Engineering explanatory dictionary of terms download torrent. Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary
Branch of TECHNOLOGY related to the development, design and operation of machines. Mechanical engineers work in a variety of industries, including transportation, electrical power, and tool making. The achievements of the industry include the creation of water and wind TURBINES, STEAM ENGINES and INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, assembly lines in production, as well as control levers based on the use of HYDRAULICS, JET AUTOMATICS AND COMPUTERS.
Watch value mechanical engineering in other dictionaries
mechanical engineering- mechanical engineering, pl. no, cf. (those.). industrial production machines .... - the main lever of reconstruction National economy... Stalin.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Engineering Wed.- 1. A complex of industries that produce tools for the national economy, vehicles, consumer goods, etc.
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova
mechanical engineering- -I; cf. The branch of heavy industry for the production of machines. Developed m. Work in mechanical engineering.
◁ Mechanical engineering, th, th. M. plant. M-th production.
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov
mechanical engineering- publishing house, Moscow. Starts from 1931, modern name from 1964. Literature on design, device, manufacturing technology, operation of machines and equipment, ........
- a branch of mechanical engineering that produces tractors and other agricultural machines, including combine harvesters, balers, equipment for fertilizing and fighting ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Transport Engineering- a group of engineering industries that produce means of transport. Includes automotive industry, aviation industry, shipbuilding, railway industry.....
Big encyclopedic dictionary
mechanical engineering- the leading branch of the world industry, ranks first among all sectors in terms of the number of employees and the value of products. Approximately 9/10 of the entire machine-building ........
Geographic Encyclopedia
Agricultural Engineering- agricultural engineering - a branch of engineering that meets the needs of agriculture in tractors and other agricultural machinery, ........
Geographic Encyclopedia
Name: Brief illustrated English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering.
List of the main used literature
Polytechnic Dictionary. M., "Soviet Encyclopedia". 1976.
Handbook of a metal worker, Mm "Engineering", vol. 1-4, 1976-1977.
Processing of metals by cutting. (Technologist's Handbook). M., "Engineering". 1974.
Welding Dictionary. Kyiv. "Science thought", 1974.
Ivanov M.N. Machine parts. M., " graduate School", 1976.
State standards of the USSR. Machinery's handbook, 1971.
Handbook of engineering fundamentals. New York, Wiley, 1975.
Tool engineers handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959.
Begeman M. L. Manufacturing processes. Asia Publishing House. 1964.
Campbell G. S. Principles of Manufacturing Materials and Processes. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961.
Foreword.
About using a dictionary.
1. Mathematics
2. Physics
Mechanics.,.
Acoustics.
Hydromechanics.
Thermodynamics
electricity and magnetism
Optics.
Nuclear physics
3. Strength of materials
4. Technical materials
Black metals
Non-ferrous metals
plastics
5.machines.
General terms
Rivet connections.
Welded connections. ,.
Threaded connections
Shafts and axles
Keyed and slip connections
Supports and bearings
Guides.
Couplings
Springs.,.
6. Gears and mechanisms
General terms
Friction gears
Belt transmissions.
chain drives
Gear transmissions.
Gearboxes
Mechanisms
Hydraulic and pneumatic
drives.
Lubrication
Governing bodies.
7. Organization and management
General terms
Organization of production Production process
Intra-factory transport
8. Foundry orovodstno
General terms
Forming materials.
Molding:.
Melting and drinking
Drip defects
9. Processing by pressure.
Rolling.
Forging
Sheet stamping.
10. Welding
General terms
Arc welding.
Contact welding.
Gas welding.
Soldering. . . ".
11. Heat treatment
12. Cutting.
General terms
Turning.
Holemaking
Planing and dugout.
Milling.
Stretching.
grinding
Thread processing.
Gear machining
Finishing processing
Physical and chemical processing. . .
Fitting and assembly work
13. Technical drawing.
14. Accuracy, interchangeability, measurement
General terms
Tolerances and landings.
Caliber.
Surface shape accuracy
Surface location accuracy
Surface roughness
Gear accuracy.
15. Razyaye machines.
Transport vehicles
Mining and oilfield machines
construction machines
Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment
1. Mathematics
2. Physics
mechanics
acoustics.
Hydromechanics
Thermodynamics
Electricity and Magnetism.
Optics
nuclear physics.
3. Strength of Materials.
4. Engineering materials.
Ferrous Metals.
Nonferrous Metals
Plastics
5.Machine Elements
General terms.
Riveted Joints.
Welded Joinis.
threaded joints.
Shafts and Axles
Key and Spline Joints
Supports and Bearings
Gm"deways
Clutches and Couplings
Springs
6- Power Transmissions and Mechanisms
General terms.
Friction Gearings
Belt Drives
Chain Transmissions -
Toothed Gearings
Speed Reducers.
Mechanisms
Fluid Power Drives.
Lubrication
Control Devices.
7. Industrial Organization and Management
General terms.
industrial organization
production process.
Internal Material Handling
8 Foundry Engineering
General Terms
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book A Brief Illustrated Dictionary of English-Russian Engineering - Shvarts V.V. - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and metalworking, about 40,000 terms, Zarzhevsky A.L., 1969 - Anglo-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and metalworking contains about 40,000 terms. It includes terminology on mechanical engineering technology, machines and ...
- Practical grammar of English for sailors, Workbook, Gogina N.A., 2016
- A Brief Illustrated Russian-English Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering, Shvarts VV, 1983 - Magnetic permeability Magnetic permeability Diamagnetic substance Diamagnetic substance. English-Russian, Russian-English dictionaries
The following tutorials and books:
- English Phrasal Verbs - English-Russian Dictionary - Courtney R. - English Phrasal Verbs - English-Russian Dictionary. Courtney R. 2000. The dictionary provides a detailed elaboration of more than 30,000 meanings and 12,000 ... English-Russian, Russian-English dictionaries
- 3500 English phraseological units and set phrases - Litvinov P.P. - 3500 English phraseological units and fixed phrases. Litvinov P.P. 2007. This dictionary contains about 3500 English phraseological units and set phrases. Big… English-Russian, Russian-English dictionaries
WE ALSO STUDYED AT A TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY ...
to help current students
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Many of us graduated from technical universities, and I am no exception (the first higher education is medical, and the second I received at ASTU). I don’t know about guys, but most girls, probably, long after receiving a diploma in nightmares, have such “favorite disciplines” as Materials science, Metal cutting machines, Engineering technology… Sort out in abundance technical terms students - oh, how difficult ... So, what am I talking about ...? I'll start over. When the idea of creating my own website came to me, I had to understand where to start and where to move (since the professions I received have nothing to do with IT technologies, I have zero knowledge and programming skills, and communication with a “smart machine” computer at the level of an ordinary office user). Of course, I “settled” on the Internet for a long time. I read articles, went to forums, by the way, I continue to this day. So, recently I accidentally stumbled upon the website of the BTI (Biysk Technological Institute), saw their photo galleries, stared, then began to browse the entire site (it was obviously, unlike me, made by real programmers, maybe something in the structure or design for I will find myself... And then I came across such a good dictionary, I think: I wish I had such a dictionary when I was studying... It’s not fate to see, well, okay, we have already survived. By the way, there is also a free DEMO version.
