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Dictionary of Russian dialect words with translation. Russian language and its dialects

The meaning of the word DIALECTISM in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language

DIALECTISM

Features characteristic of dialects [dialect I], revealed when compared with literary language.

Dialectal words or figures of speech used as stylistic devices in a language fiction.

Large modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. 2012

Dialectisms and words of the literary language

Dialectisms can be related to words in a literary language in different ways. Some may differ from literary words by one or two sounds ( gloomy- cloudy), others - with prefixes or suffixes (Ryazan conversational- talkative, Onega grow old- grow old). There are dialect words that do not have the same meaning in dialects as in the literary language (Ryazan mermaid- garden scarecrow), or roots unknown to the literary language (Voronezh bootie- basket).

How dialectisms become common words

Dialectisms can penetrate into the literary language, and thus become all-Russian. This occurs as a result of their use in fiction texts. Writers introduce figurative folk words into their works in order to convey local speech characteristics, more vividly characterize the characters, and more accurately express the concepts associated with folk life. We can find examples of the use of dialectisms in I. S. Turgenev, N. S. Leskov, L. N. Tolstoy and other prose writers of the 19th century, as well as in writers of the 20th century: M. A. Sholokhov, V. M. Shukshin, V. . P. Astafiev and others. Thus, in the 19th century, words such as reckless, rescue, jerk, crawl, inveterate, beg, awkward, ordinary, savor, rustle, puny and others.

Dialectisms in various dictionaries

Dialect vocabulary is described in dialect words aryas, and is also reflected in the dictionaries of writers. For example, in the dictionary of M. A. Sholokhov: Goat- jump when playing leapfrog, like a kid ( Along the alleys, barefoot and already tanned Cossacks leapfrogged. The word is used in the author's speech).

Dialectisms that are widespread in dialects and appear on the pages of standard dictionaries of a literary language have the marks regional or local and examples of their use in literary texts.

For example:

In the 4-volume academic “Dictionary of the Russian Language” there are words big ear- eldest in the house, mistress, shout- talk, converse and others.

Dialect vocabulary is widely represented in the “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl. It reflects the Russian folk worldview, Russian folk culture, imprinted in the language.

Dialect words of different areas

Lesson summary in 6th grade

Note:

The summary was compiled according to the textbook by L. M. Rybchenkova.

Common words and dialectisms.

Lesson objectives:

learning new material;
development of skills to work with a dictionary, find in the text and explain the meaning of dialectisms;
to cultivate interest in learning the vocabulary of the Russian language, an attentive and careful attitude to the word.

Cognitive: searching for information, determining the meaning of information, constructing statements, reflecting on activities;
Regulatory: goal setting, activity planning;
Communicative: ability to express thoughts;
Personal: self-determination, meaning formation, moral assessment.

Organizational moment.
Spelling warm-up (p. 86) with explanation lexical meanings words, repetition of material from the previous lesson (archaisms, historicisms, neologisms) with examples.
Technique “Attractive goal”: - reading a fragment from the story by I.S. Turgenev “Bezhin Meadow”;
(Click on the plus sign to read the text.)
Fragment of the story
“Did you guys hear,” Ilyusha began, “what happened to us in Varnavitsy the other day?”
- At the dam? - asked Fedya.
- Yes, yes, on the dam, on the broken one. This is an unclean place, so unclean and so deaf. There are all these gullies and ravines all around, and in the ravines all the kazyuli are found.
- Well, what happened? tell me...

- problematic situation: is the text clear? What words are unclear? What are these words? (Exit to the interpretation of terms common and restricted words; recording the lesson topic; distinguishing between what is known and what needs to be known; motivation of educational activities).
- setting the goal of the lesson: to study dialectisms, determine why they are used in a literary text.
Working with V. I. Dahl’s dictionary, explaining the meanings of dialectisms.
Searching for information in a textbook, structuring information, constructing a statement according to a diagram (pp. 86, 87).
Distribution letter (exercise 166): words of common use and words of limited use (for the second group of words, indicate dialectisms, terms and jargon).

Exercise 167 orally (draw a conclusion about how the meaning of dialectism can be given in the text itself).

