Jan gamarnik biography. The most closed people. From Lenin to Gorbachev: Encyclopedia of Biographies. New life stage

Jan Borisovich Gamarnik (real name - Yakov Borisovich Pudikovich, May 21, 1894, Zhitomir - May 31, 1937, Moscow) - Soviet military leader, state and party leader, army commissar of the 1st rank. He shot himself on the eve of the inevitable arrest in the "Tukhachevsky case."

He studied at the gymnasium, but from the age of 15 he was forced to earn his livelihood. At the age of 17 he became interested in Marxism. In 1913, after graduating from high school with a silver medal, he moved to Malin, Kyiv province, and became a tutor. In 1914 he entered the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, but, not being carried away by medical practice, in 1915 he transferred to the law faculty of Kyiv University. Having met the leaders of the Bolshevik underground in Ukraine, N. A. Skrypnik and S. V. Kosior, who had a great influence on him, Gamarnik became a member of the RSDLP (b) in 1916. Conducted propaganda at the Kiev plant "Arsenal".

After the February Revolution of 1917, Gamarnik headed the Kyiv Committee of the RSDLP(b).

After the October Revolution in Petrograd, he was arrested by the authorities along with the leaders of the Kyiv Bolsheviks. He was released by an armed uprising on October 31, 1917.

In January 1918 he was elected a member of the Kyiv Revolutionary Committee to lead the uprising of workers, then - in the underground party work in Ukraine. In the summer of 1918 he came to Moscow, met V.I. Lenin and was elected to the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. Participated in the suppression of the rebellion of the Left Social Revolutionaries. In 1918 he was deputy chairman of the Kyiv Soviet.

Since May 1919, the chairman of the Odessa Provincial Party Committee.

In August 1919, Gamarnik was appointed a member of the RVS of the Southern Group of Forces of the 12th Army. In February 1920, after the defeat of Denikin's forces, Gamarnik was chairman of the Kiev provincial party committee and the Kyiv provincial executive committee.

From July 1923 - Chairman of the Primorsky Provincial Executive Committee, in June 1924 - Chairman of the Dalrevkom, and from March 1926 - the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee.

In 1927-1928 he was the first secretary of the Far East Regional Committee of the Party. He was much involved in the industrial development of the Far East, with his participation a 10-year plan (1926-1935) for the rise of the region's economy was developed and implemented. He supported the Ukrainization of the south of the Far East, where from 60 to 80% of Ukrainians lived in its various regions.

From February 1928 to October 1929 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. He supported the policy of collectivization.

In 1929-1937, he was the head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army, at the same time the editor-in-chief of the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. Through Gamarnik, communication was carried out between the leadership of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the state security agencies.

In 1930-1934, the first deputy. People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the USSR Voroshilov and Deputy. Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. He provided all possible assistance to Tukhachevsky in the implementation of the technical reconstruction of the Red Army and played a large role in increasing the combat readiness of the Red Army.

At the November Plenum of the Central Committee in 1929, Gamarnik supported Stalin in defeating the "right opposition":

“We cannot tolerate that in the ranks of our Politburo there are people who interfere with our struggle, who get confused between the legs, who objectively defend the class enemy.”

It was about N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, M. P. Tomsk.

In 1934-1937, the first deputy. People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. He spoke in defense of Tukhachevsky, telling Stalin that a mistake had been made in his regard. On March 13, 1937, he was appointed authorized representative of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Gamarnik was the first in the Red Army on November 20, 1935, was awarded the military rank of army commissar of the 1st rank, corresponding to the rank of army commander of the 1st rank.

Delegate of the 10th-17th Party Congresses. At the 14th congress he was elected as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the party, at the 15-17th - a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

On May 20, 1937, Gamarnik was removed from his post as head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army and demoted to the position of a member of the Military Council of the Central Asian Military District.

