Phraseological expression. Types of phraseological units
This page presents phraseological units various kinds, everything is described in detail and laid out on shelves so that everything is convenient. Otherwise they are called phraseological units. These are phrases that, in terms of the composition of their words, do not correspond to the true words, but at the same time are consistent in meaning. Proverbs and sayings don't count :-)
As you have already noticed, they are sorted into groups. The most popular of them relate to water, body parts (nose, tongue, etc.) and bread. And also about animals and food. So, let's go.
Phraseologisms with the word “water” and related ones
Storm in a teacup– strong excitement or irritability over trifles.
Written on the water with a pitchfork– purely theoretically; that is, it is unknown what will happen next.
Carry water in a sieve- waste time in vain, idle.
Take water into your mouth- remain silent, as if your mouth was really full of water.
Output to clean water
- to reveal the truth, expose, find out the true face.
Get away with it- go unpunished, without consequences.
Drive the wave– provoke aggression, make unnecessary noise.
Money is like water– they leak very quickly, and getting them back is not so easy.
Stay afloat– continue to develop despite difficulties and conduct business successfully.
Wait by the sea for weather- expect pleasant events that are unlikely to happen.
Life is in full swing– when life is full of bright events, does not stand still.
Like looking into the water– he predicted, as if he knew in advance. By analogy with fortune telling by water.
How he sank into the water- disappeared, disappeared without a trace.
Down in the mouth- about sadness, sadness.
Like water through your fingers- about what goes away quickly and unnoticed. Usually in pursuit.
Like two peas in a pod– very similar.
How to give something to drink– very simple; definitely, definitely.
Like water off a duck's back– it doesn’t matter. Similar to phraseology - Get away with it.
Out of the blue- about a sharply approaching event. Unexpectedly, suddenly, out of nowhere.
Sink into oblivion- disappear forever, fall into oblivion.
Swim in gold– about very rich people.
The ice has broken- about the beginning of a business.
Pouring water– show negativity, provoke.
Much water has passed under the bridge– a lot of time has passed.
Sea up to your knees– about a brave man who doesn’t care about anything.
Darker than a cloud- about excessive anger.
Muddy the waters- to confuse, confuse.
On top of the wave- be in favorable conditions.
Don't spill the water- about strong, inseparable friendship.
Pour from empty to empty
Go with the flow– act passively, submitting to the prevailing circumstances.
Pitfalls– about any hidden danger, trick, obstacle.
After the rain on Thursday- never, or not at all soon.
Last straw- about an event in which a person’s patience runs out.
Go through fire, water and copper pipes
- go through difficult tests, difficult situations.
A dime a dozen- a lot, a lot.
Don't drink water from your face– to love a person not for his appearance, but for his inner qualities.
Get it from the bottom of the sea- solve any problem without looking at any difficulties.
Hide the ends in water- hide traces of the crime.
Quieter than water, below the grass- about quiet, modest behavior.
Pound water in a mortar- engage in useless work.
Wash your hands– to evade participation or responsibility in any matter.
Clean water- about something obvious, without any doubt.
Phraseologisms with the word “nose” and other parts of the body
Mutter under your breath– grumble, speak indistinctly.
hang your nose- to become despondent, to become upset.
Lead by the nose- to deceive, to tell a lie.
Keep your nose up!- a command not to be discouraged, not to be upset.
Turn up your nose- to put oneself above others, to put on airs, to imagine oneself to be in charge.
Hack on the nose- remember it completely.
Nodding off- doze off with your head hanging low.
Wrinkle your nose- reflect on a difficult task.
On the nose- about an event that should happen in the near future.
Can't see beyond your nose- limit yourself to yourself, not notice what is happening around you.
Nose to nose or Face to face– very close, on the contrary, very close.
Keep your nose to the wind– be aware of all events, make the right decision.
Stay with your nose or Leave with your nose- do without what you were counting on.
Right under your nose- very close.
WITH Gulkin's nose
- about a pigeon that has a small nose, that is, very little.
Poking your nose into none of your business- about excessive curiosity.
Poking your nose- that is, until you poke your nose, he won’t see it himself.