Exercise 168 in writing (with morphemic parsing); a conclusion about what features were used as the basis for the data in the exercise of words in different dialects, about the accuracy and imagery of the folk language.
Game “Find a Pair”: who can quickly find matches between dialect and common words from exercise 169.
Working with an explanatory dictionary: find and write down 3 words with local marks. or region, explain their meanings.
Working with the text “On a Visit to the Pomors” (exercise 171): searching for evidence theoretical material on page 88: “Dialect vocabulary is used in works of art to describe the area, everyday life, and characterize the speech of the characters” (work in pairs).

Student responses; conversation on questions after the text. Conclusion about the purposes of using dialectisms in the text. Why can the meanings of some dialect words be understood without special explanations and without dictionaries? Which of the dialect words correlates with a commonly used colloquial verb cook- cook food? Which dialect word can be replaced with a commonly used synonym bridesmaid- an ancient ritual of introducing the groom and his relatives to the bride? Indicate what other dialect words you can find commonly used synonyms for. Determine in what meaning the word is used in the text red.
Reflection of activity.
Parsing homework: §21, exercise 170. Read a fragment of A. Astafiev’s story and find dialectisms in it. Copy the last paragraph, inserting the missing letters and adding missing punctuation marks.

B agrets cloth- purple fabric (from “crimson”, “crimson”).
Basa- beauty, decoration; Basco - beautiful.
Baskoy- beautiful, elegant.
Hood- head of a fishing artel.
To swear- talk, say.
Safe- boldly.
Silently- without warning.
Beloyarovaya- light, selected; a constant epithet in epics, indicating the ideal quality of grain.
Birch - patterned.
Besedushka- seat, bench; a special place under a canopy on ships; company, party .
Berdo- belonging to the weaving mill.
Bloods- young, young.
Bortnik- one who is engaged in beekeeping, i.e. forest beekeeping, extracting honey from wild bees.
Bochag- a deep puddle, pothole, pit, filled with water.
Bozhatushka- godmother.
Most - job title.
Brany- patterned (about fabric).
Bratchina- a feast organized on holidays by pooling .
Brother, brother- brother, a metal drinking bowl.
Buoy stick- fighting club.
Burzametskoe (spear) - see: Murzametskoe.
Bro- brother, a vessel for beer.
Brasno- food, dish, dish, edible.
Nonsense, nonsense- a small seine that two people use to catch fish while wading.
Bujava, Bujevo- cemetery, grave.
Formerly - as if, like.
Bylitsa- a blade of grass, a stalk of grass.
Bylichka- story about evil spirits, the reliability of which is not doubted.

Important- hard, hard.
Valjak, felted, felted - cast, chased, carved, turned, skillfully made.
Vargan(“on the mound, on the jew’s harp”) - perhaps from “worg” - a clearing overgrown with tall grass; mowing, open place in the forest.
Veredy - boils, sores.
Verei - pillars on which the gates are hung.
Veres- juniper.
Vereya(ropes, rope, rope) - a post on which the gate is hung; jamb at the door, gate.
Veretye- coarse hemp fabric.
Spindle (snake-spindle) - perhaps this means a spindle, i.e. a type of copperhead - a legless, snake-like lizard .
Verst- equal, pair, couple.
Pounded mile - probably from “gverst” - coarse sand, crushed stone.
Nativity scene- cave; hangout; a large box with puppets controlled from below through slits in the floor of the box, in which performances on the theme of the Nativity of Christ were performed.
Vershnik- riding; riding ahead on horseback.
Evening- yesterday.
Heave up- raise.
Viklina- tops.
Vitsa- twig, twig, long branch.
Water carrier - a vessel for carrying and storing water and drinking.
Volzhanaya - meadowsweet, from meadowsweet.
Red tape (bow) - ordinary, everyday, well-worn.
Volochazhnaya - slutty.
Patrimony - estate (hereditary, ancestral); surname; “by votchina” - by inheritance law, by father.
Volotki- stems, straws, blades of grass; upper part sheaf with ears.
Voronets- a beam in a hut that serves as a shelf.
Vyzhlok- hunting dog, hound; presumably: a wolf leading a pack.
Dress up- tell yourself something.
Howl - food, eating; amount of food at a time; hour of food.
Outputs - tribute, submit.
Outputs are high - balconies.
Elm, knitting - baton from flexible wood, used for the manufacture of runners, rims, etc.
Vyazivtso - rope.
Vyray (viriy, iriy)- a wonderful, promised, warm side, somewhere far away by the sea, accessible only to birds and snakes.
Vyalitsa- blizzard.

