In recent years, wooden utensils have moved into the category of rarities, kitchen rarities, items of special use. Wine is aged in wooden barrels, meat is turned over in Teflon pans with wooden spatulas. A wooden coffee cup is an exception, an exclusive found in amateur kitchens.
The path from everyday kitchen utensils to a rarity, wooden utensils have passed in less than a century.

History of wooden utensils
It is impossible to say exactly when wooden utensils first appeared on the tables. The original "plates" are difficult to compare with modern ones, they rather resembled pieces of bark or hollowed out roots. And in most cases there were no plates at all. Depressions were made in the tables, in which food was placed. Ate with hands. "Plates" were then simply wiped with rags.

With the development of civilization, the shape of dishes also changed. Recesses in the table and pieces of bark gave way to bowls, plates more reminiscent of modern ones. On the territory of Europe and countries with the most ancient civilizations, found fragments of wooden dishes date back to the 7th century. These were already not only functional objects, but also decorative, containing elements of carving and decorations.

Wooden utensils in Russia
On the territory of modern Russia, as data from archaeological research show, dishes made of birch bark, birch, and oak were actively used by the beginning of the 10th century. The first surviving samples were found on the territory of Veliky Novgorod and in the Volga region in the territories occupied by the ancient Bulgarians. Samples of dishes dating back to the 12th century are no longer hollowed out by hand, but turned on the prototype of a lathe. Such dishes were found at the excavations of Ancient Kyiv in the Church of the Tithes. By the 15th-16th centuries, the dishes were only being turned. Only a few copies were made by hand. Lathes have become commonplace.

Craftsmen engaged in the production of wooden utensils provided not only their provinces and counties with bowls, cups and spoons. In the records of customs books, you can find information about the active trade that was carried out by craftsmen who worked in Veliky and Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, and the Volokolamsky Monastery.

By the beginning of the 19th century, earthenware and iron utensils were completely replaced with wooden ones on the tables of ordinary people and peasants. In addition to ordinary plates and bowls, mortars, brothers, cups, goblets and much more were used.

Use of wooden utensils
The inhabitants of Russia preferred deciduous trees to coniferous trees for making dishes. The cooperage was especially valued, which included glasses, tubs, and barrels for pickling cucumbers and cabbage.

In villages and cities, tubs were often used, used for carrying or storing water supplies, and for dousing in a bathhouse, and for bathing children. The name "tub" is associated with the presence of special "ears" with holes for the rocker arm or fasteners.

It is worth mentioning the "stavets", which has a lid. Depending on the size, the stave could be both a tureen and used for storing bread or other products. In the legends and songs of the bylinniks, heroes drinking a full brother are often mentioned. So called spherical dishes with a narrow top. So they kept wine, water, strong drinks.

Features of wooden utensils
Not everywhere and not always wooden utensils had only a functional purpose. The world-famous Khokhloma tableware has become a "brand", has acquired its own name. So the Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province became famous. Khokhloma bowls and bowls do not have pretentious elements. And they recognize “Khokhloma” by the famous black background, placers of “golden” leaves and red mountain ash. Other colors are not used in the work. "Khokhloma" has lost its purely utilitarian purpose and has become the dream of collectors and connoisseurs of beauty.

No less attention in Russia was paid to wooden spoons. Shape and size changed. But one thing remained invariably: every boy from a certain age had to carve his own spoon. When he could present a perfect example, he was considered an adult.

The advantages of wooden utensils include its environmental friendliness, durability, and attractive appearance. A coffee cup made of wood will give a special aroma and taste to the drink.

The use of wooden utensils today
In the XX-XXI centuries, wooden utensils ceased to be an item of mass use. Replaced by metal, plastic, ceramic. Wooden plates have also disappeared from public catering places, except for specialized ones serving dishes of Russian, Belarusian or Ukrainian cuisine. Only mortars, shovels, cutting boards remained. But they are gradually being replaced by plastic and fiberglass.

Some areas of application of the tree remained unchanged:

wine is still aged in oak barrels;
juniper barrels are used for pickling cucumbers and mushrooms;
wooden caskets are an ideal place to store honey, salt, sugar. Bugs will never start in flour if it is poured into a wooden container.

Modern housewives do not forget about salt shakers, pepper shakers, mortars, bread bins, carved by the caring hands of modern craftsmen.

Today it is difficult for us to imagine our life without dishes. Ancient people had to do without it for a long time. The primitive man began to make his first dishes from bark and wood, weaving baskets from twigs. But all these utensils were uncomfortable, you couldn’t cook in them, you couldn’t store liquids.