Wipe your nose– to prove one’s superiority, to defeat someone.
bury your nose- to become completely immersed in something.
Talk through your teeth- that is, speak indistinctly, barely opening your mouth.
Charm your teeth- divert attention from the essence of the conversation.
Know by heart- that is, to know deeply and firmly.
Bare your teeth or Show teeth- snap, get angry; mock.
Too tough- not possible.
Not even a kick- do nothing, know nothing.
Put your teeth on the shelf- to starve, to be bored, to lack something.
Grit your teeth- go into battle without despair. Restrain yourself without showing your weakness.
Keep your mouth shut- be silent, don’t say a word.
Long tongue- about a person who loves to talk a lot.
Bite your tongue- refrain from words.
Loosen your tongue- talk too much without refraining.
Tongue swallow- to remain silent, having no desire to speak.
Keep your ears open– be careful to avoid an emergency.
Keep your ears on top- be careful, careful, do not trust anyone.
For the eyes and ears- about giving too much time to do something.
You can't see your ears- about an item that will never be obtained.
Blush up to your ears- be very ashamed, embarrassed.
Hang your ears– listen with excessive enthusiasm, trust everything.
Eyes popped out of my head- about sincere surprise, amazement.
Eyes lit up- to passionately want something.
Shoot with eyes- look expressively, flirtatiously at someone.
Like an eyesore- to disturb someone, to bother someone.
Splurge- create a false, overly pleasant impression of yourself. Boast.
From the point of view– about someone’s opinion, judgment on a particular topic.
Look through your fingers– look attentively at the problem, do not be picky.
Ogle- to attract attention, to suck up.
You can't put it in your mouth– about food prepared tastelessly.
Lip is not a fool- about a person who knows how to choose something to his taste.
Pout lips- make a dissatisfied face, be offended.
Roll out your lip- want a lot with minimal opportunities.
With your mouth open– listen carefully; be surprised.
Out of my head- about forgetfulness, inattention.
Have a head on your shoulders- be smart, quick-witted.
Puzzle- think intensely, intensely, trying to understand something.
Fool your head- to deceive, fool, confuse.
From head to toe- completely, at full height.
Turn it upside down- to give the opposite meaning to something, to distort.
Headlong- very quickly.
Hit face in the dirt- to disgrace yourself, to disgrace yourself in front of someone.
Be at hand- about something accessible, close.
Keep yourself in control- maintain composure, be restrained.
As if taken off by hand– about quickly passing pain, illness.
Bite your elbows- regret what you did, with the impossibility of going back.
Working hard- perform work diligently, without interruptions.
Hand in hand– about a joint, agreed upon deal or friendship.
Just a stone's throw– about an object that is nearby, very close.
Grab with both hands- take on any task with pleasure.
Golden hands– about a talented person who skillfully copes with any job.
Get off on the wrong foot- wake up without a mood.
Wipe your feet (on someone)– to cause harm, to get on one’s nerves, to annoy.
Doing your feet- go, move.
Stepping on your toes- to catch up with someone or pursue someone, hanging on him.
Feet to hands- do something immediately.
The devil himself will break his leg- about disorder, chaos in business or anywhere.
Get knocked off your feet- to be very tired in some activity or path.
Phraseologisms with the word “bread”
There is bread for free- do not bring any benefit.
And then the bread- about having at least something rather than nothing at all.
On your own bread– live on your own salary, without the opportunity of anyone else.
Not by bread alone– about a person who lives not only materially, but also spiritually.
Beating bread– deprive the opportunity to earn money by taking away work.
Subsist from bread to kvass (to water)- live in poverty, starve.
Sit down on bread and water– eat the cheapest food, save on food.
Daily bread– about what is necessary for human life, his existence.
Bread and salt- a dear greeting to guests, an invitation to the table.
Bread and circuses!– a cry about presenting vital priorities.
Don't feed me bread– about a very busy or rich person who is not hungry.
Phraseologisms on the topic of cuisine and food
Free cheese- bait that lures into a trap.
Boil in your own juice- live your life. Or help yourself without the help of others.