G ah- oak grove, grove, small deciduous forest.
Gluzdyr - a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - Gluzdyr is a chick that cannot fly; in an ironic sense - a smart guy.
Golnyaya - naked, bare, devoid of vegetation and stones.
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're baking - you will run into, you will fly (from “bounce”).
reception, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes .
Bitter - angry, annoying.
Guesthouse, guesthouse - feast.
You're toasting- run into, run into (from “bounce”).
Gridenka, gridnya, grinya, grinyushka - reception room, dining room, rest; generally a room in the palace.
Bed, bed - hanging pole, crossbar in a hut for clothes.
Guzhiki - loops in the harness on top of the shaft.
Gusli, guslishki, guslishki- plucked string instrument.
Suitable- marvel, admire, stare; stare, stare; mock, ridicule.
Godina- good clear weather, a bucket.
Golik- a broom without leaves.
Dutchman- chervonets, beaten at the St. Petersburg Mint.
Golitsy- leather mittens without wool lining.
Gostika- guest.
Hryvnia- ten-kopeck piece; V Ancient Rus' monetary unit- a silver or gold bar weighing about a pound.
bed- a shelf going from the stove to the wall.
Lip- bay, backwater.
Horn- a three-string violin without grooves on the sides of the body. Threshing floor - room, barn for compressed bread; threshing area.

D trust- husband's brother.
Devyatina- a period of nine days.
Grandfather-father - probably the hero's lineage.
Del - share division of spoils (“share of affairs”).
Hold - spend; does not hold on - is not spent, does not dry up.
Dominates - appropriate, befitting; enough, enough.
Dolmozhano - a warrior, i.e. a weapon, perhaps long-stinged - with a long edge.
Dolon - palm.
Dolyubi - enough, plenty, as much as needed .
Household - coffin.
Got enough? (Are you tired?)- at the end, after everything.
Duma - advice, discussion (“she won’t come to the Duma”).
Durodny - portly, stately, prominent.
Uncle's patrimony - a family estate that came into possession by lateral inheritance.
Deja- dough dough, sauerkraut; a tub in which bread dough is kneaded.
Dolon- palm.
Dosyulny- old, former.
Doha- a fur coat with fur inside and out.
Drolya- dear, dear, beloved.

Ye ndova- wide copper bowl with spout.
Epanechka - short sleeveless vest, fur coat.
Ernishny- from “ernik”: small, low-growing forest, small birch bush.
Erofeich- bitter wine; vodka infused with herbs.
Yestva- food, food.

Zhelnik- cemetery, graves, churchyard.
Stomach- life, property; soul; livestock
Zhito- any bread in grain or standing; barley (northern), unmilled rye (southern), all spring bread (eastern).
Zupan- antique half-caftan.

Z convince- complain, cry.
Zagneta (Zagneta)- ash pan of a Russian stove.
Conspiracy- the last day before Lent, on which it is allowed to eat meat.
Hall- twisted bunch of ears; usually done by a sorcerer or witch to damage or destroy the field, as well as the owner of the field.
Renovated- something new and clean that is soiled or contaminated; lightened the heart (from “renew”; take away the soul, lighten the heart).
Get excited- be happy.
Zarod- a large stack of hay, bread, not round, but oblong.
Spotted- bottom, bin; bin partition.
Zen- Earth.
Zink- take a look.
Zipun- a peasant caftan made of coarse thick cloth, in the old days without a collar.
Zrelki- ripe berries.

And weed- praise, glory, thank you.

