Types and application of herbicides. Continuous herbicides for weed control II. Regulations for the use of pesticides

The main problem of many agronomists and summer residents are weeds - no matter how you weed them, it is not possible to completely remove them. Therefore, people often wonder what herbicides to use and whether they are as effective and safe as the manufacturer claims.

What are herbicides

Herbicides are chemical compounds that help agronomists and summer residents fight the active growth of weeds. The very process of weed control with the help of chemicals is not so complicated - the main thing is to know the basic conditions for their use and safety rules by choosing the composition you need.

Classification

Taking into account the action on weeds, the preparations are divided into:

On the continuous herbicides- kill all types of green spaces and therefore they are used to cultivate areas around railways and airfields, near industrial enterprises.
On the selective herbicides- they destroy certain types of plants without negatively affecting neighboring plantations.

Taking into account the movement through the plant, the compositions can be divided into the following groups:

Contact- they act on the surface of the green space, without penetrating into the plant.
Systemic- will act only after they penetrate inside the plants, affecting the root system, leaves and stem.

List of popular herbicides

Among the most common herbicides, the following types are especially popular.

Hurricane Forte- the drug, with surface-active compounds, quickly penetrates into the green space, inhibiting its growth and leading to death. Its active ingredient is glyphosate.
Cowboy Super- a systemic composition, marketed as water-soluble granules, used for the treatment of cereals and in the treatment of the lawn.
Titus is a selective herbicide, available either dry in the form of granules or in fluid suspension, used to treat weeds in corn fields, tomatoes and potatoes.
Dual Gold- herbicide, produced in the form of a concentrated emulsion, is classified as a systemic formulation with a selective principle of action. Most often it is used in the processing of fields of corn and beets, rapeseed from annual and 2-lobed weeds.
Gezagard- a composition with a selective principle of action, capable of overcoming both an adult weed plant and young seedlings.

What herbicides are best for weeds?

Tornado- a universal composition in the fight against many types of weeds and is ideally suited as part of the soil treatment before sowing.
Bow tornado. It is a herbicide of continuous action, ready for use and is already on the market in a spray bottle. Suitable for small areas such as around decorative paths or along a fence.
Agrokiller. A high concentration composition - a herbicide of continuous action, allows you to remove especially "malicious" weeds, such as horsetail or wheatgrass, bindweed.
Lontrel-zood- a selective herbicide suitable for the treatment of lawns and strawberry plantations. Great for dealing with dandelions.
Lapis lazuli- a selective herbicide used for potatoes and in areas with other tuberous plantations. Helps to suppress the growth of weeds, while not accumulating in the tubers, providing protection for the next 1-2 months.

Are herbicides harmful?

Chemicals do an excellent job with weeds in agricultural fields and household plots, however, their use is of particular concern - how safe are herbicides for humans

Modern drugs for the most part have a low or medium level of danger to humans and do not have an excessive detrimental effect on humans and animals. But there are also very dangerous ones - when choosing, the main thing is to read the instructions and choose the safest possible composition.

Also, in the process of treating the site with herbicides against weeds, it is necessary to take into account the correct concentration of the substance, in accordance with the instructions. If we talk about how long they remain in the ground - no more than 2-4 weeks, then they completely disintegrate. If the instructions are not followed and more is added, the decay period will be long.

Instructions for use

In the process of using drugs, be sure to follow the rules prescribed in the instructions.

When working with chemicals, wear gloves and a respirator that protects the skin and respiratory organs.
After work, be sure to wash exposed areas of the body with soap and change clothes.
Before and after working with herbicides, you should not drink and eat for 2-3 hours, as well as during processing.
Also work in calm weather, while the soil itself should be moist.

Pros and cons of using herbicides

With regard to the strengths of the use of a chemical for the destruction of weeds, many users highlight the following advantages:

affordable price and high efficiency;
the ability to choose a preparation for processing large fields and a small summer cottage;
the ability to use herbicides to destroy grass, shrubs and trees;
many chemicals have a wide spectrum of action and at the same time get rid of not only weeds, but also harmful insects, beetles and mice.

Among the minuses are the following points:

burn of greenery of agricultural crops and fruit trees, shrubs;
healthy soil microflora is disturbed;
Do not exclude the possibility of poisoning animals and humans in case of improper processing, non-compliance with the rules of protection. That is why it is so important to strictly follow the instructions.

How much do herbicides cost

Many modern chemicals in the fight against weeds are distinguished not only by high efficiency, but also by reasonable prices. Speaking in detail, in the domestic market the prices for herbicides of continuous and selective action are as follows:

Glyphosate - 375 and Napalm - 271 rubles;
Typhoon - 220, and Octopus - 672 rubles;
Roundup - 520, and Tornado - 630 rubles;
Hurricane - 650, and Torch - 310 rubles;
Grader - 356, and Helios - 450 rubles.