Not worth a damn- about something that is insignificant and not worth any expense.
Donut hole- about something empty, without any content.
To slurp jelly seven miles away- to go somewhere without special need.
Brew the porridge- create a problem, they say, you started it yourself - solve it yourself.
And you can’t lure me with a roll- about someone who cannot be forced to change his mind.
Like chickens in cabbage soup- about getting into unexpected trouble. Kur is “rooster” in Old Russian.
Like clockwork– very simple, without difficulties.
Live like a lord– about a profitable, comfortable life.
You can't cook porridge- O joint action with someone with whom there will be no use.
Milk rivers, jelly banks– about a fabulous, fully prosperous life.
Not at ease- feel awkward. In an uncomfortable situation.
Slurping unsalted- not getting what they expected. To no avail.
Not for any reason- analogue of phraseological unit And you can’t lure me with a roll.
Neither fish nor fowl- about an ordinary person who does not have anything bright or expressive.
Cut off slice– about a person living independently, independent of others.
Professor of sour cabbage soup- about a person talking about things about which he himself does not really know.
Easier steamed turnips
– it couldn’t be simpler, or very simple.
Clearing up the mess- solve complex, neglected problems.
The fish rots from the head– if the government is bad, then the subordinates will become the same.
Hot on the side- about someone or something unnecessary, optional, secondary.
Seventh water on jelly– about distant relatives who are difficult to identify.
Eat the dog- about any business with a rich amount of experience.
Grated kalach– about a person with rich life experience who does not get lost in difficult situations.
Horseradish is not sweeter than radish- about an insignificant exchange for something that is not better.
Worse than bitter radish- about something completely unbearable, intolerable.
Nonsense on vegetable oil
- about something that doesn’t deserve any attention. Absurdity.
After an hour, a teaspoon– about inactive, unproductive work.
Phraseologisms with animals
Chasing two birds with one stone- trying to do two things at the same time.
Making mountains out of molehills- greatly exaggerate.
Teasing the geese- to irritate someone, to cause anger.
No brainer (Goat knows)- about something very clear, obvious.
And the wolves are fed, and the sheep are safe- about a situation in which both here and there are good.
Look for tails– look for sources for cooperation in any enterprise.
Like a cat and a dog – life together with constant swearing.
Like a chicken paw- to do something carelessly, sloppily, crookedly.
Like chicken and egg- about any item that is difficult to part with.
Like a mouse on a grain- sulk, express dissatisfaction, resentment.
When the cancer on the mountain whistles- never, or not at all soon.
Cats scratch at my soul– about a sad, difficult state or mood.
Crocodile tears– crying for no reason, compassion for a non-existent sign.
Chickens laugh- stupid, ridiculous, absurd, funny.
Chickens don't peck- O large quantities some person's money.
The lion's share- a big advantage in favor of something. The biggest part.
Martyshkin's work- a useless process of work, wasted effort.
The bear stepped on my ear– about a person without an ear for music.
Bearish angle- a provincial, remote, deaf place. Far from civilization.
Disservice- help that brings more evil than good.
Cast pearls before swine- to conduct intelligent conversations in front of fools who have little understanding.
You can't get there on a crooked goat- about a person who is difficult to approach.
On a bird's license- not have legal grounds or security for anything.
Not for horse feed (oats)– about efforts that do not produce the expected results.
Don't sew the mare's tail– completely unnecessary, out of place.
I'll show you where crayfish spend the winter- prediction of revenge, undesirable position.
Let the red rooster go- commit arson, start a fire.
Bird's eye view– from a great height, giving an overview of a large space.
Put the pig down- to do a mischief, to do something unpleasant.
Watch the ram at the new gate- to look at something with a stupid expression.
Dog cold– severe cold causing discomfort.
Counting crows- yawn, be inattentive to something.
Dark horse- an incomprehensible, little-known person.
Pull the cat's tail– delay the matter, work very slowly.
Kill two birds with one stone- solve two problems at the same time.
Even if a wolf howls– about any situation without the possibility of changing it for the better.
The black cat ran- break friendly relations, quarrel.
