Presentation on biology "biotechnology. Presentation on the topic "biotechnology" Download presentation biotechnology achievements and development prospects
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Completed by a student of class 11A of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 7 Anastasia Danilova Teacher: Oksana Viktorovna Golubtsova
Advances in modern biotechnology
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Introduction
Biotechnology is the industrial use of biological processes and systems based on the cultivation of highly effective forms of microorganisms, cultures of cells and tissues of plants and animals with properties necessary for humans. Certain biotechnological processes (baking, winemaking) have been known since ancient times. But biotechnology achieved its greatest success in the second half of the 20th century and is becoming increasingly important for human civilization.
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Structure of modern biotechnology
Modern biotechnology includes a number of high technologies that are based on the latest achievements in ecology, genetics, microbiology, cytology, and molecular biology. Modern biotechnology uses biological systems of all levels: from molecular genetic to biogeocenotic (biosphere); in this case, fundamentally new biological systems are created that are not found in nature. Biological systems used in biotechnology, together with non-biological components (technological equipment, materials, energy supply systems, control and management) are conveniently called working systems.
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Biotechnology and its role in practical human activities
The peculiarity of biotechnology is that it combines the most advanced achievements of scientific and technological progress with the accumulated experience of the past, expressed in the use of natural sources to create products useful to humans. Any biotechnological process includes a number of stages: preparation of the object, its cultivation, isolation, purification, modification and use of the resulting products. The multi-stage and complexity of the process necessitates the involvement of a variety of specialists in its implementation: geneticists and molecular biologists, cytologists, biochemists, virologists, microbiologists and physiologists, process engineers, and biotechnological equipment designers.
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Biotechnology
Crop production
Livestock
Medicine
Genetic Engineering
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Method: tissue culture
The method of vegetative propagation of agricultural plants by tissue culture is being increasingly used on an industrial basis. It allows not only to quickly propagate new promising plant varieties, but also to obtain planting material that is not infected with viruses.
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Biotechnology in animal husbandry
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in earthworms as a source of animal protein to balance the feed diet of animals, birds, fish, fur-bearing animals, as well as a protein supplement with therapeutic and prophylactic properties. To increase animal productivity, complete feed is needed. The microbiological industry produces feed protein based on various microorganisms - bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae. As industrial tests have shown, the protein-rich biomass of single-celled organisms is absorbed with high efficiency by farm animals. Thus, 1 ton of feed yeast allows you to save 5-7 tons of grain. This is significant because 80% of the world's agricultural land is devoted to livestock and poultry feed production.
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Cloning
The cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1996 by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh caused a stir around the world. Dolly was conceived from the mammary gland of a sheep that had long since died, and its cells were stored in liquid nitrogen. The technique by which Dolly was created is known as nuclear transfer, which means that the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed and a nucleus from a somatic cell is placed in its place.
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Cloning Dolly the Sheep
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New discoveries in the field of medicine
The successes of biotechnology are especially widely used in medicine. Currently, antibiotics, enzymes, amino acids, and hormones are produced using biosynthesis. For example, hormones used to be typically obtained from animal organs and tissues. Even to obtain a small amount of a medicinal drug, a lot of starting material was required. Consequently, it was difficult to obtain the required amount of the drug and it was very expensive. Thus, insulin, a hormone of the pancreas, is the main treatment for diabetes mellitus. This hormone must be administered to patients constantly. Producing it from the pancreas of a pig or cattle is difficult and expensive. In addition, animal insulin molecules differ from human insulin molecules, which often caused allergic reactions, especially in children. Currently, the biochemical production of human insulin has been established. A gene that synthesizes insulin was obtained. Using genetic engineering, this gene was introduced into a bacterial cell, which as a result acquired the ability to synthesize human insulin. In addition to obtaining therapeutic agents, biotechnology allows for early diagnosis of infectious diseases and malignant neoplasms based on the use of antigen preparations and DNA/RNA samples. With the help of new vaccine preparations it is possible to prevent infectious diseases.
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Biotechnology in medicine
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Stem cell method: cures or cripples?