REFERENCE ELECTRONIC EDITION
“Engineering. Explanatory dictionary of terms "
Third edition, enlarged, corrected
Kazantsev A. G., Kositsyn Yu. N.
2011.
Purpose of publication- give a verbal interpretation of the basic terms of mechanical engineering and provide illustrations at a modern visual level.
This terminological dictionary is:
- 13,490 terms in the field of mechanical engineering;
- 2,089 3D solid models;
- 112 videos;
- 2070 drawings and photographs.
Automated Tooling System- a system of interconnected elements, including areas for preparing a tool, its transportation, accumulation, a device for changing and quality control of a tool that provides preparation, storage, automatic installation and tool replacement. ASIO (cr. f.). GOST 26228-85
Automated-manual machine- a machine in which the movement of the tool occurs with the help of the energy of inanimate nature, the movement of the processing object relative to the tool is performed by people who fully (partially) exercise control. GOST 23004-78
Automatic fixture- a device that is an automatic technical device. GOST 23004-78
Automatic turning operation- an operation performed on a horizontal-turning or vertical-turning machine or semi-automatic machine. GOST 17420-72
Autooperator- an automatic machine consisting of an actuating device in the form of a manipulator or a combination of a manipulator and a movement device and a non-reprogrammable control device. GOST 25686-85
Unit -Aggregate- an assembly unit that has complete interchangeability, the ability to assemble separately from other components of the product or the product as a whole and the ability to perform a specific function in the product or independently. GOST 23887-79
Aggregate industrial robot- an industrial robot, in which at least the executive device is made by aggregation of parts, assemblies and assemblies included in a unified set for building certain modifications of industrial robots. Notes: 1. A unified set is a set of unified components for assembly by selecting them and various arrangements of an established group of products for various purposes. 2. The composition of the executive device of an industrial robot, manufactured by aggregation, additionally includes power supply and control circuits, if they are not provided for in the design of units and assemblies included in the unified set. GOST 25686-85
Base -Base- a surface, or a combination of surfaces performing the same function, an axis, a point belonging to a workpiece or product and used for basing. Reference surface (np.). GOST 21495-76
Base -DatumFeatures- an element of a part (or a combination of elements performing the same function) that defines one of the planes or axes of the coordinate system, in relation to which the location tolerance is set or the deviation of the location of the element in question is determined. GOST 24642-81
Basing -Locating- giving the workpiece or product the required position relative to the selected coordinate system. GOST 21495-76
Base part -BaseComponent- the part from which the assembly of the product begins, attaching assembly units or other parts to it. GOST 23887-79
Baseline -Referenceline- a line of a given geometric shape, drawn in a certain way relative to the profile and used to evaluate the geometric parameters of the surface; a given line, relative to which the profile parameters are determined. Note. This line is not necessarily on the reference surface. GOST 25 142-82
Base surface- a surface of a given geometric shape, drawn in a certain way relative to the surface and serving to evaluate the geometric parameters of the surface. GOST 25 142-82
Basic assembly unit -BaseAssemblyunit- an assembly unit from which the assembly of the product is started, attaching parts or other assembly units to it. GOST 23887-79
Balancing mandrel -Mandrel (BalancingArbor) - Balanced shaft on which the product to be balanced is mounted Balance shaft; auxiliary shaft; spindle (np.). GOST 19534-74
beats -Beats- oscillations, the range of which is a periodically oscillating value and which are the result of the addition of two harmonic oscillations with close frequencies. beat (np.). GOST 24346-80
High speed tool - High speed steelcutting tool
Steel cutting tool with high speed steel blades. GOST 25751-83
Probability of no-failure operation of technological system as related to products (output, costs) parameters manufactured products (performance parameters, costs). GOST 27.004-85
Probability of fulfillment by the technological system of the task -ProbabilityOfAchievementOfGoalByTechnologicalSys Tem- the probability that the volume of production of suitable products by the technological system and the costs of its manufacture for the considered time interval will meet the requirements of regulatory and technical and (or) design and technological documentation. Job Probability (cr. f.). GOST 27.004-85
Probability of fulfillment by the technological system of the task in terms of output -ProbabilityOfAchievementOfGoalByTechnologicalSystemAsrelatedToOutput- the probability that the volume of production of suitable products by the technological system for the considered time interval will be not less than the specified one. Probability of fulfilling the task in terms of output volume (cr. f.). GOST 27.004-85
Mutual lapping- lapping of two parts that function in a product in pairs, in which each of these parts serves as a lap. GOST 23505-79
Type of production- classification category of production, allocated on the basis of the method used to manufacture the product. Note. Examples of types of production are foundry, welding, etc. GOST 14.004-83
Type of technical condition -degreeOfproductAvailabil Ity- category of technical condition, characterized by compliance or non-compliance of the quality of the object with certain technical requirements established by the technical documentation for this object. Notes: 1. There are types of technical condition: serviceability and malfunction, operability and inoperability, correct functioning and incorrect functioning. 2. The functioning of an object should be understood as the implementation of the functioning algorithm prescribed for the object when the object is used for its intended purpose. GOST 20911-75
Workplace service time -TimeFormachineServicing- part of the piece time spent by the contractor to maintain the technological equipment in working condition and care for them and the workplace. GOST 3.1109-82
Auxiliary maintenance time -
Part of the operational time spent by the contractor on preparing the object for maintenance (repair) and restoring the original position of the parts of the object after the completion of maintenance. GOST 21623-76
Auxiliary production- production of funds necessary to ensure the functioning of the main production. GOST 14.004-83
Auxiliary transition -Auxiliarystep- the completed part of the technological operation, consisting of the actions of a person and (or) equipment, which are not accompanied by a change in the properties of the objects of labor, but are necessary to complete the technological transition. Note. Examples of auxiliary transitions are workpiece clamping, tool change, etc. GOST 3.1109-82
Cutting out- machining, which consists in separating the workpiece as part of a whole along two or more of its sides. GOST 25761-83
felling- complete separation of the workpiece or products from the original workpiece along a closed contour by shearing. GOST 18970-84 The main component of the cutting force- component of the cutting force, coinciding in direction with the speed of the main cutting movement at the top of the blade. GOST 25762-83
The main cutting movementPrimaryMotion- rectilinear translational or rotational movement of the workpiece or cutting tool, which occurs at the highest speed during the cutting process. Note. The main cutting motion can be part of a complex shaping motion, such as when turning a thread. Main movement (cr. f.). GOST 25762-83
Fastener head -head- a part of a fastener having a rod that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a supporting surface. Head (cr. f.). GOST 27017-86
Group technological operation- technological operation of joint production of a group of products with different design, but common technological features. Group operation (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
group production- production, characterized by the joint production or repair of groups of products with different design, but common technological features. GOST 14.004-83
