The principle of operation of a well for water and its arrangement. Centrifugal pumps for wells: the history of the invention and the principles of operation of modern units Submersible pump for a well how it works

In order to effectively solve such problems as pumping from a great depth and supplying water to an autonomous water supply system, it is necessary to understand the design of a submersible pump for a well. The use of such pumps allows pumping water from wells, the depth of which reaches 80 meters. In this article, we will consider how a submersible pump works, what categories it is divided into and how to choose such a device correctly.

Types of pumping equipment for pumping liquid media from wells

The main purpose of deep-well pumps is to pump out a liquid medium from an underground source and its further transportation through a pipeline system under a certain pressure. Various systems are equipped with hydraulic machines of this type, which, in particular, include autonomous water supply and sanitation systems, irrigation systems, etc.

Depending on the application, submersible pumps may refer to:

• devices for industrial use, which, due to their high power, are capable of lifting the liquid they pump from a depth of up to 1000 meters (such equipment is of considerable size and is used in various industries);
• domestic submersible pumps used to ensure the efficient operation of autonomous water supply systems for country houses and summer cottages, as well as for the operation of irrigation systems (submersible pumps of this type are compact in size and sufficiently high in power).

According to the installation scheme, rod and rodless submersible pumps are distinguished in the well. Devices of the second type, in particular, include pumping units with electric centrifugal pumps (ESPs).

A rod pump is a hydraulic machine, the drive motor of which is located on the surface of the earth, outside the well, while only its intake part is immersed in the pumped liquid medium. The rods present in the design of such a device are designed to transfer the thrust generated by the drive motor to the intake part.

The drive motor of rodless pumps is located in the same housing with the intake mechanism and is immersed in the pumped liquid medium along with it. Such submersible devices are most widely used, as they are more convenient both in installation and in operation.

Submersible pumping equipment is also divided into various types according to its design and principle of operation. So, depending on these parameters, deep-seated pumps of centrifugal and vortex, or vibration, types are distinguished.

A submersible centrifugal pump is a device whose main working body is a wheel with blades mounted on a shaft rotating by an electric motor. When such a wheel (impeller) rotates, the pumped liquid in the inner chamber, under the action of the centrifugal force exerted on it, is thrown to the walls of the chamber, which contributes to the expulsion of the liquid medium into the pressure pipe. At the same time, a rarefaction of air is created in the central part of the chamber, due to which a new portion of the pumped liquid is sucked from the pipe located in the well.

Downhole submersible pump "Dzhileks"

In order to prevent solid inclusions contained in the pumped liquid from entering the internal part of the centrifugal submersible pump, such devices should be used complete with coarse filters installed on the supply pipe. The most significant disadvantage of centrifugal pumps, which can be operated year-round, is their rather high cost when compared with the price of vortex-type equipment.

Vortex (or vibration) deep pumps are used in cases where it is required to pump out water from a shallow well. The principle of operation of devices of this type is that high-frequency vibrations are created in their internal part, which set the mechanical piston in motion. The latter ensures the suction of the pumped medium from the supply pipe.

The most significant advantages of the considered pumps include:

• compact dimensions;
• low cost (compared to the price of centrifugal pumps);
• minimum power consumption.

Among the disadvantages of vortex-type submersible pumps are usually distinguished:

• destruction of the walls of the well from vibrations (it is possible to minimize the vibrational effect of the vortex pump on the walls of the well if rubber rings are put on its body);
• low power;
• rather low productivity of pumping liquid medium.

Vibration pump for the well "Kid"

Design features of deep pumps

The device of a deep pump and its design features are largely determined by the principle of operation and the type of drive motor of this hydraulic machine. The intake of the pumped liquid medium when using such pumps is carried out through a special pipe placed in the shaft of the well being serviced or in the well. The electric cable placed in a protective sheath is responsible for the power supply of the drive motor, located at a certain depth.

In the device of a centrifugal type borehole pump, two main parts can be distinguished:

• a drive motor, which may be built-in or external;
• directly to the pumping part of the equipment.

If the pump drive motor is built-in, it is usually placed at the bottom of the device. Water intake when using pumps of this type can be carried out both through the upper and through the lower part of their housing. Preference in this case is given to the intake of the pumped liquid through the lower part of the body, as this allows you to clean the deep part of the well from the silt and sand accumulating in it. Submersible pumping devices, which is very convenient, are cooled by the liquid medium in which they are placed. This allows you to protect such devices from overheating, which can quickly render them unusable. Centrifugal type deep-well pumps, although they are more complex in design than vibration devices, are distinguished by higher reliability, productivity and a longer operating life.

The main structural elements of vortex submersible pumps are the housing, a special glass, a drive motor and a vibrator. The vibrator in these devices is the most complex structural element, consisting of an anchor, a rubber shock absorber and control washers. The necessary conditions for fluid intake from the well, carried out by a vibration pump, are created by its rubber shock absorber, which is compressed and unclenched during the operation of such a device.

A mandatory element of equipment for submersible pumping equipment is a coarse filter that protects the interior of such devices from ingress of solids contained in the pumped medium. To ensure more efficient operation of submersible pumping equipment and ensure its protection from negative factors, various sensors are used that automatically stop the pump in the event of emergency situations (too high content of silt and sand in the pumped liquid, a decrease in the water level in the well, etc.).