Japanese scientists led by Professor Shinya Yamanaka from Kyoto University for the first time isolated stem cells from human skin, having previously introduced a set of certain genes into them. In their opinion, this can serve as an alternative to cloning and will make it possible to create drugs comparable to those obtained by cloning human embryos. American scientists almost simultaneously obtained similar results. But this does not mean that in a few months it will be possible to completely abandon embryo cloning and restore the body’s functionality using stem cells obtained from the patient’s skin. First, specialists will have to make sure that the “skin” table cells are actually as multifunctional as they seem, that they can be implanted into various organs without fear for the patient’s health, and that they will work.
The main concern is that such cells pose a risk for cancer development. Because the main danger of embryonic stem cells is that they are genetically unstable and have the ability to develop into some tumors after transplantation into the body
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering techniques make it possible to isolate the necessary gene and introduce it into a new genetic environment in order to create an organism with new, predetermined characteristics. Genetic engineering methods remain very complex and expensive. But already now, with their help, industry produces such important medications as interferon, growth hormones, insulin, etc. Selection of microorganisms is the most important area in biotechnology. The development of bionics makes it possible to effectively apply biological methods to solve engineering problems and to use the experience of living nature in various fields of technology.
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Transgenic products: pros and cons?
Several dozen edible transgenic plants have already been registered in the world. These are varieties of soybeans, rice and sugar beets that are resistant to herbicides; herbicide- and pest-resistant corn; potatoes resistant to the Colorado potato beetle; zucchini, almost seedless; tomatoes, bananas and melons with extended shelf life; rapeseed and soybean with modified fatty acid composition; rice with a high content of vitamin A. Genetically modified sources can be found in sausage, frankfurters, canned meat, dumplings, cheese, yogurt, baby food, cereals, chocolate, and ice cream candies.
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Prospects for the development of biotechnology
The method of vegetative propagation of agricultural plants by tissue culture is being increasingly used on an industrial basis. It allows not only to quickly propagate new promising plant varieties, but also to obtain virus-free planting material. Biotechnology makes it possible to obtain environmentally friendly fuels through the bioprocessing of industrial and agricultural waste. For example, installations have been created that use bacteria to process manure and other organic waste.
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Having been a direct result of scientific developments, biotechnology turns out to be a direct unity of science and production, another step towards the unity of cognition and action, another step that brings a person closer to overcoming external and to comprehending internal expediency.
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Population of the planet
In 1980, there were 4.5 billion people on Earth, from whom 80 million children are born annually. Currently there are 6 billion people on the planet. The Earth will not feed 10 billion people, and the question of population regulation will arise! To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to meet the increasing needs of people for food
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Fundamentally new production technologies are needed. Fortunately, such a diversified science has recently appeared - this is biotechnology /
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Wikipedia
Biotechnology is the science of using living organisms, their biological characteristics and vital processes in the production of substances necessary for humans
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Bacteria are our last hope for survival.
Fission - rapid reproduction Amazing survival rate Simple genetic organization
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Directions of development
Cultivation of bacteria, lower fungi, yeast for special purposes. nutrient media for the production of enzymes, proteins, antibiotics, citric and acetic acids. The products are used to obtain food additives, livestock feed, medicines (more than 150 types of products, including lysine)
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-Cell engineering
An entire organism can be grown from a single cell
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Methods for selection of microorganisms
Traditional methods are experimental mutagenesis and selection for productivity. The newest method is genetic engineering. In genetic engineering, two methods are used: - isolating the desired gene from the genome of one organism and introducing it into the genome of bacteria; - synthesizing a gene artificially and introducing it into the bacterial genome
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Transgenic organisms.
Transgenic organisms are animals, plants, microorganisms, viruses, the genetic program of which has been changed using genetic engineering methods.
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Process mechanism
Using genetic engineering, scientists isolate a gene from an organism and “embed” it into the DNA of other plants or animals (transport the gene, i.e. transgenization) in order to change the properties or parameters of the latter
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Transgenic organisms
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Tempting prospects
During transgenization, the direction of development of organisms, their variability and selection will be determined by man and his interests.