Group workflow- the technological process of manufacturing a group of products with different design, but common technological features Group Process (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Feed motion -FeedMotion- rectilinear translational or rotational movement of the cutting tool or workpiece, the speed of which is less than the speed of the main cutting movement, designed to spread the separation of the material layer over the entire surface to be machined. Notes: 1. Under the machined surface is understood the surface of the workpiece, which is partially or completely removed during processing. 2. Under the machined surface is understood the surface formed on the workpiece as a result of processing. 3. The feed motion can be continuous or intermittent. Intermittent feed motion can occur during breaks in the cutting process. 4. A feed motion can be part of a complex shaping motion, such as when grinding a thread. 5. Depending on the direction of the feed movement, the following feed movements are distinguished: longitudinal, transverse, etc. Innings (np.). GOST 25762-83
Double guide base -DoubleGuidingBase- the base used to impose bonds on the workpiece or product, depriving them of four degrees of freedom of movement along two coordinate axes and rotations around these axes. GOST 21495-76
Double support base -DoubleRestingBase- the base used to impose bonds on the workpiece or product, depriving them of two degrees of freedom - movements along two coordinate axes. GOST 21495-76
Wood cutting tool -Wood- CuttingTool- cutting tool for processing wood and wood-based materials. GOST 25751-83
Detail- a product made of a material that is homogeneous in name and brand without the use of assembly operations. GOST 2.101-68
Dynamic vibration damping -dynamicAbsorbingVi Bration- method of vibration protection by attaching a system to the protected object, the reactions of which reduce the scope of vibration of the object at the points of connection of the system. Dynamic vibration damping (cr. f.). GOST 24346-80
Disc cutting tool- a cutting tool in the form of a body of revolution, the axial length of which is less than its diameter. GOST 25751-83
Tolerance- the difference between the largest and smallest limit sizes or the absolute value of the algebraic difference between the upper and lower deviations. GOST 25256-82 Axis crossing tolerance- 1) tolerance in diametric terms - twice the maximum allowable value of deviation from the intersection of the axes, 2) tolerance in radius terms - the maximum allowable value of the deviation from the intersection of the axes. GOST 24642-81
Perpendicularity tolerance- the largest allowable value of deviation from perpendicularity. GOST 24642-81
stock tolerance- the difference between the largest and smallest values of the size of the allowance. GOST 3.1109-82
Straightness tolerance -straightnesstolerance- the largest allowable value of deviation from straightness. GOST 24642-81
Size tolerance- the difference between the largest and smallest limit sizes. GOST 7713-62
Location tolerance -toleranceOfposition- a limit that limits the allowable value of the deviation of the location. GOST 24642-81
Alignment tolerance -Coaxialitytolerance- 1) tolerance in diametric terms - twice the maximum allowable value of misalignment; 2) tolerance in radius expression - the largest allowable value of misalignment. GOST 24642-81
Unified system of technological preparation of production- a system for organizing and managing the technological preparation of production, regulated by state standards. ECTPP (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Single production- production, characterized by a small volume of production of identical products, re-manufacturing and repair of which, as a rule, is not provided. Individual production (np.). GOST 14.004-83
Single technological process- the technological process of manufacturing or repairing a product of the same name, size and design, regardless of the type of production. Single process (cr. f.). Special technological process (np.). GOST 3.1109-82
blank- an object of labor, from which a part is made by changing the shape, size, surface properties and (or) material. GOST 3.1109-82
The task of technological preparation of production- the completed part of the work as part of a certain function of the technological preparation of production. The task of the CCI (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Tool clamp -ClampOfThemachineRetainingdevice- the mechanism of the machine tool for fixing the workpiece. JV clamp (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
closed stamp- a stamp in which the formation of a stamping flash is not provided. GOST 15830-84
Product- any item or set of items of production to be manufactured at the enterprise. GOST 2.101-68
Tool -Tool- technological equipment designed to influence the object of labor in order to change its state. Note. The state of the object of labor is determined by means of a measure and (or) measuring instrument. GOST 3.1109-82
tool head- prefabricated cutting tool, which provides for adjusting the size of the working part by moving knives or abrasive bars. GOST 25751-83
Tool production- production of technological equipment. GOST 14.004-83
Overhaul- repair performed to restore serviceability and complete or close to complete restoration of the product resource with the replacement or restoration of any of its parts, including the basic ones. Note. The value close to the full resource is set in the regulatory and technical documentation. GOST 18322-78
Combination cutting tool- blade tool, which is a combination of blade tools different types with a common fastener. Note. An example of a combined cutting tool is: a drill - a countersink, a drill-tap, etc. GOST 25751-83
Tool body -ToolBody- the part of the cutting tool that carries all its elements. Frame (cr. f.). GOST 25751-83
Tool body -BodyOfThemachineRetainingdevice- the main part of the machine fixture with bases for installing the machine fixture on a metal-cutting and (or) woodworking machine. JV building (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
The coefficient of change in the state of mechanization of the technological process- the ratio of the coefficient of change of non-overlapped machine time to the coefficient of change of the total manual time. The coefficient of change in the state of mechanization (cr. f.). GOST 23004-78
Full manual time level change rate- the ratio of the value of the level of full manual time after mechanization or automation of living labor to its value in the initial state. GOST 23004-78
Piece time change factor- the ratio of the value of piece time in the initial state to its value after mechanization or automation of technological processes or their systems. GOST 23004-78
Piece time composition coefficient- the ratio of total manual time to total computer time. GOST 23004-78
The accuracy factor of the original workpiece- the ratio of the mass of the forging or stamped workpiece to the mass of the original workpiece used to manufacture the forging or stamped workpiece. GOST 18970-84
Piece time ratio- the ratio of the time spent on the direct execution by one or more multi-machine workers of a technological operation at the workplace in question to the sum of the same costs for all technological operations performed during multi-machine maintenance. GOST 3.1109-82
Fixing part of the cutting tool- part of the cutting tool for its installation and (or) fastening in technological equipment or fixture. fastening part (cr. f.). GOST 25751-83
Mass production- production, characterized by a large volume of output of products that are continuously manufactured or repaired for a long time, during which one work operation is performed at most workplaces. Note. The coefficient of fixing operations in accordance with GOST 3.1121-84 for mass production is taken equal to 1. GOST 14.004-83
Material- the original object of labor consumed for the manufacture of the product. GOST 3.1109-82
Machine-building production- production with the predominant use of engineering technology methods in the production of products. GOST 14.004-83
Mechanical restoration- processing by pressure or cutting. GOST 3.1109-82
Multi-blade tool -Multi- pointCuttingTool - Bladed tool, the blades of which are arranged sequentially in the direction of the main cutting motion. GOST 25751-83
Multiple machine fixture- machine tool for simultaneous installation of several workpieces. Multi-seat joint venture (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Multi-position machine tool- a machine tool in which the workpiece is processed in a given operation with a change in position. Multi-position joint venture (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Adjustment -Setting- Up- preparation of technological equipment and technological equipment for the implementation of a technological operation. Note. Adjustment includes the installation of a fixture, switching speed or feed, setting the set temperature, etc. GOST 3.1109-82
The guide part of the machine tool - Guide of the machine retaining device - an integral part of a machine tool to reduce the elastic movements of the cutting tool or give it a certain position relative to the workpiece during processing. Note. Examples of guide parts of the joint venture are conductor bushings, copiers. Guide part SP (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Non-separable stamp- a stamp assembled from units and parts used only in this stamp. GOST 15830-84