People tried to use all the materials at hand for food storage: shells, large nut shells, made bags from animal skins and, of course, hollowed out vessels from stone.

And only in the Neolithic era - in the last era of the Stone Age (approximately the 7th millennium BC) - was the first artificial material invented - refractory clay, from which they began to make ceramic dishes.

It is believed that a woman invented ceramic dishes. Women were more involved in the household, it was they who had to take care of the safety of food. At first, wicker dishes were simply coated with clay. And, probably, by chance, such dishes were not far from the fire. It was then that people noticed the properties of baked clay and began to make dishes from it.

To prevent the clay from cracking, sand, water, crushed stone, chopped straw were added to it. There was no potter's wheel then. Harnesses were made from clay, laid on top of each other in a spiral and squeezed. To make the surface of the dishes more even, it was smoothed with grass. Raw dishes were covered with some combustible material and set on fire. Thus, it was possible to burn the dishes from all sides.

The oldest pottery is simple in shape: the bottom is pointed, the walls expand upwards and resemble an egg, the upper part of which is cut off. Vessel walls are thick, rough, unevenly burnt. But, already having such dishes, a person was able to significantly diversify his food, learned to cook cereals, soups, stews, fry in fat and oil, and boil vegetables.

Gradually, primitive potters improved their dishes, they became finer and more perfect in shape. Ancient people sought to make it not only comfortable, but also beautiful. A variety of patterns began to be applied to the dishes. Rough dishes were covered with liquid clay and painted with mineral paints. Sometimes the pattern was scratched out with special sticks.

Most often, the dishes were decorated with a variety of ornaments, these were geometric figures, dancing people, flower rosettes, animal figures.

In addition to dishes, primitive people learned to make stoves and hearths. Bread was made in ovens. A fire was lit inside the clay oven. The walls of the oven became hot, and when the fire died down, bread cakes were placed in it.

Pottery in antiquity. Old Russian dishes: names. Staves and spoons

Municipal budgetary educational institution

“Secondary school No. 13 with. Versatile"

Shkotovsky municipal district of Primorsky Krai

Abstract of the museum lesson

Grade 2

"Dishes of ancient Russia"

Developed by an elementary school teacher

MBOU secondary school No. 13 with.

Nechipurenko L.N.

2016

Target : to form an understanding of the relationship of historical eras and their involvement in a different time, another culture through communication with monuments of history and culture.

Tasks:

To acquaint children with a new form of conducting a lesson - a museum lesson.

To arouse interest in the study of the history of the native city.

To form the ability to quickly grasp the meaning of what they heard, analyze, memorize.

to form a stable need and communication skills with the museum;

develop the ability for aesthetic contemplation and empathy;

to form respect for other cultures, readiness to understand and accept a system of other values;

to develop the need for independent exploration of the surrounding world by studying the cultural heritage of different eras and peoples.

During the classes

Hello my young friends!

You must have had a very difficult day.

Having visited the school, you got a lot of pleasure: you peed, read and counted, chatted and took a walk. If you continue to be overwhelmed by doubts about what else to do, because you do not suffer from childish laziness and non-hochuznatism, I suggest that you get comfortable in order to pick up a pencil and go to the country of Finders and Recognizers in order to continue to strive, achieve and rejoice in victory !

In this country of Finders and Recognizers live Answers to all questions. And if we make it safely to this country, each of you will receive a badge (you can come up with an emblem, badge, ticket, etc. ), which will give you the opportunity to go on your next trip.

Related work

Yes itmuseum.

A museum is an institution engaged in collecting, studying, storing and exhibiting monuments of material and spiritual culture, as well as educational activities.

The word "museum" is derived from the word "muse". The ancient Greek god Zeus had 9 daughters, 9 muses (muse - from the Greek "musa" - thinking), who patronized the sciences and arts: Melpomene - the muse of tragedy, Thalia - the muse of comedy, Calliope - the muse of epic poetry, Euterpe - the muse of lyrics, Erato is the muse of love songs, Terpsichore is the muse of dancing, Clio is the muse of history, Urania is the muse of astronomy and Polyhymnia is the muse of sacred hymns. The goddesses usually acted under the guidance of the patron of the arts, Apollo, who received the second name Musaget from the gods. Therefore, a "museum" is a "temple of the arts," i.e., a museion. Museions were the centers of the spiritual life of the ancient Greeks; philosophers, poets, singers, musicians gathered here for scientific disputes and competitions.

The museum has a lot of old things, things from different countries are kept, they tell about life in the past. A person who understands the silent language of things can go on an exciting journey.

