912 – 962

The time period from 912 to 972 refers to the history of the Old Russian state. Among the most important processes of this period, the following are clearly visible: firstly, the formation of the tax system. And, secondly, the process of formation of state territory, its expansion and defense of emerging borders.

Speaking about this period, we should name the rulers of this period. These are Prince Igor (912 - 945), who began to rule after the death of Prince Oleg, and Princess Olga (945 - 972), Igor's wife, who ruled after the death of her husband.

An important area of activity Kyiv princes in the period from 912 to 972 the development of the tax system began. During the reign of Igor, there was a so-called polyudye, when the Kiev prince and his retinue traveled around the tribes included in his state and collected tribute from them in kind (furs, food, etc.). In this case, the amount of payments was determined on the spot and could be greater or less depending on various factors. This system contributed to the fact that it united the lands of the Eastern Slavs into a single state and ensured that Kyiv received funds to conduct its policies. But the system also had disadvantages (the need for the prince’s personal presence when collecting polyudye, the variable size of the tribute) which were fully revealed in the story of the death of Prince Igor during polyudye in 945. Then the Drevlyan tribe, outraged by Igor’s attempt to take tribute again, dealt with the prince and his soldiers.

Having cruelly taken revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of Igor, Princess Olga drew conclusions from what had happened, took into account Igor’s mistakes and carried out a serious tax reform. Polyudye was cancelled. Instead, a system of lessons and graveyards was installed. (Lessons are a predetermined amount of tribute, graveyards are places where tribute was delivered.) Thanks to this reform, Olga significantly improved tax system Old Russian state. From now on, taxation was unified for all tribes subordinate to Kyiv. The activities of Princess Olga in this direction strengthened both the financial system of the state and the cohesion of the tribes. There were no longer any grounds for accusing the Kyiv princes of being biased towards one tribe or another.

If we talk about the second important process of the period 912 - 972, then this is the process of expanding the territory of the state and its protection. Prince Igor is known for subjugating the Ulich tribe to the Kyiv authorities and protecting the Eastern Slavs from Pecheneg raids - nomadic people, who lived south of the territories inhabited Eastern Slavs. In addition, Igor organized campaigns against Byzantium in 941 and 944. and concluded a profitable military-trade agreement with this country in 944, which contributed to security and development Ancient Rus'. This agreement, in particular, fixed the right of Ancient Rus' to expand its territories in the south - on the river. Danube and on the Taman Peninsula. Thus, Igor’s activities contributed to the expansion of the territory of the Old Russian state and the security of its borders.

Princess Olga continued her husband's policy of preserving and expanding the territory of the state. Due to Igor’s actions during Polyudye in 945, the Drevlyan tribe fell from the control of Kyiv. Olga, understanding the importance of keeping all her subjects under her power, managed by cunning and cruelty to return the Drevlyan tribe to the rule of Kyiv and force it to pay tribute. She continued cooperation with Byzantium, confirming the profitable agreement concluded by Igor. In addition, during her trip to Constantinople, Olga converted to Christianity, which influenced the growth of a positive attitude towards Christianity among her subjects and subsequently facilitated the baptism of Rus' in 988.

Like Igor, Olga had to defend her people from the Pechenegs at a time when her son Svyatoslav Igorevich became a prince. When the Pechenegs approached Kyiv in 968, it was she who led the defense of the city, which turned out to be successful. Speaking about the significance of Olga’s activities in preserving and expanding the territory of the Old Russian state, we should evaluate it positively. Although Olga did not seriously expand her borders, she managed to maintain power over the restless tribes of the Eastern Slavs, protect them from Pecheneg raids, and ensure peace and cooperation with Byzantium.

The period from 912 to 972 was important for national history and eventful. The reign of Igor and Olga became a period of “gathering” under the rule of Kyiv the territories inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. a period of successful defense of the borders of the young state. Thus, the formation and development of the most important feature of the state - the unity of the territory - took place.

In addition, during this period, another feature of statehood was developing - the tax collection system. As a result of this process, a successful system of lessons and graveyards was formed, recognized by all Eastern Slavs.

This period largely laid the foundations for the future prosperity of Ancient Rus' at the beginning of the 11th century.