Kazak, Cossack woman- worker. (worker), farm laborer, hired worker.
Damask- antique thick silk patterned Chinese fabric.
Eve- festive beer, mash.
Karavaytsy- wheat pancakes.
Wire rods- felt boots.
Cue, cue- stick, staff, batog.
Kisa- bag.
Kitina- grass trunk, pea stalk.
Kichka- an ancient Russian festive headdress of a married woman.
Intestine- homemade sausage.
Cage- a room or storage room in the house; barn; extension to the hut, closet.
Klyuka- a hook, a stick with a bend to support the gutter under the eaves of a peasant's plank roof or to bend down a thatched roof.
Kokurka- bun with egg.
Komel- thickened lower part of the spinning wheel; adjacent to the root, part of a tree, hair, horn.
Komon- horse, horse.
Konovatny- from Asian silk fabric, used for a bedspread and veil.
Kopan- a hole dug to collect rainwater; shallow well without a frame.
Kopyl- a short block in the runners of a sled that serves as a support for the body.
Mower- a large knife with a thick and wide blade.
Kostritsa (bonfire)- hard bark of flax and hemp, remaining after they are scuffed and carded.
Slanted (skewed) window- a window made of jambs or metal rods intertwined at random, typical of Rus' until the 18th century.
Cats- a type of warm footwear.
red corner- a corner in the hut where icons hung.
Beauty- a bride’s crown made of ribbons and flowers, a symbol of girlhood and maiden will.
Kroma- bag, beggar's bag; “Foma the Big Crema” (October 19) - an abundance of bread and supplies, this is the name of a rich, wealthy person.
Red (cut)- handloom; thread base when weaving on manual machine; fabric woven on crosses.
Crosenza- homespun shirts.
Krynica- spring, key, shallow well; krinka, milk pot, narrow and tall.
Tow- a combed and tied bundle of flax or hemp, made for yarn.
Kuzhel (kuzhal)- tow, combed flax; linen yarn of the highest quality.
Kuzlo- blacksmithing, forging; generally arable shells.
Kukomoya- a slob, an unkempt person.
Kuna- marten.
Kuren- a place for burning coal in the forest, a coal pit and a hut for workers.
Kurzhevina- frost.
Smoking- get up.
Kurchizhka- bitch, stump.
Kut- corner, especially in a hut under the icons or near the stove: “rotten corner” - north-west wind.
Kutya- boiled and sweetened wheat grains.

Ladka- little plump.
Ladom- good, as it should be.
Swallows- colored quadrangular inserts under the arms and sleeves of the shirt.
lollipop- ice block.
Lenny- linen.
Luda- stranded, stones in a lake protruding from the water.

Myna- wormwood.
Uterus, mother- middle ceiling beam in the hut.
Mezhenny (mezhony)- long, long, summer.
Low water- the average water level that is established after the flood (in June - before the heat and drought).
Merezha - fishing net, stretched on a hoop.
Worldly- made, prepared together, “by the whole world.”
Young guy- new month.
Muzzle- wickerwork.
Hassle- (trouble) - cloud, cloud.
Bridge- floor, canopy.
Mostina- floorboard.
Motushka- a skein of yarn, a spool of wound yarn.
Mochenets- hemp soaked in water.
Animated- covered with glaze.
Myalitsa- a grinder, a projectile used to crush flax and hemp, clearing the fibers from the kernel.

N azem- manure.
Nazola- melancholy, sadness, annoyance, grief.
Nat- necessary (short for “put on” - necessary).
Stretch- stumble upon, attack.
Neoblyzhny- real, not false.
Neudolny- irresistible; deprived, unhappy.
Novina- peasant woven canvas; harsh unbleached canvas; grain of the new harvest.
Stayed overnight- last night.

Oh grandmas- mushroom, boletus.
Charm (charm)- slander, jinx.
Obloukhy- long-eared, long-eared, long-eared.
Twist- dress; dress up (the young woman after the crown in women's clothing); marry.
Omshanik- a caulked log house for the wintering of bees.
Onuchi- foot wraps for boots or bast shoes, foot wraps.
Flask- frost.
Supports- shoes made from old boots with the tops cut off; remnants of worn out and tattered shoes.
Yell- plow.
Aftermath- grass that has grown after mowing; fresh grass that grew in the same year in place of what was cut.
Ochep- a pole attached to the ceiling in a hut on which the cradle was suspended.