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Is man a creator?
But we must, of course, exercise maximum caution when creating and, especially, when using genetically modified organisms.
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Cloning
Cloning (English cloning from ancient Greek κλών - “twig, shoot, offspring”) - in the most general sense - the exact reproduction of an object N times. Objects resulting from cloning are called a clone. And both each individually and the entire series.
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Animal Cloning
Why are animals cloned now? Firstly, it would be possible to reproduce individuals that are valuable from one point of view or another, for example, champion breeds of cattle, sheep, pigs, racehorses, dogs, etc. Secondly, turning ordinary animals into transgenic ones is difficult and expensive: cloning would make it possible to obtain copies of them.
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Human cloning
Human cloning is an action consisting in the formation and cultivation of fundamentally new human beings, accurately reproducing not only externally, but also at the genetic level of an individual, currently existing or previously existing
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Biotechnology
Microbiological synthesis The use of microorganisms to obtain a number of substances. Strains of microorganisms are created that produce the necessary substances in quantities that significantly exceed the needs of the microorganisms themselves by tens and hundreds of times.
Examples: Bacteria capable of accumulating uranium, copper, and cobalt are used to extract metals from wastewater. With the help of bacteria, biogas (a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide) is produced, which is used to heat rooms. It was possible to breed microorganisms that synthesize the amino acid lysine, which is not produced in the human body.
Examples: Yeast is used to obtain feed protein. Using 1 ton of feed protein for livestock feed saves 5–8 tons of grain. The addition of 1 ton of yeast biomass to the diet of birds helps to obtain an additional 1.5 - 2 tons of meat or 25 - 35 thousand eggs.
Cellular engineering Growing cells of higher organisms on nutrient media. Growing nuclear-free cells. Transplantation of nuclei from one cell to another. Growing an entire organism from one somatic cell. Cloning
Cloning Animal cloning is achieved by transferring the nucleus from a differentiated cell into an unfertilized egg that has had its own nucleus removed.
Cloning The first successful experiments in cloning animals were carried out in the mid-1970s by the English embryologist J. Gordon in experiments on amphibians, when replacing the nucleus of an egg with a nucleus from a somatic cell of an adult frog led to the appearance of a tadpole.
Cloning Cloned animal – Dolly the sheep
Cellular engineering Hybridization of somatic cells and creation of interspecific hybrids. It is possible to obtain hybrid cells of organisms that are unrelated to each other: Human and mouse; Plants and animals; Cancer cells capable of unlimited growth, and blood cells - lymphocytes. It is possible to obtain a medicine that increases a person’s resistance to infections.
Examples: Thanks to the hybridization method, hybrids of various varieties of potatoes, cabbage, and tomatoes were obtained. From one somatic cell of a plant it is possible to grow a whole organism and thus propagate valuable varieties (for example, ginseng). Clones are obtained - genetically homogeneous cells. Production of chimeric organisms.
Chimeric mice
Chimera sheep - goat
Genetic engineering Rearrangement of genotypes of organisms: Creation of effective genes artificially. Introduction of a gene from one organism into the genotype of another is the production of transgenic organisms.
Introducing the rat growth gene into mouse DNA
Result
Examples: The gene responsible for the production of insulin in humans was introduced into the genotype of Escherichia coli. This bacterium is administered to people with diabetes.
A gene was introduced into the genotype of the petunia plant that disrupts the formation and production of pigment. This is how a plant with white flowers was created
Examples: Scientists are trying to introduce into the genotype of cereals the gene of bacteria that absorb nitrogen from the air. Then it will become possible not to add nitrogen fertilizers to the soil.
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ENJOY WATCHING (ATTENTION! The text spoken by the announcers and the presentation materials may differ, don’t worry, it’s planned!) P.S. You don't have to read everything
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Biotechnology is a discipline that studies the possibilities of using living organisms, their systems or products of their vital activity to solve technological problems, as well as the possibility of creating living organisms with the necessary properties using genetic engineering.