Among the various types of pumping equipment used to pump water from a well or well, submersible devices are the most popular. Such popularity is explained by a number of advantages of submersible pumps, which include:

1. no noise during operation;
2. the ability to ensure uninterrupted water supply from a serviced well;
3. ease of installation;
4. the ability to provide water supply from wells of considerable depth;
5. compact dimensions;
6. no need for additional cooling of the drive motor;
7. anti-corrosion properties of the materials from which the body is made.

It is practically impossible to do without a deep pump if the depth of the well from which the liquid medium is to be pumped out exceeds 10 meters.

When choosing such a device, you should pay attention to such parameters as:

• the total need for water intake points in water, which the selected pump must provide;
• characteristics of the well from which water is to be pumped out (diameter and depth);
• geological data of the site where the well was drilled (depth at which groundwater is located, soil type, etc.);
• the presence on the site where it is planned to install pumping equipment, a power source.

The device of an independent water supply system with water intake from an underground source dictates the need to purchase pumping equipment. Out of habit, we are looking for products of foreign companies for arrangement. However, the Aquarius borehole pump is not inferior to units of foreign brands in terms of reliability and performance. It costs much less. And that's a big plus, right?

Do you want to understand the design features of the Aquarius pump? We will find answers to all your questions. The information proposed for consideration will help to correctly select the appropriate pumping unit, familiarize with the specifics of operation and maintenance of the device.

To facilitate the choice, we have described in detail the range of deep-well pumps with the Aquarius logo. They gave the rules, discussed in detail the sequence of connecting to an autonomous water supply and electricity network. The photo and video applications accompanying the article will help you better get used to the topic.

The unit, which is easy to use and install, is produced by the Promelectro company (Kharkov, Ukraine). In addition to submersible pumps, the company manufactures drainage and surface pumping equipment, electric motors, and feed grinders.

The range of pumps for deep use includes products operated in wells installed "on sand" and "on limestone". The range of distance from water intake to its supply to the surface is from 20 to 200 m.

The most powerful models can serve a large cottage or 2-3 country houses, as their productivity reaches 12 m³ / h.

The products of the Promelectro company have been known since 1995 - from the moment the enterprise was founded. And since 1996, equipment has been released that has not lost popularity to this day - submersible and surface pumps

Among the advantages of the Aquarius line of devices are:

• economical consumption of electricity;
• high performance;
• low noise coefficient;
• wear resistance of parts made of stainless steel, brass and safe food-grade plastic;
• the possibility of warranty or self-repair;
• light weight and dimensions corresponding to the diameter of the well;
• complete set, allowing you to immediately begin installation.

Do not forget about IEC 335-1 (international safety standard), warranty service for one and a half years and the opportunity to purchase spare parts from the manufacturer.

In terms of technical characteristics, the modifications are comparable with foreign counterparts PEDROLLO and GRUNDFOS. The cost, depending on the model, is from 1800 rubles. up to 27,400 rubles

Image gallery

After submerging the pump into the well, make sure that its body is completely in the water. The power cord should not be taut like a string. Only after checking the fulfilled conditions, proceed to connect the Aquarius pump to the power source.

If the device began to pump water and turned off only when the automation was triggered, everything was done correctly.

For the smooth operation of the equipment, preventive disassembly is carried out. If deficiencies are noticed after inspection, they must be eliminated. For example, you can replace the bearings (with a tight ride), change the oil, check the motor winding.

You may also find useful information on how, set out in our other article.

Possible malfunctions and methods for their elimination

Despite the prevention, cases of breakdown are possible, so we will consider the most frequent of them.

Preventive cleaning should be carried out every 1-2 years, but emergency unscheduled repairs are also possible if the parts are worn out or the suction pipe is filled with sand ahead of time

If the pump does not turn on, perform the following actions:

• check the presence of contacts in the socket;
• inspect the pump for clogging with sand;
• we measure the voltage, if there is a shortage, we connect the stabilizer.

If the performance suddenly decreased, we check if there is a leak in the pipeline. At the same time, we inspect and clean the filters. When the voltage drops, we use a stabilizer.

Sooner or later, the pump will become clogged with sand, so we clean it: remove the mesh and protective chute, separate the pump part and the electric motor, check the operation of the shaft, and wash all the elements. We assemble the device in the reverse order.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

How to make calculations for the competent choice of the Aquarius pump:

Technical characteristics and capabilities of the Aquarius BTsPE 1.6 40u model:

As you can see, the Aquarius pump is easy to install and maintain, an effective device for supplying water in an autonomous water supply system.

Regular self-examinations and minor repairs will help extend its life, but if you have difficulty installing or choosing a new model, use the services of professionals.

Do you use a Aquarius brand pump to deliver water to your house from a well? Or are you just planning to buy it and trying to learn more about the company's equipment? Or maybe you encountered a certain breakdown and were able to fix it yourself? Please write about it in the comments below - your experience will help another Aquarius owner.