P a g e- pasture, place for grazing livestock.
Pasma- part of a skein of thread or yarn.
Peltish- with fringe.
Relog- a neglected arable place.
Povet, povetka- barn, stable; canopy, roof over the yard; covered yard.
Pogost- cemetery, rural parish.
Undercut- “sled with undercuts” - with a shackled sleigh runner.
Pokut'- front angle; place of honor at the table and at the feast.
Noon- south.
Polushka- an antique small copper quarter penny coin.
Popeluinik (popeluinik)- from “sang”: ash, ash.
porn- strong, healthy; adult.
Porosha- snow falling evenly; a layer of freshly fallen snow.
Poskotina- pasture, pasture.
stand- strip, field; plot, part of the field occupied by reapers.
Poyarchatiy- from the wool of the first shearing of a lamb.
Voice (song)- drawn-out, mournful.
Proletye- early summer, June, time for petrovka.
Pryazhenets- flatbread, pancake with butter; pancake made from black flour, with butter.
Pryazhenitsa- scrambled eggs in a frying pan.
Spinning- part of the fence from pillar to post; a device made of longitudinal poles on poles for drying hay.
Putin- the time during which fishing is carried out.
Pyalichki- hoop.

Apply- try, care, assist. To get sick is to undress.
Ramenier- a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest.
Expand- spread out, spread out, split, bare teeth.
Zealous- heart.
Zealous, quick-tempered- about the heart: hot, angry.
Riga- a shed for drying sheaves and threshing.
Rosstan- a crossroads, an intersection of roads, where they say goodbye, separate, part.
Rubel - wooden block with a handle and transverse grooves for rolling (ironing) linen.
Sleeves- the upper, usually decorated part of the shirt.
Dig- throw, throw.
Row (rad)- conditions, contract, contract, transaction for purchase, hire, supply, etc.
Ryasny- plentiful.

From hell- everything that grows in the garden: berries, fruits.
Salo- small plates, pieces of ice on the surface of the water before freeze-up.
Scroll- long outerwear (usually among Ukrainians).
sister-in-law- wife's sister.
Sevnya- a basket with grain that the sower carries over his shoulder.
Week- seven days, a week.
Semeyushka- husband, wife (in funeral lamentations).
Siver, siverko- north, north wind.
Speed up- harrow; drag something along the ground; bend, bend, fold.
Get crowded- gather in a bunch, in one place.
Smashny- delicious.
Smychin- a knotty, strong stick that goes to the harrow.
Sporina- growth, abundance, profit.
Sporyadny- neighbor, fellow villager (from “row” - street).
Stavets- large cup, bowl.
Flock- stall, barnyard, corral, fenced-off place for livestock.
Stamovik, stanovik- fence from small forest.
Stanitsa neudolnaya- children of the deceased.
Surplice- clergyman’s clothing, straight, long, with wide sleeves.
Strekha- the lower, hanging edge of the roof of a wooden house, hut.
Styazhye- poles, poles, thick sticks for strengthening a haystack or a cart of hay.
Sukoleno- a knee in the stem.
Sumet- snowdrift.
adversary- rival.
Sousek- a compartment or chest in a barn where grain is stored.
Suhoroso- no dew, dry.
Full- honey infusion; water sweetened with honey.

T Alan- happiness, luck, fate.
Talina- thawed ground, thawed patches.
Tank- round dance.
Tenetnik- cobweb.
Tesmyany- made of braid.
Tonya- fishing; one cast net; a place where they fish.
Torok- gust of wind, squall.
Toroka (toroki)- straps behind the saddle for tying cargo or a travel bag to it.
Torok- a beaten, beaten path.
Snaffle- a metal chain to hold the mouthpiece in the horse’s mouth, used as a kind of musical instrument.
Tulley- tulle frill.
Tyablo- kivot, shelf for icons.