What are museums? What do you think the museums themselves would answer to the question: “What can be stored within your walls?”

Answer options. Clothes, household utensils, cars, musical instruments, remains of ancient animals and plants, technical inventions, paintings, works of art, etc.

To date, the following have been identifiedtypes of museums :

artistic,

historical,

natural sciences,

technical,

literary,

memorial,

local history.

Museum exhibits - these are not just objects, but objects that have come down to us from another time.

A museum exhibit or museum value can be:

any object from the surrounding world, if it helps to imagine the time in which it was created and “lived”,

unique creation of nature,

an object that keeps the memory of an outstanding person or event,

a beautiful creation of human hands (technical structure, painting, sculpture, park).

A collection of museum pieces can tell us more than one thing about their time, the owners.

The museum has original exhibits and copies of exhibits.

Script is a thing, a testament to the era.

Copy looks like the original in every way. The museum needs a copy if the original cannot be kept in the light, in the open air, if it replaces the lost part of the dilapidated original. Therefore, in museums next to the exhibit, it is indicated whether it is genuine. But even the most accurate copy cannot replace the real thing.

Why do things end up in a museum?

The reasons:

the beauty
- native, Russian,
- alien, alien.

Memory
- about an important event,
- about a great or terrible person,
- customs, lifestyle
- Russians,
- foreign.

Mastery (technological progress)
- Russian,
- foreign.

Antiquity.

Curiosity, rarity (rarity).

Relic (everyone revered thing, thing-symbol).

Part of the collection.

A thing resurrected under the hand of a restorer.

Today I want to invite you on an exciting journey to our school museum.

In Ancient Russia, people did not yet use the word "utensils" (it appeared around the seventeenth century). It was replaced by another - "vessel" (for food), "vessel" - for drinking. Dishes in Russia were very diverse and adapted for cooking in the oven.

Dishes of Ancient Russia

One of the most ancient types of dishes was a dish. Usually it was made of wood, but dishes could also be made of glass, tin and even silver. Two or even three people could eat from one dish.

For liquid and semi-liquid food, the dish, of course, was unsuitable. So we came up with a bowl. She quickly came into use, becoming absolutely indispensable for soups, cereals, broths. The bowls could be very large so that the whole family could eat from it. But there were also "individual" bowls. The bowl could be earthenware or wood. In addition to its direct purpose, it was used for divination, rituals, conspiracies for health.

They cooked food in pots. It could also serve food on the table. They made pots of clay, while burning them on fire. Pots could be seen in the kitchen of the king, and a simple peasant. They were round-shaped vessels that perfectly endured the conditions of the Russian stove. Moreover, the heating of the pot and its contents occurred from the sides. The color of this household item was usually red, brown, black. The pot was sometimes decorated with painted ornaments.

A caterpillar was a dish made of clay for preparing second courses (meat, casserole). In fact, it was a frying pan with small walls, more often it was round in shape.

A kanopka is something like a modern mug.

Kashnik-pot was a small pot with one handle. Food was fried in it or food was served on the table.

Kisselnitsa is a bowl with a large capacity, as well as a spout. Its purpose is clear from the name.

Korchaga was a huge vessel made of clay. The korchagi had a lot of functions. Water was heated in it, beer and kvass, alcoholic drinks (braga) were brewed. Even clothes could be boiled in it! In shape, this dish resembled a pot or a jug, there was always a handle. Korchagi, in which beer was brewed, kvass or water was stored, was a special device. It was a hole closed with a special stopper. Interestingly, the korchagi did not have a lid. Its role was played by wooden boards, as well as canvas with dough (when brewing beer). The volume of the pot could be different: six liters, 24 liters.

Krynka is a vessel made of clay, in which milk was stored, and also served to the table. A distinctive feature of this dish was an expanded throat. It was such with the expectation that it was convenient to take it with the hand. It was noticed that the drink in such a vessel remains fresh for a long time. When the souring processes begin, a dense layer of sour cream is formed. It was removed with a spoon.

Pitchers were also in Ancient Russia. They were made of clay, glass or metal. The jug looked like a small barrel, but had a handle and spout.

Our ancestors also had a large jug. It was possible to put a pood of any cereal or other bulk product in it.

A capsule was called a kind of ladle or salt shaker with a lid. It was also made from clay.

Latka is the so-called frying pan in which vegetables were fried (stewed, steamed). The material is clay. The patch had a lid.

A jar was a kind of clay dish in which dough was made for dough. The jar had a wide throat (about 20-60 centimeters), a round shape, up to half a meter high.

A bowl is a low and wide vessel made of clay.