Prices may vary depending on the manufacturer, as well as the region of sale, which may have its own margin and trade allowance. Although the presented goods can be found at a lower price and on the Internet.

Herbicide- a chemical plant protection agent used to control weeds (mainly grassy).

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Herbicides is a collective name generally accepted in world practice for chemical plant protection products, consisting of the roots of two words - herb - a plant and cide - to destroy. The semantic translation of the definition is means that destroy plants. The term was coined around 1944.

Story

The first methods of weed control were mechanical and consisted of carefully preparing the soil for sowing and selecting weed seeds from the seed. However, the detrimental effect of certain chemical compounds and their mixtures on plants has been known for a very long time.

Antiquity

. In the IV century BC. The ancient Greek naturalist Theophrastus proposed to destroy tree growth by treating the root system of trees with oils, in particular olive oil. In the verses of the Roman poet Virgil, which belonged to the 1st century BC, it was said that plants die from sea water. (a photo) This led to a long-term "fashion" for the use of salt to kill plants. When the Romans conquered Carthage, they spilled salt on its fields, which made the land barren.

Middle Ages

. In the Middle Ages, salt, slag and ash were used to control vegetation on roads and weeds in crops. Unfortunately, this often caused the simultaneous death of cultivated plants, so that the practice of using these herbicides remained very imperfect.

new time

. After studying the properties, the first selective herbicide was discovered: the ability of copper compounds (in particular, copper sulfate) to inhibit the growth of dicotyledonous weeds was noted. Also in 1897, Martin reported the herbicidal effect of ferrous sulfate, and Duclos mentioned the successful use of copper nitrate and sulfuric acid in weed control.

20th century

. In 1908, the American agronomist Bolly published data on the successful use of sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate, sodium arsenite as a means of getting rid of weeds in wheat crops. In the Hawaiian Islands, sodium arsenite has also been used to clear weeds from sugar cane plantations.

In Russia, salts and acids have been used for plant protection since the beginning of the 20th century. In 1932, I. Negodnov proposed using aircraft to spray fields with herbicides. In the 1930s, sodium chlorate, ferrous sulfate and acids began to be often used as herbicides, however, aggressive solutions quickly rendered the technique for their application unusable, so they turned out to be over time.

In 1938, French researchers released the drug Synox, made on the basis of the sodium salt of 4,6-dinitro-ortho-cresol and intended for the treatment of flax crops, cereals and some vegetables. At the same time, mineral oils began to be used on carrot crops, and Irwin discovered the herbicidal activity of 2-naphthoxyacetic acid.

After the harmonic compounds 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T became known in 1944, a new era began in agronomic chemistry.

In the USSR, especially significant growth rates in the volume of herbicides used were observed in the 60-70s of the XX century. In the following decade, their use has declined. The irrational use of drugs has led to the emergence of resistance to them in weeds and to a decrease in the effectiveness of ongoing treatments, which forced us to limit the production and application of herbicides.

In 1982, a biological method for combating harmful plants was proposed in the United States. It consisted in the use of a preparation based on a pathogenic fungus capable of inhibiting the vital activity of weed vetch. It was also intended to use the "natural enemies" of weeds as a means to eradicate unwanted vegetation. Among the potential applicants were proposed: geese for the destruction of weeds in cotton, grass carp for the removal of algae, mustard nematode against mustard, etc. Unfortunately, it turned out that the costs of such methods of control turn out to be prohibitively high, and the use of herbicides is many times cheaper.

Mistakes and tragedies in the history of herbicides

. Illiterate use of salts and acids inhibits not only harmful, but also cultivated plants, and also leads to soil sterilization: the death of beneficial flora and insects. The presence of arsenic compounds in the earth causes poisoning among people. But none of this can compare with the famous episode in history when herbicides were used as chemical weapons.

During the Vietnam War, the US government used a mixture of substances called "Agent Orange" (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid + toxic intermediates) as a defoliant for spraying in the jungle. Due to the presence of dioxins, the mixture had a teratogenic and carcinogenic effect, as a result of which both the Vietnamese population living in the herbicide treatment area and the American soldiers in the area of spraying the drug suffered. The use of chemical weapons resulted in the death of several hundred thousand people and the birth of children with hereditary diseases and genetic mutations. Operation Ranch Hand victims still reside in Vietnam; (a photo) they were denied compensation.

