Error analysis. Speech cliches and clericalism: examples of words in Russian

STATIONERIES, words and phrases characteristic of the official business style of literary speech, but used in other styles, in other conditions of linguistic communication. This phenomenon is common to many languages. For example, in the Russian language the words “given”, “such”, “should”, “above”, “undersigned”, phrases “impose a duty”, “accept for execution”, “due to absence”, “failure to provide assistance”, “ upon expiration" are appropriate in official business, "clerical" speech. It is characterized by impersonality and dryness of presentation, high degree standardization of expressions, reflecting a certain order and regulation business relations, the desire for precision in formulations that would eliminate ambiguity in understanding what was said.

Being used “out of place” - in everyday speech, on the pages of the press, on radio and television - such words and phrases create a stylistic contrast with others language means and turn into bureaucracy. For example, the Russian phrase “boarding such and such a train is in progress” in a radio announcement at a station is normal, because the genre of the announcement is component formal business style. But if a passenger says: “My wife and I boarded the carriage,” then he describes the everyday situation using means uncharacteristic for everyday communication, and the phrase “boarded” turns into bureaucracy. The phrase “Due to the lack of containers, your demand cannot be satisfied” is natural as an official resolution on an official written statement, but in the phrase “You know, dear, I couldn’t buy milk due to its lack in the store,” the phrase “due to lack” turns into bureaucracy .

K.I. Chukovsky considered the desire to decorate speech with clerical words and constructions as a kind of disease and called clericalism (modeled on the words “bronchitis”, “diphtheria”, etc.). “What issue are you crying about?”, “Now let’s focus the question on meat” - Chukovsky gives these and other examples of the clerk in the book “Alive as Life” (1962). He saw the reason for the bureaucracy in the bureaucratization of life, in the fact that bureaucratic cliches invade both human relations and language. Many people mistakenly think that using elements of an official business style in any setting verbal communication gives the statements special weight: “at the present time” seems better to them than “now”, “there is a place” - more beautiful than the short “is”, and “I’m taking a walk” - more intelligent than “I’m walking” or “I’m walking”. Stationery is used in fiction as a means of verbal, often satirical, characterization of characters; for example, in the speech of Optimistenko, a character in V.V. Mayakovsky’s play “Bath”: “link and coordinate”, “incoming and outgoing”, “there is a complete solution to your case”, etc.; in the speech of the bureaucrat Pobedonosikov: “the aforementioned tram,” “break away from the masses,” “according to the instructions of the center.” All these phrases are used in the context of everyday vocabulary, within the syntactic structures inherent in colloquial speech. Parodic examples of the use of clericalism in everyday situations can be found in the speech of characters in the works of M. M. Zoshchenko, Ilf and Petrov, M. M. Zhvanetsky and other Russian satirists.

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention You should pay attention to words associated with formal business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a context that is stylistically alien to them, are called clericalism. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalism only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical coloring for the official business style (presence, for lack of, in order to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, a lot can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; Currently, there is a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding bureaucracy. For example, why would a journalist write: Defects are the negative side of an enterprise’s activities, if you can say: It’s bad when an enterprise produces defects; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; We must prevent defects in production; We must finally stop producing defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! Simple and specific wording has a stronger impact on the reader.

Verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, swelling, closing) and without suffixes (sewing, stealing, taking time off) often give a clerical flavor to speech. Their clerical tone is aggravated by the prefixes not-, under- (non-detection, under-fulfillment). Russian writers often parodied a style “decorated” with such bureaucracy [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz.); The case of a crow flying in and breaking glass (Writing); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she had not attached a sixty-kopeck stamp... (Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. This narrows their expressive capabilities compared to verbs. For example, the following sentence lacks precision: On the part of the farm manager, V.I. Shlyk showed a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. One might think that the manager did not milk and feed the cows well, but the author only wanted to say that the manager of the farm, V.I. Shlyk did nothing to ease the work of the milkmaids or prepare feed for the livestock. The inability to express the meaning of the voice with a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the professor’s statement (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed by the passive form of the participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of the speech [After completing their acquaintance with the sights, tourists were allowed to photograph them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and were allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary; they are varied in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of person (teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), and many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing in common with clericalisms.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed to -nye, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet cookies, boiling cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close connection with verbs, acting as abstract names of actions and processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that most often have a clerical coloring; it is absent only in those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called “splitting of the predicate”, i.e. replacing a simple verb predicate a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning(instead of complicating it, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complexity, confusion of accounting and increased costs, or better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, when stylistic assessment This phenomenon cannot be taken to extremes by rejecting any cases of using verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, the following combinations are often used: took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become established: declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs thank, fulfill, collect are inappropriate), etc. IN scientific style terminological combinations are used such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an attempt was made on the minister’s life, etc. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be avoided and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an active part is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination a precise terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide urgent medical care). The use of a verbal-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verbal-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives the speech greater effectiveness.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination adds a clerical flavor to the sentence. Let's compare the two types syntactic constructions verbal-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of phrases with verbal nouns (instead of simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and burdens the syllable.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in section, in part, in business, by force, for purposes, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of etc. They received a great deal distribution in book styles, and with certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often passion for them damages the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominal prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to a string of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in government and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the sentence ponderous and cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominal preposition from it, and, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let’s assume this version of the edit: To increase turnover in government and commercial stores, you need to pay wages on time and not delay pensions for citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is partly still preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, construction was suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore construction was suspended). Misuse denominative prepositions often lead to illogical statements.

Let's compare two versions of proposals:

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity and helps to express thoughts more specifically and stylistically correctly.

The influence of official business style is usually associated with the use of speech cliches. Widespread words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional overtones become speech cliches. Thus, in a variety of contexts it begins to be used in figurative meaning expression to receive registration (Every ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Petrovsky’s muse has a permanent registration in the hearts; Aphrodite was included in the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city).

Anything frequently repeated can become a stamp speech device, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term “speech stamp” has acquired a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical overtone.

Among the speech cliches that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can highlight, first of all, template figures of speech: on at this stage, in this period of time, today, emphasized with all its severity, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debt to supplier enterprises; Payments are currently under strict control wages miners; At this stage, the crucian carp spawns normally, etc. Excluding the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech cliches also include universal words that are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, vague meanings (question, event, series, carry out, unfold, separate, definite, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked about (Issues of nutrition in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; Issues of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as a universal one, is also often superfluous; You can verify this by comparing two editions of sentences from newspaper articles:

Unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in specialized literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be prohibited; their use should be appropriate and stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - carried out, scope - wide, criticism - harsh, problem - unresolved, urgent, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically inferior; they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker of the need to look for the necessary, exact words, deprive speech of concreteness. For example: This season was spent at a high organizational level - this sentence can be inserted into the report on both hay harvesting and sports competitions, and about preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes...

The set of speech cliches changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become “fashionable”, so it is impossible to list and describe all cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of cliches.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech cliches. Language standards are ready-made means of expression reproduced in speech, used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, “a standard... does not cause a negative attitude, since it has clear semantics and economically expresses thoughts, facilitating the speed of information transfer.” Language standards include, for example, the following combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment services, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources - phrases such as consumer services (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing journalistic texts from the period of “Brezhnev’s stagnation” and the 90s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech cliches in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic “companions” of the command-bureaucratic system disappeared from the scene in the “post-communist era.” Now officialism and all the beauties of bureaucratic style are easier to find in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

A resolution to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater activation of the mandate of the working people of all masses based on the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own mandate.

A cluster of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, and speech cliches firmly “block” the perception of such statements that are impossible to comprehend. Our journalism has successfully overcome this “style”, and it “decorates” only the speech of individual speakers and officials in government institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating bureaucracy and speech cliches has not lost its relevance.

1 Stationery words are words, phrases, grammatical forms and designs that are characteristic of the official business style, but penetrate into other styles, in particular into artistic, journalistic and colloquial styles, which leads to a violation of stylistic norms, or more precisely, to a mixing of styles.

If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers.

Currently there is a shortage of teaching staff.

I was given a free haircut.

Spring filled the girl’s soul with an inexplicable feeling of flight and the expectation of positive changes in personal life and in work activity.

