aspect as the staffing of an educational institution with permanent and variable staff is considered in detail. A thorough analysis of the organizational, economic and educational and methodological activities of the command and teaching staff in peacetime and wartime conditions has been made. On the basis of various sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the participation of cadets and officers in special operations is highlighted, the mechanisms for using military force in solving domestic political problems are analyzed. Some events related to military business trips are given reasonable assessments, sometimes not coinciding with the opinion generally accepted in departmental literature and historiography. For various positions of the life of the school, statistics are widely presented, summarized in a series of tables compiled by the author. For the first time, the connection of the school with public and economic organizations of the city of Saratov and the region is widely shown.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that it gives a fairly complete picture of the effectiveness of the functioning of a specialized educational institution, both in normal and extreme conditions. Conclusions and generalizations can be used in developments on today's problems of reforming the internal troops in general and their military educational institutions in particular. In addition, a still little-known noteworthy page in the history of the city of Saratov and the region has been revealed. The cognitive moment of the study is closely connected with the scientific moment and provides certain material for new searches in the history of the region and the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. This study also has an educational function. It is especially relevant in connection with the 75th anniversary of the Fourth School of the Border Guard and the OGPU Troops, and now the Saratov Red Banner Military Institute of Internal Troops. On the traditions, experience, courage and heroism of graduates of past years, the current generation of defenders of the Fatherland is trained and educated.

The principles and methods of scientific knowledge became the methodological basis of the prepared dissertation work. The author relied on the fundamental principles of historical research - historicism, objectivity, consistency.

All research methods used can be divided into three groups.

These methods were used both individually and in combination. This depended on the specifics of the issue under consideration, the nature and content of the source, and the task at hand.

The source base of the study was made up of published documents, archival materials, periodicals, memoirs and interviews with participants in the events.

Among the published documents, of interest are the normative legal acts of the functioning of the border and internal troops, which are in various collections, and documents characterizing their practical activities1.

Since 1968, a wide publication of documents and materials on the activities of the border troops in the open press begins. This work has been going on for over 10 years. In total, 5 collections of documents on the history of the border troops were published, in which documents were published from 1918 to about

1950s Since 1972, the publication of documents and materials on the construction and activities of the internal troops for the period 1917-1945 begins.4

The most important sources for the preparation of the dissertation work were unpublished documents and materials gleaned from the archives.

1 See: Internal Troops of the Soviet Republic (1917-1922). Documents and materials. M., 1972; Internal troops in the years of peaceful socialist construction 1922-1941. M., 1977; Internal Troops in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. M., 1975; From the history of the troops of the Cheka and the border guard. Documents and materials. 19171921 M., 1958; From the history of the Soviet border troops. 1935 - June 1941 Documents and materials. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR. 1928-1938. M., 1972; Border troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M., 1970; Border troops of the USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968; Border troops of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941. Collection of documents and materials. M., 1976.

2 In total, two series of collections were published - open and secret. Secret collections were released from 1963 to 1975. in five books. The documents published in them covered the period from 1921 to 1945.

3 See: Border Troops of the USSR. 1918-1928. M., 1973; Border troops of the USSR. 1928-1938. M., 1972; Border troops of the USSR. 1939-1941. M., 1970; Border troops of the USSR. 1941-1945. M., 1968; Border troops of the USSR. 1945-1950. M., 1975.

4 See: Internal troops of the Soviet Republic 1917-1922: Documents and materials. M., 1972; Internal troops in the years of peaceful socialist construction 1922-1941. M., 1977; Internal Troops in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. M., 1975.

In the pre-war and war years, the NKVD had the position of Deputy People's Commissar (Minister) of Internal Affairs for the troops, in whose subordination were operational (internal) troops, as well as military educational institutions. The archive has a special fund 38652, which contains documents from the Secretariat of the Deputy Minister for the Armed Forces for the period 1940-1948. Directives, instructions, reports and other documentary materials reflecting the operational and service activities of the troops, the process of forming units and schools, as well as some documents on personnel registration, were deposited here. Some of these documents were also used in the preparation of the dissertation.