The arrangement of a well is an ideal way to arrange a private “water supply” on the site of a country house or in a country house with the possibility of fully providing the home with water. The quality of the object being created in modern conditions can be ensured both in winter, in the usual strong and severe frosts in Russia, and in the warmer summer season.

For this, for example, a borehole adapter was invented, as well as a well-functioning and ideally suited principle of operation of the water supply system on the site with the house. The well arrangement scheme is not as complicated as it might seem at first glance, so it can be equipped in a short time.

The principle of the well

Scheme of the design of the well and its typical arrangement

Regardless of the type of your well, the principle of operation of all water wells is identical and is as follows:

1. After drilling, the walls, in order to avoid shedding, are reinforced with a casing pipe;
2. For primary purification of water from sand or other solid inclusions, a filter is installed through which water enters the well;
3. The mouth is sealed with a cap;
4. The pump lifts the water through the water pipes;
5. The water pipe is connected to the water pipe, and the well is insulated, depending on the method chosen;
6. The necessary equipment for automatic water supply is installed.

Equipment selection

The choice of equipment for arranging your future well is one of the most important stages, since the quality and duration of its work will depend on the right choice. The most important equipment that you should pay attention to is the pump, caisson, wellhead and hydraulic accumulator.

The principle of arrangement with a caisson or adapter

The caisson can be called the main design element of the future well. Outwardly, it resembles a container similar to a barrel and is used to protect equipment from groundwater and freezing.

Inside the caisson, you can place all the necessary components for automatic water supply (pressure switch, membrane tank, pressure gauge, various water purification filters, etc.), thus freeing the house from unnecessary equipment.

The caisson is made of metal or plastic. The main condition is that it is not subject to corrosion. The dimensions of the caisson are usually: 1 meter in diameter and 2 meters in height.

In addition to the caisson, you can also use an adapter. It is cheaper and has its own features. Let's look below at what to choose a caisson or adapter and what are the advantages of each.

1. All additional equipment can be placed inside the caisson.
2. Best suited for cold climates.
3. Durable and reliable.
4. Quick access to the pump and other equipment.

1. To install it, you do not need to dig an additional hole.
2. Fast installation.
3. Economical.

The choice of caisson or adapter also follows from the type of well. For example, if you have a well in the sand, many experts advise you to pay attention to the adapter, since the use of a caisson is not always beneficial due to the short life of such a well.

Pump units

One of the key elements of the entire system is the pump. Basically, three types can be distinguished:

1. Surface pump. Suitable only if the dynamic water level in the well does not fall below 7 meters from the ground.
2. Submersible vibration pump. A budget solution, it is rarely used specifically for a water supply system, as it has low productivity, and it can also destroy the walls of the well.
3. Centrifugal borehole pumps. Profile equipment for water supply systems from a well.

Borehole pumps are widely represented on the market by a large variety of manufacturers, for every taste and budget. The selection of the characteristics of the pump takes place according to the parameters of the well and directly to your water and heat supply system.

Basic design of borehole pumps: electric motor at the bottom, pumping part at the top

It is important to note that in the event of a pump failure, you will bear the cost of not only buying a new one, but also lifting the broken one from the well and installing the purchased one back. Therefore, the choice of the manufacturer should be approached with all responsibility.

Accumulator and relay

The key function of this equipment is to maintain a constant pressure in the system and to store water. The accumulator and pressure switch control the operation of the pump, when the water in the tank runs out, the pressure drops in it, which catches the relay and starts the pump, respectively, after filling the tank, the relay turns off the pump. In addition, the accumulator protects plumbing equipment from water hammer.

Hydraulic accumulators are of horizontal and vertical type

In appearance, the accumulator is similar to a tank made in an oval shape. Its volume, depending on the goals, can range from 10 to 1000 liters. If you have a small country house or cottage, a volume of 100 liters will be enough.

Hydraulic accumulator - accumulates, relay - controls, pressure gauge - displays

Well cap

To equip the well, a head is also installed. Its main purpose is to protect the well from the ingress of various debris and melt water into it. In other words, the cap performs the function of sealing.

Stages of creating and arranging a well

Do-it-yourself well construction takes place in several stages, allowing you to extract water on the site. These include the following actions.

Scheme of arranging a well for water

Training

The first stage is preparation, when it is only planned how to equip the well and its final operating principle is indicated, as well as the main operations are carried out.

A pit is being developed, the bottom of which is leveled with sand, a pump is carried out to the water level, which will subsequently be connected to the main pipe, the main source that supplies water to the site.

At this stage, a safety cable is used, after which everything is attached to the head of the well along with the creation of tie-ins; a final trench is being laid to the house to create a convenient water supply in the country house where work is being carried out.

Roem a pit for a well. First stage

Installation work

The second stage is the main installation work. First of all, a caisson is installed, but, if a well is created without a caisson, this stage changes somewhat, instead of a water-insulating caisson, an additional adapter is installed to bypass the water, or the so-called “piping” is carried out, its complex connection to the entire pump system for protection him from the water; By the way, it is a high-quality adapter that is the main trick that allows you to abandon the caisson, everything is fixed tightly using a head

A hydraulic accumulator is installed, supplemented by a pressure switch, after which communications through a pre-prepared trench are brought directly to the dacha, bathhouse, sauna or any other building where water access is needed. A high-quality well can provide water not even in one dacha, but become a central water supply for several neighboring houses.