Among the signs of clericalism are:

the use of verbal nouns, both suffixal (identifying, finding, taking, swelling, closing) and non-suffixal (sewing, stealing, taking a day off);

splitting the predicate, that is, replacing a simple verbal predicate with a compound nominal one: decide - make a decision, wish - show a desire, help - provide assistance;

the use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in section, in part, in business, by force, for purposes, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of;

stringing of cases, especially often genitive: conditions necessary to increase the level of speech culture of the region’s youth; the author offers a successful form of presenting his own concept of constructing the process of verbal interaction between a student and a teacher;

displacement of active phrases by passive ones: we decided (active phrase) - the decision was made by us (passive phrase).

Abuse of clericalism in speech deprives speech of expressiveness, imagery, individuality, brevity, and leads to such speech defects as:

mixture of styles: After short-term precipitation in the form of rain, a rainbow sparkled over the lake in all its multicolored beauty;

ambiguity (associated with the use of verbal nouns): statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?); I love singing (do I like to sing or listen to them sing?)

heavier syllables, verbosity: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, turnover in government and commercial stores should increase.

Speech cliches deprive speech of expressiveness, imagery and persuasiveness - hackneyed expressions with faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness. These include all kinds of stereotyped metaphors, comparisons, periphrases, metonymies - the light of the soul; an inexhaustible source of inspiration; in one impulse; their hearts beat in unison; burning eyes, a painted carpet of flowers; emerald meadow; azure of heaven; pearly laughter, streams of tears (the latest examples from the book by Ya. Parandovsky “Alchemy of the Word”). They once had vivid imagery, but due to frequent use they lost all the power of their expressiveness, turning into a soulless template.

Journalists are particularly prone to using cliches; In the journalistic style, such phrases are especially common. D. E. Rosenthal notes in this regard: “The same combinations are found in different materials, which have turned into “erased nickels.” These are combinations with the word “gold” of any color: “white gold” (cotton), “black gold” (coal), “blue gold” (hydropower), “liquid gold” (oil). Other examples of stamps: “big bread”, “big ore”, “big oil” (meaning “a lot of..."). Such “favorite” combinations also include: “people in gray overcoats”, “people in green caps” (foresters? huntsmen? border guards?), “people in white coats” (doctors? salesmen?).”

In practical stylistics, the concept of a speech stamp has acquired a narrower meaning: this is the name for a stereotypical expression that has the coloring of an official business style: at this stage, in a given period of time, today, emphasized with all its severity, etc.

Clichés (language standards) should be distinguished from speech cliches - ready-made phrases used as a standard that is easily reproduced in certain conditions and contexts. Unlike a stamp, a cliche forms a constructive unit that retains its semantics, and in many cases, expressiveness; They allow you to express thoughts economically and contribute to the speed of information transfer. These are combinations such as “public sector workers”, “employment service”, “international humanitarian aid”, “commercial structures”, “law enforcement agencies”, “branches of Russian government”, “according to informed sources”, “household service” , "health service", etc.

There is nothing wrong with using clichés; they are good because:

correspond to psychological stereotypes as a reflection in the consciousness of frequently recurring phenomena of reality;

easy are reproduced in the form of ready-made speech formulas;

automate the playback process;

facilitate the processes of perception and communication;

save speech effort, mental energy and time for both the speaker (writer) and the listener (reader).

Stylistic errors are associated with ignoring the restrictions that its stylistic coloring imposes on the use of a word. This concerns primarily the use of terms and bureaucracy.

Under bureaucracy means such words, phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which is fixed in Russian literary language behind the so-called official business style, especially that part of it that is known from official, including legal, documents (administrative clerical style).

Formal business style is one of the functional styles of the Russian language. Functional style - a type of literary language in which the language appears in one or another socially significant sphere of social and speech practice of people and the features of which are determined by the peculiarities of communication in this area.Formal business style- a means of communication (usually written) in the field of business relations: in the field legal relations and management. This area covers international relations, law, economics, military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, government activities. Substyles: legislative (used in the field of government, the volentivity of the function is manifested); administrative and clerical (maintenance of personal business papers, institutional documents, emphasizes the nature of administrative relations - loans, advances); diplomatic substyle (at the international level, relations between the government and diplomats).

