The use of verbs in the imperative form. Norms for the use of verbs and verb forms
▲ Features of the formation of personal forms
Some verbs (they are called insufficient) do not form the form of the 1st person singular. h. The following reasons for the absence of this personal form can be identified:
1. The formed form is dissonant or difficult to pronounce: to win, to convince, to find oneself, to feel etc.;
2. The formed form phonetically coincides with forms formed from other verbs: I wake you up(from make a fuss) And I wake you up(from wake up), I'm holding(from dare) And I'm holding(from hold).
If it is necessary to use these verbs in the specified form, descriptive constructions, synonyms and correlative verbs of another type are used: I will win, I can win; I want to convince.
Remember!
● 133. * Form the 1st person singular present tense from the verbs below.
To irritate, furrow, pile up, thrust, stare, force, howl, annoy, ride, nonsense, barricade, clutter up, riddled, mottled, speckled, incense, brand, clown, climb, fawn, thresh, insolent, enjoy, spoil, deforest, depopulate, immortalize, condemn, sanctify, beat down, formalize, feel, convince, win, gild, stop, nail, force, mischief, shed a tear, vacuum, go crazy, shine, be a coward, push, weigh down, make sure, provide, manage, kill, to placate, to establish, to force, to strain, to honor, to wonder, to huddle.
▲ Features of conjugation of some verbs
1. Verbs recover, get sick of, get sick of form personal forms with the addition e before the personal ending, they are conjugated as verbs of the 1st conjugation. Personal forms formed according to the type of verbs of the 2nd conjugation are colloquial: I'll get well, you'll get well.
2. Verbs sprinkle, ruffle, pinch form personal forms with the addition of a consonant l Options without l (pour, pour) are colloquial.
3. Some abundant verbs form two forms of the present tense: sway, cluck, gargle etc. Usually the alternating option is considered normative: sways, cackles, rinses... Forms are colloquial sways, cackles, rinses, measures, torments etc.
Along with the stylistic one, there is also a semantic distinction between parallel forms. Verb splash meaning “to sprinkle” has personal forms splashing, splashing (with water); in the meaning of “scatter drops, sprinkle splashes” has personal forms splashing, splashing (fountain).
● 134. Write down the variant forms of the present tense next to the verbs below, determine the nature of these forms (bookish, neutral, colloquial, colloquial) or indicate the difference in lexical meaning.
Sample: puff - puff(neutral, meaning “burns hot, glows”: glowing with heat),puffs(colloquial, meaning “puffs, releases streams of air”: puffs on a cigarette).
Hunger, shine, sparkle, splash, gnaw, move, crave, drip, rivet, click, hesitate, sway, cackle, climb, climb, wave, measure, rush, purr, suffer, dangle, meow, splash, scour, crumble, snort, whip, whine, pinch.
▲ Features of the formation of imperative forms from some verbs
Forms of the imperative mood are formed using the suffix -And or without suffix; in the plural the ending is added -those : say(s), read(s).
Remember!
● 135.* Write the verbs below in the imperative form. Distinguish between standard literary, colloquial and colloquial options. Mark the verbs that do not have an imperative form.
Sample: spoil - spoil, spoil(colloquial). See - The verb does not have an imperative form.
Run, run, throw away, iron, look out, get out, get out, climb out, lay out, rot, milk, ride, drive, thirst, finish, clog, spoil, put, glue, beg, writhe, cut, lie, climb, fly, fly, lie down, smear, wrinkle, can, nurse, provide, pay, water, put, plant, clear, plant, hear, make up, gawk, touch, notify, whip, want, honor.
▲ Formation of species pairs
1. When forming verbs imperfect form with suffix -iva(-iva) with root vowel -O- in one group of verbs there is alternation and exchange -O- on -A- (designed O thief - worked out A insist, insist O yat - present A ive), in the other group the alternation does not occur, the root vowel is retained -O- (resp. O read - defer O call, delay O rit - opoz O rip) or fluctuations are observed depending on the conditions of use (conditional O vit - conditioned O pour in, condition A pour; concentrate O chit - concentrate O concentrate, concentrate A read). Some verbs that accept both forms differ stylistically: forms with - O- (focus, empower) are book forms with - A- (focus, empower)- conversational.
It is necessary to pay attention to the formation of the following species pairs:
2. Verb read used to be characterized as bookish compared to verb read. Nowadays, on the contrary, dictionaries mark the form read as a conversational one.