Memoirs and memoirs of employees and graduates of the Saratov Military School became an important source for the dissertation research.

Separate pages of history are revealed in the memoirs of V. I. Zaitsev, V. P. Glorious, M. G. Padzhev, G. I. Tsyplin.

The deputy head of the Saratov School, Lieutenant Colonel V. I. Zaitsev, appointed in December 1942 to the post of chief of staff of the newly formed 10th Infantry Division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the city of Stalingrad, tells about the cadets and officers who were seconded with him to the Stalingrad division1.

1 See: Zaitsev V.I. Fulfilling a soldier's duty. M., 1987.

2 See: Padzhev M. G. Through the whole war. (Notes of a border guard). M., 1972.

V. P. Slavnov, a graduate of the Saratov military school, in his military memoirs1 excitedly recalls his fellow cadets, talks about dear fellow soldiers who selflessly loved their homeland, sacredly performed their military duty, were brave in battle and reliable in friendship. He entered the war in the Smolensk region as a platoon commander, and ended his military career in Czechoslovakia as the commander of the 123rd Infantry Regiment.

On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, a collection of autobiographical essays by veterans of the Saratov Military Institute3 was published. In addition to front-line episodes, it contains material about little-known facts about the participation of officers and cadets of the school in the fight against enemy paratroopers in the Saratov region, about repelling the bombing of the railway bridge across the Volga and other strategic targets, about how from the autumn of 1942 until In the spring of 1943, anti-aircraft machine-gun units of the school, headed by officers V. P. Tuchin and N. F. Ugryumov, guarded the Saratov sky in the general air defense system of the city. The Saratov branch of the Central Museum of Internal Troops stores handwritten memoirs of the pupils of the school K. I. Borodavkin, I. M. Bobkov, A. G. Volkov, V. S. Golovchansky, A. A. Zvonkin, A. P. Komov, P. P. Kormoshova, K. I. Matrosova, S. V. Matienko, M. I. Ovsyannikova, A. P. Schastlivenko and

1 See: Slavnov V.P. How much was passed. M., 1984.

2 See: Smikozub I.S. Notes of an old soldier. Kyiv, 1999.

3 See: They forged Victory. Saratov, 2005.

4 See: Folder “I owe everything to the Saratov school.”: Memoirs in the letters of graduates of the Saratov military school. Saratov branch of the Central Museum of Internal Troops. Stand number 6.

The Yekaterinburg printing enterprise "Kontur" published a book of biographical memoirs of graduates of the Saratov Military Institute of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia1. It uses the archives of the newspaper Son of the Motherland, the press service of the Ural District of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the 12th and 23rd special forces, as well as the personal archives of the heroes of the book. The memoirs tell about the military-pedagogical and service-combat activities of more than a hundred graduates of the post-war years who served in subdivisions, units and formations of the Ural District.

The different nature of the sources required a comparison and a critical approach to assessing the information contained in them.

In general, the considered source base, as it seems, made it possible to reveal the topic of the dissertation, to realize the tasks set.

The main provisions of this dissertation were tested by the author

A | in 8 scientific articles and a historical essay (co-authored), in speeches at scientific conferences and seminars.

1 See: Bovda V. B. Life-long service. Yekaterinburg, 2007.

2 See: Gulbinsky Yu. V. Personally-oriented learning // All-Russian collection of scientific works of the SGSEU. Saratov, 2005, pp. 309-315; His own. The fourth school of border guards and troops of the OGPU as an element of the system for training command personnel // Military-historical research in the Volga region. Issue 7. Saratov: "Scientific book", 2006. P. 177-183; His own. Training of officers of the SVU NKVD in the prewar years (1937

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Educational-pedagogical, organizational-economic and service-combat activities of the fourth school of the border guard and troops of the OGPU (Saratov military school). 1932-1973."