U timber- elegant headdress, wedding veil.
Dinner bread- kind, plentiful supper, straw, number of sheaves.
Calm down (about water)- come to low water, to the usual, average state, quantity.
Steal- caulk it in one fell swoop, prepare it for winter.

H scarlet- it seemed to be hoped.
Chelo- the front part of the Russian stove.
Cheremny- red, red.
Chernets, blueberry- monk, nun.
Chernitsa- blueberry.
Chernoguz- martin.
Chetverik- an old Russian measure or object containing 4 units (for example, a sack of 4 pounds).
Chuika- long cloth caftan.

Shalyga (shelyga)- wicker ball; wooden ball; scourge, whip, goad.
Shanga- cheesecake, very juicy, simple flatbread.
Shelomchaty- with a convex cap.
Woolbit- the one who beats, ruffles, fluffs the wool.
Wool- hornets.
Six- a platform in front of the mouth of the Russian stove.
Fly- a towel, a cloth, a full-width piece of fabric.
Sholom- roof; canopy, roof on pillars.

Shcherbota- inferiority.

I'm barking, barking- barren (about cattle).
Yarovchaty - from sycamore, a permanent epithet for gusli.
Yar, yaritsa - spring bread.

Preface………………………………………………………3

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..6

Chapter 1. The concept of dialect…………………………………………….8

§ 1.1 Dialects in modern Russian…………………...8

§ 1.2 Dialects and literary language (study of dialects using examples from the story “Wooden Horses” by F.A. Abramov, “Fairy Tales” by I.A. Bunin, “Peasant Children” by N.A. Nekrasov……………………10

Chapter 2. Dialectological studies…………………………….14

§ 2.1. History of turning to the dialect……………………………..14

§ 2.2. Dialectology yesterday and today……………………………...15

§ 2.3. Geography of dialects………………………………………………………18

§ 2.4. Classification of Russian dialects…………………………….23

§ 2.5. Thematic groups dialects of the Russian language……………..26

Conclusion……………………………………………………………...33

Bibliography……………………………………………………………...34

Preface.

Modern Russian is one of the richest languages in the world. Its greatness is created by a huge vocabulary, a wide ambiguity of words, a wealth of synonyms, inexhaustible possibilities of word formation, numerous word forms, peculiarities of sounds, mobility of stress, clear and harmonious syntax, and a variety of stylistic resources. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of Russian national language and literary Russian language. The national language - the language of the Russian people - covers all spheres of people’s speech activity, regardless of education, upbringing, place of residence, profession; it includes dialects, special vocabulary, jargons, that is, the Russian national language is heterogeneous: it contains special varieties of language.

So let's talk about dialects. A remarkable expert on folk speech, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, recalled a curious episode in his story “Talk”. Monks came to the author to ask for alms for the needs of their monastery. Dahl wrote: “I sat them down, started questioning them and was surprised from the first word when the young man said that he was from Vologda. I asked again: “Have you been in that region for a long time?” “For a long time, I’m still there.” “Where are you from?” “I’m a tamody,” he muttered clearly, bowing. He had just managed to utter this word - tamody, instead of there, when I looked at him with a smile and said; “Aren’t you from Yaroslavl, father?” He turned purple, then turned pale, looked, lost, at his friend and answered, confused: “No, darling!” - “Oh, and even from Rostov,” I said, laughing, recognizing in this not, darling, a genuine (real, genuine) Rostovite.

Before I had time to utter these words, the “Vologda resident” fell at my feet - don’t kill me.

Two tramps were hiding under the monastic robes..."

As can be seen from this passage, by the characteristics of a person’s speech, one can quite accurately determine the region, city or district where he comes from or has lived for a long time.

But modern case. To the Department of Dialectology of the Institute of Russian Language Russian Academy Sciences in Moscow was contacted by a journalist who was working on an article for Victory Day. He had archival materials from the war: a film recording the stories of five soldiers, natives different places Russia, and a list of the names and addresses of these soldiers. However, the journalist did not know which story belonged to whom. Dialectologists analyzed the linguistic characteristics of each speaker and were able to determine where someone was from.