3. Verb torment met in literary language along with the verb torment. In modern Russian the verb torment used mainly in colloquial speech, with a vernacular touch.
4. Parallel forms of the masculine past tense of verbs with a suffix -Well- : lethargic - withered, linden - stuck, blind - went blind, rejected - rejected, perished - perished, resorted - resorted, terminated - terminated, refuted - refuted, fluff - fluffed equal rights. Forms dried out, froze, got wet, went out, chilled have a colloquial stylistic connotation in the presence of normative dry, frozen, wet, extinguished, chilly.
● 136. Fill in the missing letters into the verb forms. Justify your answer.
1. You have no right to authorize anyone to do such actions! 2. All efforts must be concentrated on performing exactly these tasks. 3. It would be unfair to suspect our employees of negligence. 4. Often it was the boys who were caught in all sorts of pranks. 5. The development of science determines technical progress. 6. Pavel tried to time his arrival in his hometown with the traditional reunion of graduates. 7. You cannot continue to delay making this decision. 8. Pavel often had to borrow money from his parents. 9. To summarize what has been said, the chairman of the meeting once again drew attention to the need to speed up implementation scientific developments into production. 10. Nobody authorized you to do this.
Remember!
TEST
on the topic " Morphological norms Russian language"*
Norms for the formation and use of verbs.
Features of the use of verb forms.
When using verbs in speech, the greatest difficulties are usually O causes the ratioverbs by appearance and the formation of some forms:
1.The following forms of verbs are considered correct in Russian: dry, kis, mok, stall, wheeze, wasted(not: dried up, soured, got wet, stalled, wasted away). The same applies to prefixed verbs: dried up, sour, deaf A flower dried in a vase without water. The dog became deaf from old age.
2. You should remember the forms of the verb “burn”: I burn, I burn, I burn, I burn, I burn, I burn. Nettles in the garden sting badly.
3. In modern dictionaries there is no word “to lay down”, but there are prefix formations: put, lay out, lay down, shift, fold etc. The verb “put” is used without prefixes: you put, you put, put, put(the capital letter indicates the accent, incorrectly - klaLA). Although prefixed forms of the verb “put” are also found in modern literary language: lay down, impose along with lay down, impose. Examples of erroneous use: Why are you lying to me so much? He put all the books in his briefcase. I take the textbooks out of my backpack and put them on the table.
4. The following forms of the imperative mood are considered literary: stick it out, put it in, straighten it out, pour it out, clean it, don’t spoil it, don’t writhe it, don’t wrinkle it, notify, feast on it, cork it, uncork it, look, come out, don’t steal, put it down, run.
Examples of erroneous use: Do not damage the furniture by placing a hot kettle on the table. Put things back where they belong.
5.The following forms of imperfective verbs are recommended: touch, master, challenge, assimilate, calm, build, double, honor; disgrace, condition, sum up, legitimize, defame, time, authorize(vowel O is retained).
It is necessary to focus on the most important issues.
6.From pairs see - see, hear - hear, torment - torment, climb - climb only the first options are normative, the second are characteristic of colloquial speech.
Example of unwanted use: Where have you heard about this?
7. Forms are recommended for use in literary speech rinses, splashes, waves, sways, calls, cackles, purrs, sprinkles, nibbles (not: rinses, splashes, waves, sways, clicks, clucks, purrs, pours, pinches – colloquial and colloquial forms).
Example of unwanted use: On the advice of a doctor, the patient gargles with a solution of baking soda.
8. In the literary language, the 1st person singular forms of the present or future tense of verbs are not used win, convince, find yourself, wonder and some others. Missing forms are expressed descriptively: I can prove myself, I can convince, I will win etc.
An example of erroneous use: If this continues, I will find myself in a difficult situation.
9. When forming the 1st person singular forms of the present and simple future tense from verbs of the second conjugation, an alternation is observed: v-vl, f-fl, b-bl, p-pl, m-ml, st-sch, t-ch, d/z–f, s–sh:
catch - catch - catch, shine - shine - shine, twist - twist - twist, weigh - weigh - weigh, see - see - see, carry - drive - carry.
Shape type shineare a gross mistake, and their use in speech indicates a very low culture of the speaker.
The same can be said about errors in verb conjugation.run, want(and derivatives from them). When forming the forms of the present and simple future tenses from the verb to run (and its derivatives), the stem ends with the consonant g in the 1st person singular and 3rd person plural forms: run - run; if I run, they will run. In other forms, the stem of the verb ends in a sibilant: run, run, run, run. Forms unacceptable in literary languagethey'll run, they'll run in!