How to prepare an essay on history. Essay on the history of the Unified State Exam. How to write a historical essay

In 2016, a new task for the Unified State Exam in history will be introduced - writing a historical essay on a specified period. The students were somewhat confused, because in previous years there was another task - to write an essay on personality characteristics.

I offer my version of skills training using a new version of task 25.

Essay on the history of the Unified State Exam - examples and where to start

It seems to me that the best way to start writing an essay on history is to remember and write down all the personalities that are associated with the selected period. For example, you are asked to write an essay about the period 1019-1054. This is the period of Kievan Rus. We remember that Yaroslav the Wise reigned at this time. What other personalities are associated with this period? Of course, children and, above all, I remember Yaroslav’s beloved daughter, who became queen, and after the death of her husband, ruler of France. So, we define two personalities you are Yaroslav the Wise and his daughter Anna Yaroslavna.

Now we need to determine the events of the period. The name of Prince Yaroslav is associated primarily with legislative policy - the adoption of the first set of laws “Russian Truth”, but this is not connected with his daughter.

We are thinking further - the defeat of the Pechenegs, campaigns in the Baltic states and Poland, the fight against local separatism. These events will undoubtedly need to be mentioned in the essay, characterizing the personality of Yaroslav, but they are also not connected with the personality of Anna. But there are still important directions in Yaroslav’s activities - strengthening the role of Kyiv, turning it into an administrative, religious and cultural center, as well as strengthening contacts with the West through dynastic marriages.

So, you can choose two phenomena that are directly related to both personalities - the opening of schools for girls in Kyiv and dynastic marriages. How are these phenomena related? Let us remember that in Western Europe During this period there were few literate people even among the nobility. Naturally, the education of the Kyiv princesses could not help but attract attention to them and the desire to become related to them, and this, in turn, increased the prestige of Kievan Rus. It is known that the widowed French king It was the education and intelligence of the distant beauty that attracted me, and not her appearance.

Documents signed by Anna have been preserved, where she is still honored as a wise and fair ruler. The prestige of the state can be judged by the fact that many European kings considered it an honor to become related to Yaroslav; as for Anna, she only agreed to the marriage the second time; she deeply respected her husband, but did not love him.

So, preliminary work for an essay on history was carried out: we indicated two personalities of the period - Yaroslav the Wise and Anna Yaroslavna, identified two phenomena of the period - the development of education among girls in Kievan Rus and dynastic marriages as one of the directions of the foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise, identified cause-and-effect relationships between the processes: the education of Yaroslav's daughters attracted attention to them in illiterate Europe, and these marriages raised the prestige of Kievan Rus.

Now let's move on to working on the K4 parameters. Here you can recall films dedicated to these personalities and compare them with historical sources. You can quote the words of N. Karamzin, who, assessing the activities of Yaroslav the Wise, said: “The brilliant and happy reign of Yaroslav left a monument worthy of a great monarch” (https//: arthiv.orthodoxy.org.ua)

Now you can start writing your essay. The form is not specified in the codifier. It seems to me that the most successful form would be an essay, but I admit that not all colleagues will agree with me. My opinion is based on the fact that the essay is the most free form, close to the conversational genre, which gives an idea of the individuality of the applicant.

Let's summarize some results and develop some algorithm for writing an essay on history for the Unified State Exam 2016:

Determining the name of the ruler of the proposed period
Determining the main events of the period
We determine which famous personalities lived in this era and give them a description and assessment
Correlating names and events
We establish cause-and-effect relationships between them
Selecting historical terms and concepts related to the period
Choosing a form
Following the chosen form, we write the essay.

I hope that my experience will interest my colleagues and help graduates in the unified state exam.

Offered to your attention teaching aid is one of the first publications aimed at preparing students to complete a fundamentally new task included in control measurement materials - a historical essay about one of the periods of Russian history (No. 25). This assignment applies to high level complexity, is assessed based on a set of various criteria.
This publication includes recommendations, reminders, algorithms for writing essays, as well as training tasks. Carrying out these tasks in accordance with methodological recommendations will allow you to successfully cope with a new complex task and significantly increase your overall score on the Unified state exam.
The manual is intended for students in grades 9-11, applicants preparing for the Unified State Exam. It is also addressed to teachers and tutors for effective preparation students for the Unified State Examination in History.