A pail is a special dish for milking. It could be made of wood, clay, copper. The neck of the pail was wide enough, there was a spout. In shape, it resembled a jug or bucket, it had no lid. As the name implies, milk was milked into it. The peasants had a sign: do not take the pail with bare hands (only in mittens or holding the floor).

The skull had the function of a container for spices, pickles or salads. It was made from clay.

Materials for making dishes, the history of dishes in Russia

As already mentioned, initially the dishes in Ancient Russia were made from wood, but not from any. More often they took linden, mountain ash, birch. According to our ancestors, their wood has useful properties. Absolutely everything was made of wood: spoons, bowls, salt shakers (birch bark), jugs, and many other utensils. Pottery in Russia appeared later. The history of pottery in Ancient Russia closely echoes the development of pottery.

The tree was taken as a material not by chance. It is easy to process, inexpensive and natural. According to archaeologists, chiseled wooden utensils in Russia (that is, made on special machines) appeared around the tenth century.

The history of pottery in Russia goes back into the distant past. Additional substances (for example, quartz sand) were added to the clay and fired. This is how ceramics were made. It was extremely durable and resistant to various adverse factors. The heyday of ceramic dishes came in the Middle Ages, but clay dishes were used before. Previously, clay dishes were made from separate parts. Earthenware of Ancient Russia became the progenitor of modern dishes.

There is evidence that the dishes were made of copper and other metals. But, of course, this trend appeared later and among the more prosperous part of the population.

The dishes were decorated with carvings, patterns, and paintings. Such dishes were served for holidays, weddings and other celebrations. Part of the ornaments was protective and protective.

Conclusion, consolidation of knowledge

The fat man is worth
akimbo barrel,
Hissing and boiling
He tells everyone to drink tea.Samovar

From me thin dishes
Pale white and loud
Burned since ancient times.
I am called...
Porcelain

I puff, I puff
I don't want to get hot anymore.
The lid rattled loudly.
“Drink tea, the water has boiled!”
Kettle

Carries water
To please the owner;
Lives with him
Until it falls.A cup

unapproachable in appearance
Standing akimbo,
And inside, look
Treat inside!
sugar bowl

I keep hot
I keep cold
I am an oven and a refrigerator
I will replace you on the trip.
Thermos

If I am empty
I don't forget about myself
But when I bring food
I will not pass by the mouth. A spoon

new crockery,
And all in holes. Sieve

She gets deep.
She is petty.
However, it is not a river. Plate

I was born in the earth
Hardened in fire. Pot

A fire burns in the middle of the water
Water doesn't flood it. Samovar

Made for liquid
and it doesn't hold liquid. Funnel

Kettle's girlfriend
Has two ears
Cooks porridge, soup for Yulia.
And her name is...
Saucepan

I feed everyone with pleasure,
And she's homeless. A spoon

If well sharpened,
Everything is easy, he cuts very -
Bread, potatoes, beets, meat,
Fish, apples and butter. Knife

The whole top of the head is in small holes -
Bitter-bitter in bowls. Pepperbox

Among the spoons I am a colonel.
And they call me...
ladle

New vessel
all in holes. Sieve

Bought brand new
so round
swing in the hands
and it's all holes. Sieve

Tell me what to call her:
All holes in her teeth,
But beets, radishes, horseradish, carrots
She rubs deftly. Grater

Antique dishes attract us with their diversity, unusualness, beauty. It opens the curtain for us over the life of the ancient peoples, because so much imagination, creativity, and soul have been invested in it. Such dishes can now be seen in museums, at exhibitions, with collectors or connoisseurs of antiques.

Ancient teapot

Wooden utensils

Old dishes in ancient times were made mainly of wood. Russian masters created real works of art. The dishes were decorated with carvings, paintings, patterns, drawings. Most often, birch, aspen, spruce, and rhizomes were used to create it. Dishes made from burl - a growth on a tree - were considered the most expensive.

Types of ancient wooden utensils:

ladle;
bread box;
salt shaker;
brother;
goblets;
stakes;
spoons.

1) Antique buckets.

In ancient times, the ladle was considered a festive dish, table decoration. It was used for drinking, honey, beer, kvass were served in it. In the North, stackers were made. They were made from the root of a tree in the form of a bowl with two handles. The latter were made in the form of a waterfowl. Large and medium ladles were used for serving drinks, and small ladles were used for drinking.

Groom buckets were popular in the Tver province. They were made from the root of the tree. The shape resembled a bowl with the edges bent inward. A horse's head was depicted on the nose of the ladle.