Installation work. Second phase

Let's take a closer look at the installation of all the necessary equipment for the well

Installation of the caisson

Before proceeding with the installation of the caisson, you must first prepare the pit. Of course, the dimensions of the pit must correspond to the dimensions of the purchased container. After you have loaded the caisson into the pit, only its cover should remain at ground level.

If groundwater is present at the site of the future well, additional recesses should be provided so that, if necessary, timely pumping is carried out.

Only after the caisson has been lowered into the pit and secured, can the casing be fixed.

Submersible pump installation

The submersible pump is the most important element of the well, and when installing it, it is necessary to take into account some of the nuances:

1. Before finally installing the pump, thoroughly clean the well. It must be pumped in such a way that the water does not precipitate in the form of sand and other small particles.
2. Experts recommend installing the pump so that it is completely under water and does not touch the bottom. The minimum distance of the submersible pump from the bottom of the well must exceed 1 meter.
3. Install a non-return valve should be a meter from the pump on the riser pipe.
4. With the help of special automation and a dry running sensor, you can protect the pump from running without water.
5. It is important that the cable, thanks to which the pump is attached to the head cover, is strong and protected from corrosion.

Installation of a hydraulic accumulator

If you want to provide your site with an uninterrupted supply of water, then the installation of a hydraulic accumulator is required. This type of equipment can be installed both indoors and in a caisson. The technology of the system is quite simple. After the pump has been turned on, water is supplied to the empty tank. If you turn on the tap, water is supplied there directly from the accumulator, and not from the well.

The installation of the accumulator must be carried out in such a way as to ensure unhindered access to it in the future. You should also provide a check valve and a tap to shut off and drain the water.

Final settings

The third stage is the final settings that allow you to adjust the operation of the entire system, the optimal pressure is checked and set, the pump itself is connected directly to the electricity network, the system is started for the first time, tested and corrected if problems are found, pipes and insulation are checked again for leaks .

If you plan to equip the well with your own hands, it is better not to neglect the preparatory work and seek advice from experienced and proven specialists who have already received good reviews.

They will help you choose the best place to organize a water source, as well as recommend the best pump to cope with a specific volume of liquid, and an adapter, as well as put an end to the question of the need to install a caisson and help solve many other problems, explaining the principle of operation in as much detail as possible.

Necessary equipment for well construction

Among the necessary equipment for creating a well in a country house, a fairly large number of elements are needed, among which a special place is occupied by:

1. A pump designed directly to receive water from a well, as well as parts without which the pump piping will not be completed.
2. Downhole head designed for complete sealing of the main casing pipe.
3. Pressure switch that allows you to control the pump and monitor the status of its operation.
4. Steel cable, necessarily made of stainless material, and always the same stainless cable clamps.
5. PE water pipes, necessary for the construction of a water supply system, subsequently used exclusively for household purposes.
6. A non-return valve for water that allows fluid to pass in only one direction - towards the house or any other building, for which a private borehole water supply system is created.
7. Nipples, preferably brass, threaded at the ends and connecting pipes to each other, as well as other types of fasteners and connections, correctly selected for a particular project.
8. Directly a hydraulic accumulator that transfers the volume of fluid in the right direction under pressure.
9. Tees that allow you to create branches from the main water pipe.
10. A manometer that also allows you to control the water pressure in the pipes.
11. Hoses and faucets that make it possible to direct water to the right points in the house.
12. Various consumables, such as sealant, electrodes and others.
13. The caisson itself, a waterproof chamber that protects devices at depth from water entering them from a well.
14. An adapter that leads pipes through the main casing pipe of the entire created well, as well as an additional adapter required for sealing in case of failure of the caisson.

The largest and most expensive part is the caisson, the rest of the equipment can mostly be called consumables, the amount of which depends on the size of the system being designed.

A properly organized well will become a permanent source of water, independent of the season - so even in winter there will be a constant stream of clean water in the country house, suitable for any purpose and providing comfortable living conditions in a private house.

In addition to proper organization, well-chosen equipment, such as a borehole adapter, also ensures a high water level and longevity of well use, so it is also worth paying attention to when preparing a project.

In this article, we tried to collect all the possible principles of operation of pumps. Often, in a wide variety of brands and types of pumps, it is quite difficult to understand without knowing how this or that unit works. We tried to make it clear, because it is better to see once than hear a hundred times.
In most descriptions of the operation of pumps on the Internet, there are only sections of the flow path (at best, diagrams of operation by phases). This does not always help to understand exactly how the pump functions. Moreover, not everyone has an engineering education.
We hope that this section of our site will not only help you in choosing the right equipment, but also broaden your horizons.

Since ancient times, the task was to lift and transport water. The very first devices of this type were water-lifting wheels. It is believed that they were invented by the Egyptians.
The water-lifting machine was a wheel, along the circumference of which jugs were attached. The bottom edge of the wheel was lowered into the water. When the wheel rotated around the axis, the jugs scooped up water from the reservoir, and then at the top of the wheel, the water poured out of the jugs into a special receiving tray. to rotate the device, use the muscular strength of a person or animals.