Example.
Name two historical figures, whose activities are related to these events, characterize their role in them.

Answer:
In preparation Cathedral Code Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich himself took an active part, on whose recommendation a Zemsky Sobor was convened in 1648, which developed the main provisions of the Code. The Tsar vigilantly followed the work of the Council and sought to ensure that the main issues were reflected in the new legislative collection.

B.I. played a major role in compiling the collection of laws. Morozov, the Tsar's educator, head of government. True, after the Salt Riot in 1648, the tsar, so as not to disturb the people, removed him from business. However, Morozov continued to remain the unofficial head of government and led the preparation of the Council Code.

Central figures during the period church schism There were Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum. Both were prominent spiritual figures in Russia and had authority in the country. Both understood that reform of the church was necessary. However, Avvakum did not accept the methods that Nikon used, although basically the disagreements did not affect the foundations of the church. Nikon's reform led to both the strengthening of the role of the church in the country and the centralization of power. True, the desire to place church power above the royal one led to the fact that the king stopped supporting Nikon and in the end Nikon was deposed and sent into exile.

CONTENT
Preface
PART I
General recommendations for writing an essay about one of the periods of Russian history (task No. 25)
Workshop 1
PART II
Constructing an essay about one of the periods of Russian history (task No. 25)
Workshop 2
Workshop 3
Workshop 4
PART III
10 essays characterizing the historical period
Applications
References.

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All smart boys and girls who are preparing for the Unified State Exam in History 2016 know very well the role of the historical essay in 2016. If anyone doesn’t know, I’ll explain that the maximum initial score for Unified State Exam test in history - 53 this year. And for a well-written historical essay, they give you 11 primary marks. Anyone familiar with mathematics can easily calculate that this is a fifth of the entire exam paper. Think about it! One task out of 25 gives a fifth to the final grade!
First you need to choose the historical period about which you will write.

1. The name of the period and the ruler, the general features of this time and the advantages of the policy of the historical character.

The criteria require you to indicate at least two events and traits, but, as practice shows, it is better to indicate more, at least 3 - 4, since if you make a mistake in something, then what is indicated next will be counted.

2. Characteristics of a historical figure. Briefly indicate how you came to power. And here you need to indicate the second historical figure that you choose for your essay. This is very important choice, since further writing will depend on this.

Patriarchs, commanders-in-chief and heads of state authorities can be indicated as the second historical figure. In general, all those who influenced history/ruler in one way or another.

3. Description of the first historical fact and another event arising from it.

We take all this from the first paragraph, where in general outline indicated the main features.

It is very important here not just to describe the event, but also to reveal the connection with another, how it influenced something in the future. This is one of the criteria and it is important to comply with it.

It is advisable to include in several paragraphs a second historical figure who influenced some event. Be sure to include this personality in at least one paragraph and show her influence on this event.

Please note that the goal here is not to describe everything in the smallest detail, the main thing in this paragraph is the cause-and-effect relationship. You shouldn’t write here everything you know about something.

4. Here, using the same technology as in the first paragraph, we describe the next event, the cause-and-effect relationship, and the resulting second event.

The main part should contain as many paragraphs as the number of events and connections you want to describe and reveal, but not less than two. We take all this from the first paragraph and reveal it in more detail. If in the first paragraph you indicate 4 events, then there should be 4 paragraphs in the main part.

5. Now comes the hard part, you need to evaluate the personality and the board this person in history, based on the opinions of great historians. It is advisable to say how, for example, Karamzin or Solovyov assessed something.

This will be counted as a withdrawal.

But that's not all. What is above is the content of the paragraphs. And now about some criteria for which they also give points.

1. Use of historical terms. That is, in your essay you need to use words that were used in a particular era. The words “prince”, “squad”, “ feudal fragmentation" and so on. Absolutely simple words, which were used in some era.

2. Criterion K6 (2 points) is awarded only if more than 4 points are awarded for the previous 4 criteria. It is not allowed to set criterion K6 if there are factual errors.