The verbs want, want, have consonant alternation only in singular forms: want - want - wants - want, want - want. It is unacceptable to use formsthey want, they want, they want, they want!
This is not only a gross grammatical error, but also an indicator of an extremely low human culture.
10. Errors in the formation of future tense forms from verbs are very common in speech.recover, weaken, weaken . Verbs on -et indicate the direction of action on the subject himself and retain the vowel e when forming present tense forms:I will recover, I will become weak, I will weaken . Form I'll get betternot used at all in literary language.
11. Sometimes in a literary language it is possible to coexist several equal variants of the forms of the present and future tense, for example:listen - listen And listen. However, in most cases the variant forms are opposed in some way. Yes, and using formscaplet And drippingthe verb drip depends on the meaning: “to fall in drops” - It drips and drips from the roofs; “pour slowly, drop by drop” - He will give her twenty drops of the mixture. In the use of variant forms of the verbshineYou can also highlight differences in compatibility: stars shine - people shine.
2. Features of useverb forms
Communion
Difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb - the participle - in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.
1. Most of the active past participles are formed using suffixes -vsh- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:
write - wrote, decide - decided. Suffix -sh- used when the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:
carry - carried, carry - carried.
Please note that the suffix -sh- is also used if the stem of the infinitive ends in -to kick, -to bully: wipe-wiped, bruise-bruised. Erroneous forms wiped, bruisedare quite common in speech, but they are unacceptable in literary language.
2. Passive past participles use suffixes -nn- (-n- ), -enn- (-en- ) And -T- (clean upNN oh, made itenne oh, finish itT th). In speech, quite often there is an error associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in the sentence: The room has been cleaned– instead of the normative form removed with suffix -n- suffix used incorrectly -T- .
3. The forms of present passive participles are not used (with suff. -om-, -eat-, -and- ) in verbs: arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, transport, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, treat, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew etc.
4. In speech, a fairly common mistake is the use of active participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.
For example, in the sentence: I had one ticket won– the passive participle is used incorrectly, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. with a lucky ticket. It is grammatically correct to use the active participle ( winning ticket), since the defined noun does not experience, but produces an action.
5. It should be remembered that the main expresser of the meaning of passivity is the passive participle, and where it is present, the reflexive participle is usually unacceptable.
Thus, the following phrases will be grammatically incorrect: child, dressing up as a nanny ; box, turned carpenter . In this case, the use of passive participles is mandatory: child, dressed as a nanny ; box, made by a carpenter .
6. There are no future participles in the Russian language, so the following constructions will be grammatically incorrect:
In just a few years we will have a whole complex of enterprises, powerful cause an environmental disaster.
Participle
Imperfect participles formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using suffixes -a/-z :
take – take – taking; cry - cry - crying.
1. A number of imperfective verbs also form participles using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi :
being, driving, regretting, playing, walking, sneaking.
However, they did not receive any widespread use in the literary language. Usually the forms are -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.
2. Pay attention to the forms of gerunds from the following verbs: climb - climbing, swim - swimming, pinch - pinching, wave - makha (permissible - Masha), suffer - suffering (in artistic speech can be met - suffering), pour - rash (acceptable - rash), listen - listening and listening (obsolete).
3.Not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense do not form participles (cf.: weave - weave):
beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.
4. Imperfective verbs do not form participles. -ch, on -nut :
protect, burn, might, oven, flog, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, drown, pull.
Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:
arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, freeze, want.
Perfect participles formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs, mainly using a suffix -V :
buy - having bought, decide - having decided.
1. From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using a suffix -a/-z (enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes - lice, - shi (offended, upset etc.).
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix are used -V : they are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms, such as having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up. Suffix usage -shi instead of a suffix -V This is also typical for many verbs with a consonant as a stem: grow up - grown up; save - having saved.
Use of suffix -a/-z when forming perfect participles (cf.: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was a fairly common phenomenon in the 19th – early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: leaning, approaching, getting off etc. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.
2. The main mistake when forming participles is the use of one suffix instead of another.
For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of a gerund with a suffix was mistakenly used -A
. From verbs with a stem to a sibilant, perfective participles are usually formed using a suffix -A
, but the normative version would be the form with the suffix -V
(putting
phone).
Security questions
Give examples of erroneous use of verbs.