In addition to "Agent Orange", there were other herbicide formulations designed to destroy rice crops ("Agent Blue") and other crops.

Classification of herbicides

By goals

Preparations of this group can act not only on weeds. Depending on the goals (varieties of destroyed objects), among the herbicides are:

Some drugs have a simultaneous effect in two or more directions.

According to the spectrum of action

Within each direction of action, herbicides are capable of destroying all plants or only part of them. Based on this, they are divided into two groups according to the spectrum of action:

By chemical structure

herbicides are divided into:

By the ability to move through the plant

Based on this, herbicides are:

Methods of penetration and mechanism of action

Contact preparations are characterized by low mobility in plants, so they practically do not penetrate inside. The absorption of systemic herbicides occurs either through the leaves or through the roots, which depends mainly on the method of application of the active substance.

Penetration

. Once on the surface of the sheet, the product can:

stay on the surface (ferrous sulfate);
dissolve in cuticle wax (aromatic oils);
penetrate into the aqueous phase of epidermal cells (bromoxynil);
penetrate into the phloem through the symplast (2,4-D).

For root application, systemic herbicides adsorbed by root hairs and then move to the site of action with acropetal fluid flow.

Most modern herbicides act on plants through enzyme systems.

Depending on the mechanism of action

, funds:

destroy cell membranes;
inhibit the formation of amino acids;
exhibit a hormone-like effect;
inhibit the synthesis of fats;
inhibit photosynthesis;
inhibit the formation of pigments;
inhibit meristematic mitosis.

Other, less numerous drugs have other mechanisms of action: they disrupt the transport of auxins, suppress the formation of cellulose, or have unexplained patterns of effects on plants.

Destruction of cell membranes

Bipyridyls, triazolinones, diphenyl ethers.

After absorption by leaf tissues, they form free radicals that have a damaging effect on cell membranes. Reactive oxygen species interact with fatty acid residues, and the lipid peroxidation reaction is triggered. The membranes are damaged, the contents of the cells pass into the intercellular space. In the sun, this process is faster. First, soaking occurs, and then necrosis and drying of tissues. Symptoms of damage from these herbicides develop rapidly, within hours.

Suppression of the formation of amino acids

Inhibition of the formation of amino acids leads to the fact that in plants there is a lack of structural proteins, due to which the processes of growth and development are suppressed. Herbicides that inhibit the synthesis of amino acids act relatively slowly, the effect develops in a few days.

Hormone-like drugs

Phenoxyacetic, quinolinecarboxylic, benzoic, pyridinecarboxylic acids.

They replace the natural hormones of plants, they are most effective in dicotyledonous weeds growing in cereal crops, because they move poorly in cereals. Application is most justified in the initial phases of weed growth.

After absorption through the roots and leaves, hormone-like herbicides have a toxic effect on plants. Features of this action are not known for all herbicides. In some cases, under the influence of drugs, the process of ethylene formation is initiated, which causes inhibition of growth in the length of shoots or roots. At the same time, plant cells increase in size, not having time to store nutrients. This leads to the gradual depletion of the weed and causes death.

Inhibition of fat formation

Cyclohexanediones, benzofurans, aryloxyphenoxypropionates.

They suppress the formation of fatty acids, have a high degree of selectivity in relation to annual and perennial cereals. They process the vegetative parts of plants.

They move with the phloem current along the symplast to the places of active growth. As a rule, acetyl-coenzyme-A carboxylase, which is responsible for the initial stages of the formation of fatty acid molecules, is inhibited. Due to a violation of their synthesis, the formation of cell membranes is secondarily inhibited. As a result, plant growth stops almost immediately, and other symptoms of damage appear later; the death of weeds occurs in 10-14 days.

Suppression of photosynthesis

Suppression of the formation of pigments

Isoxazolidinones, cyclohexanediones, some fluorine-containing herbicides ().

They move more in the xylem, so they show their effect better when applied to the soil. After penetration into the plant, they move to the chloroplast lamellae, where they suppress the formation of chlorophylls and carotenoids necessary for the photosynthesis process. Carotenoids transfer light energy to chlorophyll and protect it from photooxidation, therefore, if their formation is disturbed, chlorophyll becomes discolored and loses its basic properties. Suppression of carotenoid synthesis can be carried out in different ways. For example, flurochloridone does this by inhibiting the enzyme phytoene desaturase, and benzoylcyclohexanediones inhibit the formation of pigments in the plant by inhibiting the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase.

Isoxazolidinone clomazone harms weeds by inhibiting the formation of di- and tetraterpenes (precursors of gibberellins responsible for plant development and growth). Diterpenes are part of the chlorophyll molecules, so that the inhibition of their formation also leads to a decrease in the formation of the latter.