On May 30, 1937, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided: “Remove Comrades. Gamarnik and Aronshtam from work in the People's Commissariat of Defense and to be expelled from the Military Council, as workers who were in close group communication with Yakir, who has now been expelled from the party for participating in a military-fascist conspiracy "

On May 31, the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov ordered the Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army [source not specified 154 days] A. S. Bulin and the head of the People's Commissariat of Defense I. V. Smorodinov to inform Gamarnik, who is in his apartment due to illness, about the decisions of the Politburo. They also announced to Gamarnik the order of the People's Commissar of Defense to dismiss him from the ranks of the Red Army. Immediately after they left, Gamarnik shot himself on the eve of his inevitable arrest.

On June 1, the newspaper Pravda and other Soviet publications published a short report: “Former member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Ya. His name was mentioned in the verdict in the Tukhachevsky case of June 11, 1937.

After his death, he was declared an "enemy of the people", his participation "in anti-state relations with the leading military circles of one of the foreign states", espionage and wrecking work was established.

Testimony against Gamarnik was given by many of the defendants in the Tukhachevsky case. Iona Yakir, who initially indicated that Gamarnik only sympathized with the military conspiracy, the existence of which the arrested military leaders admitted, then changed his testimony and stated that since 1936 he had informed Gamarnik about the “sabotage work” carried out in the western border regions, and he informed him about his work to undermine the defense capability in the Far East. Tukhachevsky himself testified that Gamarnik was one of the 10 members of the "center" of the military conspiracy since 1934 and was in charge of subversive activities in the Far East. Ieronim Uborevich limited himself to the assumption that Gamarnik could be part of the leadership of the "Tukhachevsky conspiracy." Vitovt Putna, Boris Feldman and August Kork did not confirm Gamarnik's participation in the conspiracy.

In 1955, Gamarnik I. M. and two sisters of Yan Borisovich - Bogomolova-Gamarnik K. B. and Gamarnik F. B. sent complaints to the USSR Prosecutor's Office, in which they pointed out the groundlessness of the accusations against Ya. B. Gamarnik. On August 6, 1955, the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, on the proposal of the Prosecutor General of the USSR Rudenko of July 22, 1955, by a special resolution recognized the accusations against Ya. B. Gamarnik of anti-Soviet activities as unfounded. In party terms, Gamarnik was rehabilitated by the decision of the Party Control Committee under the Central Committee of the CPSU of October 7, 1955.

early years

He studied at the gymnasium, but from the age of 15 he was forced to earn his livelihood. At the age of 17 he became interested in Marxism.

In 1913, after graduating from the gymnasium with a silver medal, he moved to the town of Malin, Kyiv province, and became a tutor. In 1914 he entered the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, but, not being carried away by medical practice, in 1915 he transferred to the law faculty of Kyiv University. Acquainted with the leaders of the Bolshevik underground in Ukraine N. A. Skrypnik and S. V. Kosior, who had a great influence on him, Gamarnik became a member of the RSDLP (b) in 1916. Conducted propaganda at the Kiev plant "Arsenal".

Party career

After the February Revolution of 1917, Gamarnik headed the Kyiv Committee of the RSDLP(b).

After the October Revolution in Petrograd, he was arrested by the authorities along with the leaders of the Kyiv Bolsheviks. He was released by an armed uprising on October 31, 1917.

In 1918-1919 - in the underground party work in Ukraine. In 1918 he came to Moscow, met V.I. Lenin and was elected to the Central Committee of the CP(b)U. Participated in the suppression of the rebellion of the Left Social Revolutionaries. In 1918, Deputy Chairman of the Kyiv Council.

Since 1919, the chairman of the Odessa Provincial Party Committee.

From July 1923 - Chairman of the Primorsky Provincial Executive Committee, in June 1924 - Chairman of the Dalrevkom, and from March 1926 - the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee.