3. Criterion K7 is awarded when at least 4 points are scored for criteria K1-K4 and when the essay is presented sequentially and not in fragments of phrases.

Good luck to everyone in your preparations!

COLLEAGUES ADVICE

/Approximate execution algorithm/

Approximate completion of task 33 from Demo version"Project model for conducting the Unified State Exam on history, developed by RAO"

Write a historical essay about one of the periods of Russian history: 1) 1019-1054, 2) 1725-1762, 3) 1917-1922.

Step 1 . Select a historical period.

From work experience it follows that students are quite well trained to complete the task of writing a political portrait. Therefore, it is better to choose the first period, because it includes the reign of one of greatest rulers antiquity - Yaroslav Vladimirovich (the Wise), apparently, here it will be quite easy for a student to provide the materials required by the assignment.

You can make the following notes on your draft: :

Personalities	Major events	Cause-and-effect relationships	Result
Yaroslav Vladimirovich	Board in Kyiv 1019-1054 Adoption of "Russian Truth" Defeat of the Pechenegs in 1036	Came to power as a result of participation in the bloody strife of 1015-1019. Regulation of the life of the state and society, the possibility of making similar decisions throughout the state. Consolidation military force under the leadership of Yaroslav, strengthening the army and power of the prince	Strengthening princely power, streamlining relations between the Kyiv prince and his governors Limitation of consanguineous revenge, creation of the first civil code laws in Rus'. Stopping Pecheneg raids on Rus'. Strengthening the security of Kievan Rus.
Mstislav Tmu- cockroach	Speech against Yaroslav in 1024.	In the battle of Listven he defeated Yaroslav. Since 1025 Yaroslav's activities were mainly associated with the Christianization of Rus' and enlightenment	Until the death of Mstislav in 1036. There was a division of Rus' into 2 parts - to the west of the Dnieper - the possession of Yaroslav, to the east - of Mstislav. Since 1036 Yaroslav - the autocratic ruler of Kievan Rus
Hilarion - the first Russian metropolitan		Church-philosophical justification for the unity of the Christian world, the sacredness of princely power	Establishment of church administration independent from Constantinople. Praise and sacralization of the grand ducal power
Terms and concepts	Internecine war, grand-ducal power, metropolis, metropolitan, Christianization, sacredness of power, consolidation of lands, separatist uprisings, etc.
Dates	1019-1054; 1024;1036; 1038 etc.

Step 2.Let's carefully consider the given material, we got 3 historical figures and 5 related events.

Related material strife between Yaroslav and Mstislav We can be a little more specific:

· material about the cause-and-effect relationship between the outcome of the Battle of Listven and changes in the life of Yaroslav: it is possible that the reason for the refusal of the prince’s usual military activities was the severe injury he received during the internecine struggle with his brothers; apparently, by the end of his life he was unlikely to could do without outside help, since his leg was broken.

· The result of his educational activities and the Christianization of Rus' can be considered the fortifications built in Kyiv - the “city of Yaroslav”, the Golden Gate with the gateway Church of the Annunciation, St. Sophia Cathedral, the monasteries of Saints George and Irene, etc.

Step 3.Let us trace the connection between the personalities we have indicated and the corresponding events.

Let us clearly indicate the fact that, despite the fact that Yaroslav and Mstislav were actually co-rulers from 1024 to 1036, they can be considered as political and military rivals due to the strife. A Yaroslav and Hilarion - companions, educators and disseminators of Christianity and its moral and ethical values.

In this regard It can be clarified that Yaroslav was considered a great scribe and a diligent parishioner. The work of Metropolitan Hilarion was highly valued by his contemporaries and descendants. His work "A Word on Law and Grace""not only contributed to the strengthening of princely power, but is also considered by researchers as a kind of new philosophical idea about the unity of the Orthodox world.

Step 4.Carefully review your notes on the draft and try to build at least two cause-and-effect relationships between events, subjects of activity, and indicate what the activities of the historical figures you indicated led to. State your thoughts clearly in your draft. Be sure to leave room for correction!

Entries might look like this : the activities of Yaroslav the Wise, aimed at land consolidation and strengthening of power, is associated with the creation of “Russian Pravda”, victory over the Pechenegs in 1036., concluding an agreement with Mstislav Tmutarakansky. The results can be taken from the table.