Archimedes (287-212 BC), the great scientist of antiquity, invented the screw water-lifting device, later named after him. This device lifted water with a screw rotating inside the pipe, but some water always flowed back, because effective seals were unknown at that time. As a result, the relationship between the inclination of the screw and the feed was derived. When working, it was possible to choose between a large volume of lifted water or a higher lift height. The greater the inclination of the screw, the greater the feed height with a decrease in productivity.

The first piston pump for extinguishing fires, invented by the ancient Greek mechanic Ctesibius, was described as early as the 1st century BC. e. These pumps, by right, can be considered the very first pumps. Until the beginning of the 18th century, pumps of this type were used quite rarely, because. made of wood, they often broke. These pumps were developed after they began to be made of metal.
With the advent of the industrial revolution and the advent of steam engines, piston pumps began to be used to pump water from mines and mines.
Currently, piston pumps are used in everyday life for lifting water from wells and wells, in industry - in dosing pumps and high pressure pumps.

There are also piston pumps combined into groups: two-plunger, three-plunger, five-plunger, etc.
They fundamentally differ in the number of pumps and their mutual arrangement relative to the drive.
In the picture you can see a three-piston pump.

Vane pumps are a type of piston pumps. Pumps of this type were invented in the middle of the 19th century.
The pumps are two-way, that is, they supply water without idling.
They are mainly used as hand pumps for supplying fuel, oils and water from wells and wells.

Design:
Inside the cast-iron casing, the working bodies of the pump are located: an impeller that performs reciprocating movements and two pairs of valves (inlet and outlet). When the impeller moves, the pumped liquid moves from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity. Valve system prevents fluid from flowing in the opposite direction

Pumps of this type have in their design a bellows ("accordion"), by compressing which they pump liquid. The design of the pump is very simple and consists of only a few parts.
Usually, such pumps are made of plastic (polyethylene or polypropylene).
The main application is pumping out chemically active liquids from barrels, canisters, bottles, etc.

The low price of the pump allows it to be used as a disposable pump for pumping caustic and dangerous liquids with subsequent disposal of this pump.

Rotary vane (or vane) pumps are self-priming positive displacement pumps. Designed for pumping liquids. with lubricity (oils, diesel fuel, etc.). Pumps can suck liquid "dry", i.e. do not require preliminary filling of the body with a working fluid.

Principle of operation: The working body of the pump is made in the form of an eccentrically located rotor with longitudinal radial grooves in which flat plates (gates) slide, pressed against the stator by centrifugal force.
Since the rotor is located eccentrically, when it rotates, the plates, being continuously in contact with the housing wall, then enter the rotor, then move out of it.
During operation of the pump, a vacuum is formed on the suction side and the pumped mass fills the space between the plates and is then forced out into the discharge pipe.

External gear pumps are designed for pumping viscous liquids with lubricity.
Pumps are self-priming (usually no more than 4-5 meters).

Operating principle:
The drive gear is in constant engagement with the driven gear and sets it in rotational motion. When the pump gears rotate in opposite directions in the suction cavity, the teeth, disengaging, form a rarefaction (vacuum). Due to this, liquid enters the suction cavity, which, filling the cavities between the teeth of both gears, moves with the teeth along the cylindrical walls in the housing and is transferred from the suction cavity to the discharge cavity, where the gear teeth, engaging, push the liquid out of the cavities into the discharge pipeline. In this case, a tight contact is formed between the teeth, as a result of which the reverse transfer of liquid from the injection cavity to the suction cavity is impossible.

The pumps are similar in principle to a conventional gear pump, but are more compact in size. Of the minuses can be called the complexity of manufacturing.

Operating principle:
The drive gear is driven by the motor shaft. By engaging the pinion gear teeth, the outer gear also rotates.
During rotation, the openings between the teeth are freed, the volume increases and a vacuum is created at the inlet, ensuring the suction of the liquid.
The medium moves in the interdental spaces to the discharge side. The sickle, in this case, serves as a seal between the suction and discharge compartments.
With the introduction of a tooth into the interdental space, the volume decreases and the medium is displaced to the outlet of the pump.

Lobe (rotary or rotary) pumps are designed for gentle pumping of high products containing particles.
The different shape of the rotors installed in these pumps allows pumping liquids with large inclusions (for example, chocolate with whole nuts, etc.)
The rotation frequency of the rotors usually does not exceed 200...400 revolutions, which allows pumping products without destroying their structure.
They are used in the food and chemical industries.

In the picture you can see a rotary pump with three-lobe rotors.
Pumps of this design are used in food production for the gentle pumping of cream, sour cream, mayonnaise and similar liquids, which, when pumped by other types of pumps, can damage their structure.
For example, when pumping cream with a centrifugal pump (which has a wheel speed of 2900 rpm), they are whipped into butter.

The impeller pump (lamella, soft rotor pump) is a kind of rotary vane pump.
The working body of the pump is a soft impeller, planted with an eccentricity relative to the center of the pump housing. Due to this, when the impeller rotates, the volume between the blades changes and a suction vacuum is created.
What happens next can be seen in the picture.
The pumps are self-priming (up to 5 meters).
The advantage is the simplicity of the design.