Mitosis inhibition

Selective action of herbicides and resistance of plants to these preparations

Effect of herbicides on sensitive plants

. Contact with a herbicide is always a stress effect, since plants have not previously interacted with such substances. In sensitive species, under the influence of a chemical preparation, metabolic processes are irreversibly changed, harmful metabolic products accumulate, synthetic processes are inhibited, and all this leads to their death.

The effect of herbicides on resistant plants

. Along with a detrimental effect on some species (varieties), herbicides can spur growth processes in others (usually target crops). Initially, metabolic disorders also occur in them, and simple products (amino acids, sugars) accumulate. However, all these changes are reversible and soon form a compensatory reaction. After a more or less long period of inhibition, recovery systems are stimulated, enzymes are activated, photosynthesis processes are more complete, fertilizer susceptibility improves, and all together this contributes to increased growth and sometimes higher yields.

The degree of "danger" of herbicides for weeds, in addition to the peculiarities of the mechanism of action of the drug and other factors, is determined by the stability of the herbicide in the soil and on the surface of plants. (a photo)

Spheres of use of herbicides

The use of herbicides is not limited to the interests of agriculture. Indiscriminate preparations are used to treat areas around industrial facilities for various purposes and on communication routes (under power lines, on roads). At one time, they even found application in the work of the drug control service, when they were used to destroy discovered hemp plantations. (a photo)

In addition, herbicides mixed with were used for military purposes to detect the location of the enemy in forests and jungles.

Application of herbicides in agriculture

Preparative forms

Herbicides are produced in the form of wettable powders, and.

Terms of application

According to the timing of application, herbicides are pre-emergence and post-emergence. Treatment with pre-emergence preparations can be carried out before, during or after sowing, and post-emergence treatments are applied simultaneously with the appearance of the first shoots, during the tillering of plants and when the weeds reach a certain height (5-15 cm).
As a rule, young plants are inhibited by herbicides more than adults. Thus, when soybean seedlings were treated after 10, 20 and 30 days from the moment the first shoots appeared, the yield decreased by 9.9, 19.8 and 39.1%.

Application methods

The method of application is determined by the intended contact of the herbicide with certain parts of the plants.

Leaf herbicides are used in the fight against vegetative plants, they are applied to the aerial parts - shoots, leaves, etc. The application is usually carried out by spraying.
Soil herbicides are applied to moist soil and spread over it.
Root herbicides are applied by incorporation into the soil or drip irrigation (fertigation).

Peculiarities

. If a non-selective herbicide is used, then cultivated plants should be protected from its action by conducting a targeted herbicide. It is necessary to take into account changes in plant resistance to the action of drugs at different "ages".

Necessary natural conditions

When applying herbicides to the soil, its moisture content is important. When dried, the drug remains in the upper layers and has practically no effect on the roots of plants, which reduces the effectiveness of the product. When substances are applied to the aerial parts of plants, in the next 2-4 hours before and after treatment, they should not be washed off with water, that is, weather conditions should be assessed (presence of rain, expected precipitation, spring frosts).

Herbicides and crop rotation

The use of herbicides obliges to evaluate crop rotation parameters. Do not use soil-resistant herbicides in areas where susceptible plants will be sown next season. For example, when potato crops are treated with trifluralin, winter grains cannot be planted in this field in the future. Conversely, proper crop rotation planning reduces the frequency of treatments.

Consumption rates

The correct definition of this indicator is extremely important, since if the norm is insufficient, the territory is not completely rid of weeds, and exceeding the dose per unit area can lead to the fact that the protected crops will also suffer. The establishment of the norm should be carried out according to, but individually, taking into account the degree of weediness, species composition of weeds, soil properties. Thus, preparations based on glyphosate, when processing fruit and vineyards, are used at a rate of 2-4 l / ha when infested with annual grasses and dicotyledonous weeds, but if among the weeds there are dicotyledonous and perennial cereals, it is used at a rate of 4-8 l / ha .

Before using herbicides, the degree of weed contamination of the soil is determined, which is estimated by the number of weeds per 1 square meter of area.

Herbicides and the Environment

Every year, about 4.5 million tons of various herbicides are produced around the world, which are intensively applied to the soil. This cannot go unnoticed for the state of the environment in areas of developed agriculture.

First of all, these substances accumulate in the soil. They are able to wash out of it, getting into water bodies, and then into the body of animals and humans. The processes of physico-chemical absorption, biological and enzymatic destruction play a role in ridding the soil of poisons, however, some action toxins can still penetrate the crop and pose a threat to the quality of feed and food.