Step 5. Try to remember What assessments do historians, writers, politicians, and publicists give to the events and activities of the historical figures you mentioned? You can briefly summarize them, noting that these assessments do not necessarily coincide; more often than not, they can be diametrically opposed. Such material can show the high level of your preparation for exams and your interest in humanitarian subjects, which is very commendable.

Entries might look like this : The Chronicler Nestor’s “Tale of Bygone Years” contains a commendable review of the prince’s educational activities: he took care of translating Greek books into Russian, which formed the basis of the library of the St. Sophia Cathedral; Yaroslav Vladimirovich is considered the creator of “Russian Truth”...

The work of Metropolitan Hilarion was highly valued by his contemporaries and descendants. His work “The Word on Law and Grace” not only contributed to the strengthening of princely power, but is also considered by researchers as a kind of new philosophical idea about the unity of the Orthodox world.

Step 6. Carefully review all records, eliminate inconsistencies, if they are, check for chronological, historical and even grammatical and spelling literacy and transfer the material to the exam answer form in the form of a plot story.

Remember that your draft entries are not checked or evaluated by experts! Therefore, try to logically present the material you have worked on. scientific language, do not forget to focus on historical terms related to the selected period.

The answer might look like this:

I would like to write a historical essay about chronological period from 1019 to 1054, because it includes the reign of one of the greatest rulers of antiquity - Yaroslav Vladimirovich (the Wise), who came to power as a result of the bloody strife of 1015-1019. but subsequently his brother Mstislav Tmutarakansky defeated Yaroslav's army at Listveny in 1024. Until 1036, Kievan Rus was divided into two parts - to the west of the Dnieper - the land of Yaroslav, and to the east - Mstislav. These warrior rulers can be considered important historical figures because... they contributed to the formation of statehood and sought to regulate the life of the state and society. At the same time, there is a significant strengthening of the role Orthodox Church and the first Russian Metropolitan Hilarion.

The main task of the ruler of this time is the further unification of lands and the rise of Kyiv as a center of land consolidation. Against the backdrop of separatist uprisings, the grand ducal government must take care of the security and inviolability of power. For this purpose, Yaroslav extended the effect of the “Russian Truth”, adopted in 1015. for Novgorod for the whole Kievan Rus, according to some lawyers, it becomes the first civil code of written laws in Rus'.

Yaroslav is forced to attach great importance to the defense of the borders from the Pechenegs, who during the reign of Olga and Vladimir created a serious danger for the state and its inhabitants. In 1036, the Pechenegs were defeated by Yaroslav, and in honor of this event, the Hagia Sophia Cathedral was founded in Kyiv.

Using the example of the biography of outstanding contemporaries Yaroslav and Mstislav Vladimirovich, it is interesting to consider some cause-and-effect relationships. For example, between the outcome of the Battle of Listven in 1024 and the changes in the life of Yaroslav Vladimirovich. It is possible that the reason for the refusal of the prince’s usual military activities became severely injured during an internecine struggle with his brothers; apparently, by the end of his life he could hardly do without outside help because his leg was broken. Therefore, he abandons military activities, so familiar to him, and is mainly engaged in Christianization and enlightenment. The result of this activity can be considered the fortifications built in Kyiv - the “city of Yaroslav”, the Golden Gate with the gateway Church of the Annunciation, St. Sophia Cathedral, the monasteries of Saints George and Irene, etc.

The Chronicler Nestor’s “Tale of Bygone Years” (1116) contains a commendable review of the prince’s educational activities: he took care of translating Greek books into Russian, which formed the basis of the library of the St. Sophia Cathedral; Yaroslav Vladimirovich is considered the creator of “Russian Truth”. It was no coincidence that historians of the 19th century gave Yaroslav Vladimirovich the nickname “Wise”.

The work of Metropolitan Hilarion was highly valued by his contemporaries and descendants. His work “The Sermon on Law and Grace” not only contributed to the strengthening of princely power, but is also considered by researchers as a kind of new philosophical idea about the unity of the Orthodox world.