Even residents of neighboring villages sometimes differ from each other in their dialect and are clearly aware of this. Everyone's Gavorka is different: theirs is poking, ours is different - such a statement is recorded in Smolensk region. Therefore, a proverb arose among the people: “What is the city, then it is noisy, what is the village, so is the ritual, what is the courtyard, so is the talk.”

When you come from the city, it sometimes seems that in the village they speak a different language, something like Russian: Ishsho the gray shugunok, you put it in the holes - and you have a cave. This phrase can be heard in the speech of natives of Kursk and Oryol region, and it means: “You put another whole cast iron cabbage soup on the handle and it’s in the oven.” Often the most familiar words in dialects have a completely different meaning. In the Novgorod and Tver regions they say: Don't throw noise over the threshold! At the same time, the word noise (or noise) here refers to indoor litter, garbage. And here is an example from dialects near Moscow: Our ftaragodnik is very brooding (a second-year brooder is a two-year-old foal or calf, a brooder is vigorous).

The townspeople also think that in the dialect it is permissible to say anything and in any way, that the dialect is spoiled, wrong language. In fact, each local language is a harmonious system, the elements of which are interconnected. Violation of the laws and rules of speech hurts the ears of its speaker in the same way as mistakes in the speech of a foreigner hurt us. In the example about the cast-iron cabbage soup, each h* of the literary language in the dialect corresponds to a sh* (stove-peshka, cast-iron-shchugunok), each c* corresponds in the dialect with (whole-sely), and the long soft shch has a hard shsh (still-ishsho, cabbage soup).

Modern dialects are the result of the development of ancient Russian dialects, the history of which goes back to ancient times. And the literary Russian language itself is also a “descendant” of dialects: it is based on the dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding it.

Relevance of this work is to show the preservation of dialects in the Russian language, despite the various factors influencing our speech.

Novelty of the work is to show the various areas of use of dialects of the Russian language.

The main purpose of the course work- characterize the dialects of the Russian language.

To achieve this goal, the work needs to solve a number of relevant tasks :

· Consider the concept of dialect;

· Analyze the structure of dialects of the Russian language;

· Identify the reasons for the emergence of dialects of the Russian language, trace the dynamics of their development.

Object of work are various Russian dialects, without limiting the territories of people's settlement.

Introduction.

Range of working terms. Limits of derivation.

To explain the main terms of this work, we use the “Modern Dictionary of the Russian Language”, 2007, in which we take the following derivations:

A dialect or dialect is (from the Greek dialektos - dialect, adverb), a variety of a given language used as a means of communication by persons connected by a close territorial, professional or social community.

An adverb is the largest unit of dialect division, determined by linguistic, cultural and historical characteristics of the delimitation of dialects.

Dialectism is linguistic (phonetic, grammatical, etc.) features inherent in dialectal speech, interspersed into the literary language. Sometimes used as stylistic device in works of art.

Dialectology - (from dialect and logos - word, teaching), a branch of linguistics that studies history and current state dialects (adverbs) and dialects of a particular language.

Descriptive dialectology is a science that studies modern dialects of the second half of the 20th century.

Historical dialectology is a science that studies the history of the development of dialects, as well as individual linguistic features.

Linguistic geography is a branch of linguistics that studies the territorial distribution of linguistic phenomena.

Ethnography - (from the Greek ethnos - tribe, people; also ethnology), the science of ethnic groups (peoples), studying their origin and settlement, life and culture.

Isogloss - (from iso... and Greek glossa - language, speech), a line on a dialectological map showing the boundaries of the territorial distribution of a particular linguistic phenomenon.

Legend - maps, a set of symbols and explanations for the map.

Area - (from Latin area - area, space), the area of distribution on the earth's surface of any phenomena, certain species (genera, families, etc.) of animals and plants, minerals, etc.

Chapter 1. The concept of dialect.

§ 1.1. Dialects in modern Russian.

A dialect is a language system that serves as a means of communication for a small territorially closed group of people, usually residents of one or several rural settlements. In this meaning, the term “dialect” is synonymous with the Russian term “dialect”. A dialect is also called a set of dialects united by common linguistic features. The continuity of the territory of distribution as a condition for the unification of dialects into a dialect is not recognized by all researchers.