Small ladles - nalevki - were used to pour drinks from stacker ladles. They were hung on large buckets. Made in the form of a boat with a round bottom.

All ladles were painted with patterns, decorated with carvings and ornaments.

vintage ladle

2) Bread box.

Since bread has always been revered, it was kept in bread boxes. They were made from bast, which protected the product from mold and hardening.

3) Salt.

Salt shakers in the form of a stool or a duck were used to store salt. It was decorated with carvings, patterns, and paintings. Now the old salt shaker belongs to antiques and is very much appreciated.

4) Bowls.

A wide, oblong dish with small edges was called a bowl. They served fried, baked dishes, as well as loaves, pies. In the modern world, a bowl is known as a frying pan.

5) Valley and cups.

One of the drinking vessels was a round bowl, which was called a valley. They were turned on the machine, and the spout was made by hand. Later they began to make cups that were used during the holidays. This is a very beautiful dish, decorated with paintings, carvings, unusual drawings. The valleys were made from oak, linden, birch, maple, and the more expensive ones were made from burl.

6) Stavtsy.

The stakes were turned on the machine. This type of dish consisted of two bowls, one of which served as a bowl or plate. They served fruits and vegetables.

Antique spoons are very beautiful, they are decorated with drawings, ornaments, carvings. They differed in motives and forms depending on the region. Each spoon had its own purpose and name:

The puddle spoon was intended for communion. It was made with a cross on the handle.
Mezheumok is a simple medium-sized spoon.
Butyrka. The largest, burlatskaya spoon. She mixed a lot of food.
The Basque spoon was decorated beautifully, festively.

The most expensive were tea, cream, mustard spoons, as well as those made from maple and fruit trees.

Clay utensils

At the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century, the pottery period began in Ancient Russia, dishes made of clay appeared. It was made using a potter's wheel in the form of an oval, cone or cylinder. From clay they made: jugs, spoons, pots, cups, lids, bowls.

The jugs were made oblong with spouts. They were used to store milk and other fermented milk products.

Utensils for jelly and jellied fish were also made of clay. It was made in various shapes, decorated with colored glaze and drawings. The latter were not only on the side, but also at the bottom of the dishes.

Porridge was cooked in clay pots and served on the table. Clay pans were called patches. Kvass was prepared in special clay pots and stored in wooden barrels.

For church holidays, special jugs with a throat were used, and a spherical pot was intended for kutya.

Clay dishes

Variety of antique dishes

Glassware was not popular. At the beginning of the 20th century, they began to make copper and cast-iron dishes, as well as zinc glasses.

The nobility used chinaware, tea sets. Gradually, the range of dishes expanded. There were tongs, pots, sourdoughs, kegs and so on. Even later, entire factories were built that created a variety of porcelain and faience dishes.

Since the 13th century, sets of silverware have appeared. They were highly valued, were a luxury item, passed down from generation to generation. Silverware was decorated with patterns and family inscriptions. Such dishes were diverse and interesting. Each spoon had its own purpose, they were made separately for jam, honey, coffee, salt, tea. The objects of the service were decorated with leaves, figurines, patterns.

Silverware was considered a symbol of wealth, good taste, and elegance.

Ancient dishes are original, each has its own history, depending on the region, countries, it reflects the spirit, creativity, fantasy of the ancient people. Modern people never cease to admire the art of making antique dishes, drawings, fine workmanship and unusual, original paintings.

Ancient Russian dishes were distinguished by their diversity, despite the fact that they were most often created from wood. Its attractiveness for modern people is that it is beautiful, unusual, and the manufacture of dishes was a real creative process, a true art in which the imagination of Russian craftsmen manifested itself.
In Ancient Russia, people did not yet use the word "utensils" (it appeared around the seventeenth century). It was replaced by another - "vessel" (for food), "vessel" - for drinking.
It is difficult to say when the manufacture of wooden carved dishes began on the territory of Russia. The earliest find of a ladle dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. e. Archaeological excavations on the territory of Kievan Rus and Novgorod the Great indicate that the production of wooden utensils was developed already in the 10th - 12th centuries. In the XVI - XVII centuries.
Wooden utensils were made by serfs and monastic peasants or archers. The production of wooden utensils and spoons was widely developed in the 17th century, when the demand for them increased both in the city and in the countryside. In the 19th century With the development of industry and the advent of metal, porcelain, faience and glassware, the need for wooden dishes is sharply reduced. Its production is preserved mainly in the fishing areas of the Volga region.
Wooden products made 4-5 thousand years ago were discovered by archaeologists at the Gorbunovsky peat bog in the Sverdlovsk region (near Nizhny Tagil). This peat bog is known throughout the world for the unique Shigir idol. Wooden utensils from the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages were found in the peat bog.