Thus, this period in the history of Rus' was very important, and the individuals with whom the main events of this time were associated really decided the fate of the state and society.

An essay on history is written on a certain significant stage in history. This could be the period of the reign of a monarch, a war, a cycle of activity of some kind social movement. For example, in tests you can find the following date: October 1917 - October 1922. This is the period Civil War, which means it will be the topic of the essay.

Requirements for an essay on history in the Unified State Examination

Before you start writing your essay, you should carefully read requirements to him.

In the 2019 demo version on the Unified State Exam developers website www.fipi.ru we read what is required in the essay (quote):

Indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;
Name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the personalities you named in these events (phenomena, processes). Attention! When characterizing the role of each person you named, you must indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of these events;
Indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the causes of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period;
Using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, assess the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on further history Russia;
During the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.

History essay plan

Based on the stated requirements, history essay plan could be like this:

Brief description period (a name should be given to what is hidden under the date: war, period of government, revolution, etc.).
Disclosure of the first significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in a given period. Here the causes and consequences of this event should be mentioned, as well as the person associated with the event and his specific affairs.
Disclosure of the second significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in a given period. It should be mentioned here the causes and consequences of this second event, as well as indicate the person associated with the event and his specific affairs.
Assessing the significance of this period for the history of the country.

When disclosing the first and second events, indicate cause-and-effect relationships. In other words, explain and name the causes and results of reforms, wars, riots, revolutions and other facts.

Remember that there may be more than two indicated events and personalities in the essay. The main thing in an essay is to comprehensively reveal the content and significance of the selected period of history.

Analysis of an essay on history

Now let's look at a specific essay example, written according to the plan we proposed and will analyze it.

Period of Russian history: 1921 - 1928

The first point of our plan reads: “Brief description of the period.” We do:

The years indicated cover the period of Joseph Stalin’s sole rule until the start of the Great Patriotic War. These were the years of industrialization, collectivization, terror and preparation for war.

The second point of our plan: “Disclosure of the first significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in a given period. Here we should mention the causes and consequences of this event, as well as indicate the person associated with the event and his specific affairs.”

In 1929, the policy of industrialization began in the USSR. Industrialization is modernization industrial production, the creation of heavy industry in the country, new branches of production that meet the requirements of the time.

The reason for industrialization was the technical backwardness of the USSR, as well as the need to gain economic independence from Western countries. The results of industrialization were amazing: during the first three five-year plans of industrialization, huge amount new enterprises, roads and industries, the country reached a new economic level.

Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan (lived 1895-1978) took an important part in the events of industrialization. During this period, Mikoyan served as commissar of supplies and minister of foreign trade. He was involved in trade, food industry, and supply. In the food industry, Mikoyan introduced several revolutionary things: 1) he laid the foundation for " refrigeration technology" (not "refrigerators in every home", that comes later, but new way procurement and storage food products, 2) introduced the technology of canning production and 3) the technology of conveyor production of semi-finished products.

The third point of the plan: “Disclosure of the second significant event (phenomenon, process) that happened in a given period. Here you should mention the causes and consequences of this second event, as well as indicate the person associated with the event and his specific affairs.”

To maintain high rates of industrialization, the USSR government resorted to various kinds non-economic methods of coercion. This is the organization of the Stakhanov movement, on the one hand, and the use of slave labor of Gulag prisoners, on the other.

Stalin's reasons mass repression, which unfolded just in the 1930s, was Stalin’s desire to rid the country of all people who in one way or another caused distrust and were suspected of disapproval adopted by the country course. The consequences of the repression were the ruined lives of a huge number of innocent people, as well as the formation in society of an atmosphere of fear and lack of freedom, internal and external.
The year of the apogee of repression is called 1937. The head of the NKVD, and therefore the leader of the policy of repression, was Nikolai Ivanov Yezhov.

He was involved in coordinating and carrying out repressions against persons suspected of anti-Soviet activities. Yezhov began with the “cleansing” of the state security agencies themselves, then switched to other categories of citizens. Under Yezhov, so-called orders with exact number people who needed to be repressed in one or another part of the country. In 1938, Yezhov was relieved of his post. In 1939 he was arrested, accused of preparing a coup d'etat and sentenced to death.