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The objects of biotechnology are numerous representatives of groups of living organisms - microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protists, yeast, etc.), plants, animals, as well as cells and subcellular structures isolated from them (organelles). Biotechnology is based on physiological and biochemical processes occurring in living systems, which result in the release of energy, synthesis and breakdown of metabolic products, and the formation of chemical and structural components of the cell.
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Main directions Production of enzymes, vitamins Antibiotics, vaccines Proteins and amino acids in additives Biological purification of soil and water Plant protection from pests selection
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bioengineering Bioengineering or biomedical engineering is a discipline aimed at advancing the knowledge of engineering, biology and medicine and promoting human health through interdisciplinary developments that combine engineering approaches with advances in biomedical science and clinical practice.
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biomedicine A branch of medicine that studies from a theoretical perspective the human body, its structure and function in normal and pathological conditions, pathological conditions, methods of their diagnosis, correction and treatment. Biomedicine includes accumulated information and research, to a greater or lesser extent, general medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry and fundamental biological sciences, such as chemistry, biological chemistry, biology, histology, genetics, embryology, anatomy, physiology, pathology, biomedical engineering, zoology, botany and microbiology.
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nanomedicine Tracking, correction, design and control of human biological systems at the molecular level using nanodevices and nanostructures A number of technologies for the nanomedicine industry have already been created in the world. These include targeted delivery of drugs to diseased cells, laboratories on a chip, and new bactericidal agents.
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biopharmacology A branch of pharmacology that studies the physiological effects produced by substances of biological and biotechnological origin. In fact, biopharmacology is the fruit of the convergence of two traditional sciences - biotechnology, namely, that branch of it that is called “red”, medical biotechnology, and pharmacology, which was previously only interested in small-molecule chemicals, as a result of mutual interest.
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Bioinformatics A set of methods and approaches, including: mathematical methods of computer analysis in comparative genomics (genomic bioinformatics). development of algorithms and programs for predicting the spatial structure of proteins (structural bioinformatics). research into strategies, appropriate computational methodologies, and overall management of the information complexity of biological systems. Bioinformatics uses methods of applied mathematics, statistics and computer science. Bioinformatics is used in biochemistry, biophysics, ecology and other fields.
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bionics Applied science about the application in technical devices and systems of the principles of organization, properties, functions and structures of living nature, that is, the forms of living things in nature and their industrial analogues. Simply put, bionics is a combination of biology and technology. Bionics looks at biology and technology from a completely new perspective, explaining what similarities and differences exist in nature and technology.
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Bioremediation A set of methods for purifying water, soil and atmosphere using the metabolic potential of biological objects - plants, fungi, insects, worms and other organisms.
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Cloning The natural appearance or production of several genetically identical organisms through asexual (including vegetative) reproduction. The term “cloning” in the same sense is often used in relation to the cells of multicellular organisms. Cloning is also called the production of several identical copies of hereditary molecules (molecular cloning). Finally, cloning is also often referred to as biotechnological methods used to artificially produce clones of organisms, cells or molecules. A group of genetically identical organisms or cells is a clone.
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Biotechnology ranks second in terms of investment attractiveness after information technology. Biotechnology (BT) is a discipline that studies the possibilities of using living organisms, their systems or products of their vital activity to solve technological problems, as well as the possibility of creating living organisms with the necessary properties using genetic engineering.
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Biotechnology Agriculture Medicine Biocatalysis Mining Nanobiotechnology - chemical industry; - intermediate products for the pharmaceutical industry. - new drugs and vaccines; - diagnostics (including microchips); - gene diagnostics; - gene therapy; - individual medicine; - regenerative medicine (stem cells). - metal mining (hydrometallurgy); - oil production (secondary). - new materials; - biosensors; - biocomputers. - biodegradation of pollutants; - replacement of chemicals fertilizers and pesticides for biology; biodegradable plastics; - replacement of oil with biomass; - reduction of CO2 emissions. Environmental protection - genetically engineered plants and animals; - biopesticides, biofertilizers; - feed amino acids, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes. green white green red
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Periods of development of bt I - Empirical period. II - Scientific and practical period (etiological). III - Biotechnical period. IV - Genetechnical period.