Norm of time- regulated time for the performance of a certain amount of work in certain production conditions by one or more performers of appropriate qualifications. GOST 3.1109-82
Production rate- a regulated amount of work that must be performed per unit of time in certain organizational and technical conditions by one or more performers of appropriate qualifications. GOST 3.1109-82
Operating time norm- the norm of time for the execution of a technological operation, which is an integral part of the norm of piece time and consists of the sum of the norms of the main and non-overlapping auxiliary time. GOST 3.1109-82 Normal time- the norm of time to achieve the immediate goal of a given technological operation or transition to a qualitative and (or) quantitative change in the object of labor. GOST 3.1109-82
Norm of preparatory and final time - The norm of time for preparing workers and means of production for the performance of a technological operation and bringing them to their original state after its completion. GOST 3.1109-82
Standard time- the norm of time to perform the amount of work equal to the unit of rationing, when performing a technological operation GOST 3.1109-82
Treatment- an action aimed at changing the properties of the object of labor in the performance of a technical process. GOST 3.1109-82
Pressure treatment- processing, which consists in plastic deformation or separation of the material. Note. The separation of the material occurs by pressure without the formation of chips. GOST 3.1109-82
Machining- processing, which consists in the formation of new surfaces by separating the surface layers of the material with the formation of chips. Note. The formation of surfaces is accompanied by deformation and destruction of the surface layers of the material. GOST 3.1109-82
Operational description of the technological process - A complete description of all technological operations in the sequence of their execution, indicating transitions and technological modes. Operational description of the process (cr. f.). Operational Statement (np.). GOST 3.1109-82
Machine tool support -SupportOfTheMa ChineRetainingdevice- an integral part of the machine fixture with bearing surfaces that mate with the bases of the installed workpiece. Support С/7(cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Support base -RestingBase- a base used to impose bonds on a workpiece or product that deprive them of one degree of freedom - movement along one coordinate axis or rotation around an axis. GOST 21495-76
Pilot production- production of samples, batches or series of products for carrying out research work or development of designs and technological documentation for the established production. GOST 14.004-83
Organization of technological preparation of production - Formation of the structure of technological preparation of production and preparation of information mathematical and technical support necessary to perform the functions of technological preparation of production. Organization of the CCI (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Primary production- production of commercial products. GOST 14.004-83
The main indicator of the mechanization of technological processes- indicator of mechanization of technological processes for a generalized assessment of the quality of mechanization at a certain stage of its implementation, established in the regulatory and technical documentation. The main indicator of mechanization (cr. f.). GOST 23004-78 Failure of the technological system at costs -Techno LogicalSystemFailureAsrelatedToCosts- failure of the technological system, as a result of which the value of at least one parameter of material or cost costs does not correspond to the values \u200b\u200bset in the technical documentation. Cost Waiver (cr. f.). GOST 27.004-85
Failure of the technological system according to product parameters -TechnologicalSystemFailureAsrelatedToProductsParame Ters- failure of the technological system, as a result of which the value of at least one parameter or indicator of the quality of manufactured products does not meet the requirements established in the regulatory and technical and (or) design and technological documentation. Failure by product parameters (cr. f.). GOST 27.004-85
Technological system failure in terms of performance -TechnologicalSystemFailureAsrelatedToOutput- failure of the technological system, as a result of which the value of at least one performance parameter of the technological system does not correspond to the values established in the regulatory and technical and (or) design documentation. Performance failure (cr. f.). GOST 27.004-85
open stamp- a stamp in which the formation of a stamping flash is provided. GOST 15830-84
Installation error -Settingerror- deviation of the actually achieved position of the workpiece or product during installation from the required one. GOST 21495-76
Adjustment -Resetting- additional adjustment of technological equipment and (or) technological equipment during the execution of a technological operation in order to restore the values of parameters achieved during adjustment. GOST 3.1109-82
Tolerance field- range of size values, limited by limit sizes; it is determined by the tolerance value and its location relative to the nominal size. GOST 7713-62 Location tolerance field -tolerancezoneOfposition - An area in space or a given plane, inside which an adjacent element or axis, center, symmetry plane must be located within the normalized area; the width or diameter of the tolerance field is determined by the tolerance value, and the location relative to the bases is determined by the nominal location of the element in question. GOST 24642-81
Total Tolerance Field of Shape and Location- an area in space or on a given surface, inside which all points of the real surface must be located within the normalized area. GOST 24642-81
Total machine time- part of piece time, equal to the time of functioning of technological equipment when using the energy of inanimate nature together with the energy of people and without it. Machine time nya (cr. f.). GOST 23004-78
Semifinished- an object of labor subject to further processing at the consumer enterprise. GOST 3.1109-82
in-line production- production, characterized by the location of technological equipment and the sequence of operations of the technological process and a certain interval for the production of products. GOST 14.004-83
fixture- Fixture - technological equipment designed to install or guide an object of labor or a tool during a technological operation. GOST 3.1109-82
Manufacturing process- the totality of all the actions of people and tools necessary at a given enterprise for the manufacture and repair of products. GOST 14.004-83
Production structure- the composition of the shops and services of the enterprise, indicating the links between them. GOST 14.004-83
Production area- a group of jobs organized according to the principle: subject, technological or subject-technological. GOST 14.004-83
Operational state of the technological system - Serviceable condition of technological system - the state of the technological system, in which the values of the parameters and (or) indicators of the quality of manufactured products, productivity, material and cost costs for manufacturing products comply with the requirements established in the regulatory and technical and (or) design and technological documentation. Notes: 1. The performance parameters include: nominal and cycle productivity, piece time, etc. 2. The parameters of material and cost costs include: the consumption of raw materials, materials, energy, tools, the cost of maintenance and repair, etc. GOST 27.004-85
Workplace- an elementary unit of the structure of the enterprise, where the performers of the work, serviced technological equipment, part of the conveyor, equipment and objects of labor are located for a limited time. Note. The definition of the workplace is given in relation to machine-building production, the definition of the workplace used in other sectors of the national economy is established by GOST 19605-74. GOST 14.004-83
cutting material- separation of material into separate blanks. GOST 3.1109-82
rassehovka- development of intershop technological routes for all components of the product. GOST 14.004-83
Cutting mode- a set of values of cutting speed, feed or feed movement speed and depth of cut. GOST 25762-83
Repair manufacturability of the product design- manufacturability of the product design for all types of repairs, except for the current one. Repair manufacturability (cr. f.). GOST 14.205-83 manual time- part of the piece time spent by people when performing a technological operation without the use of technological equipment. GOST 23004-78
Hand fixture- a device that is a manual technical device. Note. The device is called technical device, attached to the machine or used independently for basing and, if necessary, fixing production items during technological operations. GOST 23004-78