CONCLUSION

The opening of such an educational institution was due to the unfavorable internal situation in the country for the authorities, which had developed by the beginning of the 1930s. and as a consequence of this - the rapid growth in the number of troops of the OGPU, for which command personnel were needed. The OGPU created its own structure of military schools, an element of which was the Fourth School in Saratov.

An analysis of the documents shows that the studied military educational institution had two statuses: 1) an educational institution; 2) military formation. The Saratov School has gone through a number of stages in its development. As a purely educational institution, the Fourth School functioned for only 5 years. This was the first stage, which included periods of organizational and economic construction, staffing with permanent and variable staff, setting up an educational process. On April 20, 1937, the Saratov school acquires the status of a military school, moving to the second stage of development, the second status begins to be realized. The bottom line is that in operational terms, the school was the military operational reserve of the People's Commissar (later the minister), in whose subordination it was. Therefore, consolidated detachments of various sizes were periodically formed from its composition to perform service and combat missions or conduct special operations, which were used as ordinary military units.

Another basis for dividing the history of the Fourth School (military school) into stages of activity is also legitimate. It is associated with generally accepted periods in the history of the Soviet state: the pre-war period, the period of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period, which includes the “Khrushchev thaw” and “stagnation years”. It is on this basis that the present study was carried out.

In the pre-war years (1932-1941) in the foreground was the creation, accumulation and improvement of the material and educational base of the educational process. The tasks of building residential and educational premises, establishing food, clothing, material and technical supplies, medical support and other necessary conditions for life were solved. Particular attention was paid to the creation of training facilities, a tactical field base, a firing range, a training border outpost with all its elements. All this made it possible to establish a purposeful educational process in a short time, and two and a half years after the signing of the order on the creation of the Saratov school, it produced the first graduation of officers.

In 1937-1938. officers and cadets in practice felt the essence of the Stalinist thesis of "class struggle". Dozens of commanders, cadets, soldiers, ranging from the first head - the military commissar of the school and the head of the political department and ending with a Red Army soldier - a projectionist, were arrested by the NKVD. A significant number of teachers lost not only their membership cards, but also their military ranks, their positions, and in some cases their freedom.

On the other hand, during this period, the staff of the school was actively involved in the practice of "search", interrogations, "exposures", "confiscations" and protection of "enemies of the people" in a number of regions and cities of the country.

During the Great Patriotic War, due to the change in the volume and nature of the tasks assigned to the internal troops, the structure of the school, the content of training, the principle of recruitment, areas of specialization and terms of training were repeatedly changed. School graduates, along with their traditional tasks, guarded the rear of the army, actively participated in hostilities on many fronts. Numerous feats and heroism of graduates, the manifestation of the best professional qualities speak of the high-quality and generally effective work of the Saratov military school in the prewar years.

The study showed that the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s in the history of the Saratov military school can rightly be considered a period of regression in its development as a military educational institution. The beginning of this process was the transformation in 1951 of the internal troops into internal security. It was accompanied by the introduction of new names for structural units: group, team, division, detachment, department, as well as a change in military ranks. The processes of de-militaryization began to manifest themselves especially actively with the transition of the school in 1953 from the Ministry of State Security to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and a change in the profile of the educational institution.

Graduates of the school began to be awarded the primary officer rank of "lieutenant of the internal security."

The huge amount of construction work at the school, associated with the re-equipment of the educational material base for the training of the organizers of the escort service, led to a large separation of cadets and teachers from the educational process. This significantly reduced the methodological level of classes and the effectiveness of the entire training system.

Of all the tasks previously performed by graduates, the escort service was one of the least attractive. At the same time, it was one of the most intense, responsible and psychologically difficult types of service. These and other factors negatively affected the prestige of the school as an educational institution. Many cadets, especially after military training, were disappointed in their choice of profession. The influx of applicants began to decline.