In addition, chemical components inhibit the vital activity of the biological component of the soil: bacteria living in it, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, rhizomes, flagellates, etc. All of them are involved in the formation of humus, and their death inevitably leads to a deterioration in the nutritional properties of the soil. This is very important, since the effect of the applied drug can last quite a long time. Moskvichev Yu. A., Feldblyum V. Sh. Chemistry in our life (products of organic synthesis and their application): Monograph. - Yaroslavl: Publishing House of YaGTU, 2007. - 411 p.

Images (remastered):

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Kulikova N.A., Lebedeva G.F. Herbicides and ecological aspects of their application. Tutorial. - Moscow, book house "LIBROKOM", 2010. - 152 p., Illustrations from the book

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Repeated and systematic treatment of weeds with herbicides can give lasting results for the whole season. They are chemicals that adversely affect the development and growth of plants. Herbicides are used only against weeds.

In order to know which drug is better to treat weeds, you need to know the specifics of its action. The main distinguishing feature of such funds is their spectrum of action. All herbicides are divided into two groups: continuous action and selective.

Continuous action drugs

Those substances that are part of continuous herbicides are capable of destroying all vegetation that was at the time of spraying. Such radical drugs are used in areas where vegetation is contraindicated.

The action of herbicides of this type is divided into subgroups, namely:

. contact preparations,
. systemic,
. soil.

Contact herbicides begin to act on the plant only when the drug has got on the leaves or stems. The leaves begin to turn yellow, wither and dry. All this leads to the complete destruction of the weed.

The use of soil herbicides is appropriate in cases where the weed has had time to pour its seeds into the ground. Such preparations are applied directly to the ground. They have a detrimental effect on weed seeds, thus preventing them from germinating.

Systemic herbicides are considered one of the most popular, as they quickly and effectively affect the development of the weed. When such a herbicide hits a weed, it not only attacks the outer sheaths, but is absorbed into the plant itself. It spreads throughout the weed, which means that its action is also aimed at destroying the root system.

Of course, systemic preparations are incomparable with soil herbicides. Systemic herbicides can have a complex effect on the plant, while soil herbicides can only affect the seeds.

Selective drugs

The second large group of herbicides is headed by drugs of selective action. These substances can destroy only certain types of weeds. When choosing such drugs, you must carefully read the instructions for use of herbicides. Often, it contains a complete list of weeds that can be adversely affected by the selected drug.

When buying selective herbicides, you need to know:

. drug expiration date,
. herbicide application rates
. ways of application.

Can a herbicide harm a person? The instructions for herbicides always indicate the level of danger and toxicity to humans. All substances that are part of the selected drug have different degrees of toxicity.

The price of herbicides varies depending on the system of action. The average price of one liter of herbicide can be 200-5000 rubles per 1 liter.

Popular drugs

What herbicides are considered the most popular in the market of chemicals? The action of herbicides is directed against weeds that could have been permanent "residents" of any territory or plot for years. Therefore, the fight against them is considered one of the most difficult.

After reading dozens of reviews about herbicides, we can conclude about the most popular drugs that can really help radically:

Herbicide Roundup is considered a non-selective systemic drug. It has a wide range of effects, especially on perennial weeds. It is considered one of the most radical drugs in the world. The final destruction of the weed falls on 14-15 days after treatment.

Herbicide Tornado is aimed at systemic effects. It is used as a universal remedy for weeds. It contains an increased concentration of the main active ingredient.

Herbicide Prima is considered a powerful drug that has two active ingredients. Often it is used to control weeds that grow in areas with cereals and corn.

Herbicide Gold is applied against cereal monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds. It is used in fields with corn, rapeseed, sunflower, soybeans, etc.

Herbicide Hurricane is a systemic preparation that can be used both in fields and on private land plots. It shows itself perfectly among vineyards, forest plantations, orchards and fields. It has a wide field of action, therefore it is considered a universal remedy.

Herbicide Stomp is used to control weeds in vegetable beds. It is considered a dual-action herbicide, as it can act systemically on the weed and destroy seeds through the soil.

Herbicide Titus is a post-emergence preparation that is used to control weeds in areas where tomatoes, potatoes and corn will be planted. It is considered a systemic drug. It is popular for its low application rate, high selectivity and long-term efficiency.

Herbicide Zenkor is designed for systemic exposure to the weed. The drug has a wide spectrum of action. Differs in the long period of protection. Controls annual dicotyledonous weeds.

Herbicide Eurolighting - post-emergence preparation. It is aimed at the destruction of cereals and dicotyledonous weeds. It acts both through the vascular system of the plant and through the soil. One treatment will be enough to keep the soil clean throughout the growing season.