The name of this pump comes from the shape of the working body - a disk curved along a sinusoid. A distinctive feature of sinus pumps is the ability to gently pump products containing large inclusions without damaging them.
For example, peach compote with peach halves can be easily pumped (naturally, the size of particles pumped without damage depends on the volume of the working chamber. When choosing a pump, you need to pay attention to this).

The size of the pumped particles depends on the volume of the cavity between the disc and the pump housing.
The pump has no valves. It is structurally arranged very simply, which guarantees long and trouble-free operation.

Principle of operation:

On the pump shaft, in the working chamber, a sinusoidal disk is installed. The chamber is divided from above into 2 parts by gates (up to the middle of the disc), which can freely move in a plane perpendicular to the disc and seal this part of the chamber, preventing fluid from flowing from the pump inlet to the outlet (see figure).
When the disk rotates, it creates a wave-like movement in the working chamber, due to which the liquid moves from the suction pipe to the discharge pipe. Due to the fact that the chamber is half divided by gates, the liquid is squeezed out into the discharge pipe.

The main working part of an eccentric screw pump is a screw (gerotor) pair, which determines both the principle of operation and all the basic characteristics of the pump unit. The screw pair consists of a fixed part - the stator, and a movable part - the rotor.

The stator is an internal n + 1-lead spiral, made, as a rule, from an elastomer (rubber), inseparably (or separately) connected to a metal cage (sleeve).

The rotor is an external n-lead helix, which is usually made of steel with or without subsequent coating.

It is worth pointing out that units with a 2-start stator and a 1-start rotor are currently the most common, such a scheme is a classic for almost all manufacturers of screw equipment.

An important point is that the centers of rotation of the spirals, both the stator and the rotor, are displaced by the amount of eccentricity, which makes it possible to create a friction pair in which, when the rotor rotates, closed sealed cavities are created inside the stator along the entire axis of rotation. At the same time, the number of such closed cavities per unit length of the screw pair determines the final pressure of the unit, and the volume of each cavity determines its performance.

Screw pumps are positive displacement pumps. These types of pumps can handle highly viscous liquids, including those containing a large amount of abrasive particles.
Advantages of screw pumps:
- self-priming (up to 7...9 meters),
- gentle pumping of liquid that does not destroy the structure of the product,
- the possibility of pumping highly viscous liquids, including those containing particles,
- the possibility of manufacturing the pump housing and stator from various materials, which allows pumping aggressive liquids.

Pumps of this type are widely used in the food and petrochemical industries.

Pumps of this type are designed for pumping viscous products with solid particles. The working body is a hose.
Advantage: simple structure, high reliability, self-priming.

Principle of operation:
When the rotor rotates in glycerin, the shoe completely compresses the hose (the working body of the pump), located around the circumference inside the housing, and squeezes the pumped liquid into the line. Behind the shoe, the hose regains its shape and sucks up the fluid. Abrasive particles are pressed into the elastic inner layer of the hose, then pushed into the stream without damaging the hose.

Vortex pumps are designed for pumping various liquid media. pumps are self-priming (after filling the pump housing with liquid).
Advantages: simple design, high pressure, small size.

Operating principle:
The impeller of a vortex pump is a flat disk with short radial straight blades located on the periphery of the impeller. The body has an annular cavity. The inner sealing protrusion, tightly adjacent to the outer ends and side surfaces of the blades, separates the suction and discharge pipes connected to the annular cavity.

When the wheel rotates, the liquid is carried away by the blades and simultaneously twists under the influence of centrifugal force. Thus, in the annular cavity of the operating pump, a kind of paired annular vortex motion is formed, which is why the pump is called vortex. A distinctive feature of the vortex pump is that the same volume of fluid moving along a helical trajectory, in the area from the entrance to the annular cavity to the exit from it, repeatedly enters the interblade space of the impeller, where each time it receives an additional increment of energy, and therefore, and pressure.

Gas lift (from gas and English lift - to raise), a device for lifting a droplet liquid due to the energy contained in the compressed gas mixed with it. Gas lift is mainly used to lift oil from boreholes using gas coming out of oil-bearing formations. Elevators are known in which atmospheric air is used to supply a liquid, mainly water. Such lifts are called airlifts or mamut pumps.

In a gas lift, or airlift, compressed gas or air from a compressor is supplied through a pipeline, mixed with a liquid, forming a gas-liquid or water-air emulsion that rises through the pipe. The mixing of gas with liquid occurs at the bottom of the pipe. The action of the gas lift is based on balancing the column of gas-liquid emulsion with a column of dropping liquid based on the law of communicating vessels. One of them is a borehole or reservoir, and the other is a pipe that contains a gas-liquid mixture.

Diaphragm pumps are positive displacement pumps. There are single and double diaphragm pumps. Double-membrane, usually produced with a drive from compressed air. Our drawing shows just such a pump.
The pumps are simple in design, self-priming (up to 9 meters), can pump chemically aggressive liquids and liquids with a high content of particles.

Principle of operation:
The two membranes connected by a shaft move back and forth under the influence of alternately forcing air into the chambers behind the membranes using an automatic air valve.