The situation began to change for the better after the adoption on October 12, 1967 of the USSR Law "On universal military duty." On its basis, the government issued a decree on the composition of the internal troops. With this document, internal troops returned to the Armed Forces. Their former name and the name of structural elements were restored: platoon, company, battalion, regiment, division. Since the late 1960s there is a rapid qualitative growth of the educational process. Along with educational and methodical, the research work of teachers and cadets comes to the fore. These and other factors formed the basis for the transformation of the Saratov School in 1973 into a higher military educational institution, which has been successfully operating to this day.

In addition to the main task - the training of officers, the school in the 1930s - 1940s. nine times, almost in full force, went to various regions of the country to participate in the search and arrest of "enemies of the people", in counter-guerrilla, counter-insurgency, in the deportation of certain groups of the population. These trips were accompanied by intensified indoctrination of the personnel. The cadets and officers were purposefully instilled with the idea of "the rightness of their cause", "danger of the enemies of the Soviet state" and "sacred duty to the Motherland". Without taking into account the moral, universal side of these tasks, without analyzing them from the position of today, it is legitimate to note that from the point of view of the professional training of future officers, these business trips have played a positive role. Cadets and officers received practical training in operational and service activities in various conditions. They learned to quickly navigate and make the right decisions to complete a specific task. Business trips showed that cadets and commanders can successfully endure the conditions of camp life, quickly and without fuss create temporary garrisons and ensure military order in them, and establish an uninterrupted supply of food and other types of allowances. From their own experience, they were convinced of the importance of such types of combat support as intelligence, communications, medical and sanitary, engineering and logistics activities. The experience gained by the cadets was the basis for improving their service skills and developing practical skills for the upcoming independent service. Business trips were the basis for the analysis of errors and miscalculations in the curricula, in the entire educational process. Such an analysis made it possible to promptly make adjustments to planning documents, to the content of training sessions, and to strengthen the practical orientation of training.

An analysis of the responses of the operational chiefs, who had at their disposal the cadet units, convinces of the high level of personal training of future officers. The main merit of the commanders of temporary formations was that, with the successful fulfillment of the assigned tasks, they managed to retain their personnel without allowing a single case of combat losses, while the total losses of the internal troops participating in these special operations only after the war reached several thousand people. .

Many participants in the operations, both cadets and officers, humanly sympathized with the deportees, provided them with some assistance in collecting, loading, escorting, however, as military men they were obliged to do their “work”. Without denying individual cases of cruelty, they should be considered as single manifestations that characterize the individual qualities of a particular person. Official instructions, the entire system of ideological indoctrination of cadets, aimed them at the fact that a class struggle was underway against the enemies of the working people, that there was no place for pity in this struggle, that decisive firm measures were required. In practice, the "class enemy" often turned out to be the elderly, women and children.

After the collapse of the USSR, in separate publications, in the media, the internal troops were presented by some authors as "a special elite of the Stalinist regime", as "zombies of the socialist system" staffed according to special principles. A study of the history of the Fourth School (military school) gives reason to refute this point of view. Of course, when staffing the school with permanent and variable staff, both social origin and party affiliation and relations with Soviet laws were taken into account. Preference was given to people from industrial workers and peasants, communists and Komsomol members. But it was a generally accepted method for selecting civil servants in general and military personnel in particular. The very same system of training and education was no different from the training of commanders for the Red Army. School graduates were ordinary people. Their difference consisted in the specifics of the tasks performed, which were assigned to the internal troops by the state regime.

In general, the experience of the school performing "special assignments" in the 1930s-1940s raises the important problem of the responsibility of the authorities for the use of internal troops against civilians of their own country. It appears to be relevant today. In modern legislation, it is necessary to clearly fix the limits where military-political necessity ends and the crime begins in the use of violence by the authorities against the citizens of their country. The presence of such a limit and the knowledge of it by the personnel of the internal troops will give them more confidence in their actions in the legal field and will not allow them to cross the specified limit, even if ambitious politicians demand it from them.