It is customary to distinguish between territorial dialects - varieties of language used in a certain territory as a means of communication by the local population - and social dialects - varieties of language spoken by certain social groups population.

Dialect may differ from the standard language at all levels language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic. So, for example, some northern dialects of the Russian language are characterized by a rounded pronunciation, replacing the sound “Ch” with “C” (“tsai” instead of “chai”, “tserny” instead of “black”, etc.). Another feature of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the instrumental and dative cases plural nouns For example: “work with your hands” instead of the all-Russian “work with your hands.” But, of course, the biggest differences are in the area of vocabulary. Thus, in Northern Russian dialects, instead of the all-Russian “good” they say “baskoy”, instead of “neighbor” they say “shaber”; in Siberian villages, gooseberries are called the word “argus”, hut - the word “buda”, and instead of the common Russian “branch” they say “gilka”.

Dialectal differences in the Russian language as a whole are very small. A Siberian easily understands a Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol understands a Northern Russian. But in countries such as Germany or China, the differences between individual dialects can be even greater than the difference between Russian and Polish languages. Since in such countries communication between people speaking different dialects is very difficult or even impossible, the role of a national literary language in them increases sharply. Literary language here serves as a factor that unites the entire population of the country into one people. On the other hand, there are languages in which there is no dialect division at all. An important difference between dialects and literary languages is the absence of an independent form of writing in dialects (exceptions are few).

Sometimes, reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that it’s all about special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?

The concept of “Dialectism”

Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the residents of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or hamlets. Linguistic scientists became interested in such words back in the 18th century. Shakhmatov, Dal, and Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be varied in appearance.

Highlight following types dialectisms:

Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “myashki” instead of “bags” or “Khvyodor” instead of “Fedor”;
Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “At my place”;
Word-forming. The population changes suffixes or prefixes in words when speaking. For example, guska - goose, pokeda - bye;
Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared based on natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - cheesecake with potatoes or “poneva” - skirt;
Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybul. And needlewort in northern dialects is needles.

Also, dialects are usually divided into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately transmits all the flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, since they are close to literary standards language.

Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's look at the word “House”. In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house differently. The canopy and porch are a bridge, the rest rooms are a hut, the attic is a ceiling, the hayloft is a story, and the zhirka is a room for pets.

Dialectisms exist at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but are not studied separately by scientists.

Examples of “local” words in literature

It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it could be heard dialectisms in artistic speech , but over time they become commonly used and are included in the Russian language dictionary. Example, verb “rustle”. It was originally used in work of art“Notes of a Hunter” by I.S. Turgenev. It meant “onomatopoeia.” Another word is “tyrant”. This was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Previously, such nouns as tues, ukhvat and owl were dialectal. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.

Conveying the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialectisms. Examples of such words include the following:

in a dilapidated shushun - a view of a woman outerwear;
kvass in a container - in a wooden barrel;
Dracheny - food made from eggs, milk and flour;
popelitsa - ash;
damper - the lid of a Russian stove.

A lot of “local” words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Every sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all used skillfully, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.

become cold - freeze, cool down;
pokul - bye, goodbye:
to party - to rage, to rage.

Mikhail Sholokhov in “ Quiet Don” was able to convey all the beauty of Cossack speech through dialect.

base - peasant yard;
Gaydamak - robber;
kryga - ice floe;
plow - virgin soil;
zaimishche - water meadow.

In the author’s speech of “The Quiet Don” there are whole phrases that show us the way of life of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that an object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, baited.

Also in “Quiet Don” there are many possessive pronouns, which are formed using the suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's wipe, Christon's back.

But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.

Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read the texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”. You can also find such words in a regular explanatory dictionary. Next to them there will be a mark obl., which means “regional”.

The role of dialects in modern language

The role of such words can hardly be overestimated. They are designed to perform important functions:

The dialect is currently mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary scholars and linguists should do a lot of work; they should look for speakers of dialects and enter the found dialectisms into a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the connection between generations.

The significance of works with dialectal usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference from the literary language, they, although slowly, but they replenish vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.