Herbicide Granstar is used for weed control for barley, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, rapeseed. Has a wide range of effects. It perfectly destroys dicotyledonous weeds, as it affects systemically.

The herbicide Gezagard is distinguished by a rather long period of exposure - 10-12 days. It is used for potatoes, vegetable crops, corn, coriander, sunflower, grain crops. Not phytotoxic.

Some herbicides are marked by narrow selectivity. For example, targa, fusilade, Poast, furor super destroy weeds of the thin-legged family in crops of dicotyledonous crops, and the drug puma super is able to destroy wild oat and common bent grass in winter wheat crops, although they belong to the same family.

The selectivity of herbicides is often due to differences in the anatomical and morphological structure of plants. Such selectivity is called topographic. Thus, plants with a dense cuticle and a wax coating, as well as with dense pubescence, are more resistant to herbicides, since these anatomical features prevent the drug from entering the plant. In plants with narrow vertical leaves (onions, garlic, etc.), the working fluid drains from the surface of the leaf blade, while the herbicide almost does not penetrate into the tissues.

Plants with a deep root system show resistance to preparations that are contained in the upper soil layer and do not reach the zone of activity of the roots. Such plants include the listed field sow thistle, creeping mustard, field horsetail, field birch and other perennial weeds.

Herbicide-resistant crop plants exhibit biochemical selectivity due to the rapid degradation of the herbicide molecule to inactive components. In some cases, plants are able to quickly release herbicides through the root system in an unchanged state without harming them. The resistance of cereal plants to the action of 2,4-D is explained by the detoxification of the herbicide by binding it with protein complexes of cellular structures, cytoplasmic membrane proteins, and also by the formation of complexes with compounds of non-protein origin. The sensitivity of weeds to the action of herbicides is explained by significant irreversible disturbances in metabolic processes, which leads to the death of these plants. The selectivity of derivatives of symmetrical triazine is explained by the peculiarities of the movement of herbicides and the accumulation of their toxic effects. It was found that in resistant plants (corn) the herbicide accumulates in the roots, while in sensitive species it quickly accumulates in the leaf apparatus, in places of photosynthetic activity, which is why it exhibits its toxic effect. In addition, due to the destruction of the herbicide by redox enzymes in the corn plant, symtriazines, the herbicide is degraded to non-toxic compounds.

With the development of achievements in biotechnology and genetic engineering, opportunities are opening up for managing plant resistance to the action of herbicides. Determination of the genetic code of plant resistance to herbicides makes it possible to transfer resistance genes in a crop and solve the problem of controlling the weediness level of sugar beet, corn, soybean, rapeseed and other crops with the help of herbicides of continuous action, to which there was no resistance in the culture (glyphosate, ammonium glufosinate and etc.).

Depending on the characteristics of the effect on plants:

contact;
systemic.

Contact herbicides are preparations capable of infecting plants in places where they are wetted with the working mixture. Contact herbicides are practically unable to move along the leading system of plants, so they do not penetrate the root system of perennial weeds that are able to grow back.

Systemic herbicides are able to move in the vascular-conducting system, affecting the entire plant and causing the death of both its aboveground and underground organs. When moving through the vessels of plants, herbicides interact with the cellular content, which leads to their partial inactivation through absorption by cells, destruction by enzymes, and the formation of complex compounds. Herbicides move into the root system, in the generative organs, accumulate in the zones of active growth, causing deep disturbances in physiological processes, which leads to the death of sensitive plants. With the soil solution, herbicides are absorbed by the root hairs, transferred to the xylem vessels, and move along the transpiration flow to the aboveground plant organs. It is advisable to use systemic preparations in the fight against perennial weeds, the root system of which penetrates deep into the soil.

Absorption and movement through the plant of systemic herbicides occurs in a passive way using thermal diffusion energy or transpiration energy. Active absorption and transport of herbicides occurs due to the use of energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

According to the method of penetration into the plant:

soil;
ground.

Soil herbicides penetrate through the above-ground organs (leaves, stems, petioles) and are applied after the emergence of crops and weeds (Betanal, Roundup, Poast, Grodil, etc.). Soil herbicides penetrate into plants through the root system and have an effect on seed sprouts, they are also called root action herbicides (dual, Zenkor, prometrin, etc.).

In Russia, a "List of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use" is periodically published, agreed with the Main State Sanitary and Epidemiological Directorate of the Ministry of Health of Russia. It lists all chemical pest control agents approved for use, incl. and herbicides, and regulations for their use, compliance with which is the main component of safety in relation to the environment, animals and people.