Hand tool- a tool that is a manual technical device. Notes: 1. An instrument is a technical device used as an instrument of a machine or a person to directly change or determine the state, as well as to install another instrument in the machine. 2. When restoring the working properties of a manual, mechanized-manual or mechanized tool and installing them in working position In addition to the labor of people, the energy of inanimate nature can be used. GOST 23004-78 Assembly- the formation of compounds of the constituent parts of the product. GOST 3.1109-82
Assembled cutting tool- a cutting tool with a detachable connection of its parts and elements. Assembly tool (cr. f.). GOST 25751-83
assembly unit- product. The components of which are subject to interconnection at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations (screwing, articulation, riveting, welding, soldering, crimping, expanding, gluing, stitching, laying, etc.), for example, a car, a machine tool, a telephone, a welded frame. GOST 2.101-68
assembly operation -Assemblyoperation- technological operation of installation and formation of connections of the components of the workpiece or product. GOST 23887-79
Mass production- production, characterized by the manufacture or repair of products in periodically repeating batches. Notes: 1. Depending on the number of products in a batch or series and the value of the coefficient of consolidation of operations, small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale production is distinguished. 2. The coefficient of consolidation of operations in accordance with GOST 3.1121-84 is taken equal to: for small-scale production - over 20 to 40 inclusive; for medium-scale production - over 10 to 20 inclusive; for large-scale production - over 1 to 10 inclusive. GOST 14.004-83
Shaft system- a set of landings in which the maximum deviations of the shafts are the same (with the same accuracy class and the same nominal size), and different landings are achieved by changing limit deviations holes, in all standard fits of the shaft system, the upper deviation of the shaft is zero. Such a shaft is called the main shaft. GOST 7713-62
Hole system- a set of landings in which the maximum deviations of the holes are the same (with the same accuracy class and the same nominal size), and different landings are achieved by changing the maximum deviations of the shafts. In all standard fits of the hole system, the bottom deviation of the holes is zero. This hole is called the main hole. GOST 7713-62
System of machine tools -SystemOfTheMa ChineRetainingdevice- a set of machine tools and their components necessary and sufficient for the operation of a workshop, enterprise or industry, interacting in accordance with the requirements established in the regulatory and technical documentation. SP system (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
The system of technological preparation of production of the enterprise- a system for organizing and managing the technological preparation of production, established by the regulatory and technical documentation of the enterprise in accordance with the state standards of the ESTPP and industry standards. GOST 14.004-83
Compound cutting tool- a cutting tool with an integral connection of its parts and elements. Note. Composite cutting tool can be welded, glued, soldered. Composite tool (cr. f.). GOST 25751-83
Specialized workplace- a workplace that is intended for the manufacture or repair of one product or group of products during general adjustment and separate sub-adjustments over a long period of time. GOST 3.1109-82
Specialized machine tool- a machine tool for installing the same type of workpieces. Note. Homotype blanks are called blanks belonging to the same classification group, distinguished by signs of proximity of structural and technological characteristics.Specialized joint venture (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Special machine toolSpecialmachineRetainingdevice- a machine tool for mounting workpieces of the same size. Special SP (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Technological equipment- a set of production tools necessary for the implementation of the technological process. Equipment (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Term of technological preparation of production- the time interval from the beginning to the end of the technological preparation of the production of the product. CCI term (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
machine tool -machineRetainingdevice - A device used on a metal-cutting and (or) woodworking machine. joint venture (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Tariff scale- a scale that determines the relationship between wages per unit of time and labor qualifications, taking into account the type of work and the conditions for its implementation. GOST 3.1109-82
Heat treatment- processing, which consists in changing the structure and properties of the workpiece material due to thermal effects. GOST 3.1109-82
Technical operation- part of the operation, including transportation, storage, maintenance and repair of the product. GOST 25866-83
Technical diagnostics - technical diagnosis-
The process of determining the technical condition of the object being diagnosed with a certain accuracy. Notes: 1. The result of diagnosis (technical diagnosis) is a conclusion on the technical condition of the object, indicating, if necessary, the location, type and cause of the defect (defects). 2. When diagnosing, it is necessary to distinguish between working impacts that enter the object during its operation, and test impacts on the object, which are applied to the object only for the purposes of diagnosis. Diagnosis (cr. f.). GOST 20911-75
Maintenance- a set of operations or an operation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the product when used for its intended purpose, waiting, storing and transporting. preventive maintenance; technical care (np.). GOST 18322-78
Technical condition- a set of properties of an object subject to change in the process of production or operation, characterized at a certain point in time by the signs established by the technical documentation for this object. Note. The types of technical condition are serviceability, operability, malfunction, inoperability, etc. GOST 19919-74
Technological base- surface, combination of surfaces, axis or point used to determine the position of the object of labor in the manufacturing process. Note. A surface, a combination of surfaces, an axis or a point belongs to the object of labor. GOST 3.1109-82
Technological base -TechnologicalBase- the base used to determine the position of the workpiece or product during manufacture or repair. Installation base (np.). GOST 21495-76
Technological readiness of production- availability at the enterprise of complete sets of design and technological documentation and technological equipment necessary for the implementation of a given volume of output with established technical and economic indicators. Technological readiness (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Technological norm- regulated value of the process indicator. GOST 3.1109-82
Technological operation -operation- a complete part of the technological process, performed at one workplace. Operation (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Technological equipment -Tooling- means of technological equipment that complement the technological equipment to perform a certain part of the technological process. Note. Examples of tooling are cutting tools, dies, fixtures, gauges, molds, models, molds, core boxes, etc. Snap (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Technological preparation of production- a set of measures that ensure the technological readiness of production. Chamber of Commerce and Industry (n>. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Technological continuity of the product- a set of product properties that characterize the unity of applicability and repeatability of technological methods for making components and their structural elements related to products of this classification group. Technological continuity (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Technological cost of the product- part of the cost of the product, determined by the sum of the costs for the implementation of technological processes for the manufacture of the product. Technological cost (cr. f.). GOST 14.205-83
Technological process- part of the production process, containing purposeful actions to change and (or) determine the state of the object of labor. GOST 3.1109-82
Technological operation- a complete part of the technological process, performed at one workplace. GOST 3.1109-82
Technological mode- a set of changes in the parameters of the technological process in a certain time interval. Note. Process parameters include: cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, heating or cooling temperature, etc. Mode (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Technological service- a set of operations for preparing the product for its intended use, storage and transportation and bringing it to its original state after these processes, not related to maintaining the reliability of the product. GOST 25866-83
