Structural diagram of the proposal. How to outline a sentence: remembering school

block diagram simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following characteristics: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into certain type simple sentence. The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some circuits one of the components is negative particle- alone or in combination with a pronominal word.

Note. In concrete sentences, the place of the component of the scheme is certain conditions may be filled with some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.

In addition, each block diagram has its own eigenvalue- semantics of the scheme. The semantics of the structural scheme of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - grammatical meaning circuit component); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences.

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21. Sentence structure diagram.

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As already said, the structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following features: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence.

The structural diagram of a simple sentence is organized by the forms (possibly even one form) of the significant words that are its components; in some schemes, one of the components is a negative particle - alone or in combination with a pronominal word.

In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.

The grammatical meaning common to all simple sentence structures (and therefore to all types of sentences) is predicativity. In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural scheme of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) the grammatical meanings of the co-components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - the grammatical meaning of the component of the scheme); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences. I.I. Meshchaninov Sentence structure. M.; L., 1963

To designate the components of the scheme, the following elementary alphabetic symbols are introduced, corresponding to the Latin names of parts of speech and the names of some forms: Vf - conjugated form of the verb (Latin verbum finitum); Vf 3s - conjugated verb in the form of 3 l. units hours (lat. singularis); Vf 3pl - conjugated verb in the 3 l form. pl. hours (lat. pluralis); Inf - infinitive; N - noun (Latin nomen - name, title); adj - adjective (lat. adjectivum); Pron - pronoun (lat. pronomen); Adv - adverb (lat. adverbium); Adv- o - predicative adverb on - o; Praed - predicative (lat. praedicatum); Part - participle (lat. participium); Praed part - participial predicate; interj - interjection (lat. interjectio); neg - negation (negation, lat. negatio); cop - copula (lat. copula); quant - quantitative (quantitative) value (lat. quantitas (quantity), (value)). With the symbol N, numbers from 1 to 6 indicate cases, respectively: 1 - im. n., 2 - gen. n., 3 - dat. n., 4 - vin. p., 5 - TV. p., 6 - sentence p.; with the symbol N, the number 2 with the following ellipsis (N 2 ...) means: “a noun in the form of one of the oblique cases.” L.S. Barkhudarov On the issue of surface and deep structures of sentences // Questions of linguistics. 1973, p.78

Accordingly, the formal structure of the structural schemes of a simple sentence is shown, i.e., the word forms that organize such a scheme in their neutral (constitutively not conditioned and not expressively colored) arrangement in relation to each other. When constructing a specific sentence based on a given model (when filling out the diagram), it receives its original form, i.e., the form of a syntactic present. vr.; for example: N 1 - Vf (The forest is noisy; The father is working; The children are happy); Inf Vf 3s (Smoking is prohibited; Meeting is not possible); Adv quant N 2 (Lots to do; Little time); N 1 (Night; Silence); Vf 3pl (Ringing); Inf cop Inf (To lead is to inspect). L.S. Barkhudarov On the issue of surface and deep structures of sentences // Questions of linguistics. 1973, p.111

A general classification of structural diagrams of a simple sentence can be carried out according to for various reasons. Such grounds are: 1) freedom or phraseology of the scheme; 2) lexical limitation or unlimitedness of one of its components; 3) the presence or absence of a conjugated verb (Vf) in the scheme as a form that itself contains the meanings of tense and mood; 4) number of components (single-component or two-component circuits); 5) for two-component circuits - the presence or absence of formal similarity of components to each other (their coordination with each other). The "Russian Grammar" adopted a classification in which the primary basis is the division into free and phraseological schemes. Free schemes conventionally include those in which one of the components is limited lexico-semantically. Free schemes(they are the majority, and they occupy a central place in the simple sentence system) are divided into two-component and one-component. Two-component schemes, in turn, are divided into schemes with a conjugated form of the verb and without a conjugated form of the verb in the original form. Within schemes with the conjugated form of the verb, subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate schemes are distinguished. Within the class of schemes without a conjugated form of the verb, schemes with lexically unrestricted components - subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate - and schemes with components limited lexico-semantically are distinguished.

In the following presentation, lexical limitation will be understood as the closedness of the list (countability) of words acting as a component of the scheme; by lexical unlimitedness - the openness of such a list both within a part of speech and within a semantic group of words that, as part of a particular part of speech, has its own grammatical characteristics.