What are the features of using participles?
What difficulties are associated with the formation of participles?
1. Difficult cases of using a noun
2. Difficult cases of using an adjective
1. Difficult cases of using a noun
Gender of indeclinable nouns
The gender of indeclinable nouns is established on the basis of particular patterns for individual groups of words. Let's look at some of them.
Gender of inanimate indeclinable nouns
By general rule borrowed common nouns inanimate nouns, which do not have forms of change, belong to the neuter gender: new coat, thick milk cocoa etc. As an exception, the word is usually called coffee --masculine(black coffee). However, modern grammars of the Russian language allow its use in colloquial speech and in the neuter gender: condensed coffee with milk.
Other exceptions are explained by the influence of a word expressing a more general generic concept (sirocco-- wind), or synonymous words (avenue-- street ). Thus, the following usages are currently considered normative: masculine -- sultry sirocco, a tornado blew ( wind); beautiful Urdu, Hindi, Fiji ( language); magnificent penalty ( free kick); plowed hectare(hectare); new car(car) and some others; feminine -- new avenue(street), delicious salami(sausage), African beriberi(disease), straight street ( street) (but Wall Street, Wall Street... etc.).
In this regard, in modern Russian there are a number of variable uses:
Esperanto(language) sounded, sounded.
Tsunami(wave) arose, arose.
Strong brandy And strong brandy(drink).
Broad Avenue And wide avenue(street) (but Fifth Avenue, Tenth Avenue etc.).
In the following variant expressions, it is preferable in literary language to use a plural noun: new riding breeches And new riding breeches; another rally And another rally, lowered blinds And Blinds drawn.
Gender of uninflected nouns of primordial origin determined by the following rules:
1. Substantivized indeclinable words belong to the neuter gender: bright tomorrow, polite “hello”, loud cheers.
2. Name of letters Always neuter: Russian A, lowercase b , capitalM . But when using a generic name, agreement is carried out with it: Russian letter A , written sign And etc.
3. The names of sounds have equal generic variants: unstressed (O ) And unstressed (O ) ( sound ) ,voiceless (T ) And deaf (T ).
1. Some verbs in the Russian language do not have the 1st person singular form, since they are difficult to pronounce, that is, due to their cacophony: WIN, CONVINCE, CONVERSION, DISCONVINCE, FEEL, FEEL, eclipse, DARE, VACUUM CLEAN, PROTECT, TEAR YOURSELF, etc.
In cases where it nevertheless turns out to be necessary to use the 1st person singular form of these verbs, they resort to a descriptive method of expression - they form a phrase in which the verb is in an indefinite form, and the personal form is formed by another, auxiliary verb:
I WANT (CAN, HOPE) TO CONVINCE;
I WILL TRY TO FEEL;
I MUST WIN;
I CAN FEEL AWAY;
I HOPE TO PROTECT.
2. The following formation of imperative forms of a number of verbs is normative
| Verb initial form | Imperative form (singular) | Imperative form ( plural) |
| LIE DOWN | YOU LYE (wrong LYE) | YOU WILL LIE (wrong LIE) |
| DRIVE | YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO) | YOU GO (wrong GO, GO, GO) |
| LEAVE UP | YOU LEAVE UP (incorrectly LEAVE, GO AWAY, GO AWAY) | YOU ARE SEPARATED (incorrect: SEPARATE, SEPARATE) |
| RIDE | YOU DRIVE (wrong DRIVE, DRIVE) | YOU DRIVE (wrong DRIVE, DRIVE) |
| PUT | YOU put (wrong PUT) | YOU PUT (PUT WRONG) |
| LOOK | YOU LOOK (wrong LOOK) | YOU LOOK (wrong LOOK) |
| TOUCH | DON'T YOU TOUCH (incorrect DON'T TOUCH) | DO NOT TOUCH (wrong DO NOT TOUCH) |
| WAVE | YOU DON'T WAVE (incorrectly DON'T WAVE) | YOU DON'T WAVE (incorrectly DON'T WAVE) |
| PLACE | YOU LIE (wrong LIE) | YOU LIE (incorrectly LIE) |
| RUN | YOU RUN (wrong RUN) | YOU ARE RUN (wrong RUN) |
| GET SLEEP OUT | YOU GOT RAVE (incorrect RAVE) | YOU WILL GET SLEEP WRONG (GET SLEEP WRONG) |
| RINSE | YOU RINSE (RINSE incorrectly) | YOU RINSE (RINSE incorrectly) |
3. The following formation of personal forms of verbs of the present and future tense is normative:
DRIVE - I DRIVE, HE DRIVES (wrong I DRIVE, HE DRIVES)
CLIMB - I CLIMB, HE CLIMB (wrong I CLIMB, HE CLIMB)
WAVE - I WAVE, YOU WAVE, HE WAVES, WE WAVE, YOU WAVE, THEY WAVE.