Technological equipment- means of technological equipment, in which, during the performance of a certain part of the technological process, materials or workpieces are placed, means of influencing them, as well as technological equipment. Note. Examples of technological equipment are: foundry machines, presses, machine tools, furnaces, electroplating baths, test benches, etc. GOST 14.004-83
Manufacturability of the product in the assembly -AssemblyProcessabil- ItyOfitem- a set of product properties that determine its suitability for the technological preparation of assembly production and assembly and are characterized by the ratio of labor costs, materials and time for their implementation to the values of the corresponding indicators of analogue products determined under the accepted production conditions. GOST 23887-79
Manufacturability of the product design- a set of product design properties that determine its adaptability to achieve optimal costs in production, maintenance, repair for given quality indicators, output volume and work conditions. Manufacturability (cr. f.). GOST 14.205-83
Type of production- the classification category of production, allocated on the basis of the breadth of the nomenclature, regularity, stability and volume of output. Notes. 1. There are types of production: single, serial and mass. 2. In accordance with GOST 3.1108-74, one of the main characteristics of the type of production is the coefficient of consolidation of operations. GOST 14.004-83
Typical technological operation- a technological operation, characterized by the unity of the content and sequence of technological transitions for a group of products with common design and technological features. Typical operation (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Typical product -Typifiedwork piece- a product belonging to a group of products of a similar design, which has the largest number of design and technological features of this group. GOST 3.1109-82
Typical technological process- the technological process of manufacturing a group of products with common design and technological features. Sample process (cr. f.). GOST 3.1109-82
Turning operation- an operation performed on the machines of the turning group. GOST 17420-72
Turning -Turning- blade processing with a rotational main cutting movement and the possibility of changing the radius of its trajectory. GOST 25761-83
The complexity of manufacturing the product- total labor costs for the implementation of technological processes for manufacturing the product. Labor intensity of manufacturing (cr. f.). GOST 14.205-83
Labor intensity of maintenance- labor costs for carrying out one maintenance of this type. GOST 18322-78
Lead angle- angle in the main plane between the cutting plane and the working plane. GOST 25762-83
Specific total duration of maintenance- the ratio of the average total duration of maintenance (repairs) to a given operating time. GOST 18322-78
Node -Assembly- an assembly unit that can be assembled separately from other components of the product or the product as a whole and perform a specific function in products of one purpose only in conjunction with others constituent parts. GOST 23887-79
Universal machine tool -UniversalmachineRetainingdevice- a machine tool for mounting workpieces of various designs in a specified range of sizes. Universal joint venture (cr. f.). GOST 31.010.01-84
Management of technological preparation of production - A set of actions to ensure the functioning of the technological preparation of production. Office of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (cr. f.). GOST 14.004-83
Steady production- production of products according to the finally developed design and technological documentation. GOST 14.004-83
Installation base -SettingBase- a base used to impose bonds on a workpiece or product that deprive them of three degrees of freedom - movement along one coordinate axis and rotations around two other axes. GOST 21495-76
Shop- a set of production sites. GOST 14.004-83
Roughing- processing, as a result of which the main part of the allowance is removed. GOST 3.1109-82
Finishing- processing, as a result of which the specified dimensional accuracy and roughness of the processed surfaces are achieved. GOST 3.1109-82
Stamp- technological equipment, by means of which the workpiece acquires the shape and (or) dimensions corresponding to the surface or contour of the working elements of the stamp. GOST 15830-84
piece time- time interval determined by the ratio of the cycle of a technological operation to the number of products simultaneously manufactured or repaired at one workplace. GOST 23004-78
Piece time -TimePerpiece- a time interval equal to the ratio of the technological operation cycle to the number of simultaneously manufactured or repaired products or equal to the calendar time of the assembly operation. GOST 3.1109-82 Operational manufacturability of the product design- manufacturability of the design of the product in preparing it for its intended use, maintenance, current repair and disposal. Operational manufacturability (cr. f.). GOST 14.205-83
Exploitation- the stage of the product life cycle at which its quality is realized, maintained and restored. Note. The operation of the product includes, in general, its intended use, transportation, storage, maintenance and repair. GOST 25866-83
Element -Features- a generalized term, which, depending on the relevant conditions, can be understood as a surface, line, point. GOST 24642-81
Element of the technological system -TechnologicalSystemelement- a part of the technological system, conditionally accepted as indivisible at a given stage of its analysis. Note. Examples of elements of a technological system are: a machine, a device, a tool. GOST 27.004-85
The numerical value is conditionally determined by the category of complexity
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1 SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AI ILYANKOV, N.Yu. MARSOV BASIC TERMS, CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY REFERENCE Recommended by the Federal State Autonomous Institution "Federal Institute for the Development of Education" as a teaching aid for use in the educational process of educational institutions implementing programs middle vocational education in the specialty "Technology of mechanical engineering", OP.08 "Technology of mechanical engineering" Review registration number 425 dated December 12, 2011 FGAU "FIRO"
2 UDC 621(075.32) LBC 34.4ya723 I49 Reviewer teacher of the highest category GOU SPO "Moscow Technological College" L. L. Dovgan I49 Ilyankov A.I. Basic terms, concepts and definitions in engineering technology: reference book: textbook. allowance for students. medium institutions. prof. education / A.I.Ilyankov, N.Yu.Marsov. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", p. ISBN The main terms, concepts and definitions of mechanical engineering technology are given. The terms are divided into topics according to the order of study of the discipline "Mechanical Engineering Technology". The description of some terms is explained by illustrative material. The textbook can be used in the study of the general professional discipline "Technology of Mechanical Engineering" in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education for the specialty "Technology of Mechanical Engineering". For students of institutions of secondary vocational education. It may be useful for students of refresher courses. UDC 621(075.32) LBC 34.4y723 The original layout of this publication is the property of the Academy Publishing Center, and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited. ISBN Ilyankov A. I., Marsov N. Yu. ”, 2012 Design. Publishing Center "Academy", 2012
3 Dear reader! This textbook is intended for studying the subject "Technology of Mechanical Engineering" and is part of the educational and methodological set in the specialty "Technology of Mechanical Engineering". The educational-methodical set in the specialty is the main and additional literature that allows you to master the specialty, get specialized basic knowledge. The set consists of modules formed in accordance with the curriculum, each of which includes a textbook and educational publications that supplement it. laboratory workshop, course design, posters, reference books and much more. The module fully provides the study of each discipline included in the curriculum. All educational and methodical sets are developed on the basis of a unified approach to the structure of the presentation of educational material. It is important to note that the developed modules of disciplines included in the educational and methodological package have an independent value and can be used in building educational and methodological support for educational programs in related specialties. The requirements of the Federal State educational standard secondary vocational education.