Each functional style represents complex system covering everything language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic constructions. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most visual means of distinguishing between functional styles - their vocabulary.

General features of the official business speech:

1. It is typical for an official speech widespread use thematically driven special words and terms (legal, diplomatic, military, accounting, sports, etc.). The desire for brevity determines the use of abbreviations, complex abbreviated names of government bodies, institutions, organizations, societies, parties, etc. (Security Council, Airborne Forces, Ministry of Emergency Situations, Air Force, Research Institute, DEZ, LDPR, YAZ, PE, CIS, GVMU RF Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health), as well as abbreviations (illiquid assets, cash (black), federal, etc..). As can be seen from the examples, there are many new words among them; this part of the vocabulary is constantly updated and replenished.
2. Business texts are distinguished by the use of words and expressions that are not accepted in other styles(the above, the following, the above, proper, prohibited, preventive measure, deed, punishability, etc.).These include stable phrases: cassation appeal, act of civil status, act of disobedience, recognizance not to leave, etc. Regular use of such words and expressions that do not have synonyms contributes to the accuracy of speech and excludes other interpretations.
3. Adjectives and participles in business speech are often used in the meaning of nouns(sick, vacationing, undersigned), short forms of adjectives are productive(must, obliged, obligatory, necessary, accountable, jurisdictional, responsible). Addressing them is dictated by the prescriptive nature of business speech (Calling experts is mandatory to establish the causes of death - Criminal Procedure Code).
4. The selection of pronouns in business speech is indicative: personal pronouns are not used hereme, you, he, she, they(due to the complete lack of individualization of speech, specificity, accuracy of the statement). Instead of demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such, etc.)words usedgiven, present, corresponding, known, specified, above, belowetc. They are not used at all in business speech indefinite pronouns(someone, some, something, etc.).
5. To characterize verbs in official speech, its nominal structure is also important: this determines the high frequency of linking verbs(is, becomes, is realized), replacing the verb predicate with a combination auxiliary verb with a noun naming an action(provide assistance, control, provide care, etc.).
6. Among the semantic groups of verbs presented in this style, the main role is given to words with the meaning of obligation:follows, must, imputes, undertakesand abstract verbs indicating being, presence:is, exists.
7. In official speech, non-finite forms of verbs are more common - participles, gerunds, infinitives, which especially often appear in the meaning imperative mood (take note, make a proposal, recommend, withdraw from use, etc.).

It is precisely this kind of words and phrases transferred to the texts of another functional style, for example, literary-artistic or journalistic, are regarded as bureaucracy. In official business style texts their use is justified. The use of clericalism in scientific research. and public. speech should be thoughtful and limited, and in conversation. - without any special stylistic motivation - is not only undesirable, but also unacceptable. If they are used accidentally, unintentionally, then this is regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as speech error, eg: There are so many mushrooms and berries in our green area; There is a need to close the gap on the satire misunderstanding front; I am faced with a problem; We find ourselves in the grip of a dilemma.

Stationery

– words, set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in lit. language is assigned to official affairs. style, especially for its administrative substyle (see). K. is treated as separate words with the connotation of official affairs. style ( notice, petition, called, due etc.), as well as syntactic constructions built according to certain models("chain" of genitive case forms of nouns, e.g.: activities that do not pursue the goal of making a profit; clarifying the conditions for committing a crime; combination of a noun with a delexicalized verb, for example: provide assistance instead of help, carry out control instead of control).

K. are a necessary structural element of any office business. text. Eg: Plant "Progress" asks You provide technical assistance in developing drawings pumping station . Since installation is currently underway, please do this work directly on site(from the letter of guarantee).

Natural in business speech, outside of it K. become alien and undesirable. Some of them are archaically solemn: the above-mentioned, named, must, collect, take effect, demand, forward, such, the bearer of this. Others are typical of the speech of modern officials and are businesslike: engage, speak(meaning “to discuss”), puzzle, listen, progress, developments, specifics etc. The use of such nouns as customer, party, owner, principal, client, person, as well as adjectives and participles, including substantives report, vacant, victim, invoice, outgoing, daily allowance, adverbs of type immediately, promptly, free of charge, linking verbs to be, to be, to be (to take place) etc.