Phraseologisms with objects, other phraseological units
Lost hour- for a long time.
Beat your head- do simple, not so important things.
Abandon to fate– leave somewhere without helping or showing interest.
Put a spoke in wheel- to interfere, to deliberately disturb someone.
go around the mountain- to accomplish some great deed.
Keep in line- treat someone strictly, for the good of your will.
Keep your pocket wider– about too high and unrealistic hopes and expectations.
From rags to riches- suddenly and dramatically achieve amazing success.
Out of the ordinary– different from everything ordinary, special.
Reinvent the wheel– try to make something from an already proven, reliable means.
From time immemorial- a long time ago, a very long time ago.
A stone has fallen from my soul (from my heart)- a feeling of relief when getting rid of something oppressive.
Oil painting- everything came together well and beautifully.
Roll a barrel- behave aggressively towards someone.
Mom don't worry- about something extraordinary, going beyond the ordinary understanding of things.
Exchange an awl for soap It’s a pointless thing to exchange one useless thing for another.
Cover yourself with a copper basin– suddenly and abruptly disappear, deteriorate; die.
Found a scythe on a stone– faced with an irreconcilable contradiction of opinions and interests.
Doesn't light up– not so important, not urgent.
Not far off– nearby, not too distant in time or space.
I don't dare- not simple, not stupid.
Can't afford it– about the discrepancy between someone’s income and financial capabilities.
From our table to yours– about the transfer of any property to another person.
Shelve- quit something for an indefinite period of time.
Go too far- to be overly zealous in something.
The song is sung- the end has come for someone or something.
On the shoulder- about the ability to cope with something.
Essentially– naturally, of course.
Add fuel to the fire– deliberately aggravate the conflict, provoke.
The train has left- time has passed to do something.
One, two - and I miscalculated- about something in small quantities that is easy to count.
Born in a shirt- about a very lucky man who miraculously escaped tragedy.
Make both ends meet- have difficulty coping with financial difficulties.
Move a mountain- a lot to do.
Sit on pins and needles- to be impatient, waiting, wanting to achieve something.
At least henna– about the indifference of a person who doesn’t care about someone else’s misfortune.
Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism - stable combination words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and became entrenched in people's speech. The expression is endowed with imagery and may have a figurative meaning. Over time, the expression may come into use broad meaning, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.
Lexical meaning has a phraseological unit as a whole. The words included in a phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (raise to heaven - trample into the dirt). A phraseological unit in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, playing the fool), relationships in society (bosom friend, putting a spoke in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up his nose, sour face), etc. Phraseologisms make a statement expressive and create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Set expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages - English, Japanese, Chinese, French.
To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list or on the page below.
Phraseological combinations
Phraseological combinations are such stable phrases, general meaning which depends entirely on the meaning of the constituent words. Words as part of a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, but are not free and manifest their meaning only in combination with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word tearfully is combined only with the words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of constant and variable members in combination significantly distinguishes them from adhesions and unities. The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in the combinations burn with shame and melancholy, burn and takes will be constant, since these words will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: burn - from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace; burn - from love; burn out - from impatience, envy; takes - melancholy, meditation; takes - annoyance, anger; takes - fear, horror; takes - envy; beret - hunting; takes - laughter. The use of other components is impossible (cf.: “burn with joy”, “takes a smile”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these phrases (see § 2), i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.
Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological adhesions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological closedness of phrases of this type, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the general phraseological meaning (cf.: lower your head - lower your head; sit in a puddle - sit in a galosh; knit your eyebrows - frown, etc. ). This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological unities, and often synonyms.
The syntactic connections of words in such phrases correspond to existing norms according to which free phrases are created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and are always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in a particular phraseological unit.
Phraseological combinations are a fairly numerous group in composition and very common in use.
This is a type of phraseological unit consisting entirely of free words.
Example: all ages are submissive to love, spin like a squirrel in a wheel.
Phraseological expressions can include both phrases and sentences. The function of phraseological expressions, unlike all the groups presented above, is communication, they are sentences, and these are complete units of communication. For example: Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 35).
In semantic terms, phraseological expressions are often aphorisms or edifying statements. Example: If you like to ride, you also like to carry sleds(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 36).
Syntactically, these are sentences different types, can be subjected to syntactic analysis (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 38).
But not all linguists include phraseological expressions in phraseology. Opponents of their inclusion in phraseology, scientists S.I. Ozhegov, N.N. Amosov and A.V. Kalinin, justify their opinion by the fact that these are communicative, complete and free units (Babkin, 2001, p. 59).
N.M. Shansky advocates their inclusion in a number of phraseological units, based on the common characteristics of proverbs and sayings and phraseological units, namely their common use and the ability to reproduce them in speech in finished form (Shansky, 1985, p. 101)
Despite the active use of this classification, it has two drawbacks: firstly, it does not cover the entire variety of phraseological units, and secondly, it is not always possible to correlate a phraseological unit with any of the groups and classify it. However, the establishment of the main types of phraseological units in accordance with the classification of V.V. Vinogradov currently seems to be the most scientifically substantiated.
The basis for another classification of phraseological units is the grammatical structure of phraseological units. According to the structure of phraseological units, N.M. Shansky divided into two groups:
· corresponding to the offer;
· corresponding to a combination of words (Shansky, 1985, p. 103).
Since in a sentence phraseological units act as one member of the sentence, we can talk about their indivisibility and coherence. In a sentence, phraseological units can be any member of it.
Another classification is based on the correlation of phraseological units with parts of speech and the similarity of their syntactic functions; it was substantiated by V.V. Vinogradov, and later clarified by A.V. Kunin (Kunin, 1967, p.44):
1. Nominal phraseological units. The main component is the noun. They indicate a person: Kazan orphan (pretending to be unhappy, pathetic), forbidden fruit(something tempting but forbidden.(Vinogradov, 1977, p.92).In a sentence, nominal phraseological units are used in the syntactic function of the subject, the nominal part compound predicate, additions. For example, white crow (stands out from society)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 23).
2. Verb phraseological units. The largest group. The main component is the verb or gerund. Verbal phraseological units are united by the common meaning of action. For example: lose your head (lose self-control), get into a bottle (get irritated over trifles)(Vinogradov, 1977, p.95). In a sentence, verbal phraseological units have the function of a predicate. For example, give up (despair, stop acting)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 259).
3. Adjective phraseological units - represent a qualitative characteristic of a person ( ate little porridge - young, not strong enough; on your mind - secretive, cunning) and qualitative characteristics of the item (brand new - new, elegant; fingers lick it - something tasty, tempting).(Vinogradov, 1977, p.96). In a sentence, adjective phraseological units are used in syntactic function inconsistent definition. For example, fire tower (high)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 137).
4. Adverbial phraseological units - indicate a qualitative characteristic of an action (tirelessly - trying; halfheartedly - overcoming difficulties) or degree qualitative characteristics(to the marrow of the bones - completely and completely; one hundred percent - absolute)(Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). In a sentence, adverbial phraseological units play the role of various circumstances. For example, carelessly (casually)(Molotkov, 1978, p. 341).
5. Interjective phraseological units. Express various feelings, emotions, will. For example: well, well! when expressing surprise; damn it! - an exclamation of surprise, annoyance or indignation (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 97). For example, Wow!
Some phraseological units are not associated with parts of speech, but play the role of addresses or introductory words. An example of phraseological units - introductory words: as if not so! (expression of disagreement) (Vinogradov, 1977, p. 98).
Thus, the classification of phraseological units is based on various parameters: their structure, the degree of dissection of their semantics, the functions they perform in speech. V.V. Vinogradov characterized phraseological units from the lexical-semantic side and identified phraseological unities, phraseological fusions, phraseological combinations and phraseological expressions. N.M. Shansky, E.I. Dibrov classify phraseological units depending on their grammatical structure.
You can also classify phraseological units according to their origin, in this case they distinguish following types FE:
· Original Russian phraseology, within which it is possible to identify common Slavic phraseological units ( naked as a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take it to the quick), East Slavic ( neither cola nor courtyard, under Tsar Pea, to plant a pig), Russians themselves ( with gulkin's nose, with the whole world, put it on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in the others Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.
· Separate view represent phraseological units that are borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language: forbidden fruit, promised land, fiend of hell, manna from heaven, byword, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, Babel . Their source was in church books (the Bible, the Gospel), which were translated into Old Church Slavonic.
· Another type is represented by phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables. It is worth noting that most of these phraseological units function in other languages, which gives them the international character of catch phrases that go back to antiquity.
· Phraseologisms borrowed from European languages at a later time. These include popular expressions from world literature: To be or not to be (W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here (A. Dante).
· Phraseologisms borrowed from other languages by tracing. The tracing papers in this case are literal translation from the source language: blue stocking(English blue stocking), time is money (English time is money), kill time (French tuer le temps), honeymoon (French la lune de miel), that's where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).
In one of scientific works V.N. Telia (“What is phraseology?”) (Telia, 1966, p. 30). The classification of phraseological units is given in accordance with the nature of the relationship of phraseological units with the lexical level:
1. To the first type she includes phraseological units, in which one member is the word in its free use, and the other is the word constituting the phrase, with its characteristic specific form existence. For example: Augean stables.
2. The second type includes phraseological units in which there is a complete loss of semantic connections of their components and elements lexical system language. As a result, they became a kind of separately formed words. For example: Indian summer.
3. The third type includes phraseological units, which are “quotations”. In other words, they are reproduced from some source (proverbs, catchphrases, literary and journalistic stamps or cliches) (Teliya, 1966, p. 30).
The nature and specificity of phraseological units of the Russian language are largely determined by the function they perform in language and speech:
· nominative - the ability of phraseological units to serve as names for objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, i.e. phraseological units perform the function of a secondary means of expressing a concept;
· communicative - phraseological units act as a means of communication or message;
· pragmatic - it is possible to strengthen the pragmatic orientation of the message transmitted to the addressee by phraseological units;
· cumulative - phraseological units of semantic structure, as well as a reflection of the national and spiritual culture of the people;
· stylistic - thanks to the use of phraseological units in speech, a statement can become more rich, expressive, and emotional;
· emotional - expressive - phraseological units can express the emotional assessment of the speaker in relation to phenomena and objects of the surrounding reality;
· aesthetic - it is possible to convey the aesthetic feelings of the speaker by phraseological units (Shansky, 1985, p. 39).
The listed functions, implemented by phraseological units in language and speech, allow phraseological units to be important means emotional and expressive expression, without which no one can do without to the talking person. Phraseology primarily serves the emotional sphere of language. Accordingly, the emergence of phraseological units facilitates the figurative and expressive characterization of the concept, the expression of the speaker’s relationship to this concept, the ability to express the emotional attitude/state/assessment of the speaker.
Chapter 1 Conclusions
The phraseological corpus of the Russian language is a source that provides enrichment literary language new expressive and figurative possibilities.
A phraseological unit is an independent, nominative unit of language, which is a stable combination of words expressing a holistic phraseological meaning and in function correlating with individual words.
Phraseologisms collectively represent a system in which phraseological units are part of various paradigms (synonymous, antonymic, homonymous), united by integral features; are characterized by lexico-syntactic selective compatibility with other words in speech, and have an obligatory and probabilistic verbal environment.
The signs of phraseological units and the basis for their classification were laid down in the works of S. Bally and V.V. Vinogradova.
According to the aspect of the study, created various classifications phraseological units.
Phraseologisms are usually classified:
· According to the degree of semantic divisibility/indivisibility of the components of a phraseological unit.
· Depending on their grammatical structure.
· According to the syntactic functions performed and correlation with parts of speech.
· By the nature of the relationship between phraseological units and the lexical level.
· By origin.
The nature and specificity of phraseological units are largely determined by the functions of phraseological units in language and speech.
The main functions of phraseological units are:
· nominative;
· communicative;
· pragmatic;
· cumulative;
· stylistic;
· Emotionally expressive;
· aesthetic.
The nominative function of phraseological units with an indifferent-evaluative meaning is to identify the properties of the denoted; idioms with the qualification of the properties of the denoted include evaluative and emotive connotations in their semantics.
Phraseologisms are already difficult in themselves: in addition to them characteristic features, we need to remember them meaning, which, by the way, is not always “derived” from the meanings of the component words. It is by the “confluence” of meanings that phraseological units are divided into phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations And phraseological expressions.
Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, - these are lexical indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included below.Phraseological adhesions, Thus, they are a striking example of the maximum “cohesion” of the components of a phraseological unit. As the most characteristic signs of adhesions, we note the following: lexical indivisibility, semantic cohesion, one member of a sentence. In general, phraseological fusions most clearly demonstrate the concept of “phraseologism”.
Perfectly illustrates the category of phraseological fusions phraseological unit "beat the buck". Beat your head- Means, idle, spend time idle. This expression is clear to everyone, but its “literal” meaning has little connection with the “ultimate” meaning: thumbs up called logs, respectively, kick the bucket - cut logs, process them in a special way(it was from this wood that spoons were later made). In other words, kicking the bucket was not such an easy task. As we can see, the meaning of the entire expression is not derived from the meaning of its individual components, hence – voila! - really before us phraseological fusion.
Among other examples of idioms, we note the most significant units for us:
from the bay, floundering, Sodom and Gomorrah, topsy-turvy, hand on heart, out of hand, a coward to celebrate, from young to old, on bare feet, Wednesdayin broad daylight, without hesitation, so-so, wherever it goes, on your own mind, say a joke, marvel etc.
Phraseological unities- This lexically indivisible phrases
, the general meaning of which is to some extent already motivated figurative meaning words that make up this phrase. Distinctive features phraseological units are the ability to “understand” meaning both directly and figuratively,
and also possibility of insertionbetween components of phraseological units of other words.
Consider the expression "pour grist to the mill", which means " to indirectly help someone by one's actions or behavior" This expression “gets along” well with direct value (i.e. literally grist for the mill– on water mill, which rotates under the influence of water force), and with the value portable, with which we are already familiar. In addition, this expression is often found with inserts of pronouns and adjectives: pour water on St. oh mill, pour water on mine mill, pour water on his mill, pour water on someone else's mill and under.
Vivid examples of phraseological unities are the expressions: splurge, keep a stone in your bosom, go with the flow, go into your shell, suck blood and milk out of your finger; first violin, freezing point, inclined plane, center of gravity, specific gravity etc.
Phraseological combinations- This stable revolutions, the value of which depends entirely on the value of their constituent components. In other words, such phraseological units retain relative semantic independence , showing its significance in extremely closed circle of words . As a rule, in such phraseological units we can distinguish permanent member, which does not change, is a kind of basis for expression, and variable term, i.e. capable of change, vary. For example, the expression "tearful to ask" might look like "tearfully beg" etc. This means that “tearfully” is a constant component, and “beg”, “ask” and other interpretations are variable components. Likewise: burn out Can from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace, from love, impatience, envy etc.; take Maybe melancholy, meditation, annoyance, anger, fear, horror, envy, hunting, laughter etc. Despite the variety of options for the variable component, phraseological combinations require only a certain set of words - quite closed: for example, you cannot say “ takes on loneliness" or " takes the disease" As a rule, such expressions are “friends” with their synonyms: touch a sense of honor = hurt a sense of honor.
Phraseological expressions- This combinations of words that are reproduced as ready-made speech units. The lexical composition and meaning of such phraseological units is constant. The meaning of phraseological expressions depends on the meaning of the words included in their meaning. 
becoming Traditionally, phraseological units of this type do not contain words with limited value
. Also in phraseological expressions replacement of components is not possible. Phraseological expressions include proverbs, sayings, quotes, sayings, which acquired features of generalization, figurative typification, those. turned into metaphors.
These are lexical units known to many: if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind blows; water does not flow under a lying stone; like a dog in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and won’t give it to the cattle; you can't see the forest for the trees; that's where the dog is buried; man in a case; Trishkin caftan; wise minnow; and the casket simply opened; to be or not to be: that is the question; No matter how you feed the wolf, the forest is still watching etc.
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