4 Foreword The practice of teaching technological disciplines has shown that the greatest difficulties for students arise in the process of mastering the terms. This is natural, since in the study of these disciplines it is impossible for a yesterday's schoolchild to do without new terms, concepts and definitions. The purpose of this handbook in practical classes and at home during independent work is to help to better understand and comprehend the essence of the main technological and technical terms and to teach students to express their thoughts in a simple way. technical language. The material of the spatula is fully consistent with curriculum discipline "Technology of mechanical engineering". The structure of the guide is extremely simple. The material is presented in the form of separate blocks, where a detailed interpretation of terms, concepts or definitions is given. For a better perception and understanding of the essence of a particular term, simple diagrams, sketches or tables are given. All terms are listed at the end of the guide in alphabetical order with page indication.
5 Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Mechanical Process Design The manufacturing process is the entire set of processes required to turn materials and semi-finished products into finished products from organization, planning, and procurement to manufacturing, control, and accounting. The production program is a detailed and detailed plan for the production of products, reflecting its volume, nomenclature, assortment and quality. It largely determines the type of production and the organization of the work of the enterprise's sections. Components of the production program: the main profile products of the enterprise; goods for the population produced by the enterprise; cooperative deliveries; products of new technology; products for export; prototypes of new products mastered by the enterprise. Technology translated into Russian means the teaching of handicraft art. Engineering technology is the study of the processes of manufacturing parts, assembling joints, mechanisms and machines, as well as testing finished products. Technological process is a set of all processes directly related to the achievement of specified parameters finished product(parts, assembly unit or product as a whole). The technological process includes not only mechanical processing, but also procurement, thermal, assembly, testing and other processes related to the manufacture of the product. The technological process of machining a part is the sequential transformation of a workpiece into a finished part by mechanically removing the allowance from its surfaces. 5
6 The main process is one of the technological processes for the direct manufacture of parts and the product as a whole. It includes the phases of those processes that are determined by the features of the manufacture of parts, assembly, testing of products, the release program, labor intensity and the level of technical development of the enterprise. An auxiliary process is a process that ensures the efficient flow of the main processes. For example, the manufacture of cutting tools, special equipment, etc. Operation (technological) part of the technological process, performed at one workplace. Another operation is being performed at another workplace. A transition is a part of an operation during which the same surface of the workpiece is machined with the same tool at the same speed of the machine spindle and the feed of the cutting tool. On fig. 1.1 shows the operation of processing the workpiece C, consisting of three transitions: 1) drilling hole A with drill 1; 2) boring this hole with a through cutter 2; 3) boring annular groove B with a cutter 3. The passage is part of the transition, during which one layer of material (metal) is removed from the workpiece. The division of the transition into passes is carried out in cases of a large allowance, which is not advisable to remove in one pass. A work technique is an auxiliary action of a worker that is necessary to complete an operation. This is the start and stop of the machine, the supply and withdrawal of the cutting tool. Working techniques are necessary for the preparation and implementation of the main action: metal cutting. Setting the workpiece creating a specific position of the workpiece in working area of the machine relative to the body of the fixture 6 Fig Scheme of an operation consisting of three transitions: 1 drill; 2 through cutter; 3 boring cutter; A cylindrical hole; In a boring surface; Workpiece
Fig. 7 Scheme of milling operation, consisting of two positions: a first position; b second position; 1 workpiece; 2 mill; 3 rotary (upper) part of the device; 4 device with a dividing mechanism; 5 divider lock; A, B surfaces of the workpiece, processed in the first position; C, D surfaces of the workpiece, processed in the second position of the glazing, fixed on the machine table. This creates a definite position of the workpiece relative to the cutting tool. There are installations: simple and with reconciliation. Installing the workpiece on the machine is a simple automatic obtaining of the required position of the workpiece relative to the cutting tool at the moment of contact of the mounting surface of the workpiece with the setting elements of the machine table or fixture. Mounting a workpiece on a machine with alignment An installation that requires checking the correct position of the workpiece relative to the cutting tool. As well as adjusting this position in order to obtain an accurate position of the workpiece relative to the fixture body and, therefore, relative to the cutting tool used in this operation. The position of the workpiece is the position of the workpiece in the machining zone of the machine when it is clamped once. In the operation, the scheme of which is shown in Fig. 1.2, milling of surfaces A, B, C, D is carried out in two positions of the workpiece. These positions are provided by a rotary device 4 with a dividing mechanism. Having processed surfaces A and B with a cutter 2 in the first position (Fig. 1.2, a), without detaching the workpiece 1, the clamp 5 of the dividing device is removed from the hole and, turning upper part 3 fixtures at 180, transfer the workpiece to the second position (Fig. 1.2, b) for processing surfaces C and D with the same cutter 2. 7
8 Peeling operation (peeling) is the first operation of processing a rough surface, in which more than half of the total allowance for processing is removed. In this case, low machining accuracy is achieved, high cutting forces are required and a lot of chips are obtained. A roughing operation is any surface treatment operation, if it is followed by a similar but more precise operation, called finishing. The finishing operation is the operation following the roughing operation. Its purpose is to complete the processing of a surface or to prepare this surface for more precise processing. The final operation is the last operation of surface treatment, as a result of which the requirements for it of the working drawing of the part are provided. Finishing operation is the final operation of processing the surface of a part, during which a small allowance is removed in order to ensure the roughness and accuracy required for this surface. For example, superfinishing, honing, diamond burnishing, etc. Manual operation is an operation performed manually by a worker, i.e.: deburring; filing edges along the radius; thread cutting; precise reaming of holes; rubbing and polishing; scraping. Operational allowance is a layer of material removed from a specific surface of the workpiece in one operation. The operating size is maintained with a certain tolerance when removing the operating allowance. Tolerances a for these dimensions are assigned "to the body of the part", i.e. for shafts D a (Fig. 1.3, a), for holes D + a (Fig. 1.3, b). A technological process stage is a group of homogeneous operations performed directly one after another. Operations to obtain the specified surface parameters are divided into roughing, finishing and finishing stages. On fig. 1.4 shows the formation of the stages of the technological process of processing a part with 4 machined surfaces with various parameters roughness A Rz 80; At Rz 40; With Ra 0.23; D Ra 1.25. eight
9 Fig Operating dimensions: a for shafts (D a); b for holes (D + a) Stage 1. Consists of operations 4, 10 peeling; 1 milling preliminary. Stage 2. Consists of operations 2, 5, 11 rough milling. Stage 3. Consists of operations 6, 12 finishing milling. Stage 4. Consists of operations 7 rough grinding; 13 grinding. Stage 5. Consists of operation 8 fine grinding. Stage 6. Consists of operation 9 ointment. The blank is usually a monolithic piece of material obtained by casting, stamping or from a standard profile. From it, by removing the allowance, a part is made. The workpiece is the first to enter the manufacturing process of the part. A workpiece enters a specific operation of the technological process, and a part comes out, which enters the subsequent operation in the form for Fig. Scheme of the formation of the stages of the technological process: 1 13 numbers of operations; A (Rz 80); B (Rz 40); B (Ra 0.23); G (Ra 1.25) machined workpiece surfaces with specified roughness parameters 9