Verbal nouns with suffixes add and enhance the clerical flavor of speech. -eni, -ani, -at, -ut, eg: elimination, beginning, finding, taking, withdrawal, execution, non-suffix type hijacking, time off, reception, hiring, tailoring, supervision, as well as words with prefixes not-, under-: underfulfillment, non-detection, lack of, under-delivery, non-admission, non-detection etc.

Bright office business special colors differ and function words– complex denominative prepositions – at the expense of, to the address, in part, along the line, on the basis of etc., for example: in connection with expiration of the contract, according to by order in case late payment, as a result studying, as well as unions: due to the fact that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, namely, as well as, as well as etc.

The clerical phrases also include compound names like law enforcement agencies, material assets, food, vehicles, diplomatic relations, budgetary sphere, one-time benefit, cassation appeal, compound verb-nominal combinations (so-called “split predicates”) give instructions (indicate), provide assistance (influence), leads to complication (complicates) etc.

Described vocabulary and phraseology from official affairs. coloring receives the name K. only in those cases when it is used in an alien sphere, outside the boundaries of official affairs. style. Sufficiently appropriate and necessary in repetitive office situations. communication clerical words and expressions, ending up in the texts of other functions. styles, give speech an official, inexpressive character, depriving it of liveliness, emotionality, simplicity and naturalness. The use of K. in scientific. and public. speech should be thoughtful and limited, and in conversation. – without any special stylistic motivation – is not only undesirable, but also unacceptable. If they are used accidentally, unintentionally, then this is regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error, for example: In our green area so many mushrooms and berries; It is necessary to eliminate the backlog at the front misunderstandings satires; in front of me a problem arises; We found ourselves in the grip of a dilemma .

The use of K. in a stylistic context unusual for them (not in official business texts) without a stylistic task is a speech defect, called " clerk" (K.I. Chukovsky, 1963, p. 119). Thus, we observe the inappropriate use of K. in the following statement: The regional administration considers the cooperation policy to be the most acceptable, but this does not mean that enterprises in the region such will be imposed: now everyone has their own considerations about how survive(Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets, February 7, 1998). Wed: The regional administration considers the policy of cooperation to be the most acceptable, but this does not mean that it will be imposed on enterprises: now everyone has their own ideas on how to survive.

The intentional use of K. as a stylistic device, for example, in art. speech as a means speech characteristics character: Davydov came out and unfolded the note. In blue pencil it was written in a sweeping manner: “Lisa! I categorically propose to immediately and unconditionally provide lunch to the bearer of this note. G. Korchzhinsky." - “No, it’s better without lunch than with such a mandate,” the hungry Davydov decided sadly, after reading the note and heading to the regional water union(Sholokhov).

Or: - But I’m in order of lack of living space, whispered the young man. - Citizens!(Ilf, Petrov).

In order to achieve a humorous effect, K are used in the following example: The muse was not given to him for a long time, and when it was given, the poet was surprised at what he did with it. Anyway, after reading the products it became clear to him that there was no question of a fee(Zoshchenko).

Unjustified entry by K. from the office. spheres in art lit., in everyday life, oral speech occurred before and was rightly criticized not only by linguists, but also by writers: M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, A. Chekhov, A. Tolstoy, I. Ilf and E. Petrov, L. Kassil, K. Paustovsky, V. Ardov and others.

Stylizations of bureaucratic speech are known, for example: It is equally prohibited gouge eyes, biting nose... removal of the head(Saltykov-Shchedrin); Killing happened due to drowning (Chekhov); The case about gnawing plan thereof mice(Herzen); The case about flying in And breaking black glass(Pisarev); Disgrace tearers campaigns to fight implementation of the plan for organizing the campaign of struggle (Ilf and Petrov).

In “The History of a City,” M. Saltykov-Shchedrin parodies the style of tsarist laws, using K. with a special stylistic task to achieve expression: 1. Let everyone bake pies on holidays, not forbidding themselves from baking on weekdays... 4. Upon removal from the oven, let everyone take a knife in his hand and, having cut a part from the middle, let him bring it as a gift...