Timing of herbicide application

The timing of the application of herbicides depends on:

properties of a drug;
biological characteristics of crops and weeds;
selectivity;
action spectrum, etc.

Autumn (early) application of herbicides is carried out in the system of the main (autumn) tillage in order to destroy perennial rhizomatous and rhizomatous weed species using, for example, roundup or Basta against creeping couch grass, sow thistle species, rose mustard, etc. Herbicide treatment is carried out after the growth of rosettes or shoots of weeds due to post-harvest stubble stubble of grain crops. The next (after spraying) tillage should be carried out not earlier than systemic herbicides penetrate into deep-lying rhizomes, i.e. not earlier than in 10-15 days. The destruction of perennials becomes more difficult in years with a dry summer-autumn period, when weeds do not grow without watering. Pre-sowing application of soil herbicides (Treflan, dual, Zencor, prometrin, etc.) is carried out during pre-sowing cultivation with a disc or tooth harrow in a moist soil layer. At the same time, a gap in time between spraying and wrapping is not allowed. This is due to the use of volatile herbicides (Treflan, Eptam, Eradikan, etc.). Violations in the technology leads to unproductive losses of drugs, a decrease in their effectiveness, environmental pollution, and financial costs. The use of herbicides for sowing or planting seedlings allows you to successfully destroy annual weeds in the seedling phase.

Pre-sowing application of herbicides occurs simultaneously with sowing by introducing granular preparations using special applicators or by applying working mixtures in a belt and into the protective zone of wide-row sowing of row crops.

Tape application of herbicides is one of the areas of environmentally safe and rational use of pesticides.

Pre-emergence application of herbicides is carried out after sowing or on the ladder of weeds, but before the emergence of seedlings of cultivated plants. It is more expedient to carry out this event on the third or fourth day after sowing, when the appearance of weed seedlings coincides in time (they are in the “white thread” phase) and pre-emergence harrowing. In the pre-emergence period, soil preparations are successfully used: harnes, dual gold, trophy super, Frontiera, etc. However, it must be remembered that the time for applying pre-emergence herbicides is quite limited - from sowing to the appearance of crop seedlings, which can be damaged by pre-emergence harrowing. The disadvantages of pre-emergence application of herbicides can be the drying of the topsoil and, as a result, the lack of effectiveness of herbicides, as well as the situation when heavy rains occur during the period of herbicide application and the optimal processing time is lost. In addition, the application time is further reduced when the air and soil temperatures are above 20-24°C.

Best practice in crop protection against weeds convinces that in the zone of sufficient moisture, the pre-emergence application of herbicides is not inferior (in some cases even exceeds) the effectiveness of their pre-sowing application. In the zone of unstable moisture and risky farming, it is more expedient to apply herbicides for pre-sowing cultivation with their wrapping in the moist soil layer. Post-emergence application has an advantage over others due to the fact that during this growing season it is possible to determine the number of weeds and the feasibility of using herbicides, knowing the species composition of weeds, you can purposefully select drugs and use them with the greatest efficiency. In addition, weed control measures can be combined with protection against pests and diseases, with the use of growth regulators (retardants), foliar top dressing with microelements and macroelements.

When spraying with post-emergence herbicides, it is especially important to take into account the phases of crop resistance, the growth phases of weeds and their sensitivity to treatment with one or another preparation, carefully observe the norms for the consumption of preparations and liquid, and take into account weather conditions. Post-emergence herbicides can be applied in a continuous and belt way, processing the protective zone of the rows of row crops (corn, sunflower, sugar beet, soybean, cotton, vineyards, fruit plantations, vegetable crops, etc.). Post-emergence application is used in fallow fields to kill weeds to reduce tillage costs and limit wind and water erosion.

Granular forms of herbicides are used before sowing with or without wrapping in the ground, before germination or after germination of crops and weeds in a continuous or belt way. Granular preparations act on weeds much longer, are slowly destroyed under the influence of meteorological factors and microbiological processes, do not evaporate, they can be applied simultaneously with the dispersion of mineral fertilizers.

Herbigation

On irrigated lands, crops of rice, sugar beet, sunflower, corn can be treated with herbicides simultaneously with furrow irrigation or in sprinkler units. This method of applying herbicides is called herbigation. With a sufficiently large dilution (1:50000-100000), even such volatile preparations as eptam, radikan, Tilly, yalan, Ronit, etc. do not go to evaporation. In this case, a uniform distribution of the herbicide over the area and a high death of weeds are achieved.