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I - Empirical period (About 6000 BC - mid-19th century) Characterized by the intuitive use of biotechnological techniques and methods: bread baking, winemaking, brewing, production of fermented milk products, cheeses, sauerkraut, silage of livestock feed, etc.; leather dressing, production of natural dyes; obtaining natural fibers: flax, silk, wool, cotton; In pharmacy and medicine: hirudotherapy, apitherapy; prevention of smallpox with the contents of pustules of calves sick with cowpox.
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II – Scientific and practical period (1856-1933) Establishment of the species identity of microorganisms. Isolation of microorganisms in pure cultures and cultivation on nutrient media. Reproduction of natural processes (fermentation, oxidation, etc.). Production of edible compressed yeast biomass. Obtaining bacterial metabolites (acetone, butanol, citric and lactic acids). Creation of microbiological wastewater treatment systems. L. Pasteur is the founder of scientific microbiology. The first liquid nutrient medium (1859). A. de Bary is the founder of physiological mycology and microphytopathology. DI. Ivanovsky - discovery of the tobacco mosaic disease virus (1892) Introduction to modern biotechnology Associate Professor S.N. Suslina, RUDN University
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III – Biotechnical period (1933-1972) The beginning of industrial biotechnology. Introduction of large-scale sealed fermentation equipment under sterile conditions. Methodological approaches to assessing and interpreting the results obtained during deep cultivation of fungi. Formation and development of the production of antibiotics (the period of the Second World War). “Methods for studying metabolism in molds” (A. Kluyver, L.H.Ts. Perkin) – the beginning of the biotechnical period. Introduction to modern biotechnology Associate Professor S.N. Suslina, RUDN University
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1936 - the main tasks of creating and putting into practice the necessary equipment were solved, including the main one - the bioreactor; 1938 - A. Tiselius developed the theory of electrophoresis; 1942 - M. Delbrück and T. Anderson first “saw” viruses using an electron microscope; 1943 - penicillin was produced on an industrial scale; 1949 - J. Lederberg discovered the process of conjugation in E. colly; 1950 - J. Monod developed the theoretical foundations for continuous controlled cultivation of m/o; 1951 - M. Theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever; 1952 - W. Hayes described the plasmid as an extrachromosomal factor of heredity; 1953 - F. Crick and J. Watson deciphered the structure of DNA. 1959 - Japanese scientists discovered antibiotic resistance plasmids in dysentery bacteria; 1960 - S. Ochoa and A. Kornberg isolated proteins that can “cross-link” or “glue” nucleotides into polymer chains, thereby synthesizing DNA macromolecules. One such enzyme was isolated from Escherichia coli and named DNA polymerase; 1961 - M. Nirenberg read the first three letters of the genetic code for phenylalanine; 1962 - X. Korana chemically synthesized a functional gene; 1970 - restriction enzyme (restriction endonuclease) was isolated. Significant discoveries that were reflected in the biotechnical period
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IV – genetic technical period since 1972. 1972 - the first recombinant DNA molecule (P. Berg, USA). 1975 - G. Keller and C. Milstein published an article in which they described a method for producing monoclonal antibodies; 1981 - the first diagnostic kit of monoclonal antibodies is approved for use in the USA; 1982 - human insulin produced by Escherichia coli cells went on sale; a vaccine for animals obtained using recombinant DNA technology has been approved for use in European countries; genetically engineered interferons, tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, human somatotropic hormone, etc. have been developed; 1986 - K. Mullis developed the PCR method; 1988 - start of large-scale production of equipment and diagnostic kits for PCR; 1997 - The first mammal (Dolly the sheep) was cloned from a differentiated somatic cell.
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main directions of biotechnology Biotechnology Cellular engineering Objects of biotechnology Cultivated tissues Animal cells Plant cells Microorganisms created by genetic engineering methods Industrial biotechnology Genetic engineering Biotechnology for wastewater treatment and control of water pollution with heavy Me. Bioenergy. Food biotechnology. Medical biotechnology. Biotechnology of dairy products. Agricultural biotechnology. Bioelectronics. Biogeotechnology.