Single-component schemes are divided into schemes with a conjugated form of the verb (this is a conjugated-verb class) and schemes without a conjugated form of the verb (these are not conjugated-verb classes: nominal, infinitive and adverbial). Phraseological schemes are classified according to the grammatical nature of the lexically closed component: these are phraseological types of sentences with conjunctions, with prepositions, with particles, with interjections and with pronouns.

In free two-component schemes, word forms are in syntactic relationships with each other. In most cases, this is simultaneously the relationship between the central semantic components of the sentence - the subject and its predicative feature. Formally, these relationships are expressed in different ways. Based on of different nature syntactic connection of components meaning the semantic subject and its predicative feature, all two-component schemes are divided into two large groups: subject-predicate and non-subject-predicate. The first group consists of those types of sentences in which the semantic subject is expressed by the actual naming form. This is a form that opens the paradigm of the word and the main function of which is naming: im. n. noun or infinitive. The second component in such sentences expresses the predicative feature; it is a conjugated form of a verb, a case form of a noun, an infinitive or an adverb. According to those patterns in which the semantic subject is expressed by the naming form - im. p. or infinitive, subject-predicate sentences are constructed; the first component is named after. p. or infinitive, which contains the meaning of the semantic subject, is called the subject; the second component - the form containing the meaning of the predicative attribute, is called the predicate. These are the samples (and, accordingly, the sentences built on them): N 1 - Vf (The forest is noisy; Children are having fun); N 1 - N 1 (Brother - teacher; Moscow - capital); N 1 - Adj 1 short form. (The child is smart); N 1 - Adj 1 full.f. (The child is smart); N 1 - Part 1 short form. (The house is built); N 1 - N 2 ... or Adv (House - by the road; The end is near); N 1 - Inf (Task - learn); N 1 - Adv -o (Excursion - [is] interesting); Inf - N 1 (Work - valor); Inf - Adv- o (Riding is fun); Inf cop Inf (To lead is to inspect). B.A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970

Other two-component schemes are not subject-predicate; the relationship between the word forms in them can also be the relationship between the subject and its predicative attribute, however, unlike subject-predicate sentences, the subject is expressed in them by a form of the word that is not a naming one, and, therefore, the subjective meaning here turns out to be complicated by the meaning of this very forms. These are, for example, schemes N 2 (neg) Vf 3s (Water is coming; There is not enough time) or No N 2 (No time). In such cases, the connection between word forms has the form of subordination, a formal dependence of one component on another. However, the difference from the conventional subordinating connection here is that in such a minimal sample of a sentence the verb dominates precisely and only in its given form (in the form of 3 l. units, in the past tense and subjunctive tense - in the form average r.); As for the word no, in this meaning (absent, not present) it functions only as the main member of the sentence and, therefore, with this word the connection characteristic of the sentence is always realized. B. A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970

In subject-predicate sentences, the subject and the predicate can be formally likened to each other: The train is coming - The trains are coming; Children are having fun - The child is having fun; This city is a new building, These cities are new buildings; The night is bright - The nights are bright. This similarity of the main members of a sentence is called their coordination. Externally, the relationship between the coordination of subject and predicate is similar to subordinating connection approvals But the internal nature of this connection and its grammatical features are different from those of the coordination connection. The differences here are as follows.

1) When coordinating, the form of the dependent word is subordinated to the form of the dominant word; when coordinating the subject and the predicate, there is a mutual correlation of forms, none of which is either dominant or dependent.
2) When agreeing, the connection passes through all forms of matching words (new house, new house, new house...); during coordination, only two data, certain forms (House - new) are correlated.
3) Based on the connection of agreement, a phrase is formed, which changes, subject to a change in the form of the dominant word (new house, new house, new house...); a sentence, the main members of which are coordinated with each other, is included in the paradigm of the sentence and changes according to the rules of its form change (The house is new; The house was new/new; The house will be new/new...).
4) When agreed in a phrase, attributive (not predicative) relations arise; coordination formalizes such a connection in which a feature is assigned to a certain time plan, i.e., it is predicative. B.A. Uspensky The problem of universals in linguistics//New in linguistics. M., 1970

Below is the entire system of structural diagrams of a simple sentence, their structure and semantics. All sentences are given in their original form, i.e. in the form of a syntactic present. vr., which directly demonstrates the structure of the sample.

b) Structural diagram of a simple sentence

The structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic example of constructing structurally similar simple sentences. The structural diagram represents the basis of the formal structure of simple sentences. The block diagrams reflect special signs(see) part-speech characteristics and necessary formal features of structurally obligatory (necessary) components of a sentence. Vary minimal proposal structure(see) and extended proposal block diagram(cm.).