BURN (LIGHT, BURN, BURN) - I BURN, YOU BURN, HE BURN, WE BURN, YOU BURN, THEY BURN.
OVEN (BAKE, BAKE) - I BAKE, YOU BAKE, HE BAKES, WE BAKE, YOU BAKE, THEY BAKE
TAKE CARE (SAVE) - I TAKE CARE, YOU TAKE CARE, HE TAKE CARE, WE TAKE CARE, YOU TAKE CARE, THEY TAKE CARE.
WATCH - I WATCH, YOU WATCH, HE WATCH, WE WATCH, YOU WATCH, THEY WATCH.
The following verb forms are characteristic of the literary language: HE WAVES (WAVES incorrectly), HE SPLASHES (SPLASHES incorrectly), HE WILLS (WILLS incorrectly), HE CLACKS (CRACKS incorrectly), HE PURSES (PURS incorrectly), HE MEOWS (MEOWERS incorrectly), HE WILL TRY (wrong TRY.),
When forming reflexive forms of a verb AFTER VOWELS, you should use the suffix -Сь, not -СЯ.
For example: they met (incorrect “they met”), I wanted (incorrect “I wanted”), we returned to this topic (incorrect “we returned to this topic”), you dress warmer (incorrect “you dress warmer”).
6. The verbs WEAR and DRESS should not be confused:
THE WORD "CLOTH" means "to cover someone's body with clothing." You can DRESS SOMEONE ELSE, BUT NOT YOURSELF: for example, DRESS A CHILD, DRESS A DOLL.
THE WORD “WEAR” means “to cover oneself with clothes.” You can PUT SOMETHING ON YOURSELF: for example, PUT ON A COAT, DRESS, HAT.
YOU CAN PUT SOMETHING ON ANOTHER PERSON: PUT ON WHOM? WHAT? - PUT A COAT ON THE CHILD.
Following poetic rule helps to remember the correct use of the above verbs in speech:
You can't put on Hope,
You can't wear clothes.
You can wear clothes.
You can dress Nadezhda.
7. Standard use of the verbs EAT and EAT:
The verb “EAT” is cloyingly polite and is used only to invite guests to eat (EAT IS SERVED) or when addressing a child (VOVOCHKA, WILL YOU EAT?).
In other cases, the verb “IS” is used. Therefore, it is not recommended to say about yourself “I EAT”; it would be more correct to say: “I EAT”. For example: “In the morning I usually EAT yogurt.”
It’s better not to ask: “Have you eaten today?” It is more correct to ask: “Have you already eaten today?”
8. Should NOT be used in speech the following construction: “I AM SORRY” (this can be understood as follows: “I excuse myself”; this is the meaning that the suffix -SYA gives to the reflexive verb). In this case, it would be correct to say: “EXCUSE ME.”
9. Standard use of verbs FINISH - FINISH:
REMEMBER: FINISH THE JOB, BUSINESS; but FINISH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY. The expression “finish school” should NOT be used.
10. Standard use of verbs PAY - PAY:
The verb “PAY” is used without a preposition.
REMEMBER: PAY THE TRAVEL, PAY FOR THE MOBILE PHONE, but PAY FOR THE TRAVEL.
11. Standard use of verbs SIT DOWN - SIT DOWN:
When inviting your interlocutor to sit down, you should NOT say: “SIT DOWN, PLEASE” (due to the ambiguity of the verb “SIT DOWN,” this phrase can be understood ambiguously: you recommend that your interlocutor not sit on a chair or sofa, but “take a pose with bent knees,” that is, “sit down” squatting").
The following usage is normative: “PLEASE SIT DOWN.”
12. There is NO word “LIE” in the Russian literary language, so you can’t say like that: “DO NOT LAY YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE.” The verbs “PUT”, “ADDED”, “POSTPONE” are not used without prefixes. The correct thing to say is: “DO NOT PLACE YOUR HAT ON THE TABLE.”