Suction: The first diaphragm creates a vacuum as it moves away from the housing wall.
Injection: The second diaphragm simultaneously transfers air pressure to the liquid in the housing, pushing it towards the outlet. During each cycle, the air pressure on the back wall of the discharge membrane is equal to the pressure, the head from the liquid side. Therefore, diaphragm pumps can also be operated with the outlet valve closed without compromising the service life of the diaphragm.

Screw pumps are often confused with screw pumps. But these are completely different pumps, as you can see in our description. The working body is the screw.
Pumps of this type can pump liquids of medium viscosity (up to 800 cSt), have good suction capacity (up to 9 meters), and can pump liquids with large particles (the size is determined by the screw pitch).
They are used for pumping oil sludge, fuel oil, diesel fuel, etc.

Attention! The pumps are NON-SELF-PRIMING. Priming of the pump housing and the entire suction hose is required for suction operation)

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps are the most common pumps. The name comes from the principle of operation: the pump works due to centrifugal force.
The pump consists of a housing (snail) and an impeller with radial curved blades located inside. The liquid enters the center of the wheel and, under the action of centrifugal force, is thrown to its periphery and then thrown out through the pressure pipe.

Pumps are used for pumping liquid media. There are models for reactive liquids, sand and slurry. They differ in body materials: for chemical liquids, various grades of stainless steel and plastic are used, for sludge, wear-resistant cast iron or rubber-coated pumps are used.
The mass use of centrifugal pumps is due to the simplicity of design and low cost of manufacture.

Multisection pump

Multisectional pumps are pumps with several impellers arranged in series. This arrangement is needed when high outlet pressure is required.

The fact is that a conventional centrifugal wheel produces a maximum pressure of 2-3 atm.

Therefore, to obtain higher pressure values, several centrifugal wheels installed in series are used.
(in fact, these are several centrifugal pumps connected in series).

These types of pumps are used as submersible well pumps and as high pressure network pumps.

Three screw pump

Three-screw pumps are designed for pumping liquids with lubricity without abrasive mechanical impurities. Product viscosity - up to 1500 cSt. Volume pump type.
The principle of operation of a three-screw pump is clear from the figure.

Pumps of this type are used:
- on ships of the sea and river fleet, in engine rooms,
- in hydraulic systems,
- in technological lines for supplying fuel and pumping oil products.

jet pump

The jet pump is designed to move (pump out) liquids or gases using compressed air (or liquid and steam) supplied through the ejector. The principle of operation of the pump is based on Bernoulli's law (the higher the fluid flow rate in the pipe, the lower the pressure of this fluid). This is due to the shape of the pump.

The design of the pump is extremely simple and has no moving parts.
Pumps of this type can be used as vacuum pumps or pumps for pumping liquids (including those containing inclusions).
The pump requires compressed air or steam to operate.

Steam powered jet pumps are called steam jet pumps, water powered jet pumps are called water jet pumps.
Pumps that suck out the substance and create a vacuum are called ejectors. Pumps forcing a substance under pressure - injectors.

This pump works without power supply, compressed air, etc. The operation of this type of pump is based on the energy of water flowing by gravity and the water hammer that occurs when it is abruptly braked.

The principle of operation of the hydraulic ram pump:
Water is accelerated along the suction inclined pipe to a certain speed, at which the spring-loaded baffle valve (on the right) overcomes the spring force and closes, blocking the flow of water. The inertia of the abruptly stopped water in the suction pipe creates a water hammer (i.e., the water pressure in the supply pipe increases sharply for a short time). The value of this pressure depends on the length of the supply pipe and the speed of the water flow.
The increased water pressure opens the top valve of the pump and part of the water from the pipe passes into the air cap (rectangle on top) and the outlet pipe (to the left of the cap). The air in the bell is compressed, accumulating energy.
Because the water in the supply pipe is stopped, the pressure in it drops, which leads to the opening of the baffle valve and the closing of the upper valve. After that, the water from the air cap is pushed out by the pressure of compressed air into the outlet pipe. Since the stop valve has opened, the water accelerates again and the pump cycle is repeated.

Scroll vacuum pump

Scroll vacuum pump is a positive displacement pump for internal compression and displacement of gas.
Each pump consists of two high-precision Archimedes spirals (sickle-shaped cavities) located at a 180° offset from each other. One spiral is stationary, while the other is rotated by the engine.
The movable spiral performs orbital rotation, which leads to a successive decrease in gas cavities, compressing and moving the gas along the chain from the periphery to the center.
Scroll vacuum pumps are classified as "dry" foreline pumps that do not use vacuum oils to seal mating parts (no friction - no oil needed).
One of the areas of application of this type of pumps are particle accelerators and synchrotrons, which in itself already speaks of the quality of the vacuum created.

Laminar (disc) pump

The laminar (disc) pump is a kind of centrifugal pump, but can perform the work of not only centrifugal, but also progressive cavity pumps, vane and gear pumps, i.e. pump viscous liquids.
The laminar pump impeller consists of two or more parallel discs. The greater the distance between the discs, the more viscous liquid the pump can pump. Theory of process physics: under conditions of laminar flow, fluid layers move at different speeds through the pipe: the layer closest to the stationary pipe (the so-called boundary layer) flows more slowly than the deeper (closer to the center of the pipe) layers of the flowing medium.
Similarly, when fluid enters a disc pump, a boundary layer forms on the rotating surfaces of the parallel discs of the impeller. As the discs rotate, energy is transferred to successive layers of molecules in the fluid between the discs, creating velocity and pressure gradients across the orifice. This combination of boundary layer and viscous drag results in a pumping moment that "pulls" the product through the pump in a smooth, almost non-pulsating flow.