The dishes, which were used as far back as the Bronze Age and the Eneolithic period, in addition to everything else, also have decorative elements. Its handles are made in the form of heads of waterfowl.

Antique kuksa, ladle (dolbanka) of the 19th century.

Features of ancient dishes
As already mentioned, in Russia all dishes were carved from wood, both for food and for drinking. That is why very few samples of real folk art have come down to us. Old Russian dishes are diverse - these are bowls, and ladles, and jugs, and carved spoons. These attributes were created in different centers of the Russian principality, and each master was distinguished by his own unique handwriting. Painting and carving are the most common decorations of ancient dishes. Today, these products can only be found in museums and in private collections of lovers of antique gizmos.

Village utensils: Tuesa and Ladles

Tuesa and Buckets, what's so amazing about them? And how they were made. Tues, otherwise it is called Burak. This small birch bark vessel, striking in its simplicity and wisdom of design, was invented a long time ago. But until now, craftsmen of the Russian North, the Urals and Siberia continue to make it. The peasants are well aware that the salt stored in the tuesa will never waver, and pickled mushrooms and cucumbers are not only stored for a long time, but also acquire a pleasant aroma, so it is sometimes difficult for the uninitiated to believe that some spices are not added to the salting.

But still, another advantage of tueska is most valued - water, milk or kvass remain cold in it for a long time, and hot water, on the contrary, does not get cold for a long time. That is why from time immemorial the tues was a frequent companion of the reaper, plowman, hunter, fisherman. The peasant had to notice more than once that even on the hottest days, when the sun scorches mercilessly, the birch sap coming out of the trunk is always cold. This means that birch bark reliably protects the birch trunk from overheating. This property of birch bark is explained by its structure. It consists of many thin layers that do not allow moisture and air to pass through, and the top layer is covered with a white coating that reflects the sun's rays. And the inner layers of birch bark have a wide variety of colors - from golden yellow to pinkish brown.

A unique decorative effect is given to birch bark by narrow brownish lines, the so-called lentils. These are kind of windows through which the trunk breathes in the summer. For the winter, these windows are tightly closed and filled with a special substance. Birch bark has high strength and almost does not rot. It is known that the North Russian log house was knitted without a single nail. Also, without nails, glue and other foreign fasteners, birch bark is getting along.

The tuesa device resembles a thermos. It has outer and inner walls, between which there is a small air insulating layer. On the inside of the walls, a white chalky surface helps reflect heat rays.

The inner wall should be without a single crack: after all, it holds the liquid. At the outer wall, the task is different - to be beautiful and elegant. No wonder it is called a shirt. Some shirts were decorated with bright and rich painting.

Others were lace-cut or embossed, while others were woven from narrow strips of birch bark. For the inside of the tuesa, skoloten is needed - this is birch bark, taken entirely from the trunk. It is possible to remove a stave only from a sawn birch. We warn you that it is impossible to cut trees in the forest without permission! It is best to remove birch bark in spring and early summer, at which time it easily peels off the trunk.

Removing the scapular and the sequence of making the tues:
1 - exfoliation of birch bark;
2 - skoloten and ridge;
3 - shirt tuesa;
4 - a shirt worn on a skunk;
5 - making willow hoops;
6 - wrapping the edges of the violet and inserting the bottom.

One more type of tues should be mentioned. These tuesas are intended only for storing bulk products or for picking berries. It is impossible to store and transfer liquids in them. Such tuesas are made from layered birch bark, which is most often fastened with a bast. The same material is used to tie the upper edge of the tues. The handle and lid are made in the same way as for tuesks from skolotn.

BASTER PRODUCTS
BOX

LUKOSHKO-NABIRUKHA

MOCHESNIK
storage for yarn and spindles

BREAD BOX

What material was used
Not all types of wood were suitable for creating dishes. The most commonly used birch, aspen, coniferous trees. Soft linden was used to create spoons, pouring ladles. Moreover, the documentation contains ancient Russian dishes, the names of which attract attention with their unusualness. For example, a straight spoon, a root ladle - such names do not tell us anything, modern people who are accustomed to glass and porcelain for table setting. In fact, straightness is the wood of the trunk, and the root vessel is a vessel made from a powerful rhizome. Peasants, as a rule, used any tree to create dishes - both ruins, and bark, and flexible roots that are convenient to weave. And the most expensive dishes were considered to be made of burl - a growth on a tree.
Ladle
This ancient Russian crockery has come down to us in a modified form, because modern models are by no means made of wood. Metal ladles in modern Russia are often used in villages when equipping a bath. In Ancient Russia, a ladle was considered the most common type of festive drinking utensils - honey, kvass, and beer were served in them. An ensemble of large and small ladles served as a real table decoration.