In 1927-1928. First Secretary of the Far Eastern Regional Committee of the Party. He was much engaged in the industrial development of the Far East, with his participation a 10-year plan (1926-1935) for the rise of the region's economy was developed and implemented. He supported the Ukrainization of the south of the Far East, where from 60 to 80% of Ukrainians lived in its various regions.

From February 1928 to October 1929 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. He supported the policy of collectivization.

In the Red Army

At the November Plenum of the Central Committee of 1929, Gamarnik supported Stalin in defeating the "Right Opposition":

It was about N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, M. P. Tomsk.

Gamarnik was the first in the Red Army on November 20, 1935, was awarded the military rank of army commissar of the 1st rank, corresponding to the rank of army commander of the 1st rank.

Suicide

On May 30, 1937, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided: “Remove Comrades. Gamarnik and Aronshtam from work in the People's Commissariat of Defense and to be excluded from the Military Council, as employees who were in close group communication with Yakir, who has now been expelled from the party for participating in a military-fascist conspiracy.

On May 31, the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov ordered the Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army A. S. Bulin and the head of the People's Commissariat of Defense I. V. Smorodinov to inform Gamarnik, who was in his apartment due to illness, about the decisions of the Politburo. They also announced to Gamarnik the order of the People's Commissar of Defense to dismiss him from the ranks of the Red Army. Immediately after they left, Gamarnik shot himself on the eve of his inevitable arrest.

After that, a large number of political workers - Gamarnik's appointees - were repressed.

Rehabilitation

Awards

He was awarded the Order of Lenin (Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR on personnel dated February 22, 1933 No. 337) and the Order of the Red Banner.

A family

Gamarnik's wife was sentenced to 8 years in prison (and then another 10) and died in 1943 in the camp (according to other sources, she was shot near Orel in 1941).
Daughter - Kochneva, Victoria Yanovna (born in 1924). After her father's arrest, she was sent to an orphanage. An engineer, until her retirement she worked at the Ministry of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry of the USSR.
The sister of Gamarnik's wife Manya was married to the Jewish poet Chaim Iosifovich Bialik.
Gamarnik, Faina Borisovna (1899-1990) [specify], sister of Ya. B. Gamarnik, was a doctor in the Sanitary Department of the Kremlin. She was called when Stalin found the body of his wife, Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who had committed suicide. Later she was repressed, spent 24 years in Karlag, but she managed to survive.
Bogomolova-Gamarnik, Klara Borisovna (1905 -?). Sister of Ya. B. Gamarnik. Member of the CPSU since 1929. In the 1920s she worked in the complaints bureau of the Kyiv city KK-RKI, in the 1930s - in the CPSU MGK, in the prosecutor's office of the Moscow region. In retirement, she worked on a voluntary basis in the Committee of Soviet Women.

Miscellaneous

Memory

On June 1, 1964, Batareinaya Street in the city of Khabarovsk was renamed Gamarnika Street.
In 1964, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Gamarnik was issued.
In Vladivostok there is Gamarnika street.
There is Gamarnika street in Kyiv (Puscha-Voditsa settlement, Obolonsky district).
In Minsk, in the Zeleny Lug microdistrict, there is Gamarnika Street.
In Kharkov in the city center there is Gamarnika Street and until June 22, 1937 there was Gamarnika Lane. Now there is a lane Gamarnika in another part of the city.
In Zhytomyr there is a street named after him and the house where Y. Gamarnik was born.
In Odessa, there was Gamarnika Street (now Seminarskaya Street).
In Komsomolsk-on-Amur there is Gamarnika street.
There is Jan Gamarnik street in Sevastopol.