13. Standard use of the verbs “EXIT/EXIT” and “GET OUT/GET OUT”:
A verb with the prefix C (СО) + preposition C means “to walk along the surface from top to bottom” (for example, to go down a mountain). Therefore, you CANNOT say: GET OFF THE BUS; this would mean that you are walking from the roof of the bus on its surface.
The verb with the prefix YOU + the preposition IZ means “to leave the room,” that is, from the inside to the outside. Therefore, the normative usage is recognized as: GET OFF THE BUS.
14. Standard use of verbs PRESENT - PROVIDE:
The verb INTRODUCE means “1) to introduce someone to someone; 2) present (documents, evidence).”
The verb PROVIDE means: “to give at the disposal, use of someone; give your word."
15. Remember the normative use of the following verbs:
GET A HAIRCUT (this word does not have the prefix UNDER)
Topic No. 8 Morphological norms for the use of verbs.
1.What is a verb (definition of the concept)? Meaning and grammatical features.
1. Verb- this is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object, answers the questions what to do? what to do?: go, arrive, get sick, cheer up.
2.
Each verb has the following forms:
· initial form, which is called indefinite form(or infinitive). It ends with -th, -ty, -whose(these are formative suffixes): color you, ne whose, kupa t Xia. The indefinite form only names an action or state, without indicating time, number, or person, because This is the uninflected form of the verb. It has only constant features of a verb;
· conjugated forms (not infinitive). They have constant and inconstant characteristics of the verb;
· communion;
· participle.
3. Verbs are divided into transitional And intransitive(This constant sign verbs). Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which can be expressed
· a noun (or pronoun) in the accusative case without a preposition: read the newspaper, see him;
· a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, denoting part of something: drink tea, cut some bread;
· a noun (or pronoun) in the genitive case without a preposition with a verb with negation: have no right not to see her.
All other verbs are intransitive: walk in the park, believe in goodness.
4.
Verbs having postfix(-s), are called returnable: shave Xia, torture Xia
. Other verbs non-refundable: think, know(this is a constant feature of verbs). All reflexive verbs are intransitive.
5.
There are verbs perfect or imperfect aspect (this is a constant feature of verbs). The types of the verb show how the action occurs.
Perfect verbs answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action, its result, the end of the action and the beginning: sing. They have two tenses: past (what did they do? - started singing) and the future simple, consisting of one word (what will they do? - start singing). Verbs do not have a perfect form in the present tense.
Imperfect verbs answer the question what to do? and when denoting an action, they do not indicate its completion, result, end or beginning: sing. They have three tenses: past (what did you do? - read), present (what are they doing? - bloom) And the future is complicated, consisting of two words - “will” (“will you”) and the indefinite form of the given verb (what will he do? - will draw, will sing).
In Russian there is a small number two-species verbs, that is, such verbs that, depending on the context, have the meaning of the perfect form (and answer the question what to do?), then the imperfect form (and answer the question what to do?): execute, marry, wed, order, investigate, examine, arrest, attack etc. For example: Rumors spread throughout the country that the king personally executes (what does it do? - imperfect view) their enemies; King executes (what will he do? - perfect look) several rebels.
6. Verbs have three forms inclinations(this is an inconstant feature of verbs). Mood forms show how the speaker evaluates the action, that is, whether he considers it real, possible or desirable under some condition.
· Indicative mood shows that the action is real, is actually happening, has happened or will happen: We are enemies we meet Just: beat, we beat And we'll beat .
· Subjunctive (conditional) mood shows that an action is possible only under certain conditions: Without you I I wouldn't have gotten there to the city and I would freeze on the road. Subjunctive mood formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would (b). Particle would written separately.
· Imperative denotes an action that is ordered, asked, advised to be performed: spray with water. The imperative mood is formed by adding the suffix - And to the base of the present (future simple) tense or without a suffix: carry - carry - carried And . Plural postfix is added -those: carry it those .
7. In the indicative mood, verbs change according to at times
· present time: I'm walking, thinking;
· future time: I'll bring it(future simple), I'll bring(future complex);
· past time: walked, thought.
8. In the present and future tense forms, verbs have a category faces(this is an inconstant feature of verbs):
· 1st person: I I'm coming We let's go;
· 2nd person: You you're going, You come on;
· 3rd person: He (she, it) is coming, They are coming.
Some verbs name a state, an action that occurs without participation actor, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal: It's getting light. Chills. I'm not feeling well.