This ancient Russian wine dish has always been elegant and interesting, for example, in the form of a boat, a floating bird. On the Northern Dvina they created this

An important role was also played by the bright painting with which these simple

created vessels in the formhorse head, decorated with carvings and a geometric rosette in the center, which is an ancient symbol of the sun. And in 1558, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, on his orders a ladle was created, decorated with three large sapphires. Today this work of art is kept in one of the museums in Germany, in Dresden, inMuseum "Green Vaults" where is he going got during the Great Patriotic

Buckets from different regions
In Russia, wooden utensils of various shapes, sizes and purposes have long been cut: ladles, skopkari, valleys and others. Today, several types of traditional Russian ladles are known: Moscow, Kozmodemyansk, Tver, Yaroslavl-Kostroma, Vologda, Severodvinsk, etc.

Rice. 1. Russian holiday dishes. XVII-XIX centuries: 1 - burl boat-shaped Moscow ladle; 2 - a large Kozmodemyansky ladle; 3 - Kozmodemyansk buckets-scoops; 4 - Tver bucket "groom"; 5 - ladle of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma type; 6 - Vologda ladle; 7 - Severodvinsk skopkar; 8 - Tver valley; 9 - Severodvinsk valley.

Moscow craftsmen created buckets from burl, which made it possible to preserve a beautiful pattern of texture. Bowls of a clear, even exquisite boat-shaped shape with a flat bottom, a pointed spout and a short horizontal handle are characteristic. Due to the density and strength of the material, the walls of such vessels were often as thick as a nutshell. Burlap dishes were often made in a silver frame. Known ladles XVIII

Kozmodemyansk ladles were made of linden and resembled those in Moscow in shape, but were deeper and larger in volume. Some of them reached the capacity of two or three, and sometimes four buckets. The handle is flat horizontal with a constructive addition of a purely local

Kozmodemyansk is also characterized by small scoops, which served to scoop drinks from large bucket ladles. They are predominantly boat-shaped, with a rounded, slightly flattened bottom. Almost vertically set, running from the bottom, a multi-tiered handle in the form of an architectural structure is decorated with a through carving, ending with the image of a horse, less often a bird.

Tver ladles are noticeably different from Moscow and Kozmodemyansk ones. Their originality lies in the fact that they are hollowed out from the root of a tree. Keeping basically the shape of a rook, they are more elongated in width than in length, which makes them appear flattened. The nose of the ladle, as usual for boat-shaped vessels, is raised up and ends with two or three horse heads, for which the Tver ladles were called "grooms". The handle of the bucket is straight faceted, the upper face, as a rule, is decorated with ornamental carvings.

The dippers of the Yaroslavl-Kostroma group have a deep rounded, sometimes flattened boat-shaped bowl, the edges of which are slightly bent inwards. In earlier ladles, the bowl is raised on a low pallet. Their handles are carved in the form of a figured loop, the nose is in the form of a cock's head with a sharp beak and beard.

Vologda scoops are designed for scooping up drinks from large scoops. They are characterized by a boat-shaped shape and a round spherical bottom; as a rule, they were hung on a large ladle. Hook-shaped handles were decorated with carved ornaments in the form of ducks.

In the Russian North, skopkari ladles were carved from the root of a tree. Skopkar is a boat-shaped vessel, similar to a ladle, but having two handles, one of which is necessarily in the form of a bird's or horse's head. According to domestic purposes, skopkari are divided into large, medium and small. Large and medium - for serving drinks on the table, small - for individual use, like small cups.

Severodvinsk skopkari were also cut from the root. They have a clear boat-shaped shape, handles, processed in the form of a head and tail of a waterfowl, and with their whole appearance they resemble

Wooden ladle-skopkar (XIX century)

Skopkar XVIII century.
The initial processing of the described objects was carried out with an ax, the depth of the vessel was hollowed out (selected) with an adze, then leveled with a scraper. The final external processing was carried out with a cutter and a knife. Samples of Russian wooden utensils demonstrate high craftsmanship developed by more than one generation of folk craftsmen.
Currently, scoop buckets and table buckets are one of the favorite types of artistic wood products. Arkhangelsk craftsmen, preserving the traditional basis of the North Russian ladle, prefer not to lacquer the velvety wood surface, slightly tinted in silver or light brown tones. The masters of the Khotkovo craft near Moscow created their own image of a modern ladle, ladle-bowl, ladle-vase, decorating the festive table. They are characterized by a powerful plasticity of forms, an unusual surface, gleaming with inner light, of a pleasant tone. A ladle-sail with a highly raised straightened sail-handle has become traditional for fishing, on which, as a rule, a bush of the famous Kudrin ornament is carved.

