Fire pumps on ships. Fire fighting systems, vessel ship systems, steering gear, vessel classification, transport vessels, service and support vessels, technical fleet vessels and special vessels, hydrofoils. circuit diagram

Stationary installations and fire extinguishing systems. The main goal of fighting a fire is to quickly bring it under control and extinguish it, which is possible only if the extinguishing agent is delivered to the fire quickly and in sufficient quantities.

This can be achieved with the help of fixed fire extinguishing systems. Some of the fixed systems can supply extinguishing agent directly to the fire without the participation of crew members.

Fixed fire extinguishing systems are by no means a substitute for the necessary structural fire protection of a ship. Structural fire protection provides sufficiently long-term protection of passengers, crew and critical equipment from fire, which allows people to evacuate to a safe place.
Firefighting equipment is designed to protect the ship. Shipboard fire extinguishing systems are designed taking into account the potential fire hazard existing in the premises and the purpose of the premises.

Usually:

water is used in stationary systems protecting areas where solid combustible substances are located - public premises and corridors;

foam or fire extinguishing powder is used in fixed systems protecting areas where class B fires can occur; stationary systems are not used to extinguish flammable gas fires;

carbon dioxide, a gallon (halon) and an appropriate extinguishing powder are included in systems that provide protection against class C fires;

there are no fixed systems to extinguish Class D fires.

On ships flying the flag of the Russian Federation, nine main fire extinguishing systems are installed:

1) water fire;

2) automatic and manual sprinkler;

3) water spraying;

4) water curtains;

5) water irrigation;

6) foam extinguishing;

7) carbon dioxide;

8) inert gas system;

9) powder.

The first five systems use liquid extinguishing agents, the next three use gaseous agents, and the last uses solid ones. Each of these systems will be discussed below.

Water fire system

Water fire system It is the first line of fire protection on board. Its installation is required regardless of what other systems are installed on the vessel. Any member of the crew, according to the alarm schedule, can be assigned to the fire station, so each member of the team must know the principle of operation and start-up of the ship's water fire system.

The water fire system provides water supply to all areas of the ship. It is clear that the supply of water in the sea is unlimited. The amount of water supplied to the place of fire is limited only by the technical data of the system itself (for example, the performance of pumps) and the effect of the amount of water supplied on the ship's stability.

The water fire system includes fire pumps, pipelines (main and branches), control valves, hoses and trunks.

Fire hydrants and pipelines

Water moves through pipelines from pumps to fire hydrants installed at fire stations. The diameter of the pipelines must be large enough to distribute the maximum required amount of water from two pumps operating at the same time.
The water pressure in the system should be approximately 350 kPa at the two most distant or high fire hydrants (whichever gives the greatest pressure difference) for cargo ships and other ships, and 520 kPa for tankers.
This requirement ensures that the pipeline diameter is large enough so that the pressure developed by the pump is not reduced by friction losses in the pipelines.

The piping system consists of a main line and branches of pipes of smaller diameter extending from it to fire hydrants. It is not allowed to connect any pipelines to the water fire system, except those intended for fire fighting and washing decks.

All areas of the water fire system on open decks must be protected from freezing. To do this, they can be equipped with shut-off and drain valves that allow you to drain water in the cold season.

There are two main schemes of the water fire system: linear and circular.

Linear scheme. In a water fire system made according to a linear scheme, one main line is laid along the vessel, usually at the level of the main deck. Due to the horizontal and vertical pipes extending from this line, the system branches throughout the ship (Fig. 3.1). On tankers, the fire main is usually laid in the diametrical plane.

The disadvantage of this scheme is that it does not make it possible to supply water beyond the point where serious damage to the system has occurred.

Rice. 3.1. Typical linear diagram of a water fire system:

1 - highway; 2 - branches; 3 - shut-off valve; 4 - fire post; 5 - shore connection; b - kingston; 7 - fire pumps

Ring scheme. The system, made according to this scheme, consists of two parallel highways connected at the extreme bow and stern points, thereby forming a closed ring (Fig. 3.2). Branches connect the system to fire stations.
In a ring scheme, the section where the break occurred can be disconnected from the main, and the main can continue to be used to supply water to all other parts of the system. Sometimes disconnect valves are installed on the main line behind fire hydrants. They are designed to control the flow of water when a break occurs in the system.
In some systems with one annular main, isolation valves are provided only in the aft and bow parts of the decks.

Coastal connections. On each side of the vessel, at least one connection of the water fire main with the shore must be established. Each shore connection should be located in an easily accessible place and provided with shut-off and control valves.

A ship on international voyages must have at least one portable shore connection on each side. This makes it possible for ship crews to use shore-mounted pumps or to use the services of shore-based fire brigades in any port. On some ships, the required international shore connections are permanently installed.

Fire pumps. This is the only means of ensuring the movement of water through the water fire system when the vessel is at sea. The required number of pumps, their performance, location and power sources are regulated by the Register Rules. The requirements for them are summarized below.

Quantity and location. On international voyages, cargo and passenger ships with a capacity of 3,000 tons or more must be equipped with two fire pumps with autonomous drives. All passenger ships with a gross tonnage of up to 4,000 tons must be equipped with at least two fire pumps, and on ships with a gross tonnage of more than 4,000 tons, three fire pumps, regardless of the length of the ship.

If two pumps are to be installed on the ship, they must be located in different rooms. Fire pumps, kingstones and power sources should be located so that a fire in one room does not disable all pumps, thus leaving the ship unprotected.

The crew is not responsible for the installation of the required number of pumps on the ship, for the correct placement of them and the availability of appropriate power sources. The ship is designed, built and, if necessary, re-equipped in accordance with the Register Rules, but the crew is directly responsible for maintaining the pumps in good condition. In particular, it is the responsibility of mechanics to maintain and test the ship's fire pumps to ensure their reliable operation in the event of an emergency.

Water consumption. Each fire pump must supply at least two jets of water from fire hydrants having a maximum pressure drop of 0.25 to 0.4 N/mm2 for passenger and cargo ships, depending on their gross tonnage.

In passenger ships of less than 1,000 gross tonnage and all other cargo ships of 1,000 gross tonnage and above, a fixed emergency fire pump must be fitted in addition. The total supply of stationary fire pumps, except for emergency ones, may not exceed 180 m ^ / h (with the exception of passenger ships).

Safety. A safety valve and pressure gauge may be provided on the discharge side of the fire pump.

Other fire extinguishing systems (such as a sprinkler system) may be connected to the fire pumps. But in this case, their performance should be sufficient so that they can simultaneously serve the water fire and the second fire extinguishing system, providing water supply under the appropriate pressure.

Use of fire pumps for other purposes. Fire pumps can be used for more than just supplying water to a fire main. However, one of the fire pumps should always be kept ready for use for its intended purpose. The reliability of fire pumps is increased if they are used for other purposes from time to time, providing appropriate maintenance.
If control valves that allow the use of fire pumps for other purposes are installed on the manifold next to the pump, then by opening the valve to the fire main, the operation of the pump for another purpose can be immediately interrupted.