9. Number- an inconstant feature of a verb, inherent in all inflected forms of the verb:
· singular: I'm going, I'm going, I'm going;
· plural: let's go, let's go, let's go.
10. Rod- an inconstant feature of the verb, inherent in singular forms in the past tense and in the conditional mood:
· masculine: would like to;
· feminine: I would like to;
· neuter: would like to.
11. In a sentence the verb is usually predicate and together with the subject forms the grammatical basis of the sentence: The moon is bright illuminated the whole valley.
But the infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
· Live - homeland serve(live- subject, serve- predicate );
· I want enroll to the conservatory (I want to enter- compound verbal predicate);
· I have a burning desire look back(wish(which?) look back - definition );
· She sat down relax(crouched down(for what purpose?) rest - circumstance of purpose ).
2. Errors when using verbs: insufficient, abundant, reflexive. Abuse of identical forms of verbs.
The vast majority of Russian verbs have 6 personal forms when conjugated. However, there are a relatively small number of verbs that have either more or less than six of these forms. These are, respectively, the so-called abundant and insufficient verbs.
Some verbs have double forms to express the meaning of the same person: waves - waves; drips - drips: moves - moves. Such verbs are called richly conjugated verbs. Variant forms arise under the influence of verbs of productive classes. As a rule, there are differences between the options that arise:
- stylistic: waving - waving (conversation);
- semantic: move - in the meaning of “to move something” and move - in the meaning of “promote development”; throws (spear) - throws (spawn).
Sometimes the variant forms are equal in all respects: drips - drips.
The use of colloquial forms of “abundant” verbs in the author’s speech is stylistically unjustified. I noticed that on the lake women were rinsing (should: rinse) their laundry. Errors in the formation of certain conjugated verb forms are also subject to correction, for example: The tree hung thick branches (hung, from the verb to hang, not to hang).
There are also insufficient verbs in the Russian language. Insufficient verbs are divided into two groups:
· verbs that do not have the 1st person singular form. numbers;
· verbs that are not used in the 1st and 2nd person singular. and many more numbers.
The first group of verbs is quite small - only a few
dozens: to win, to convince, to appear, to trumpet, to freak out, to roar, to outshine, to shout - the absence of forms is explained by the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bcacophony, or as in the words buzz, dare - by coincidence grammatical forms with the most common verbs: Wed. wake up, hold.
The second group of verbs is a fairly numerous class of words - there are more than one and a half thousand of them in the language. The 1st and 2nd person forms have no phonetic or grammatical restrictions for their formation, however, due to the peculiarities of semantics, these forms are not actually used in the language (except in cases of metaphorization). We can distinguish the following semantic groups of verbs used only in the 3rd person form:
· verbs with the meaning of processes characteristic of the animal world: calve, milk, rush (about birds);
verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in flora: grow, spike, bush,
verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in inanimate nature: drip, see through, flicker, soak in;
· verbs with the meaning of processes related to specific objects: bitter, dry out;
verbs with abstract meaning:
conclude, appear.
Special attention requires the use of reflexive verbs. Appeal to them can be unfounded: The graphite rod was then painted and sent to dry... The editor notes cases of unsuccessful use of reflexive verbs and, as a consequence, replacement passive design active circulation: Where the troops were enthusiastically greeted by the population in 1918, gangs are now roaming... (From the report of General A.N. Pepelev to the commander of the Siberian Army.) It would be better to write: Where in 1918 the population enthusiastically greeted the troops, now gangs are roaming... The stylistic correction of such constructions consists in abandoning the passive verb in -sya and replacing it with an active verb or in the use nominal predicate with the sacrament.
Errors associated with the use of reflexive verbs can be divided into three groups:
1) non-normative addition of a postfix - xia to irreflexive verbs. Thus, some non-reflexive verbs in a literary language do not have reflexive pairs, for example: play (with sister, on the street, with dolls, etc.), decay, grow old, clean (room), etc. The use of such verbs with – sya – rough speech error: We played outside; Today I quickly cleaned up the apartment; The wood in the fireplace is still smoldering;
2) loss of the postfix in the process of verb formation and word formation: teaching instead of studying, feeding instead of eating. The word mammals must be used without – sya, since it is formed from the verb to feed (feeding with milk), and not to feed;
3) inappropriate use of postfixes – sya and – sya: I was getting ready for work, washed my face in the morning. Those who pronounce such phrases forget that, according to the norms of Russian grammar, - sya is used after consonants (I think, agreed), and - s - after vowels (I thought of, agreed).