*Information taken from open sources.

A submersible pump is an indispensable assistant in any country house. The device is required to raise water from a well, well or reservoir located next to a personal plot. So that readers can correctly select a product for a specific source of water intake, for each type of equipment, the article provides a diagram of a submersible pump, describes the device and the principle of its operation.

Submersible pump classification

Submersible pumps for domestic use can be divided into:

1. according to the purpose of the equipment;
2. according to how the device works.

Separation of devices by purpose

The use of submersible pumps is quite extensive. Depending on the area of ​​\u200b\u200buse, the following types of pumps are distinguished:

• borehole or deep. The equipment is capable of lifting water from great depths. The only condition is that water should not contain various impurities that can damage the internal mechanism;

• wells. The equipment is characterized by lower productivity and pressure. Can work in water containing fine particles of sand, silt or lime;

• . Are intended for work in the polluted water. Can be used for a well, reservoir or pumping fluid from the basement. The device of a submersible drainage pump allows particles with a diameter of 10 to 70 mm to pass through;

• fecal. They are used to pump out waste that accumulates in collection wells and other containers in which waste water is collected. The equipment is equipped with a chopper capable of processing toilet paper and other hygiene products.

All types of pumps are made of high-strength materials that can work in water for a long period of time.

Separation of pumps according to the principle of operation

According to the principle of pumps, there is a division of devices into the following types:

• vibration;
• centrifugal;
• vortex;
• screw.

The device and principle of operation of submersible pumps

Vibratory pumps

The main elements of a submersible vibration pump are:

1. power unit, inside which is an electric magnet;
2. a vibrator or the second part of an electromagnet that drives the driving piston;
3. a chamber for collecting water connected to the outlet pipe;
4. suction chamber. The compartment where water from the source first enters;
5. a shock absorber necessary to ensure a smooth running of the working piston;

On sale there are devices that are not equipped with shock absorbers. However, they quickly fail, as sudden movements of the piston lead to mechanical damage.

1. washers that affect the performance of the submersible device. By increasing or decreasing the number of washers, you can independently change the pump power;
2. rod or base for piston movement;
3. check valve. The device is installed in order to prevent the backflow of liquid from the pump. Due to the check valve, it is possible to increase the nominal productivity of the equipment;
4. nut necessary to fix the piston on the rod;
5. piston, which is the main working element of the pump;
6. channels designed to transfer water from the collection chamber to the plumbing system.

The operation of a submersible vibration type pump occurs due to the movement of the piston. When electrical power is applied, an electromagnetic field is created in the power unit, and the vibrator is attracted, giving the piston movement. At this time, a discharged pressure is created in the intake and suction chambers, and the free space is filled with water through check valves. Similarly, the liquid passes through the channels and enters the pipeline.

In a second, several piston movements occur, which causes the pressure of water in the pipeline.

Centrifugal pumps

The centrifugal submersible pump consists of the following elements:

1. the impeller is the main element of the equipment;
2. impeller blades that create centrifugal force to suck water;
3. housing protecting the impeller from mechanical damage;
4. a suction area through which liquid is forced;
5. a pressure pipeline that transfers water from the pump to the plumbing system;
6. check valve that prevents water from escaping from the pump to the source;
7. a protective mesh necessary to protect the working part of the pump from impurities that adversely affect the operation of the device.

Operation of submersible centrifugal pumps equipped with a protective grid is also possible in slightly polluted water.

The principle of operation of a submersible pump with this design is quite simple. Due to the supply of electricity, the impeller begins to rotate. A centrifugal force is created along the perimeter of the blades, which forces water to move from the suction pipe to the pressure pipe connected to the house's water supply system.

You can learn more about the design and principle of operation of a centrifugal pump from the video clip.

vortex pumps

Now let's look at how a vortex-type submersible pump works. The device and principle of operation of the equipment is similar to the centrifugal pump. The differences are in the following aspects:

• the impeller of the vortex pump is solid, and the centrifugal force that creates the vortex flow is formed as a result of the movement of the stiffeners;
• water entering through the check valve accumulates in the cells and it is from them that it is transferred to the pressure pipeline.

Vortex pumps, by virtue of their design, are capable of delivering a greater liquid head at low energy costs.

Screw pumps

Screw pumps (they are also called screw pumps) work by rotating the working screw located inside the fixed housing.

The performance of the pump is directly proportional to the speed of rotation of the screw.

Any type of submersible pump can be controlled manually or by an optional automatic system. Any pump can be equipped with a float that prevents dry operation, which is unacceptable when using submersible devices.

Stabilizers are used to eliminate voltage fluctuations in the electrical network that can disable equipment. To improve the design of the submersible pump and maximize its service life, a hydraulic accumulator is built into the house's water supply system.