Unless it is specifically agreed that fire pumps may be used for other purposes, such as washing decks and tanks, such connections shall only be provided on the discharge manifold at the pump.

Fire hydrants. The purpose of the water fire system is to supply water to fire hydrants located throughout the ship.

Placement of fire hydrants. Fire hydrants must be located so that the water jets supplied by at least two fire hydrants overlap each other. Fire hydrants on all ships must be painted red.

If deck cargo is carried on board, it should be stowed in such a way as not to obstruct access to fire hydrants.

Each fire hydrant must be equipped with a shut-off valve and a standard quick-closing type coupling head in accordance with the requirements of the Register Rules. According to the requirements of the SOLAS-74 Convention, the use of threaded union nuts is allowed.

Fire hydrants should be placed at a distance of no more than 20 m indoors and no more than 40 m - on open decks.

Sleeves and trunks (refer to fire-fighting equipment).

The hose should have a length of 15+20 m for open deck cranes and 104-15 m for indoor cranes. The exception is hoses installed on the open decks of tankers, where the length of the hose must be sufficient to allow it to be lowered over the side, directing the water jet along the side perpendicular to the water surface.

A fire hose with a suitable nozzle must always be connected to the fire hydrant. But in heavy seas, the sleeves installed on the open deck can be temporarily disconnected from the fire hydrants and stored nearby in an easily accessible place.

The fire hose is the most vulnerable part of the water fire system. If mishandled, it is easily damaged.

Dragging a sleeve over a metal deck, it is easy to damage it - tear the outer lining, bend or split the nuts. If all the water is not drained from the hose before laying, the remaining moisture can lead to mold and rot, which in turn will cause the hose to rupture under water pressure.

Sleeve styling and storage. In most cases, the storage hose at the fire station should be coiled.

In doing so, you must do the following:

1.Check that the hose is completely drained of water. Raw sleeve can not be laid.

2. Lay the sleeve in the bay so that the end of the barrel can be easily fed to the fire.

3. Attach the barrel to the end of the sleeve.

4. Install the barrel in the holder or put it in the sleeve so that it does not fall.

5. The rolled sleeve should be tied up so that it does not lose its shape.

Trunks. Merchant ships use combined shafts with a locking device. They must be permanently attached to the sleeves.

Combined shafts must be equipped with a control that allows you to turn off the water supply and regulate its jet.

River fire nozzles must have nozzles with holes of 12, 16 and 19 mm. In residential and service premises, there is no need to use nozzles with a diameter of more than 12 mm.

Class A: Hard materials

Class B: Flammable liquids

Class C: Combustion of gases, incl. liquefied

Class D: Alkali metals (sodium, lithium, calcium, etc.)

Class E: Electrical appliances and live wiring.

Class "A" fires - combustion of solid combustible materials. For such materials

include wood and wood products, fabrics, paper, rubber, some plastics and

Extinguishing of these materials is carried out mainly with water, aqueous solutions, foam.

Class "B" fires - combustion of liquid substances, their mixtures and compounds. To this class

substances include oil and liquid petroleum products, fats, paints, solvents and other

combustible liquids.

The extinguishing of such fires is carried out mainly with the help of foam by covering it

a layer on the surface of a combustible liquid, thus separating it from the combustion zone and

oxidizer. In addition, class "B" fires can be extinguished with water spray,

powders, carbon dioxide.

Class "C" fires - combustion of gaseous substances and materials. To this class

substances include combustible gases used on ships as

technological supply, as well as combustible gases transported by sea vessels in

as cargo (methane, hydrogen, ammonia, etc.). Extinguishing combustible gases is carried out

with compact jets of water or with fire extinguishing powders.

Class "D" fires - fires involving alkali and similar metals and their

compounds in contact with water. These substances include sodium, potassium,

magnesium, titanium, aluminum, etc. To extinguish such fires, they use

heat-absorbing extinguishing agents, such as some powders, do not

reacting with burning materials.

Class "E" fires - combustion resulting from the ignition of a substance under

voltage of electrical equipment, conductors or electrical installations.

Sprinkler systems (Fire detection function).

An automatic sprinkler fire-extinguishing and fire detection alarm system shall be installed on the ship so as to protect accommodation spaces, galleys and other service spaces, with the exception of spaces that do not pose a significant fire hazard (empty spaces, sanitary spaces, etc.).

The sprinkler system consists of a water tank to feed the system, a pump and a system

pipelines. The system provides constant water pressure in pipelines. From the main pipeline there are branches to all rooms protected by the system, equipped with spray heads. The spray heads are equipped with liquid-filled glass fuses. These fuses are designed for a certain temperature, at which they burst and open a hole for spraying water into the room.

Since the pipelines are under pressure, water begins to spray, forming

a vaporous curtain capable of extinguishing the flame.

The sprinkler system is divided into ship coverage sections. Each section has its own control station, including shut-off valves. When the spray head is triggered in a certain section, the pressure sensor detects the resulting pressure difference and sends a signal to the central display panel, which is located on the Bridge.

A typical indication panel provides an audible and visual signal (siren and indication lamp). The light indicates in which section of the vessel the system was triggered and the type of alarm (pressure drop in the system as a result of the triggering of the spray head or shutting off the water supply to the section by the system isolating valve).

With full consumption of fresh water in the tank of the system, automatic use of outside water is provided. Typically, a sprinkler system is used as the initial automatic extinguishing agent.

fire before the arrival of the ship's fire brigade. Use of sea water in the system

undesirable, and if possible, the section should be insulated in a timely manner to stop the flow of fresh water. Arriving firefighters will continue to fight the fire with other available means.

If sea water is used in the system, it is necessary to thoroughly flush the entire piping system with fresh water. Destroyed spray heads must be replaced with spare ones (the necessary stock of which must always be kept on board).

The ship's main fire system. fire main system

Such a system on a ship is a seawater fire extinguishing system, consisting of fire pumps and pipelines, fire hydrants and hoses with adjustable nozzles.

The system is designed to use sea water as a fire extinguishing agent, using the cooling effect (eliminating the "Heat" element in the Fire Triangle).

Foam generators can be connected to the water extinguishing system, forming high-expansion foam.

The system consists of fire pumps and pipelines, fire hydrants and hoses with

adjustable nozzles. It covers the entire space of the vessel, all passages, rooms, including engine rooms, open decks.

The diameter of the fire main and its branches must be sufficient to effectively distribute water with the maximum required supply of two simultaneously working

fire pumps; however, on cargo ships, it is sufficient that this diameter provides a supply of only 140 m3 / h.

The maximum pressure at any faucet must not exceed the pressure at which the fire hose can be operated effectively.

Each fire pump must provide at least two jets of water to fight the fire at the required pressure.

The pump output must be at least 40% of the total fire pump output and in any case not less than 25 m3/h.

On a cargo ship, it is not necessary that the total required capacity of the fire pumps exceed 180 m/h.

The ships shall be provided with fire pumps with independent drives in

the following quantity:

On passenger ships of 4000 gross tonnage and above: at least 3 pumps;

On passenger ships of less than 4000 gross tonnage and on cargo ships of 1000 gross tonnage and above: at least 2;

On tankers, in order to maintain the integrity of the fire main in the event of a fire or explosion, isolation valves shall be installed in the bow in a protected place and on the deck of cargo tanks at intervals of not more than 40 m.

The number and location of taps (hydrants) must be such that at least two jets of water from different taps, one of which is supplied through a single hose, reach any part of the ship, as well as any part of any empty cargo space, any cargo space with horizontal way of loading and unloading or any space of a special category, and in the latter case, two jets must reach any part of it,

supplied in one-piece sleeves. In addition, such cranes should be located at the entrances to the protected premises.

Pipelines and valves should be located so that they can be easily accessed.

attach fire hoses.

A service valve is provided for each fire hose so that any fire hose can be disconnected while the fire pumps are running.

Isolation valves for shutting off a section of the fire main located in

the engine room in which the main fire pump or pumps are located, the rest of the fire main is installed in an easily accessible and convenient place outside the engine rooms.

The location of the fire mains shall be such that, with the isolation valves closed, all ship's cranes, except those located in the above-mentioned machinery space, can be supplied with water from a fire pump located outside this machinery space, through pipelines passing outside it.

International Maritime Union. International Shore Connection

Any ship over 500 tons must have at least one International Maritime Connection in order to be able to connect to the fire main from another ship or from shore.

Connections for such a connection should be provided on the forecastle and stern of the vessel.

Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems

For cargo spaces, the amount of carbon dioxide available must be sufficient to obtain a minimum volume of free gas equal to 30% of the gross volume of the ship's largest cargo space protected by the system.

For machinery spaces, the amount of carbon dioxide available shall be sufficient to obtain a minimum volume of free gas equal to the greater of the following:

40% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space so protected, excluding the volume of part of the shaft, or 35% of the gross volume of the largest machinery space so protected, including the shaft.

However, for cargo ships of less than 2,000 tons gross tonnage, the percentages quoted may be reduced to 35% and 30% respectively; in addition, if two or more machinery spaces are not completely separated from each other, they are considered to form one space. In this case, the volume of free carbon dioxide should be determined at the rate of 0.56 m^3/kg.

The fixed piping system for machinery spaces shall be able to supply 85% gas to the space within 2 minutes.

Carbon dioxide systems must meet the following requirements:

Two separate means shall be provided to control the supply of carbon dioxide to the protected space and to provide a gas release alarm. One should be used to release gas from storage tanks. The other must be used to open a valve on a pipeline supplying gas to the protected space;

These two controls should be inside a cabinet easily identified for

specific protected space. If the control cabinet is padlockable, the cabinet key must be kept in a case with a breakable lid in a conspicuous place next to the cabinet.

Steam extinguishing systems

As a rule, the use of steam as a fire extinguishing agent in fixed fire extinguishing systems should not be allowed. If the use of steam is approved by the Administration, it must be used only in limited areas in addition to the required extinguishing agent, and the steam output of the boiler or boilers providing steam must be not less than 1.0 kg per hour for every 0.75 m3 of gross volume of the largest from the premises thus protected.

Stationary fire extinguishing systems with high-expansion FOAM in engine rooms

premises.

1. Any stationary fire extinguishing system with high expansion foam in engine rooms

premises should provide a rapid supply through stationary outlets of the amount of foam sufficient to fill the largest protected space, with an intensity that ensures the formation of a layer of foam with a thickness of at least 1 m in one minute. the largest protected area. The foam ratio must not exceed 1000:1.

2. Foam supply channels, foam generator air intakes and number of foam generators

installations must ensure efficient production and distribution of foam.

3. The location of the outlet channels of the foam generator must be such that a fire in

the protected room could not damage the foaming equipment.

4. The foam generator, its power sources, foam generator and system controls should be easily accessible, easy to operate and concentrated in the fewest possible places that are not likely to be cut off by a fire in the protected space.

Foam concentrate is a thick liquid. To form a foam, it is diluted with water in proportions between 1 and 6%, depending on the type of concentrate.

The most commonly used in foam extinguishing systems is AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam).

This foam, in addition to the effect of blocking the access of oxygen to combustion, covers the surface of the fuel with a water film, preventing the formation of vapors. Such foam very quickly knocks down the flame. It penetrates deeper into materials better when extinguishing Class A fires.

TunaboutGnetatshandtelI	Cinet	ClaWithWith Paboutandmacaw	Lathsheeetcandmenenande
ATonea	ToraWithny		When burning solid materials
Pena	Toremnew	A, B	Better when extinguishing burning liquids (petroleum products, Flammable liquids, paints and varnishes).
PoroshOK	Golatboh	A, B, c,E
CO 2 (angletoancientGaz)	Hernsth	A, B, c,E	It is better when extinguishing live electrical appliances and electrical wiring, it is used in all types of fire.

The ship's active fire protection system is designed to detect and signal the occurrence of a fire or an explosive situation, to influence the combustion reaction in automatic mode or with human participation, to prevent or suppress explosions.

Active fire protection includes:

Fire alarm systems;

Vessel fire fighting systems;

Portable fire fighting equipment.

Fire alarm systems are divided into three groups:

Fire detection systems;

Fire warning systems;

Warning systems for the inclusion of fire extinguishing systems.

Fire detection system is designed to detect the source of a fire at an early stage of its development and signal generation. It uses special infrared, thermal, pressure, differential, temperature and smoke sensors. The fire warning system is designed to provide sound and light signals to command posts (CP). On modern ships, detection and warning systems are combined into a single automatic detection system and, as a rule, they are combined with the corresponding fire extinguishing systems.

All ships fixed systems and portable means can be classified according to their design features. The specific design of the systems depends on the category of the ship's space and its location.

How energy is used all means and systems can be divided into autonomous and non-autonomous.

Autonomous means do not require the supply of energy and use either engines or various types of batteries (electric, air, chemical) for their operation. Non-autonomous means must be connected to the ship's power sources (electrical network, fire main, high or medium pressure air system).

According to the fire extinguishing composition fire-fighting systems and means can be divided into water, foam, gas, powder and freon (inhibitor).

According to the principle of quenching Distinguish between systems and means of surface and volume extinguishing.

General ship fire fighting systems;

Systems for protecting the premises of a power plant.

For a complete characterization of any fire-fighting system, it is necessary to indicate all its classification features. For example, a stationary autonomous system of volumetric foam fire extinguishing in a power plant.

A separate area of active fire protection is the creation of the following fire fighting equipment:

Portable fire pumps;

Fire nozzles and foam generators;

fire extinguishers;

Fire tool.

The development of constructive fire protection elements, as well as the creation and improvement of fire fighting systems and means, is carried out on the basis of a thorough analysis of known cases of explosions and fires on ships, fire fighting actions of personnel and a quantitative assessment of various fire protection options.

Fire fighting systems

A fire on a ship is an extremely serious danger. In many cases, a fire causes not only significant material losses, but also causes death of people. Therefore, the prevention of fires on ships and fire fighting measures are of paramount importance.

To localize the fire, the vessel is divided into vertical fire zones by fire-resistant bulkheads (type A), which remain impenetrable to smoke and flame for 60 minutes. The fire resistance of the bulkhead is provided by insulation made of non-combustible materials. Fire-resistant bulkheads on passenger ships are installed at a distance of not more than 40 m from each other. The same bulkheads shield control posts and premises that are dangerous in terms of fire.

Inside the fire zones, the rooms are separated by fire-retarding bulkheads (type B), which remain impervious to flame for 30 minutes. These structures are also insulated with fire-resistant materials.

All openings in fire bulkheads shall be closed to provide smoke and flame tightness. To this end, fire doors are insulated with non-combustible materials or water curtains are installed on each side of the door. All fire doors are equipped with a device for remote closing from the control station

The success of the fight against fire largely depends on the timely detection of the source of the fire. For this, ships are equipped with various signaling systems that allow detecting a fire at its very beginning. There are many types of alarm systems, but they all work on the principle of detecting temperature rise, smoke and open flames.

In the first case, temperature-sensitive detectors are installed in the premises, which are included in the signal electrical network. When the temperature rises, the detector is triggered and closes the network, as a result, a signal lamp lights up on the navigation bridge and an audible alarm is activated. Alarm systems based on the detection of an open flame work on the same principle. In this case, photocells are used as detectors. The disadvantage of these systems is a certain delay in the detection of a fire, since the onset of a fire is not always accompanied by an increase in temperature and the appearance of an open flame.

More sensitive are systems operating on the principle of smoke detection. In these systems, air is constantly sucked from the controlled premises through signal pipes by a fan. By the smoke coming out of a certain pipe, you can determine the room in which the fire broke out

Smoke detection is carried out by sensitive photocells, which are installed at the ends of the tubes. When smoke appears, the light intensity changes, as a result of which the photocell is triggered and closes the network of light and sound alarms.

The means of active fire fighting on a ship are various fire extinguishing systems: water, steam and gas, as well as volumetric chemical extinguishing and foam extinguishing.

Water extinguishing system. The most common means of fighting fires on a ship is a water fire extinguishing system, which all ships should be equipped with.
The system is made according to the centralized principle with a linear or ring main pipeline, which is made of galvanized steel pipes with a diameter of 100-200 mm. Fire horns (cranes) are installed along the entire highway to connect fire hoses. The location of the horns should ensure the supply of two jets of water to any place on the vessel. In the interior, they are installed no more than 20 m apart, and on open decks this distance is increased to 40 m. In order to quickly detect a fire pipeline, it is painted red. In cases where the pipeline is painted to match the color of the room, two narrow green distinctive rings are applied to it, between which a narrow red warning ring is painted. Fire horns in all cases are painted red.

In the water extinguishing system, centrifugal pumps with a drive independent of the main engine are used. Stationary fire pumps are installed below the waterline, which provides suction pressure. When installed above the waterline, pumps must be self-priming. The total number of fire pumps depends on the size of the vessel and on large vessels it is up to three with a total flow of up to 200 m3/h. In addition to these, many ships have an emergency pump driven by an emergency power source. Ballast, bilge and other pumps may also be used for firefighting purposes, if they are not used for pumping oil products or for draining compartments that may contain oil residues.

On ships with a gross tonnage of 1000 reg. tons and more on the open deck on each side of the water fire main must have a device for connecting an international connection.
The effectiveness of a water extinguishing system is largely dependent on pressure. The minimum pressure at the location of any fire horn is 0.25-0.30 MPa, which gives the height of the water jet from the fire hose up to 20-25 m. Taking into account all losses in the pipeline, such pressure for fire horns is provided at a pressure in the fire main of 0, 6-0.7 MPa. The water extinguishing pipeline is designed for a maximum pressure of up to 10 MPa.

The water extinguishing system is the simplest and most reliable, but it is not possible to use a continuous stream of water to extinguish a fire in all cases. For example, when extinguishing burning oil products, it has no effect, since oil products float to the surface of the water and continue to burn. The effect can be achieved only if water is supplied in spray form. In this case, the water quickly evaporates, forming a steam-water hood that isolates the burning oil from the surrounding air.

On ships, water in spray form is supplied by a sprinkler system, which can be equipped with residential and public premises, as well as the wheelhouse and various storerooms. On the pipelines of this system, which are laid under the ceiling of the protected premises, automatically operating sprinkler heads are installed (Fig. 143).

Fig 143. Sprinkler heads-a - with a metal lock, b - with a glass bulb, 1 - fitting, 2 - glass valve, 3 - diaphragm, 4 - ring; 5- washer, 6- frame, 7- socket; 8 - fusible metal lock, 9 - glass flask

The outlet of the sprinkler is closed by a glass valve (ball) supported by three plates connected to each other by low-melting solder. When the temperature rises during a fire, the solder melts, the valve opens, and the outgoing stream of water, hitting a special socket, is sprayed. In other types of sprinklers, the valve is held by a glass bulb filled with a highly volatile liquid. In a fire, liquid vapor bursts the flask, as a result of which the valve opens.

The opening temperature of sprinklers for residential and public premises, depending on the navigation area, is 70-80 °C.

To ensure automatic operation, the sprinkler system must always be under pressure. The necessary pressure is created by the pneumatic tank with which the system is equipped. When the sprinkler is opened, the pressure in the system drops, as a result of which the sprinkler pump automatically turns on, which provides the system with water when extinguishing a fire. In emergency cases, the sprinkler pipeline can be connected to the water extinguishing system.

In the engine room, a water spray system is used to extinguish oil products. On the pipelines of this system, instead of automatically operating sprinkler heads, water sprayers are installed, the outlet of which is constantly open. Water sprayers start working immediately after opening the shut-off valve on the supply pipeline.

Sprayed water is also used in irrigation systems and to create water curtains. The irrigation system is used to irrigate the decks of oil tankers and bulkheads of rooms intended for the storage of explosive and flammable substances.

Water curtains act as fire bulkheads. Such curtains are equipped with closed decks of ferries with a horizontal loading method, where it is impossible to install bulkheads. Fire doors can also be replaced with water curtains.

A promising system is finely atomized water, in which water is sprayed to a foggy state. Water is sprayed through spherical nozzles with a large number of holes with a diameter of 1 - 3 mm. For better spraying, compressed air and a special emulsifier are added to the water.

Steam extinguishing system. The operation of the steam fire extinguishing system is based on the principle of creating an atmosphere in the room that does not support combustion. Therefore, steam extinguishing is used only in enclosed spaces. Since there are no large-capacity boilers on modern ships with internal combustion engines, only fuel tanks are usually equipped with a steam extinguishing system. Steam extinguishing can also be used in. mufflers of engines and in chimneys.

The steam extinguishing system on ships is carried out according to a centralized principle. From the steam boiler, steam with a pressure of 0.6-0.8 MPa enters the steam distribution box (collector), from where separate pipelines made of steel pipes with a diameter of 20-40 mm are run into each fuel tank. In rooms with liquid fuel, steam is supplied to the upper part, which ensures free steam exit when the tank is filled to the maximum. The pipes of the steam extinguishing system are painted with two narrow silver-gray distinctive rings with a red warning ring between them.

Gas systems. The principle of operation of the gas system is based on the fact that an inert gas that does not support combustion is supplied to the fire site. Working on the same principle as the steam extinguishing system, the gas system has a number of advantages over it. The use of non-conductive gas in the system allows the gas system to be used to put out a fire on operating electrical equipment. When using the system, the gas does not cause damage to goods and equipment.

Of all the gas systems on ships, carbon dioxide is widely used. Liquid carbon dioxide is stored on ships in special pressurized cylinders. The cylinders are connected into batteries and work on a common junction box, from which pipelines from seamless galvanized steel pipes with a diameter of 20-25 mm are carried to separate rooms. On the pipeline of the carbon dioxide system, one narrow distinctive yellow ring and two warning signs are painted - one red and the other yellow with black diagonal stripes. Pipes are usually laid below deck without branches going down, since carbon dioxide is heavier than air and must be introduced into the upper part of the room when extinguishing a fire. From the shoots, carbon dioxide is released through special nozzles, the number of which in each room depends on the volume of the room. This system has a control device.

The carbon dioxide system can be used to extinguish fires in enclosed spaces. Most often, such a system is equipped with dry cargo holds, engine and boiler rooms, electrical equipment rooms, as well as pantries with combustible materials. The use of a carbon dioxide system in the cargo tanks of tankers is not allowed. It must also not be used in residential and public buildings, since even a slight gas leak can lead to accidents.

While having certain advantages, the carbon dioxide system is not without its drawbacks. The main ones are the one-time operation of the system and the need to carefully ventilate the room after applying carbon dioxide extinguishing.

Along with stationary carbon dioxide installations, hand-held carbon dioxide fire extinguishers with cylinders of liquid carbon dioxide are used on ships.

Volumetric chemical extinguishing system. It works on the same principle as gas, but instead of gas, a special liquid is supplied to the room, which, evaporating easily, turns into an inert gas heavier than air.

A mixture containing 73% ethyl bromide and 27% tetrafluorodibromoethane is used as an extinguishing liquid on ships. Other mixtures are sometimes used, such as ethyl bromide and carbon dioxide.

Fire-extinguishing liquid is stored in strong steel tanks, from which a line is laid to each of the guarded premises. An annular pipeline with spray heads is laid in the upper part of the protected premises. The pressure in the system is created by compressed air, which is supplied to the reservoir with liquid from cylinders.

The absence of mechanisms in the system allows it to be carried out both on a centralized basis and on a group or individual basis.

The volumetric chemical extinguishing system can be used in dry cargo and refrigerated holds, in the engine room and rooms with electrical equipment.

Powder extinguishing system.

This system uses special powders that are supplied to the ignition site by a gas jet from a cylinder (usually nitrogen or another inert gas). Most often, powder fire extinguishers work on this principle. On gas carriers, this system is sometimes installed for use in cargo compartments. Such a system consists of a powder extinguishing station, hand barrels and special anti-twisting sleeves.

Foaming system. The principle of operation of the system is based on the isolation of the fire from the oxygen of the air by covering burning objects with a layer of foam. Foam can be obtained either chemically as a result of the reaction of an acid and an alkali, or mechanically by mixing an aqueous solution of a foaming agent with air. Accordingly, the foam extinguishing system is divided into air-mechanical and chemical.

In the air-mechanical foam extinguishing system (Fig. 144), liquid foaming agent PO-1 or PO-b is used to produce foam, which is stored in special tanks. When using the system, the foaming agent from the tank is fed by an ejector into the pressure pipeline, where it mixes with water, forming a water emulsion. At the end of the pipeline there is an air-foam barrel. The water emulsion, passing through it, sucks in air, resulting in the formation of foam, which is supplied to the fire site.

To obtain foam by air-mechanical method, the water emulsion must contain 4% foaming agent and 96% water. When the emulsion is mixed with air, a foam is formed, the volume of which is approximately 10 times the volume of the emulsion. To increase the amount of foam, special air-foam barrels with sprayers and nets are used. In this case, foam with a high foaming ratio (up to 1000) is obtained. Thousand-fold foam is obtained on the basis of the foaming agent "Morpen".

Rice. 144. Air-mechanical foam extinguishing system: 1 - buffer liquid, 2 - diffuser, 3 - ejector-mixer, 4 - manual air-foam barrel, 5 - stationary air-foam barrel

Figure 145 Local air foam installation spray, 10-cylinder of compressed air; 11 - compressed air pipeline, 12 - three-way valve

Along with stationary foam extinguishing systems on ships, local air-foam installations have found wide application (Fig. 145). In these installations, which are located directly in protected areas, the emulsion is in a closed tank. To start the installation, compressed air is supplied to the tank, which displaces the emulsion into the pipeline through the siphon tube. Part of the air passes through the hole in the upper part of the siphon tube into the same pipeline. As a result, the emulsion is mixed with air in the pipeline and foam is formed. The same installations of small capacity can be carried out portable - air-foam fire extinguisher.

When foam is obtained chemically, its bubbles contain carbon dioxide, which increases its extinguishing properties. Foam is obtained chemically in hand-held foam fire extinguishers of the OP type, consisting of a tank filled with an aqueous solution of soda and acid. By turning the handle, the valve is opened, the alkali and acid are mixed, resulting in the formation of foam, which is ejected from the spray.

The foam extinguishing system can be used to extinguish a fire in any premises, as well as on the open deck. But it has received the greatest distribution on oil tankers. Usually tankers have two foam extinguishing stations: the main one - at the stern and the emergency one - in the superstructure of the tank. A main pipeline is laid between the stations along the vessel, from which an offshoot with an air-foam barrel extends into each cargo tank. From the barrel, the foam goes to the foam drain perforated pipes located in the tanks. All pipes of the foam system have two wide distinctive green rings with a red warning sign between them. To extinguish a fire on open decks, oil tankers are equipped with air-foam monitors, which are installed on the superstructure deck. Fire monitors give a stream of foam over 40 m long, which makes it possible, if necessary, to cover the entire deck with foam.

To ensure the fire safety of the ship, all fire extinguishing systems must be in good condition and always be ready for action. Checking the state of the system is carried out through regular inspections and training fire alarms. During inspections, it is necessary to carefully check the tightness of pipelines and the correct operation of fire pumps. In winter, fire lines can freeze. To prevent freezing, it is necessary to turn off the sections laid on the open decks and drain the water through special plugs (or taps).

Especially careful care is required for the carbon dioxide system and the foam extinguishing system. If the valves installed on the cylinders are in a faulty condition, gas leakage is possible. To check the presence of carbon dioxide, cylinders should be weighed at least once a year.

All malfunctions identified during inspections and training alarms must be immediately eliminated. It is prohibited to release ships to sea if:

At least one of the stationary fire extinguishing systems is out of order; the fire alarm system does not work;

Vessel compartments protected by a volumetric fire extinguishing system do not have devices for closing the premises from the outside;

Fire bulkheads have faulty insulation or faulty fire doors;

The fire-fighting equipment of the ship does not meet the established standards.

The work of ship systems ensures the survivability of the vessel, i.e. safety of navigation, necessary living conditions, safety of cargo, as well as the performance of special functions related to the purpose of the vessel, for example, on tankers, rescuers, fishing vessels.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

"NIKOLAEVSK UNIVERSITY OF SHIPBUILDING NAMED AFTER ADMIRAL MAKAROV"

Department of Shipbuilding

ESSAY

with discipline

Vessel ship system

on the topic: "The fire system of the ship"

Student _ V _ course _ 5 11 2 groups

Chernyaev Maxim Igorovich

(name and initials)

Kerivnik

d.t.s. Professor_Zaitsev V.V.___

(settlement, vchene zvonnya, scientific step, nickname and initials)

Kherson - 2014

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………3

1 General concepts of modern fire fighting systems………………..4

2 Types of fire fighting systems…………………………………………….......6

2.1 Water fire fighting system……………………………………..6

2.2 Sprinkler fire extinguishing system………………………………..8

2.3 Deluge fire extinguishing system…………………………..……...10

2.4 Foam fire extinguishing system………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..11

2.5 Powder extinguishing system………………………………..12

2.6 CO2 fire extinguishing system ………………………………………..13

2.7 Aerosol fire extinguishing system……………………………….14

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..16

List of used literature………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

INTRODUCTION

ship systems this is a complex of pipelines with fittings, mechanisms serving them,tanks, apparatus, instruments and means of control and control over them.

Ship systems are a set of specialized pipelines with mechanisms, apparatus, instruments and devices.

They are designed to move liquids, air or gases in order to ensure the normal operation of the vessel (with the exception of the power plant, the pipelines of which are not included in the ship systems).

Bilge systems drainage, drainage, bypass, oily bilge water.
Ballast systemsballast, trim, roll, displacement.
Fire extinguishing systemswater fire extinguishing, water irrigation, sprinkler, water spray, water curtains, steam extinguishing, foam extinguishing, carbon dioxide extinguishing, volumetric chemical, inert gases, powder fire extinguishing.
Domestic water supply systemsdomestic fresh water, drinking water, washing water, domestic sea water, domestic hot water.
waste systems sewage, household water, open deck scuppers.
Microclimate systemsventilation, air conditioning, heating (steam, water, air).
Refrigeration systems refrigeration.
Domestic steam supply systems.
Compressed air systems.
Marine equipment cooling systems.
Hydraulic system.

Auxiliarymeasuring, air, overflow, communication, signaling, control system.
Special systems:
tankers cargo, stripping, venting, washing of cargo tanks, irrigation.
Rescuers soil erosion, soil pump, dewatering and rescue, compressed gases.
Commercial fish oil, brine, fish feed.

1 General concepts of modern fire protection systems

Modern fire protection systems are based on the use of the latest means and methods for detecting and extinguishing fires and reducing losses from the use of fire extinguishing agents. These include, first of all, the use of finely atomized water and aerosol spray water, high expansion foam. All stationary installations of the listed types are designed to extinguish fires in confined spaces.

In modern fire extinguishing installations of a sprinkler deluge type, the use of sprinklers, for example, "Aquamaster" and similar ones, makes it possible to obtain drops of water supplied for extinguishing with an average diameter of 100150 microns. Recently, not only sprinklers installed vertically, but also with horizontal installation have appeared on the market. The water pressure in such installations at the outlet of the sprinkler should be within 0.51.2 MPa (512 kg/m2). The use of finely sprayed water makes it possible to reduce the amount of water supplied for extinguishing by 1.52 times and increase the efficiency of its use.

The use of aerosol spray water (superheated water) makes it possible to extinguish with an average droplet diameter of about 70 microns and to eliminate the fiery combustion of almost all combustible materials that do not react with water, releasing large amounts of heat and combustible gases. The time for extinguishing the flame of solid combustible materials and liquids, as a rule, does not exceed one minute. The use of installations of this type is constrained by the fact that in order to obtain aerosol spray water, it is necessary either to have a container in which the water is constantly at a temperature of 150-170 ° C, or special equipment that allows heating the water to the required temperature in a short time.

Currently, high expansion foam (foam expansion of 400 or more) is being used to protect closed volumes. The use of fire extinguishing installations with high expansion foam makes it possible to fill the protected volume with foam in a short time and eliminate combustion. To obtain high expansion foam, only those blowing agents should be used for which the certificate indicates that they allow obtaining high expansion foam. The use of such installations can significantly reduce the amount of foam concentrate and water stored in the tanks of the foam fire extinguishing pumping station, and, consequently, the costs.

Increasingly, remote-controlled fire monitors and fire robots are being used. Fire robots in all respects correspond to automatic fire extinguishing installations: they provide automatic fire alarms for the protected area, determine the coordinates of fire and automatically extinguish the fire with water spray or low expansion foam. The area protected by one fire robot is from 5,000 to 15,000 m2 with a flow rate of water or foam concentrate solution from one barrel of 20 to 60 l s”1.

Remote-controlled fire monitors and scanning monitors are currently the most widely used. They are used for irrigation of load-bearing structures and trusses in the machine rooms of power plants, in the workshops of machine-building and other enterprises. Scanning barrels deliver water jets according to a predetermined program, water supply mode (speed and trajectory of the barrel). Barrels of this type are the cheapest, and partly for this reason, their use is much wider. The use of robotic fire monitors is partly constrained by their high cost and the need for constant maintenance, which requires the involvement of highly qualified specialists.

The use of fire robots of other types and with the use of other types of fire extinguishing agents is still insignificant throughout the world; so, their use is constrained for the same reasons as robotic trunks. But at the same time, it should be expected that the use of fire robots will soon increase with the advent of their new types and designs, as well as a decrease in cost.

To extinguish fires of oil and oil products, modern means and methods using low-expansion foam obtained using fluorinated film-forming foam concentrates are increasingly used. To extinguish fires of oil and oil products in tanks, the underlayer method of supplying low-expansion foam has become quite widespread. However, it should be noted that this method is not applicable in all cases. This method should not be used to extinguish fires of flammable liquids having a high viscosity, as well as polar liquids that destroy the supplied foam at a high speed. It is problematic to extinguish high-octane gasolines by the underlayer method, in which the content of polar liquids reaches 18–20%. To extinguish fires of polar liquids and mixed fuels, low-expansion foam should be supplied from above using foam concentrates designed for this purpose.

To extinguish fires in tanks equipped with a pontoon, a combined method of supplying low-expansion foam to the tank should be used. With this method, the foam is fed to the surface of the combustible liquid and under the layer of combustible liquid at the same time. The use of this method of foam supply makes it possible to eliminate combustion in almost all cases, including those when the pontoon is in the lower position, for example, when the tank is taken out of service for repair work.

2 Types of fire fighting systems

Stationary fire extinguishing systems are mounted during the construction of the ship. They are divided into linear and circular . Stationary installations allow you to quickly apply a fire extinguishing agent to the fire, take it under control and ensure extinguishing.
2.1 Water fire extinguishing systemthe main system for protection, equipped regardless of the presence of other systems. The piping system consists of a main line with a pipe diameter of 100-150 mm and branches with a diameter of 38-64 mm. All sections of the water fire main passing through the open decks must have drain valves for draining the main in case of a dangerous drop in temperature.

Water fire fighting system (WPPS) is intended for:

providing high-pressure outboard water to consumers of a complex of damage control systems (BZZH) - irrigation and water spray systems, protection systems for shifts and exits;
providing high-pressure outboard water as the working water of the ejectors of the hold drainage system;
supply of sea water to the "sea water" system, designed to service the washing system during sanitation of l / s and service flushing in latrines.

EPPS is made according to ring pattern (see picture) with seven combat jumpers and consists of:

Figure 1 Scheme of water fire fighting system

three turbopumps TPZhN-150/10 with a capacity of 150 cubic meters per hour and a head of 10 m.a.c. combat jumpers No. 3, 4 and 5;
four electric pumps NTsV-160/80 with a capacity of 160 cubic meters per hour and a head of 80 m.a.c., located in pairs in pump rooms No. 1 and 2 and serving to supply sea water to combat jumpers No. 1,2,6 and 7;
seven combat jumpers, each of which is connected to one fire pump. The selection of water for the consumers indicated above is carried out ONLY from jumpers;
eighteen main disconnecting valves with remote control from the post of power and survivability (PEZh) using an electric drive, which serve to disconnect the VPS in combat mode and switch sections of the VPS to supply water to other jumpers in case of failure of any pumps or sections of the system. These valves are marked with an exclamation point in the diagram;
remote monitoring and control system, consisting of local control pressure gauges located at the pumps, remote pressure gauges located on the mnemonic diagram in the FED and spare FEP (KMKO remote control), as well as pressure sensors connected to each jumper and used to automatically start the duty electric fire pump when drop in pressure in the EPPS up to 6 kgf/sq.cm in everyday mode. In addition, the remote monitoring and control system includes ballasts for electric fire pumps.

The WPPS operates in two modes:

combat mode - in this mode, all main isolation valves are CLOSED and ALL seven pumps are running. At the same time, independent power supply of jumpers with their consumers is provided. If the pump serving the jumper fails and any onboard branch of the "ring" is in good condition, by switching the corresponding valves, the non-working jumper is connected to the working ones.
daily routine- in this mode, TPZHN No. 2 operates in the parking lot, while TPZHN No. 1 and 3 work on the move. All electric pumps that are not in a scheduled preventive inspection or repair (PPO and PPR) are on duty - ready for automatic start in case of pressure drop in the VPS up to 6 kgf/sq.cm

The normal value of pressure in the HPF is 7-8 kgf/sq.cm.

On the whole, this design of the VPPS is considered classic and the most reliable, even in comparison with the implementation of a similar system on ships of later projects. The strengths of this solution are:

very short combat bridges located across the ship's hull (the amount of potential critical damage is minimized);
the presence of three turbofire pumps. Based on the concept of ensuring the operability of a steam-powered power plant (SPU) in the absence of electricity on the ship (full self-sufficiency), water will also be supplied to the runway despite the absence of electricity.

The weak point of the constructive solution is the low location of the combat jumpers and side branches of the "ring", i.e. the combat jumpers, together with the outlets to the consumers, fall into the affected volume during underwater explosions. With the location of the jumpers near or at the level of the floodability deck (lower deck), this drawback could be eliminated.
2.2 Sprinkler fire extinguishing systemsused on ferries and passenger ships to protect residential premises, adjacent corridors and public premises. Their purpose is to limit the spread of fire and reduce the temperature in the protected premises, which makes it possible to organize a reliable evacuation of passengers and crew members.
A sufficient number of sprinklers special valves with fusible inserts are installed in all protected premises, ensuring the closed position of the valves. When the temperature in the premises rises, the fusible insert melts, the sprinkler valve opens, and water begins to spray around the room. On ships, sprinklers are usually used, triggered at a temperature of 60-75 ° C;

Designations: 1 - Distribution pipeline; 2- Universal pressure indicator; 3-Shield of command and control; 4- Pneumatic tank or impulse device; 5- Control and launch unit; 6 Normal valve; 7 Electric motor; 8 Pump; 9 Fire alarm station; 10 Compressor.

Figure 2 Scheme of water sprinkler installation

2.3 Deluge fire extinguishing systemin terms of the layout of the lines and the installation of the spray heads, it is similar to the sprinkler head. Pipelines are normally not filled with water. When the system is turned on, the pump starts and supplies sea water to the line to all sprayers finely sprayed water covers the protected area. Drencher fire extinguishing installations
used for irrigation of the cargo deck of ships with horizontal loading and tankers, pipelines and open surfaces of gas carrier tanks. In the event of a fire, the deluge unit cools the metal decks and other ship structures, preventing the spread of fire.Drencher installations are designed to simultaneously extinguish a fire throughout the protected area, create water curtains, as well as irrigate building structures, oil tanks and process equipment.

The drencher installation may consist of one or more sections. Each of them is serviced by an independent control and launch unit. Automatic activation of deluge installations can be provided by one of the following incentive systems:

in the presence of a group action valve a hydraulic or pneumatic system with sprinklers, a fire alarm system and an incentive pipeline, a cable system with fusible locks;
in the presence of valves and gates with an electric drive a fire alarm system with electric fire detectors.

2.4 Foam extinguishing systemused in case of fires in engine rooms and pump rooms. All tankers are equipped with deck foam fire extinguishing systems.
Air-mechanical foam installations are recommended on ships.

Designations: 1 Automatic water feeder (Pneumatic tank); 2- Pipeline from the main water feeder; 3-Capacity with a foaming agent; 4- Distribution water supply; 5- Locking and regulating device; 6 Foam sprinkler; 7 Alarm device; 8 Control and launch unit.

Figure 3 Scheme of a foam sprinkler fire extinguishing installation

2.5 Powder extinguishing systemsall ships carrying liquefied gases in bulk must be equipped. There may be several installations on the ship, mounted on skids so that the areas they protect overlap each other.
Foam as a fire extinguishing agent has a high insulating property and partially cooling. When the installation is put into operation, water and a foaming agent begin to be supplied to the mixer. The foam solution formed in the mixer enters the fire. At the outlet of the foam solution, air ejectors are installed, in which the pricing process is completed due to air leakage.
The operating time of the installation depends on the stock of foam concentrate in the tank. When all the foaming agent is used up and water begins to flow through the outlet holes, the installation is turned off to prevent the destruction of the foam. An important condition for extinguishing a fire is the maximum supply of foam during the first 3 minutes. Stationary foam extinguishing nozzles are located so that
so that any point of the protected premises is no more than 9 m away.