10 eat And There is:
Verb " eat " cloyingly polite and is used only to invite guests to eat ( food is served ) or when addressing a child ( Vovochka, you will eat ?). In other cases, the verb “ There is ».
11. The following construction should NOT be used in speech: “ I'm sorry "(this can be understood as follows: “I excuse myself”; this is the meaning that the suffix - SYA gives to the reflexive verb).
| not recommended | necessary |
| I'm sorry | excuse (forgive) me |
12. Standard use of verbs finish - finish :
REMEMBER: finish work, business; BUT finish school, university.
You should NOT use the expression " finish school ».
13 . Standard use of verbs pay - pay .
Verb " will pay ь" is used without a preposition.
REMEMBER: pay for travel, pay mobile phone , But to pay for travel.
14 . Standard use of verbs sit down - sit down . When inviting your interlocutor to sit down, you should NOT say: “ please sit down "(due to the polysemy of the verb " sit down “This phrase can be understood ambiguously: you recommend that your interlocutor not sit on a chair or sofa, but “take a pose with bent knees, that is, “squat down”).
The following usage is normative: “ please sit down »,
15 . Words " lay down "there is no standardized literary language in Russian, so you can’t say like that: " don't put your hat on the table " Verbs " put", "fold", "put aside" » are not used without prefixes. RIGHT should say: " don't put your hat on the table ».
16 . Standard use of verbs " go out/go out " And go/get off» A verb with the prefix C (СО) + the preposition C means “to walk along the surface from top to bottom” (for example, to go down a mountain). Therefore you CANNOT say: get off the bus ; this would mean that you are walking from the roof of the bus on its surface.
The verb with the prefix YOU + the preposition IZ means “ leave the premises ", That there is from the inside out. Therefore, the normative usage is recognized: get off the bus .
17 . Standard use of verbs submit - provide :
Verb introduce means “1) to introduce someone to someone; 2) present (documents, evidence).” Verb provide has the meaning: “to give at disposal, use to someone; give your word."
18 . Remember the normative use of the following verbs: get a haircut slip (there is no prefix POD in this word), mock (= to laugh at) emphasize , But handwriting
19. Remember: The following forms of verbs are normative:
TASK 7
GRAMMAR ERRORS
Grammatical errors (G)- these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. a violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.
| № | Type of error | Examples |
| Erroneous formation of noun forms | Nobility, miracle A technology, according to d cherk, pleasure to live; wakefulness; no places | |
| Erroneous formation of adjective forms | more interesting, more beautiful; the most beautiful more strictly | |
| Erroneous formation of numeral forms | With five hundred rubles; juggled both hands, | |
| Erroneous formation of pronoun forms | their pathos, around his there is nothing, how many moral principles we have lost due to the loss of spirituality; | |
| Erroneous formation of verb forms (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds) | on d laugh. Them moves feeling of compassion. streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text. Having walked onto the stage, the singers bowed. | |
| G 2 | Violation of approval norms | I know a group of guys, seriously addicted jazz. Fromreadmepartsnovel... |
| G 3 | Violation of management norms. Errors associated with incorrect use of prepositions | We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force |
| G 4 | Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate | The main thing I want to pay attention to now is artistic side of the work. He wrote a book which is epic. All were happy , happy And funny . Humanity are fighting for peace.Youth on the buspushing Andthey make noise . |
| G 5 | Errors in sentence construction with homogeneous members | Country loved And was proud poet. In the essay I wanted to say about the importance of sports And why I love him. |
| G 6 | Errors in constructing sentences with dee participial phrase | Reading the text, there is such a feeling of empathy . SleddingI had a headache. Reading bookslife became more varied. |
| G 7 | Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases | The narrow path was covered failing snow under your feet. |
| G 8 | Errors in construction complex sentence | This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends, which I read as a child. The man thought it was a dream. Beforeto go, we went to the river. |
| G 9 | Mixing direct and indirect speech | The author said, that I I do not agree with the reviewer's opinion. The governor told oil workers that we value your contribution.into the regional economy. |
| G 10 | Violation of supply boundaries. Poor word order in a sentence | He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short. |
| G 11 | Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms | The heart freezes for a moment and suddenly will knock again. She was sittingdoesn't talk at the tablewith me. |
| G 12 | Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis) | At the meeting there was accepted(?) hold a cleanup day. |
| G 13 | Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs | It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text total two problems are revealed. |