An example of a modern parody of bureaucratic speeches comes from the pen of M. Zhvanetsky: Resolution to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of worldwide interaction of all conservation structures and ensure even greater activation of the mandate of the working people of all masses based on the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own mandate.

The office reached its greatest distribution in our country during the years of stagnation, when in the sphere of political, social, cultural, scientific. and even in everyday communication, clichéd speech of a ritual nature was in use, filled with dummy words like question, matter, task, problem, fact etc.

Subsequently, this obscure, clumsy bureaucratic language was called “newspeak.” One of the linguistic gains of perestroika was the abandonment of ritual speech in favor of living, stylistically normal texts, which, unfortunately, are not always literate.

Today, K., as satellites of the command-bureaucratic system, as a legacy of the previous era, are losing their positions in public speaking, in media texts, largely due to the general “fear of big words”, thanks to the rejection of emphatically bookish constructions, in particular from verbal-nominal phrases, which served as an integral part of official business, scientific. and in general official language. V.G. Kostomarov also notes “that in current assessments of speech there is no mention of “office,” in which K.I. Chukovsky saw the main defect of contemporary speech.”

Lit.: Shcherba L.V. Modern Russian literary language // Selected works on the Russian language. – M., 1957; Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life (About the Russian language). – M., 1963; Vinokur T.G. When "clericalisms" and "stamps" become dangerous disease? // Our speech. How we speak and write. – M., 1965; Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M., 1980; His: How to speak correctly. Notes on the culture of Russian speech. – M., 1988; Kozhin A.N., Krylova O.A., Odintsov V.V. Functional types Russian speech. – M., 1982; Skvortsov L.I. About bureaucracy and cliches // Russian speech. – 1982. – No. 1; Gal N.Ya. The word is alive and dead. From the experience of a translator and editor. – M., 1987; Rosenthal D.E. Practical style. – M., 1987; His: A Guide to Spelling and literary editing. – M., 1996; Borisova I.N., Kupina N.A., Matveeva T.V. Fundamentals of stylistics, culture of speech and rhetoric. – Ekaterinburg, 1995; Kasatkin L.L., Klobukov E.V., Lekant P.A. Quick reference in modern Russian language. – M., 1995; Solganik G.Ya. Russian language. 10–11 grade. Stylistics. – M., 1995; Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Lvov M.R. Dictionary-reference book on the methods of the Russian language. – M., 1997; Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing of official documents. – M., 1997; Schwarzkopf B.S. Stationery // Russian language. Encyclopedia. – M., 1997; Koltunova M.V. Languages business communication. Norms, rhetoric, etiquette. – M., 2000.

G.A. Kopnina, O.V. Protopopova

Stylistic encyclopedic dictionary of the Russian language. - M:. "Flint", "Science". Edited by M.N. Kozhina. 2003 .

See what “Clericalism” is in other dictionaries:

OFFICELISM- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures characteristic of an official business style (incoming, outgoing, must, brought to your attention, etc.) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Stationery- Officialism is a word or figure of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written according to the accepted form, as a result of which official formulas and the necessary stamps of business speech... ... Wikipedia

bureaucracy- category of elements of passive vocabulary used in literary works to imitate an official business style. Authors use them in cases where it is necessary to create an illustrative image of a document or a satirical image of an official... ... Literary encyclopedia

bureaucracy- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures characteristic of an official business style (“incoming outgoing”, “should”, “brought to your attention”, etc.). * * * OFFICERIZATIONS OFFERANCEISM, words,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Stationery- words and figures of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. Documents, acts, statements, certificates, powers of attorney are written according to the accepted form. However, one should not transfer official formulas and necessary cliches of business speech... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

bureaucracy- pl. Words or figures of speech, the use of which in literary language is assigned to an official business style; clerks. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language Efremova

bureaucracy- words, set phrases, grammatical forms and constructions, the use of which in the literary language is traditionally assigned to the official business style, especially to the clerical business substyle... Explanatory translation dictionary

OFFICELISM- words, phrases, grammatical forms and syntactic structures used primarily in the official business style of the language (“should”, “incoming outgoing”, “brought to your attention”, etc.) ... Vocational education. Dictionary

bureaucracy- words and figures of speech characteristic of the style of business papers and documents. IN oral speech have a negative mental impact on listeners... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy