Cities founded by Greek colonists. Great Greek Colonization. Olbia.Bosporus

In history Ancient Greece this is a special phenomenon considering the level economic development and seafaring capabilities. The colonization or establishment of Greek settlements away from its territory was mainly carried out with the help of ships. This is due to the fact that Greece was washed by the seas, had convenient access to the sea, and ships were already sailing not only with the shore in sight, but also making long journeys, guided by the stars. The geography of colonization is striking in its distances: from the Atlantic to the Caucasus. Despite the pure practical purpose, colonization in the works of ancient Greek authors was also represented in romantic style as described in the journey of Odysseus.

Reasons for Ancient Greek Colonization

The Great Migration falls on the period from the 8th to the 4th century BC - in history this period is called the Archaic period. Historians have identified several reasons that contributed to the need to search for new places of settlement. The first is called economic, since by this time there was an increase in the population, and in the conditions of Greece (mountainous terrain), despite favorable climate, the land could not feed everyone. With the tools that were known at that time, it was practically impossible to increase the intensity of cultivation of agricultural products. The use of slave labor aggravated the situation and also hindered the development of agricultural production, because at that time it was the main one. The Greek population began to experience a shortage of food and moved away from their homes in search of richer places to live.

The second reason is called social. By that time, the existing legal system made it possible to enslave free citizens for debts, which pushed them to give up their land plots as debt and seek happiness far from their homes. Trade with other countries and their colonies became a profitable business, where part of the population flocked. By exploring new lands, they could improve their lives and had the opportunity to get rich, while having a constant connection with their homeland.

The third reason is called the socio-economic struggle between various groups population during the establishment of tyranny in some policies, accompanied by repression by the authorities. The losing side was simply forced to flee the country or die. The colony became a refuge for such groups.

The fourth reason is related to the growth of handicraft production and the lack of raw materials in Greece itself. The Greek colonies soon began to play a leading role in supplying the metropolis with the necessary raw materials.

The fifth reason follows from the previous ones, since with the growth of production additional labor was required, which was no longer sufficient locally. The colonists raided the surrounding lands, captured the inhabitants, turned them into slaves and sold them in slave markets.

Consequences of Greek colonization

It must be said that the colonization itself was carried out under the supervision of the authorities. She equipped ships and gave permission to citizens to leave. For targeted resettlement, exploration expeditions were organized, records were kept, and colony leaders were appointed. Geographical location Greece determined the directions of resettlement and organization of settlements. First of all, the development of the islands of the Aegean Sea and Asia Minor began, and through the straits they entered the Black Sea and reached the mouth of the Don, then in a western direction - towards Italy through the Ionian and Adriatic seas and, right up to the Atlantic coast. Later, Greek settlers appeared in the Middle East and Egypt on the coast of Africa. It is enough to name the most famous colonies to imagine the scope of colonization: Regia and Tarentum in Italy, Olbia, Chersonesos and Byzantium on the Black Sea, Naucratis in Egypt.

Thanks to such a wide and numerous outflow of population from Greece, many problems in Greece itself were eliminated. The Greek economy was given a new impetus. The policies and, accordingly, their citizens became rich. The number of sales markets and sources of raw materials increased significantly, and an additional influx of slaves was ensured. In Greece and in the colonies a layer of economically independent people appeared. The way of life has changed, the mobility of the population has increased, and thereby clan ties have been weakened. By demonstrating one’s own entrepreneurial spirit, it became possible to move up the social ladder.

The significance of the great Greek colonization.

We named economic, social and socio-economic reasons as reasons. The departure of a significant part of the population of Greece outside its borders contributed to the migrants obtaining land to provide food both for themselves and additionally for the population of the country. Social tension was significantly reduced. The development of new lands gave impetus to economic growth in shipbuilding, the emergence of new crafts, and the development of additional trade relations. Trade increased, because traditional Greek goods were exported from Greece, and those that it did not have and that it desperately needed were imported.

Of course, in order to pave new paths, explore new places, and establish connections with the metropolis, people were required who were capable of doing all this. The improvement of man as an individual was placed at the forefront. Sciences such as astronomy, agronomy, geology, medicine and others have become necessary in life. The spirit of competition became a way of life for the Greeks. This was especially evident in sports, which contributed to the improvement of a person both physically and spiritually. Olympic Games were born precisely on this basis. Numerous myths glorified the exploits of heroes. The Greeks brought their achievements in crafts and navigation to new lands. The cultural achievements of the Greeks were also reflected in the locations of the colonies. Many lands and peoples were described, nautical maps were compiled and updated. From the descriptions of Greek travelers, we have an idea of ​​the history of our country in ancient times.

ANTIQUE COLONIES (Latin colonia, from colo - to inhabit, live, inhabit), in the countries of the Ancient East, in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, settlements founded by citizens of a state on foreign territory. The process of founding (or removing) colonies was caused by economic, political and social reasons.

Ancient Eastern colonization. In the countries of the Ancient East, the Assyrian city of Ashur and the cities of Phenicia played the most important role in the process of colonization. In the 20th century BC, traders from Ashur founded a colony in eastern Asia Minor, in the suburbs of the Anatolian city of Kanish, which became a center of international exchange and controlled smaller trading colonies. Signs have been preserved with the “charter of the Assyrian trading colony”, which regulates its relationship with the authorities local government. In addition to the Assyrians and the local population, the inhabitants of these colonies were traders from the Syrian and Euphrates regions.

Phoenician colonization at the end of the 2nd - 1st half of the 1st millennium BC created conditions for the favorable development of crafts and trade in the cities of Phenicia, and also solved certain social problems (bringing out the “surplus” population in the colonies). At the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the colonization of the Phoenicians from the city of Tire was most active. According to tradition, around 1100 BC in North Africa Tire founded the colony of Utica, in the south of Spain - Gades (Gadir, now Cadiz). Later, Phoenician colonies appeared on the western coast of Sicily (Motia, Solunt, Panorm), Sardinia, Malta, and the Balearic Islands. In 825 BC (or 814 BC), Carthage was founded near Utica, becoming the largest Phoenician colony in the Western Mediterranean. Carthage carried out its own colonization, establishing settlements on the coasts of North and West Africa (modern Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania). In the Eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians had settlements mainly on the island of Cyprus. After the collapse of the Tyrian Empire in the 6th century BC, control of the Phoenician colonies in Sicily and Sardinia passed to Carthage. The Phoenician colonies were, first of all, important centers of intermediary trade with local raw materials and products of Phoenician artisans.

Greek and Roman colonization was associated, first of all, with the process of formation of the ancient civil community (in which one of the main rights of a citizen was the right to a plot of land). Due to the insignificance of its own territories ancient states began to resort to forced emigration. In Greece, this process was called the “Great Greek Colonization.” In the 8th-6th centuries BC in the Greek city-states there was an acute shortage of land, which was associated, on the one hand, with population growth, and on the other, with concentration land ownership in the hands of the nobility. In addition, for the development of crafts, it was necessary to provide production with a variety of raw materials. Another reason for colonization is the exacerbation political struggle in policies, during which defeated the group usually preferred to leave their homeland.

Greek colonization developed in three directions: western, northeastern and southern. In the western direction (the coast of Southern Italy and Sicily), the colonies of Chalcis on Euboea, Megara and Corinth were most actively founded. The oldest colony was considered to be the Greek Cyme (Latin Cumae) in Campania, on the west coast of Italy (mid-8th century BC). In Southern Italy, the major colonies were Rhegium, Elea, Croton, Sybaris, Metapontus and Poseidonia. The only Spartan colony was Tarentum. The largest colony in Sicily was Syracuse, founded by the Corinthians in 733 BC. The territories developed by the Greeks in Sicily and Southern Italy were called Magna Graecia. On the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in the 2nd half of the 7th century BC, settlers from Corinth established colonies: Lefkada, Anactorium, Ambracia, Apollonia and Epidamnus (the last two - together with the inhabitants of Kerkyra, who were also colonists of Corinth). At the beginning of the 6th century BC, the Phocians (from the Asia Minor polis of Phocea) founded the colony of Massalia (now Marseille) near the mouth of the Rodan River, and then a number of settlements in the northeast of modern Spain.

Northeastern Greek colonization was first aimed at developing the Thracian coast and the shores of the Hellespont Strait (now the Dardanelles). The peninsula of Halkidiki was populated mainly by colonists from the Euboean cities of Chalkis and Eretria, although Corinth also took part in the colonization, founding Potidaea. On the Thracian coast, the largest colonies were Abdera and Maronea; In the zone of the Megara and Miletus straits, Astacus, Kalchedon, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Abydos and some others were founded.

The first Black Sea colony was Sinope on the Asia Minor coast, which then founded Trebizond. Later, new colonies arose - Sesam, Kromna, Kitor, Amis, bred by Miletus; Megara's only colony in the area was Heraclea (mid-6th century BC). On the western coast of the Black Sea, most of the colonies were also established by Miletus (Istria, Tomy, Odessa and Apollonia). Other Greek city-states founded the colonies of Callatis and Mesembria.

In the colonization of the Northern Black Sea region (see Ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea region), the leading role also belonged to people from Miletus. Colonies arose in the northwestern part of the region - Olbia, Thira, Nikonium. Panticapaeum (now Kerch) was founded on the Crimean shore of the Kerch Strait, followed by Tiritaka, Nymphaeum, Cimmeric, etc.; Further west along the Crimean coast, another colony of Miletus appeared - Feodosia. In the southwest of Crimea, Heraclea Pontus founded Chersonesos. Phanagoria, Kepy and Hermonassa arose on the eastern side of the Kerch Strait. Somewhat to the south, on the land of the Sinds, there was the Sind harbor, later renamed Gorgippia. On the eastern coast of the Black Sea, the largest Greek colonies were Pitiunt (now Pitsunda), Dioskouriada (now Sukhumi) and Phasis (now Poti).

The peculiarity of Greek colonization in the southern and southeastern direction was that on these lands the Greeks had to face eastern states, therefore only in the region of Cyrenaica, on the Libyan coast west of Egypt, did the Greeks manage to found a full-fledged colony of Cyrene. In Egypt, during the XXVI Sans dynasty, in one of the western mouths of the Nile, the Greeks founded the city of Naucratis. There were also Greek settlements in Syria (Al-Mina) and Phenicia (Sukas).

The great Greek colonization, during which hundreds of Greek city-states arose from Spain to the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea, from the Northern Black Sea region to the coast of Africa, caused important changes in the Greek world. First of all, the ancient colonies accepted the “surplus” population of the Greek city policies, which, in conditions of limited land resources, could not realize their right to land and therefore constituted a socially dangerous environment in their homeland. Food, primarily grain, came to Greece from the ancient colonies. The constant supply of grain from the colonies, especially from the Northern Black Sea region and Magna Graecia, in turn, led to structural changes in the agriculture of Greece itself, which gradually lost its natural character and acquired the features of commodity production. Various raw materials (metals, animal skins, etc.) for handicraft production came from the ancient colonies, which stimulated the accelerated development of the cities of Greece itself. As a result of the great Greek colonization, the entire Mediterranean and Black Sea region was transformed into a single economic macrosystem, the center of which was Greece. Cheap goods were imported from the barbarian periphery to Greece: grain, salted fish, metal ores, timber, leather and other types of food and raw materials, as well as slaves. Expensive goods were sent from Greek city-states to the ancient colonies (and through them to the barbarians): olive oil, high-quality wine, painted ceramics, various weapons, jewelry, perfumery, etc. Colonization significantly expanded the horizons of the Greeks, established contacts with various peoples, which contributed to the intensive development of Greek culture. The peculiarity of Greek colonization was that the newly founded colony (apoykia) immediately became a sovereign polis with its own citizenship, legislation, authorities public administration, minted her own coin. With the polis that established this colony (the metropolis), apoikia established close economic, religious and cultural ties and could count on military support. Sometimes several policies took part in the founding of one colony. Some ancient colonies, in turn, founded new colonies in nearby territories. When establishing a colony, its “founder” (oikist) was chosen, who allocated land plots to the colonists in the new place and organized management in the new policy. The name of the oikist enjoyed universal respect, and later his burial place was located in the center of the city, and a special cult was often introduced in his honor.

The Athenian cleruchia, which began to appear at the end of the 6th century BC, had a different character, but became most widespread in the 5th century BC - during the existence of the Delian League (the First Athenian Maritime League). Cleruchia were taken to conquered lands or to the territory of allies who opposed the power of Athens. The population of the cleruchia retained Athenian citizenship and were subject to the authority of the Athenian state.

Roman colonization. The process of breeding colonies was also characteristic of the cities of ancient Italy. For example, the cities of Etruria (Volaterra, Clusium, Perusia, Caere, etc.) brought colonies to Northern Italy and Campania. In Rome, during the formation of the ancient civil community and the intensification of the struggle between patricians and plebeians, when the agrarian question was especially pressing, in the 5th-4th centuries BC, the Roman authorities tried to solve it by establishing colonies on the lands of Italy, captured as a result of numerous wars. Plebeians moved to these colonies, who were not fully incorporated into the civil collective even in Rome itself until the beginning of the 3rd century BC. In this regard, the ancient colonies were considered as virtually independent communities, even those at war with Rome. At the same time, the Romans considered these colonies as allied states obliged to provide Rome with military assistance. During this period, colonies were established in Velitra, Norbu, Antium, Ardea, etc. After the victory in the 2nd Latin War and the liquidation of the Latin Union in 338 BC, the Latins received the right to participate in the establishment of colonies together with the Romans.

Since that time, there were colonies of ancient two legal statuses. In the colonies of Roman law (Ostia, Minturna, Sinuessa, etc.), citizens retained the rights of Roman citizenship, except for the right to participate in comitia and the right to exercise magistracy (since for this it was necessary to be in Rome itself). As a rule, settlers in this type of colony received a small allotment of land. The authorities in these colonies were the duumvirs and the council of decurions. Colonies of Latin law (Luceria, Ariminum, Beneventum, etc.), founded by the Romans and Latins, in legal terms were equated to Latin self-governing communities. The Romans in these colonies lost the right of Roman citizenship, but received a significant land allotment. However, persons who served as magistrates and at the same time were members of the city council in these colonies could subsequently receive the rights of Roman citizenship. Roman colonies were military-agricultural settlements that allowed Rome to control the territory of Italy. The withdrawal of new colonies was initiated by the consuls and tribunes of the plebeians and authorized by a resolution of the Senate and the People's Assembly. A special board of triumvirs compiled lists of colonists, organized their resettlement to a new place, and carried out land surveying. From the 1st century BC, colonies of veterans of the armies of Roman generals (Gaia Maria, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Gnaeus Pompey, Julius Caesar) and later Roman emperors became widespread. The idea of ​​​​establishing Roman colonies in the provinces was first formulated during the tribunate of Gaius Gracchus (123-122), it was assumed that a colony would be founded on the site of the destroyed Carthage. In fact, at the end of the 2nd century BC there was only one Roman colony outside Italy - Narbo in Gaul (118 BC). Under Caesar, the practice of establishing Roman colonies in the provinces became widespread (about 80 thousand people were deported). In the era of the Early Empire, this process continued. Living in the colonies of Roman citizens together with the local population contributed to the latter’s assimilation Latin language, Roman culture, Roman way of life; the colonization of the provinces contributed to their Romanization. After the Edict of Caracalla (212 AD), the status of a Roman colony lost its significance.

Lit.: Salmon E. T. Roman colonization under the Republic. N.Y., 1970; Mayak I. L. Relations between Rome and the Italians in the III-II centuries. BC M., 1971; she is the same. Romans of the Early Republic. M., 1993; Yaylenko V.P. Greek colonization of the 7th-3rd centuries. BC M., 1982; Ancient Greece / Rep. editor E. S. Golubtsova. M., 1983. T. 1; Story ancient world/ Ed. I.M. Dyakonov et al. 3rd ed. M., 1989; Graham A. J. Colony and mother city in ancient Greece. Manchester, 1999.

The Greek colonization of Italy is one of the most interesting pages of Antiquity. It was in Italy that there were the largest number of Greek colonies; it was here that they very early reached an unprecedented prosperity, surpassing their Greek metropolis in size and power.

The Achaean Greeks first landed on the shores of Italy back in the Mycenaean era in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Then they mastered the Anipar Islands in the southern part of the Tyrrhenian Sea and the coast of Campania. Archaeologists have discovered traces of Greek presence even in the area where Rome arose centuries later. An important transit point in the trade of the Mycenaean Greeks with the Italic tribes was Apulia in the southeast of the Apennine Peninsula. There, near the town of Skoliodel Tonno, an entire settlement of Mycenaean Achaeans was excavated. Their trade relations had a significant influence on the development of the tribes of the notorious Apennine culture.

And on the other side of the Apennine “boot”, on the island of Ischia and in the town of Luni in Southern Etruria, fortifications and cemeteries from the Bronze and Early Iron Ages were discovered! Moreover, there are numerous fragments of ceramics brought from Mycenaean Greece! Probably, these settlements were a kind of transit points on the difficult journey of the Mycenaean sailors to the north along the western coast of Italy. A brilliant confirmation of this was the sensational discovery at Cape Gelidonia. There, at the bottom of the Tyrrhenian Sea, underwater archaeologists in the 60s of the 20th century. discovered an entire Mycenaean merchant ship under a layer of silt. It sank, as experts say, in 1200 BC!

Ischia Island - Italy

With the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. life in the Mycenaean trading outposts fades away. But after a few centuries it begins new stage"Great Greek Colonization" And one of its main directions, already trodden by the Mycenaean Greeks, was Italy and Sicily. Around 750 BC immigrants from the city of Chalkida, on Euboea, landed on the shore of a vast bay in Campania and founded the city of Cumae here - the first Greek colony in Italy. In 734 BC. They also founded the first colony in Sicily - the city of Naxos. After this, the Greeks enthusiastically rush to the friendly bays and fertile fields of Italy. As if from a cornucopia, more and more new colonies rained down, which over time densely filled the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea south of Qom to Sicily and again north along the coastal strip of the Ionian Sea up to Calabria. The Corinthians found Syracuse in Sicily (733 BC), the Achaeans established the colony of Sybaris in Bruttium (721 BC), the Rhodians and Cretans founded Gelu (688 BC). Even the Spartans succumbed to the general trend and were taken to Italy in 706 BC. its only colony, but what a colony - Tarentum!

The first Greek colony - Kuma

Having reached their peak, many Greek colonies themselves sent their surplus population to new emporia. Thus, the Cumae founded a whole galaxy of colonies: Naples, Dicearchia (the Romans renamed it Puteoli), Abela, Nola and Zancla in Sicily, opposite narrow strait, separating the island from the mainland. (Zancla later received the new name Messana.) Sybarites, pampered inhabitants of Sybaris, around 700 BC. brought out the colony of Poseidonia, and Gela in Sicily founded Akragant, which soon rose to first place among the Greek cities of the island.

Akragant

Trade was a powerful engine of colonization, so colonies were always located near the sea on the shore of a convenient bay or at the mouth of a river. No wonder the Greeks themselves jokingly called their colonies “frogs croaking along the banks of a pond,” i.e. Mediterranean Sea. The surrounding lands were cultivated by farmers. Relations with local tribes developed in different ways. Sometimes they were peaceful and promoted trade. But many tribes - the Bruttians, Iapyges, Lucans or Osci, as well as the Sicans in Sicily - remained warlike and hostile for a long time, conflicts often broke out, and the colonists had to think about their own defense. Therefore, cities were surrounded by powerful walls and towers, and all citizens served in the militia.

The convenient geographical location, mild climate and soil fertility, which were so lacking in their mountainous homeland, gave reason to the ancient Greeks to christen Southern Italy and Sicily Magna Greece. The cities of Magna Graecia flourished agriculture, crafts and trade with the entire Mediterranean, coins were minted, art and architecture developed, and new philosophical schools arose. Thus, in Cumae the philosopher Pythagoras preached his ideas, whose teachings spread widely not only in Italy, but throughout the Greek world, in Tarentum in the 4th century. BC - his follower Archytas. From here, from Qom, the Etruscans borrowed the Greek alphabet and many customs and beliefs. In Locri, almost earlier than Greece, the laws of Zaleucus were written down, and in Sicily, rhetoric arose for the first time, playing big role in Greek education.

Life in the Greek city-polises was full of vicissitudes. They were threatened not only by the internal strife of democrats and oligarchs, which often elevates ambitious tyrants to the pinnacle of power, but also by external dangers. Strife broke out between different cities. Subjugated surrounding tribes often rebelled. The peoples living in the depths of Italy also alarmed the Greeks with their raids, attracted by news of their unheard-of wealth. In 491 BC. the warlike Samnites defeated the Greeks, and since then the threat of invasion has constantly hung over Tarentum in Calabria, Rhegium and Thurii in Bruttium. The main opponents of the Greeks in Italy were the Etruscans and Carthaginians. The Etruscans had long coveted the fertile regions of Campania and sought to settle there, entering into confrontation with the Campanian Greeks. During the V-III centuries. BC the Campanian, and after them the Greek colonies on the southwestern coast of Italy, fell into decay and submitted to the new ruler - Rome.

In Ancient Greece by the 6th century. BC there were many independent states(policies). The Greeks were a highly developed people. They were good warriors, skilled traders, and skilled craftsmen. In addition, the Greeks were excellent sailors. Their life was largely connected with the sea. Because Greece was surrounded on all sides by seas (see map). The land of Greece is covered with mountains; it was often faster to travel by sea than by land. The Greeks studied the seas around them well.

Events

VIII-VI centuries BC e.- The Great Greek Colonization.

The Greeks called colonization the founding of new settlements - independent policies in distant lands.

The metropolis (literally translated as “mother city”) was the name given to the state that founded the colony. The colony did not become dependent on the metropolis; it was an independent state.

Why did the Greeks found colonies?

• Greece is a small country. When the population increased, it was difficult to feed it. There was not enough bread, and it was very difficult to grow it in mountainous areas.
• In Greece there were frequent clashes between the nobility and the demos. The losing group was often expelled from the policy and was forced to look for a new place of residence.

Where did the Greeks establish colonies?

• All colonies of Ancient Greece were coastal.
• The Greeks founded new policies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, along the shores of Europe, Asia and Africa.

Notable Greek colonies (see map):

West- Syracuse, Naples, Massilia.

East- Olbia, Chersonesus, Panticapaeum. The neighbors of the Greeks in these parts were the Scythians.

South- Cyrene.

From the colonies the Greeks brought:

• corn,
• metals,
• slaves

The following items were imported from Greece to the colonies:

• olive oil,
• wine.

How did colonization affect the lives of the ancient Greeks?

• Crafts developed
• standard of living has increased,
• new influx of slaves,
• The horizons of the Greeks expanded.

Participants

Rice. 1. Colonies of Greece ()

The Greeks learned to build strong wooden ships. Merchants used them to transport handicrafts and other Greek goods to overseas countries. Miletus, a Greek city in Asia Minor, was famous for its woolen fabrics. The best weapons were produced in the city of Corinth, and the best pottery in Athens.

At first, merchants only landed on foreign shores for a short time to exchange goods with local residents. Then Greek trading cities began to establish their permanent colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Seas (Fig. 1).

In Greece, there were many who wanted to move to the colonies: artisans who hoped to find a good market for their products there, peasants who had lost their land, people forced to flee their homeland. The struggle between the demos and the nobility in the Greek city-states forced many Greeks to leave their homeland. Hesiod wrote that the poor left “to free themselves from debts and avoid evil hunger.” When the nobility won, its opponents were forced to flee, fleeing the revenge of the victors. Demos, having achieved power, expelled the aristocrats hostile to him. “I traded my magnificent house for a fugitive ship,” wrote the exiled aristocrat.

A city founding a new colony sent there a whole flotilla of military and merchant ships (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Greek merchant ship ()

In a foreign country, the Greeks captured lands near a convenient bay or at the mouth of a river. Here they built a city and surrounded it with a fortress wall. The settlers set up craft workshops, cultivated the land near the city, raised livestock, and traded with tribes living in the interior of the country. The Greeks acquired slaves from local tribes. Some slaves were left to work in the colonies, and some were sent for sale to Greece.

Many colonies were not inferior in size to the large cities of Greece. The Greeks did not move far from the sea. One ancient writer said that they sat on the seashore as frogs sit around a pond.

In Greece, thanks to trade with the colonies, the demand for handicraft products increased, and this contributed to the further development of crafts and trade in it. Greek cities located near convenient harbors began to grow rapidly. The importation of slaves from the colonies led to the development of slavery in Greece.

Although the Greeks settled over a vast territory, they continued to speak native language. They called themselves Hellenes, and their homeland Hellas. In the countries where colonies arose, Greek culture - Hellenism - spread.

On the banks of the Black and Azov seas The ruins of ancient Greek cities have been preserved - the remains of fortress walls, houses, temples. Archaeologists find coins, handicrafts, and inscriptions among the ruins and in tombs. Greek. Some of the products are made here, and some are brought from Greece. On the shore of the Kerch Strait stood one of the most ancient and largest Greek cities in the south of our country - Panticapaeum (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Panticapaeum (Reconstruction) ()

References

1. A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. History of the Ancient World. 5th grade - M.: Education, 2006.
2. Nemirovsky A.I. A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M.: Education, 1991.

1. W-st.ru ()
2. Xtour.org()
3. Historic.ru ()

Homework

1. Find on the map and describe the location of the largest Greek colonies: Massilia, Tarentum, Syracuse, Cyrene, Miletus.
2. Name the main reasons for the founding of the Greek colonies.
3. What kind of life did the Greeks lead abroad?
4. How did the spread of Greek culture affect the local population?