According to the control method, powder fire extinguishing installations are divided into:

Automatic installations Fire detection is carried out by installing an automatic fire alarm, followed by a signal to start the automatic fire alarm.
Installations with manual start (local, remote) the signal to start the automatic fire extinguisher is given manually from the premises of the fire post, fire extinguishing station, protected premises.

Stand-alone installations The functions of fire detection and distribution of the powder composition are carried out independently of external power sources and control (as a rule, fire extinguishing modules are equipped with this function to increase the reliability of operation in case of failure of external systems).

Legend: 1 Fire extinguisher housing; 2- Pneumatic valve; 3-cylinder with compressed gas; 4-guide pipe with load; 5-Tross; 6 Manual start handle; 7 Fusible lock; 8 Nozzles.

Figure 3 Scheme of an automatic powder fire extinguisher.

2.6 CO2 fire extinguishing systemused to protect cargo, engine and pump rooms, storerooms, galley. Stationary CO2 fire extinguishing installations are equipped with machine and
ship's cargo spaces. The installation of CO2-fire extinguishing in engine rooms is put into operation if the measures taken earlier did not allow to localize the fire. Carbon dioxide is supplied through the pipeline in the liquid phase under pressure, expands at the outlet and dense gas is supplied to the fire zone, effectively displacing oxygen and reducing its content in the air to 15% or less. Carbon dioxide as a fire extinguishing agent is neutral and does not damage expensive goods and mechanisms.

Before commissioning the CO2 fire extinguishing installation, the protected room must be sealed, 20 seconds before the gas is supplied, an automatic alarm is activated, at the same time as a light panel lights up, warning people of the danger. At the alarm signal, all people must leave the premises. The chief mechanic is obliged to make sure that people are evacuated from the engine room. Without a breathing apparatus, it is dangerous to enter a room where carbon dioxide has been supplied, even for a short time.

2.7 Aerosol fire extinguishing systemsdesigned to extinguish fires inside premises associated with the use of flammable liquids, in the holds of ships, art galleries, museums, archives, cable tunnels, at various electrical installations under voltage, as well as in all cases when the properties of the substances and materials involved in combustion are not allow the use of water or air-mechanical foam for fire extinguishing, or when the use of gas fire extinguishing installations gives a greater economic effect. Gas fire extinguishing installations are subdivided: according to the method of extinguishing, according to the method of start-up and according to the method of storing the fire extinguishing agent.

According to the method of extinguishing, these installations are divided into volumetric and local fire extinguishing installations. The volumetric extinguishing method is based on the uniform distribution of the fire extinguishing agent and the creation of a fire extinguishing concentration throughout the entire volume of the room, which ensures effective extinguishing at any point in the room, including hard-to-reach ones. Volumetric extinguishing installations are used in enclosed spaces where rapid fire development is possible. Installations of local (local) extinguishing are used to extinguish fires of units and equipment when it is impossible or inappropriate to extinguish in the volume of the entire room. The principle of local fire extinguishing is to create a fire extinguishing concentration in a dangerous spatial area of the room. Local extinguishing can be carried out both with the help of automatic installations and by manual means.

According to the method of starting a gas fire extinguishing installation, there are:

with cable (mechanical);
pneumatic;
electric;
combined start.

According to the method of storing the fire extinguishing agent in cylinders, the installations are divided into installations:

under pressure;
without pressure.

Designations: 1- Node for disabling automatic start; 2-Incentive pipe; 3-Incentive balloons; 4-Distribution valve; 5-Pressure alarm; 6 Outlets; 7 Incentive system nozzles (spriklers); 8 Manual tap; 9 Stop valve ; 10 Sectional th fuse; 11-Starting air cylinders; 12-Cylinders with fire extinguishing agent.

Figure 5 Scheme of the gas fire extinguishing system.

Conclusion

In recent years, reconstruction, overhaul and technical re-equipment of industrial and public buildings for various purposes have been carried out at a high pace in Ukraine. This also applies to water transport facilities. In large, medium and even small cities, where there are reservoirs (river, sea, lake), ships are used to equip hotels, restaurants, office space. For these purposes, they use parking, passenger, permanently or temporarily operated at the berth (shore), and also decommissioned ships.

Fire safety on shipsis extremely important. The vessels are autonomous, their premises with varying degrees of fire danger are located nearby, their structures contain combustible materials, there are sources of ignition in the premises, and escape routes are limited. These factors increase the fire hazard of ships. In this regard, the issues of ensuring the safety of people in case of accidents or fires on ships is particularly relevant.

Ships are designed and built according to special rules, unlike buildings and structures. The safety standards in these rules are constantly being improved taking into account world experience. In Ukraine, the classification of civil ships and their technical supervision is carried out by the national classification society - the Register of Shipping of Ukraine. According to the Rules of the Register of Shipping of Ukraine, "berthing vessels are non-self-propelled floating structures with a pontoon-type hull or ship formation, which are usually operated at a berth (shore)". The fact that a ship has an active class of the Register means that it is under the supervision of its technical condition provided for by the Rules of the Classification Society. According to the conditions of operation and the symbol of the class, the vessel must fully or to a certain extent comply with the requirements of the Rules that apply to it for its intended purpose. The Register Rules contain requirements forfire safety on ships, namely, structural elements of the ship's fire protection, fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems, as well as fire fighting equipment and supplies.

List of used literature

2. http://sea-library.ru/bezopasnost-plavanija/196-uglekislotnoe-pozharotuschenie.html

3. http://www.ooo-ksu.ru/pozharotushenie.html

4. http://admiral-umashev.narod.ru/ttd_14.html

5. http://www.engineerclub.ru/sistemi13.html

6. http://www.glossary.ru/cgi-bin/gl_sch2.cgi?RRzkui:l!xoxyls: [email protected]

7. http://ksbsecurity.com/protivopozharnye-systemy/

8. http://crew-help.com.ua/stati_out.php?id=58&tema=an

9. http://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=51665

10. http://seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/sudovye-sistemy.html

11. Chinyaev I.A. ship systems

Moscow: Transport, 1984, 216c. 3rd edition revised and enlarged.

12. Aleksandrov A.V. ship systems

Under the editorship of Voitkunsky Ya. I. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1985. 544 p.

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	Writing an explanatory note and presenting it to the manager for review. Analysis of the requirements for the current state of nautical charts, manuals and manuals for navigation. Description of the procedure for completing the ship with charts and sailing aids. Selection of cards manuals manuals for swimming.
4138.		Alternative voting system. Cumulative voting system. Ball system	4.28KB
	Alternative voting system. Cumulative voting system. The system of balls In a way, the ineffectiveness of the system of absolute superiority is already in the first round of elections, alternatively preferential voting, or absolutely voting for any selection of votes for one candidate, but specifying the order of their advantages for others. Such a system was introduced in Australia during the election of the House of Representatives in the lower house of the Australian Parliament.