New ways of using herbicides (subsoil, nesting, recirculating, contact, etc.) are being developed and are gradually being introduced, which reduce the unproductive costs of drugs that reduce the negative impact on environmental objects, are much more economical, etc.

There are hundreds of thousands of weeds on the earth. Most of these plants are annuals. They grow from seeds during the season, then die. But, there are other perennial species that sprout from year to year in the same area. The fight against such plants is quite difficult, as they actively adapt to any climate change.

The main problem of farmers, with the appearance of any type of weeds, is the damage to cultivated crops. Weeds struggle to survive by stealing water and nutrients from other plants. Therefore, there is a need to combat them in the territories allocated for the cultivation of industrial crops. Herbicides do the job. Ukraine and its farmers use them very actively.

Herbicides and their types.

Herbicides are chemicals designed specifically to kill weeds. They, like other types of drugs, have their own classification.

Herbicides of continuous action are chemical compounds that act on all plants. They are used for complete cleaning of a site of any area after harvesting, before planting crops, during deforestation, etc. You can also buy a continuous herbicide for processing heavily neglected lands.

The principle of action of this type of herbicide.

The high concentration of chemical compounds in the preparation allows you to get rid of vegetation by spraying the leaf surface. Cultures die off along with the root system after 2-3 weeks.

Selective herbicides are chemicals that target specific types of plants. This group includes the largest number of preparators. The main purpose of use is the effective control of weeds without damage to industrial crops. They are actively used by both large farms and agricultural companies, and summer residents.

Where to buy herbicides? The price of drugs.

A wide range of selective herbicides is presented in the catalog of our company. Each product is supplemented with a detailed description of the properties and actions.

Classification of herbicides according to their effect on plants.

According to the effect on weeds, herbicides are divided into several types: contact and systemic.

Contact herbicides work only at the points of contact with plants. They are not transferred through the culture vessels and do not destroy the root system.

Systemic herbicides differ in activity. They fall on the leaves, and then penetrate the internal vessels of the plants into the root, which subsequently dies off, like the whole weed. This type of preparation is most often used to control perennials and protect sunflower imi.

Classification of herbicides by penetration into plants.

The catalog of our company presents such types of preparations as soil and ground. Soil herbicides are applied after the emergence of seedlings of beetroot, soybean and cereal crops. They penetrate weeds through leaves, stems and petioles. Soil agents act on seedlings, penetrating into the plant through the root system.

How to choose herbicides?

When choosing drugs, you should always clearly focus on their focus and spectrum of action. For example, to combat beet diseases and protect soybeans, herbicides are used similar in action, but different in constituent substances. The same applies to problems with weeds and diseases of cereal crops.

Separately, it is necessary to consider herbicides for hybrid crops. To protect sunflowers, imi uses special preparations developed according to the latest technologies. The main components of the substance are aimed at combating weeds and broomrape, which cause the main damage to crops. This type of product cannot be used on other crops.

herbicide for corn.

Corn growers know that maize crops are subject to high levels of infestation. Especially at the initial stage of cultivation. This leads to a significant decrease in the yield of this agricultural crop. Therefore, the primary task of the agronomist is getting rid of weeds and expanding corn crops. To successfully solve the problem, herbicides for corn are called upon.

The most common crop weed control preparations are based on 2,4-D amine salt. Their use is recommended in conditions of good humidity. Using drugs during a drought, instead of benefit, you can get significant damage, since the drug will not be able to have a normal effect on weeds, and will cause burns to the corn itself.

Processing of crops is carried out exclusively during the formation of 3-5 sheets.

Feature of drugs.

When spraying corn crops, weed plants do not die immediately. Substances act on them gradually, slowing down growth and gradually destroying them.

Herbicide for beetroot

Weeds can be called one of the main problems in growing beets. It is with them that the root crop competes in the struggle for nutrients and elements obtained from the soil. Therefore, even with minimal contamination of crops, the yield can decrease by 20-25%.

Herbicide preparations developed for beets solve the problem of weeds and competition. Almost all of them can be used in any phase of the plant's vegetation. Rapid splitting and deactivation of substances exclude the possibility of infection of the root crop.

The effectiveness of drugs and method of application.

For the effective use of herbicides for beetroot, you must strictly follow the instructions that come with the package. It describes in detail the weather conditions and temperature regimes, the proportions of the solutions and the weeds that the active substances fight.

In our company, you can buy such types of herbicides for cultivated plants and sunflower protection imi

	Condor, VDG
	Fenizan, w.b.
	Octopus Extra, VR
	Ovsugen Express, KE
	Mitron, KS
	Lornet, VR
	Cassius, GRP
	Zontran®, KKR
	Dart, KKR
	Pomegranate, VDG