10 cooking. The finished part comes out of the final operation of the technological process. The working drawing of the part is a drawing drawn up by the designer, which contains all the information necessary for the manufacture of the part with the required parameters. The designer, knowing the functions performed in the product by this part, draws up requirements for its manufacture in accordance with ESKD. For the technologist, the working drawing of the part contains the main part of the initial information for the development of the technological process. In the working drawing of the part, as a rule, indicate: all geometric dimensions of the finished part, indicating their accuracy; workpiece material and method of its production; mass of the finished part; roughness of all surfaces of the part; hardness of working surfaces and the core of the part; other requirements not indicated by symbols. The working drawing of the workpiece is a drawing that indicates the shape, dimensions and method of obtaining the workpiece. In addition, this drawing indicates the accuracy of geometric parameters, the material of the workpiece, the control group for the mechanical properties of the material, the roughness of the surfaces, the method of cleaning the surface of the workpiece from scale. Blanks are obtained by casting, deformation (stamping), punching, cutting off from standard rolled profiles, pressing from powder material. The total allowance for the processing of a particular surface is the sum of the allowances for all machining operations of this surface. Thumbnail Processing Main Content technological map. On this sketch, the part is drawn in the form it should be after performing a certain operation (Fig. 1.5). The surfaces to be machined (M, N and K) are highlighted with thickened lines. Put down all operational dimensions with tolerances and surface roughness parameters. Operation setup sketch is an operational sketch, on which, along with the scheme of installation and fixing of the workpiece, the coordinates of the location of the cutting tool are indicated, which ensure the performance of this operation. ten
11 Fig Processing sketch: M, N, K surfaces to be machined in this operation; With design base Figure Sketch processing and installation: 1 three-jaw chuck; 2 emphasis; 3 movable steady rest; 4 rotating center; 5 Workpiece to be processed Processing and installation sketch A sketch showing in the operating chart a schematic diagram of the workpiece installation and fixing. On fig. 1.6 shows a sketch of the processing and installation of a cylindrical workpiece 5 in a three-jaw chuck 1 with a mechanical clamping device, a stop 2 at the end of the workpiece when pressed by a rotating center 4 and supported by a movable steady rest 3. The mandrel is the tail mandrel, which is installed in the machine spindle. Used for turning and grinding. They are installed on the machine with a certain error, which depends on the accuracy of manufacturing the mandrel elements that connect it with the machine. In this case, the exact relative position of the mounting surface of the mandrel and the surface for the mounting base of the part must be observed. The expected error associated with the installation of a fixture (arbor) on the machine is the size of the radial runout of the mounting surface for the mounting base of the workpiece relative to the axis of the shank of the mandrel. In some cases, the radial runout is measured after the mandrel is mounted on the machine. The mandrel is a center mandrel, which is installed in the centers of the machine, using center holes (nests) in it. The expected error associated with the installation of a fixture (mandrel) on the machine is the size of the radial runout of the mounting surface of the mandrel for the mounting base of the workpiece relative to the axis of the center sockets. On the size of this 11
12 errors affect the inaccuracy of both the center sockets and their position relative to the mounting surface. The size of the radial runout of the mounting surface relative to the axis of the center seats of the mandrel determines the size of the component of the expected processing error from installing the fixture on the machine. A general-purpose machine is a wide-purpose machine, for example, vertical milling, turning and boring, horizontal milling, vertical drilling, cylindrical grinding, etc. The machine is a special machine designed to perform only one operation of any technological process. These machines are made in single copies, which determines their high cost. The machine is an aggregate machine assembled from normalized products (aggregates) in combination with a small number of special elements for processing a specific workpiece. After the production of the part for which the aggregate machine was assembled, it can be disassembled, and then a new one can be assembled to process another workpiece. A machine for a specific purpose is a machine designed to perform an operation of one name and process a certain type of part. For example, gear hobbing, thread milling, copy-turning, etc. Modernization of the machine making changes to the design of the machine available in the workshop, which makes it more adapted to certain operations. At the same time, major design changes are not carried out, but the machine is improved according to the capabilities of the workshop. For example, if in lathe replace the cross feed screw of the caliper with a screw with an increased pitch, accelerates manual movement caliper. Single-piece production is a type of production in which a wide range of parts is produced at the site of the enterprise, but each part is made in a single copy. In this case, machines, tools and general-purpose devices are used, and machine operators must be highly qualified. Single production is organized in experimental shops and factories. Lot of parts is the number of parts of the same name that are started for processing at the same time. In cases where several operations are assigned to one machine, it needs to be readjusted when moving from one operation to another. Then it is economically feasible to process the parts in batches, i.e., several 12
13 pieces per machine setup. Lots of parts are used in mass production. If the machine has finished processing one batch of parts, then it is readjusted to another operation to process the next batch. The number of parts in a batch is determined mainly by the production program. Serial production is a type of production in which more than one operation is assigned to each machine at the production site, that is, several parts are processed simultaneously on the site. Parts of the same name are supplied to the workplace in small batches, which reduces the number of changeovers of the machine from one part to another. Serial production is organized in pilot shops and factories. Flow production is one of the progressive methods of organizing production, based on the rhythmic repetition of the main and support operations at the location of workplaces in the course of the technological process. Signs of in-line production: one or more similar products are produced on each production line; workplaces on the production line are located along the technological process; the transfer of parts from operation to operation, as a rule, is mechanized and carried out piece by piece (or in small batches); a certain rhythm (tact) of production is observed. The release cycle of parts is the time of release of one part with a flow method of production. With a large volume of production of products, mass production is organized, which is often called in-line production, and the process equipment is placed in the form of a production line. One of the characteristics of in-line production is the cycle of parts release. When determining it, the number of parts produced for a certain period of time is taken into account. With the in-line method, the duration of each operation is a multiple of the cycle of parts release in order to avoid equipment downtime. Machine capacity is the time (in machine hours) of employment of machine equipment built into the production line. When organizing production lines, situations are possible when the number of workers does not correspond to the number of machines. Then, when calculating the parameters of the production line, the concept of machine-tool capacity of the production line is used. The concentration of operations is the combination of several operations into one more complex one. The criterion for assessing the degree of concentration is the number of simple transitions provided for in it. 13
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