The most closed people. From Lenin to Gorbachev: Encyclopedia of biographies Zenkovich Nikolai Aleksandrovich

GAMARNIK Yan Borisovich (Yakov Pudikovich)

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Yan Borisovich Gamarnik (real name - Yakov Pudikovich Gamarnik, May 21 (June 2), 1894, Zhitomir - May 31, 1937, Moscow) - Soviet military leader, state and party leader, army commissar of the 1st rank.
On May 20, 1937, Gamarnik was removed from his post as head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army and demoted to the position of a member of the Military Council of the Central Asian Military District.
On May 30, 1937, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks decided: “Remove Comrades. Gamarnik and Aronshtam from work in the People's Commissariat of Defense and excluded from the Military Council, as employees who were in close group communication with Yakir, who has now been expelled from the party for participating in a military-fascist conspiracy.
On May 31, the People's Commissar of Defense K. E. Voroshilov ordered the Deputy Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army A. S. Bulin and the head of the People's Commissariat of Defense I. V. Smorodinov to inform Gamarnik, who was in his apartment due to illness, about the decisions of the Politburo. They also announced to Gamarnik the order of the People's Commissar of Defense to dismiss him from the ranks of the Red Army. Immediately after they left, Gamarnik shot himself on the eve of his inevitable arrest.
On June 1, the newspaper Pravda and other Soviet publications published a short report: “Former member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Ya. His name was mentioned in the verdict in the Tukhachevsky case of June 11, 1937.
After his death, he was declared an "enemy of the people", his participation "in anti-state relations with the leading military circles of one of the foreign states", espionage and wrecking work was established.
Testimony against Gamarnik was given by many of the defendants in the Tukhachevsky case. Iona Yakir, who initially indicated that Gamarnik only sympathized with the military conspiracy, the existence of which the arrested military leaders admitted, then changed his testimony and stated that since 1936 he had informed Gamarnik about the “sabotage work” carried out in the western border regions, and he informed him about his work to undermine the defense capability in the Far East. Tukhachevsky himself testified that Gamarnik was one of the 10 members of the "center" of the military conspiracy since 1934 and was in charge of subversive activities in the Far East. Ieronim Uborevich limited himself to the assumption that Gamarnik could be part of the leadership of the "Tukhachevsky conspiracy." Vitovt Putna, Boris Feldman and August Kork did not confirm Gamarnik's participation in the conspiracy.
After that, a large number of political workers - Gamarnik's appointees - were repressed.
He was rehabilitated by the CCP under the Central Committee of the CPSU in terms of party relations on October 7, 1955.

June 01, 1894 - May 31, 1937

Soviet military leader, statesman and party leader, army commissar of the 1st rank

early years

He studied at the gymnasium, but from the age of 15 he was forced to earn his livelihood. At the age of 17 he became interested in Marxism.

In 1913, after graduating from the gymnasium with a silver medal, he moved to the town of Malin, Kyiv province, and became a tutor. In 1914 he entered the St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute, but, not being carried away by medical practice, in 1915 he transferred to the law faculty of Kyiv University. Having met the leaders of the Bolshevik underground in Ukraine N. A. Skrypnik and S. V. Kosior, who had a great influence on him, Gamarnik became a member of the RSDLP (b) in 1916. Conducted propaganda at the Kiev plant "Arsenal".

Party career

After the February Revolution of 1917, Gamarnik headed the Kyiv Committee of the RSDLP(b).

After the October Revolution in Petrograd, he was arrested by the authorities along with the leaders of the Kyiv Bolsheviks. He was released by an armed uprising on October 31, 1917.

Since 1919, the chairman of the Odessa Provincial Party Committee.

From July 1923 - Chairman of the Primorsky Provincial Executive Committee, in June 1924 - Chairman of the Dalrevkom, and from March 1926 - the Far Eastern Regional Executive Committee.

From February 1928 to October 1929 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Belarus. He supported the policy of collectivization.

In the Red Army

At the November Plenum of the Central Committee of 1929, Gamarnik supported Stalin in defeating the "Right Opposition":

It was about N. I. Bukharin, A. I. Rykov, M. P. Tomsk.

Gamarnik was the first in the Red Army on November 20, 1935, was awarded the military rank of army commissar of the 1st rank, corresponding to the rank of army commander of the 1st rank.