Bread box and salt box
This ancient Russian utensil was also an obligatory attribute on any table, because bread and salt were important components of the diet. A bread box was used to store flour products, and it was made from bast - a layer of a tree trunk, which is located between the bark and the core. Such dishes reliably protect bread from mold and moisture.

Salt in Russia was an expensive pleasure, so the creation of dishes for storing it was approached very carefully. The salt box was made in two main forms - in the form of a high chair, in which the seat-cover rises, or in the form of a floating bird.

Distant relatives" of modern wine glasses and glasses ... what did they drink from in Russia?

Bratina, bowls and eyelid
Drinks in the history of the Russian people have always been of considerable importance. As reported in chronicles, many worldly affairs in Russia certainly began with an honest feast. Our ancestors knew a huge number of different drinks, egg and honey, which they brought from their Aryan homeland. Throughout history, a whole culture of drinking has been developed in Russia.
Bratina is a vessel for drinking, usually metal, in the form of a pot, comes from the word "bratchina", which meant a festive feast. As a rule, it was made in the form of a ball, which was intercepted from above by a neck-crown with bent edges. In ancient Russia, they were used mainly as healthy bowls, from which they drank honey, beer and kvass at communal feasts. In addition to being a necessary accessory for the banquet table, they could also be used as funeral bowls. It is possible that the origin of the very word "brother" refers to those times when blood relatives-brothers met at a solemn feast. Bratina is the most important attribute that characterizes a Russian person.

The ancient Russian ornament on the dishes of this type was very different. For example, a bratina made in the 18th century, decorated with painting in the form of scales with an inscription, has survived to this day. By the way, inscriptions also played a big role in the design of ancient dishes. They could tell a lot: about the place and date of creation of the attribute, about its owner, and so on.
There were also bowls in use in the old days, which are wide dishes with low edges. They served fried and baked dishes, and in

The eyelid was an oblong-shaped dish, which was covered with a lid on top and additionally equipped with handles. It was used for various purposes: for baking pies, storing kvass, cooking meat dishes. Subsequently, this dish turned into a frying pan known to us.

endova
Endova - Old Russian dishes, the names of which were different: both a bowl, and a yandova, and a brother.
Endova - a low bowl with a sock for draining. This dish is a round vessel made of copper or bast, which was used to drink beer, mead, home brew. Large valleys held up to a bucket of liquid. Tver and Severodvinsk variants are known. The best Tver valleys are carved from burl. They are a bowl on an oval or cubic pallet with a spout in the form of a trough and a handle. The endova of the Severodvinsk type has the shape of a round bowl on a low base, with slightly bent edges, with a half-open toe in the form of a groove, sometimes figuratively carved.

Some valleys had a short handle, with which you could hold a vessel with a drink. But the handle is very rare.

Tver craftsmen created the best valleys from burl (growth on a tree). The dishes were also made in the form of a bowl on a special pallet (oval or square) and were supplemented with a spout-plum. Vessels were processed with an ax, then leveled with a scraper.
Such vessels were stylized in the form of figures of a duck, goose, rooster, boat, and each region had its own drawings. Until now, such utensils have been preserved among the Karelians - they create valleys from linden, oak, maple or birch wood.

bowls
Bowls are wooden, earthenware, less often metal utensils, which served both for drinking and for eating. Wooden bowls were a hemispherical vessel with straight edges, on a small pallet, always without a lid. The bowl was indispensable in ancient rituals, especially in rituals associated with the birth of a child, weddings or funerals. At the end of the festive dinner, it was customary to drink the cup to the bottom for the health of the host and hostess: one who did not do this could be considered an enemy.

Staves and spoons

For food, a stavets was used, which was created by turning on a special machine. This dish consisted of two deep bowls - one served as a lid, but it could also be used as a plate. Fruits and vegetables were also served in stavtsy in Russia. But there was also dishes for a specific type of fruit - lemongrass, vegetable, borage. Stavets were dishes for manakhs. From here came the saying: “Every elder has his own stake!”

Well, what holiday table can do without spoons? Probably, many people have this element of utensils - a beautiful and thick wooden spoon, richly decorated with paintings. You will learn more in the section about the history of the wooden spoon.