Special signs used in structural diagrams of sentences are alphabetic signs-symbols indicating Latin names parts of speech and their individual forms: V (lat. verbum) – for the verb, Inf (lat. infinitiv) – for the indefinite form of the verb; N (lat. nomen) – for a noun (this sign is also used for a schematic representation of pronouns-nouns); A (lat. adjectivum) – for the name of an adjective and for a schematic representation of adjectival forms of other parts of speech (participles, ordinal numbers, pronominal adjectives); Adv (lat. adverbum) – for adverb; rubbish (copula) – for a bunch of compound predicates, with a zero copula, its sign is enclosed in parentheses – (cop). With the sign N (noun), lower digital indices are used to indicate the case form of the name (numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - corresponding to the case number). With the V sign (verb), subscripts (numbers 1, 2, 3) are used to indicate the shape of the face. An index is used to indicate number forms s(lat. singularis) – units hours and index pl(lat. pluralis) – plural h. To indicate personal, i.e. the finite form of the verb, as well as the short form of the adjective, intended to be a predicate (i.e., perform the function of a finite verb), the index f (from the Latin finitum) is used - V f and A f. Examples: The night is dark - N 1 (cop) A f /1/5 (in the subscript the / “slash” sign indicates relations of variation: either a short form intended to be predicate, like a finite verb, or a nominative case form, or a form instrumental case. Example: The night is dark / dark / was dark.

The minimal structural diagram of a simple sentence is a structural diagram in which, with the help of special signs, the part-speech characteristic and formal characteristics of the components are reflected predicative sentence core(subject and predicate of a two-part sentence and the only main member of a one-part sentence).

An extended structural diagram of a simple sentence is a structural diagram that generalizes the nominative minimum of a simple sentence, which includes the predicative core of the sentence in combination with its obligatory extenders. For example: In the evenings I read books on art history– N 1 V f N 4 (verbal representation of the scheme: name in the nominative case + finite verb, i.e. in conjugated form, + name in the accusative case).

Sentences of phraseological structure are simple sentences in which syntactic connections are not motivated and lexical content is not free, i.e. is not determined by the laws of meaning construction, since the meaning of such sentences in each case of use is unique. Sentences of phraseological structure refer to conversational style, differ high degree expressiveness, are created according to unique schemes: N 1 as N 1:– Forest like a forest; N 1 so N 1 – A house is a house; N 1 is not in N 4 – A holiday is not a holiday;This is N 1 so N 1 – This is news, this is news; Everyone N 3 N 1 – News to all news; No to Inf – No to come; Who else but N 3 Inf – Who else but him should do this?

Semantic aspect of a simple sentence

Narrow and broad understanding of the structural scheme of a sentence. Model of an elementary simple sentence as a representation of a two-way linguistic unit.
Koshkareva: Offer– an independent syntactic unit, the most important feature of which is the unity of the category of predicativity (the grammatical meaning of the sentence) and the minimal structural scheme of the sentence.
Block diagram> - “this is the abstract pattern according to which a minimal independent and independent message can be constructed”
The constituent elements of the structural diagram are the main members of the sentence (predicative node): subject + predicate.
Beloshapkova: structural diagram - an abstract sample consisting of a minimum of components necessary to create a sentence.