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Bioenergy Dry matter - combustion - heat - mechanical or electrical energy. Raw matter - production of biogas (methane). Methane “fermentation”, or biomethanogenesis, was discovered in 1776 by Volta, who established the presence of methane in swamp gas. Biogas is a mixture of 65% methane, 30% (CO2), 1% (H2S) and minor amounts of (N2), (O2), H2 and (CO).
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Biotechnology for wastewater treatment and control of water pollution with heavy metals Wastewater usually contains a complex mixture of insoluble and soluble components of varying nature and concentration. Household waste typically contains soil and intestinal microflora, including pathogenic microorganisms. Wastewater from sugar, starch, beer and yeast factories, and meat processing plants contains large quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, which are sources of nutrients and energy. Wastewater from chemical and metallurgical industries can contain significant amounts of toxic and even explosive substances. Serious pollution occurs when heavy metal compounds such as iron, copper, tin, etc. enter the environment. The purpose of wastewater treatment is to remove soluble and insoluble components, eliminate pathogenic microorganisms and carry out detoxification in such a way that the components of the wastewater do not harm humans, not polluted water bodies.
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Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are practically omnivorous. For example, P. putida can utilize naphthalene, toluene, alkanes, camphor and other compounds. Pure cultures of microorganisms capable of decomposing specific phenolic compounds, oil components in polluted waters, etc. have been isolated. Microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas can also utilize unusual chemical compounds - insecticides, herbicides and other xenobiotics. Biological methods are also applicable to the treatment of oil industry wastewater. For this purpose, aerated biotreatment systems with activated sludge containing a microbial community adapted to oil components are used. The Institute of Applied Biochemistry and Mechanical Engineering has developed a domestic drug - a biodegradant of oil and petroleum products. It allows you to utilize both crude oil and various petroleum products: fuel oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, kerosene, aromatic hydrocarbons. The biological product works at high levels of contamination up to 20%, with a high content of heavy aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Biotechnology for wastewater treatment and control of water pollution with heavy metals
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Agricultural biotechnology Biological nitrogen fixation is the process of converting nitrogen contained in the atmosphere in the form of chemically inert N2 into the form of nitrates and ammonium available to plants. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the total volume of atmospheric air and is absolutely inaccessible to plants in its atamary form. This is why people are forced to apply nitrogen fertilizers to increase the productivity of agricultural crops. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is carried out by bacteria living in symbiosis with members of the family or free-living nitrogen fixers (Azotobacter). Bacterial preparations have been developed that improve phosphorus nutrition of plants. Recently, evidence has increasingly appeared about the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of chemical pesticides, which are poorly destroyed and accumulate in the environment. Microbial insecticides are highly specific and act only on certain types of insects. Microbial pesticides are subject to biodegradation. M/o can regulate the growth of plants and animals, suppress growth. Some bacteria change the pH and salinity of the soil, others produce compounds that bind Fe, and others produce growth regulators. Typically, m/o inoculate seeds and or plants before planting. Animal husbandry uses diagnostics, prevention, treatment of diseases using monoclonal Abs, and genetic improvement of animal breeds. Biotechnology is used for silage of feed, allowing to increase the absorption of plant biomass, for the disposal of waste from livestock farms, etc.