The fourth point of the plan: “Assessing the significance of this period for the history of the country.”

Historians assess this period as a time of strengthening of the totalitarian system and Stalin’s personal power in the country. The heavy industry created thanks to industrialization helped the USSR lead the Great Patriotic War, however, the repressions bled the country dry and also destroyed the command staff of the army, which was the reason for the future failure in the war in its initial period. Collectivization laid the foundation for a future global crisis in the sphere of agriculture. People living at that time received serious psychological trauma, which had a serious impact on the formation of the people's mentality.

An example of a real Unified State Exam essay on history that received the highest score in the exam (11 points)

These are the years of reign Alexandra III, who was nicknamed the peacemaker because under him the Russian Empire did not fight wars. Alexander III came to the throne as a result of the fact that his father, Alexander II the Liberator, was killed by members of a revolutionary organization" People's will". Later, the main conspirators (Perovskaya, Rysakov) were executed.

Alexander III was a conservative. His policy was aimed at combating revolutionary organizations and moods. At the very beginning of his reign, in 1881, for this purpose, the “Regulations on measures to protect public order and public peace." He also introduced strict censorship and expanded the secret police network.

Economic figures such as Bunge, Vyshnegradsky and Witte act under the emperor. Witte's activities occurred mainly during the reign of Nicholas II, but he took his position under Alexander III. Bunge took a serious step - the abolition of the poll tax. He also reduced redemption payments. These actions helped to calm peasant discontent. Largely thanks to the above figures, the Russian economy continued to prosper.

In foreign policy Alexander III chose a peaceful course. The diplomat Giers, who actively participated in international affairs, especially stood out. He, through diplomacy, dissuaded the German government from attacking France, which delayed the outbreak of the First World War and made it possible Russian Empire to increase its military potential, which Emperor Nicholas II did not subsequently take advantage of, which was largely the reason for the failures during the First World War and which in turn resulted in February revolution and the overthrow of the monarchy. Also in foreign policy, two blocs are finally being formed: Triple Alliance(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Entente (Russia, France, England).

Despite strict censorship and a tough fight against the revolutionary movement, the time of his reign cannot be called unfavorable for the country. Under him, the population breathed a sigh of relief, since men did not go to war. The economy continued to flourish. The peasantry did not rebel because the government tried to help them. In foreign policy, Russia took its place on the side of the Entente, an opponent of Germany’s aggressive plans. The reign of Alexander III prepared a worthy ground for the transition to a new century.

Criteria for evaluating history essays in the Unified State Examination

There are seven evaluation criteria in total. Maximum quantity The points you can get for an essay are 11.

K1. Indication of events, phenomena

2 points: two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated.

K2. Historical figures and their role in these events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of history

2 points: two historical figures are correctly indicated, the role of each of these individuals is correctly characterized, indicating their specific actions, which significantly influenced the course and (or) result of the named events (phenomena, processes) of the period in Russian history under consideration.

K3. Cause-and-effect relationships (cause-and-effect relationships named when indicating the role of the individual and counted according to criterion K2 are not counted)

2 points: two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the causes of events (phenomena, processes) occurring during a given period are correctly indicated.

K4. Assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia

1 point: an assessment of the influence of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia is given, based on historical facts and/or the opinions of historians.

K5. Use of historical terminology

1 point: historical terminology is used correctly in the presentation.

K6. Presence of factual errors

2 points: there are no factual errors in the historical essay

! 1 and 2 points for this criterion can be assigned only if, according to criteria K1-K4, a total of at least 4 points is assigned !

K7. Form of presentation

1 point: the answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (a consistent, coherent presentation of the material).

! 1 point for this criterion canbe awarded only if, according to criteria K1-K4, a total of at least 4 points is given!

If the criteria are not fully met, then the rates are reduced.

Video about personalities for essays on the period 1894-1917.

What will help you write a good essay?:

Knowledge of all dates of reign of the heads of the Russian state, memorization of the names of the rulers and their sequence ()
Knowledge of the dates of all major reforms, wars and uprisings ().
Knowledge of all important personalities for the history of the country, their lifetime and contribution to the development of the state, its science and culture ().