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F Edulov Pavel Ivanovich - company commander of the 177th Guards Chisinau Rifle Regiment of the 60th Guards Pavlograd Red Banner Rifle Division of the 5th Shock Army of the 1st Belorussian Front, guard captain.
He was born on December 31, 1918 in the city of Kineshma, now in the Ivanovo Region, in a working class family. Russian. Graduated from 9 classes. He worked as an accountant at the Kineshma factory "Red Branch".
In 1939 he was called up for military service in the border troops of the NKVD of the USSR. He served at the border outpost on Sakhalin Island. He was sent to study at the Saratov Border School of the NKVD troops, from which he graduated on June 28, 1941.
He was sent to the border with Afghanistan, to the Kerkinsky border detachment. From the first days he began to write reports with a request to be sent to the front. At the end of 1941, he was enlisted as a platoon commander in the 278th rifle regiment of the NKVD troops, which was being formed in the city of Ashgabat, the backbone of which was border guards.
In April 1942, the regiment was transferred to Anapa, preparing to land on the Crimean Peninsula, but was soon urgently transferred to the city of Nalchik. Here, the border guards fought against the saboteurs, who became more active in connection with the approach of the Nazis. In August 1942, as part of the regiment, he participated in the defense of Pyatigorsk, Mount Beshtau. With battles he left the encirclement, took command of the company. In December 1942, he was seriously wounded - a fragment touched his heart, but miraculously survived.
He was treated in hospitals in the city of Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz) and Baku. After recovery, he was sent to the Shot courses.
He returned to the front at the end of 1943, as part of the 301st Infantry Division he participated in the battles on the Dnieper. Member of the CPSU (b) / CPSU since 1944. The company commander of the 177th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 60th Guards Rifle Division of the Guards, Captain Fedulov, especially distinguished himself in the battles for the liberation of Poland, when breaking through the enemy defenses in the area of the settlement of Buda Augustovske (19 km southwest of the city of Magnuszew).
On January 14, 1945, Captain Fedulov's guard company, having overcome a minefield and two lines of enemy trenches, attacked Hill 147.6. He did not let his platoons and attached funds out of sight, he energetically led the battle. Progress was delayed by the fire of the bunker. Captain Fedulov, at the head of one platoon, went around the height from the rear, overcame a deep swamp and destroyed an enemy firing point.
Eliminating pockets of resistance, the company went to the village of Male-Bozhe (3 km west of the city of Buda Augustowske). Having repelled four enemy counterattacks, the guards crossed the Pilica River on the move, captured and expanded the bridgehead.
At Kazom of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 27, 1945 for skillful leadership of the battle during the breakthrough of a long-term and deeply echeloned enemy defense in difficult wooded and swampy terrain with minor losses in manpower and equipment of the guard to the captain Fedulov Pavel Ivanovich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (N 7256).
In the battles beyond the Oder, on the territory of Germany, the guard captain Fedulov already commanded a battalion. In one of the battles he was wounded, an enemy shell hit the building where the battalion headquarters was located. I met Victory Day in the hospital. After recovering on May 18, 1945 in the Kremlin, he received high awards from the Motherland.
Then he was appointed to the post of teacher of tactics at the Gorky Suvorov School. In 1949 he graduated from the MV Frunze Military Academy. He continued to serve as a teacher at the Leningrad Academy of Logistics and Transport. He taught combined arms tactics and defended his PhD thesis. Since 1975, Colonel Fedulov has been in reserve.
He lived in the hero city of Leningrad (since 1991 - St. Petersburg). Passed away September 29, 2009. He was buried at the Smolensk cemetery in St. Petersburg.
In 2011, gymnasium No. 271 of the Krasnoselsky district of the city of St. Petersburg was named after the Hero.
He was awarded the Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class, two Orders of the Red Star, the Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR, 3rd class, and medals.
In the city of St. Petersburg, a school was named after the Hero, a memorial plaque was installed on the school building. Immortalized on the Alley of Heroes in the city of Kineshma.