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Biogeotechnology The use of geochemical activity of microorganisms in the mining industry. Leaching of poor and spent ores, desulfurization of hard coal, combating methane in coal mines, increasing oil recovery, etc. Biogeotechnology of metal leaching - the use of mainly thionic (oxidizing sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds) bacteria to extract metals from ores, ore concentrates and rocks . When processing poor and complex ores, thousands and even millions of tons of valuable metals are lost in the form of waste, slag, and “tailings.” There are also emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Bacterial-chemical leaching of metals reduces these losses. The basis of this process is the oxidation of sulfide minerals contained in ores by thionic bacteria. Sulfides of copper, iron, zinc, tin, cadmium, etc. are oxidized. In this case, metals from the insoluble sulfide form pass into sulfates, which are highly soluble in water. Metals are extracted from sulfate solutions by precipitation, extraction, and sorption. The main species of minerals used for biogeotechnological mining of metals is the species of thionic bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Biogeotechnology spontaneously arose in the 16th century. Apparently, 1922 should be considered the official birth date of biogeotechnology. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was discovered in 1947 by Kolmer and Kinkelemyu Introduction to modern biotechnology Associate Professor S.N. Suslina, RUDN University
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Biogeotechnology Biogeotechnology of coal desulfurization is the use of thionic bacteria to remove sulfur-containing compounds from coals. The total sulfur content in coals can reach 10-12%. When coal is burned, the sulfur it contains turns into sulfur dioxide, which enters the atmosphere, where it forms sulfuric acid. From the atmosphere, sulfuric acid falls to the surface of the earth in the form of sulfuric acid rain. According to available data, in some countries of Western Europe, up to 300 kg of sulfuric acid falls per year on 1 hectare of land with rain. In addition, high-sulfur coals do not coke well and therefore cannot be used in non-ferrous metallurgy. The first experiments on the targeted removal of sulfur from coal using microorganisms were carried out in 1959 in our country by Z. M. Zarubina, N. N. Lyalikova and E. I. Shmuk. As a result of these experiments, within 30 days with the participation of Th. ferrooxidans, 23-30% of sulfur was removed from coal. Later, several works on microbiological desulfurization of coal were published by American researchers. Using thione bacteria, they managed to reduce the pyrite sulfur content in coal by almost 50% in four days.
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Bioelectronics In the field of electronics, biotechnology can be used to create improved types of biosensors and biochips. Biotechnology makes it possible to create devices in which proteins are the basis of molecules that act as semiconductors. To indicate contaminants of various origins, recently they began to use not chemical reagents, but biosensors - enzyme electrodes, as well as immobilized microbial cells. Bioselective sensors are also created by applying whole m/o cells or tissues to the surface of ion-selective electrodes. For example, Neurospora europea - for determining NH3, Trichosporon brassiacae - for determining acetic acid. Monoclonal Abs, which have exceptionally high selectivity, are also used as sensors. Leaders in the production of biosensors and biochips are Japanese companies such as Hitachi, Sharp, Sony.
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Medical biotechnology Vaccines and serums. Antibiotics. Enzymes and antienzymes. Hormones and their antagonists. Vitamins. Amino acids. Blood substitutes. Alkaloids. Immunomodulators. Bioradioprotectors. Immune diagnostics and biosensors. Biogeotechnology spontaneously arose in the 16th century. Apparently, 1922 should be considered the official birth date of biogeotechnology. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was discovered in 1947 by Kolmer and Kinkelemyu Introduction to modern biotechnology Associate Professor S.N. Suslina, RUDN University
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Key biomedical technologies Production of secondary metabolites - NMCs not required for growth in pure culture: a/b, alkaloids, plant growth hormones and toxins. Protein technology is the use of transgenic microorganisms for the synthesis of proteins foreign to producers (insulin, interferon). Hybridoma technology – production of monoclonal Abs to antigens of bacteria, viruses, animal and plant cells, pure enzymes and proteins. Engineering enzymology is the implementation of biotransformation of substances using the catalytic functions of enzymes in pure form or as part of PPS (cells), incl. immobilized.
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Biotechnology OPPORTUNITIES Accurate and early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious and genetic diseases; Increasing agricultural yields. crops by creating plants resistant to pests, diseases and adverse environmental conditions; Creation of microorganisms producing various biologically active substances (antibiotics, polymers, amino acids, enzymes); Creation of farm animal breeds with improved heritable traits; Recycling of toxic waste – environmental pollutants. PROBLEMS Impact of genetically engineered organisms on other organisms or the environment; Reduction of natural genetic diversity when creating recombinant organisms; Changing the genetic nature of a person using genetic engineering methods; Violation of the human right to privacy when using new diagnostic methods; Availability of treatment only to the rich for the purpose of profit; Obstacles to the free exchange of thoughts between scientists in the struggle for priorities
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