A new type of description of the formal organization of a sentence, based on the concept of a structural diagram of a sentence, appeared in Russian science in the late 60s. last century. It was implemented in relation to all Russian sentence structures in Grammar-70 and Grammar-80. And a controversy ensued around the concept of a sentence structure. Two understandings of the structural minimum of the proposal emerged. The understanding put forward by Shvedova in Grammar-70 is addressed to the formal organization of a sentence as a predicative unit and involves abstracting from everything that is not essential for it. On this basis, the structural scheme does not include such components of the sentence as all conditional extenders that realize the syntactic potency of words, the forms of which form a sentence and are components of the scheme. The scheme also does not include the obligatory conditional predictable spreaders, without which a sentence cannot be a minimal message independent of the context. Thus, the structural diagram includes only a predicative minimum. The level of abstraction specified by this concept of a structural minimum corresponds to the traditional doctrine of supply. Shvedova, based on such a predicative minimum in her Grammar-70, compiled a closed list of structural schemes of the Russian language and there are 37 units in it.
Another understanding of the structural minimum is addressed to the understanding of the formal organization of the sentence as a predicative unit and the semantic organization of the sentence as a nominative unit. The structural minimum is understood as “the limit of semantic autonomy, suitability for performing a nominative function.”
Two understandings of the structural scheme of a sentence allow us to talk about two types of structural schemes of a sentence - minimal and extended. Minimal scheme(MSS)– predicative minimum of a sentence. Extended Scheme (RSS)– MSS + constituent components not included in them, that is, components essential for the semantic structure of the sentence.
The MSS includes forms of words of three classes:
1. Indicators of predicativity (conjugated forms of the verb, conjugated forms of the copula - the auxiliary verb to be, the infinitive of the verb or copula, conveying a specific modal meaning)
2. MSNs that include a copula include certain forms of names and adverbs, which, in combination with the copula, form a single syntactic complex (forms of the nominative and instrumental cases of IS, non-prepositional or prepositional forms of any indirect case that can be combined with the copula; forms of the nominative and instrumental case IP and passive participles, as well as their short forms and comparatives;
3. The MSS, which includes verb or connective forms that are variable in terms of concordant categories, includes components that determine the form of predicative indicators by number, gender (person). (form of the nominative case IS and its substitutes, in particular combinations of quantitative words in different forms with the genitive form IS, as well as the infinitive)
Types of MCC expanders:
1.Substantial component with subjective meaning: he has luck; He's lucky
2.Substantial component with object meaning: Children are afraid of the dark; Mother misses her son
3.Adverbial component: The children stayed with their grandmother. He acted nobly.

M.I. Cheremisin and T.A. Kolosova: the predicative node is not a sentence, but sentence schemes with several actants exist along with actant and non-actant ones, i.e. are not “extensions” of the latter. Offer He paid me back cannot be considered an extension of the proposal He returned, because the latter is not a sentence due to its semantic incompleteness. The structural scheme is not always identical to the predicative minimum, but is necessarily the nominative minimum of the sentence.

Elementary simple sentence - this is the simplest linguistic syntactic unit, representing the unity of the plane of expression and the plane of content. PV of an elementary simple sentence – block diagram(a sequence of conventional symbols reflecting the morphological way of expressing the components necessary to realize the corresponding meaning), and the content plan is proposition(an abstraction that corresponds to the meaning of a sentence as a sign of language is a generalization of a class of concrete propositions of the same type).
Conventional symbols of the structural diagram correspond to parts of speech and are accompanied by two types of descriptors: subscript descriptors indicate grammatical meanings, superscript descriptors indicate semantic roles.
An elementary simple sentence includes a predicate (nominal or verbal predicate) and its obligatory distributors - actants (subject, object), and with spatial predicates also circonstants - adverbs of place.

The structural diagram of a simple sentence is an abstract syntactic pattern from which a separate, minimal, relatively complete sentence can be constructed. Structural schemes are distinguished by a combination of the following features: the formal structure of the scheme (the forms of words included in it and, in schemes organized by two forms, the relationship of these forms to each other); schema semantics; paradigmatic properties of sentences constructed according to this scheme; regular implementation system; distribution rules. Sentences completed according to one or another structural scheme are combined into a certain type of simple sentence.

In this chapter, the structural schemes of a sentence are described according to the first two of these characteristics; characteristics of paradigmatic properties, regular implementations and propagation rules are contained in special chapters devoted to sentences of the corresponding type.

Note. In specific sentences, the place of a schema component can, under certain conditions, be filled by some other form or combination of forms; There are certain types and rules for such substitutions. They are described in the chapters devoted to individual types of simple sentences.

The grammatical meaning common to all simple sentence structures (and therefore to all types of sentences) is predicativeness (see § ). In addition, each structural diagram has its own meaning - the semantics of the diagram. The semantics of the structural diagram of a sentence is formed by the mutual action of the following factors: 1) grammatical meanings of the components in their relation to each other (in single-component schemes - the grammatical meaning of the component of the scheme); 2) lexical-semantic characteristics of words specific to a given scheme, occupying the positions of its components in specific sentences.

Each sentence, constructed according to one or another structural scheme, has its own semantic structure, which, in comparison with the semantics of the scheme, is a less abstract, more specific linguistic meaning. In addition, significant semantic changes may occur in a sentence during propagation. All relevant phenomena are described in special chapters.

In the following, for the sake of simplicity of presentation, the structural diagram will be demonstrated by a specific sentence representing the type; for example: type Forest makes noise- proposals for scheme N 1 - Vf; type Many affairs- proposals of the scheme Adv quant (N 1quant) N 2; type night- proposals of scheme No. 1; type It's getting light- proposals for the Vf 3s circuit; type Cold; Sad- Praed scheme proposals.