Periodic table of mendeleev online. Periodic table of chemical elements by D.I. Mendeleev

There are many repeating sequences in nature:

seasons;
Times of Day;
days of the week...

In the mid-19th century, D.I. Mendeleev noticed that the chemical properties of elements also have a certain sequence (they say that this idea came to him in a dream). The result of the scientist’s wonderful dreams was the Periodic Table chemical elements, in which D.I. Mendeleev arranged chemical elements in order of increasing atomic mass. In the modern table, chemical elements are arranged in ascending order of the element's atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom).

The atomic number is shown above the symbol of a chemical element, below the symbol is its atomic mass (the sum of protons and neutrons). Please note that the atomic mass of some elements is not a whole number! Remember isotopes! Atomic mass is the weighted average of all isotopes of an element found in nature under natural conditions.

Below the table are lanthanides and actinides.

Metals, non-metals, metalloids

Located in the Periodic Table to the left of a stepped diagonal line that begins with Boron (B) and ends with polonium (Po) (the exceptions are germanium (Ge) and antimony (Sb). It is easy to see that metals occupy most of the Periodic Table. Basic properties of metals : solid (except mercury); good electrical and thermal conductors; malleable; easily releases electrons.

The elements located to the right of the B-Po stepped diagonal are called non-metals. The properties of non-metals are exactly the opposite of those of metals: poor conductors of heat and electricity; fragile; non-malleable; non-plastic; usually accept electrons.

Metalloids

Between metals and non-metals there are semimetals(metalloids). They are characterized by the properties of both metals and non-metals. Semimetals have found their main application in industry in the production of semiconductors, without which not a single modern microcircuit or microprocessor is conceivable.

Periods and groups

As mentioned above, the periodic table consists of seven periods. In each period, the atomic numbers of elements increase from left to right.

The properties of elements change sequentially in periods: thus sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), located at the beginning of the third period, give up electrons (Na gives up one electron: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ; Mg gives up two electrons: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2). But chlorine (Cl), located at the end of the period, takes one element: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5.

In groups, on the contrary, all elements have the same properties. For example, in group IA(1), all elements from lithium (Li) to francium (Fr) donate one electron. And all elements of group VIIA(17) take one element.

Some groups are so important that they have received special names. These groups are discussed below.

Group IA(1). Atoms of elements of this group have only one electron in their outer electron layer, so they easily give up one electron.

The most important alkali metals are sodium (Na) and potassium (K), since they play an important role in human life and are part of salts.

Electronic configurations:

Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1

Group IIA(2). Atoms of elements of this group have two electrons in their outer electron layer, which they also give up during chemical reactions. The most important element is calcium (Ca) - the basis of bones and teeth.

Electronic configurations:

Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
Mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2

Group VIIA(17). Atoms of elements of this group usually receive one electron each, because There are five elements on the outer electronic layer and one electron is just missing from the “complete set”.

The most well-known elements of this group: chlorine (Cl) - is part of salt and bleach; Iodine (I) is an element that plays an important role in the activity of the human thyroid gland.

Electronic Configuration:

F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5

Group VIII(18). Atoms of elements of this group have a fully “complete” outer electron layer. Therefore, they “don’t” need to accept electrons. And they “don’t want” to give them away. Hence, the elements of this group are very “reluctant” to enter into chemical reactions. For a long time it was believed that they do not react at all (hence the name “inert”, i.e. “inactive”). But chemist Neil Bartlett discovered that some of these gases can still react with other elements under certain conditions.

Electronic configurations:

Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
Kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6

Valence elements in groups

It is easy to notice that within each group the elements are similar to each other in their valence electrons (electrons of s and p orbitals located on the outer energy level).

Alkali metals have 1 valence electron:

Li- 1s 2 2s 1 ;
Na- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 ;
K- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1

Alkaline earth metals have 2 valence electrons:

Be- 1s 2 2s 2 ;
Mg- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 ;
Ca- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2

Halogens have 7 valence electrons:

F- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 ;
Cl- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5 ;
Br- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5

Inert gases have 8 valence electrons:

Ne- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 ;
Ar- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 ;
Kr- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6

For more information, see the article Valence and the Table of Electronic Configurations of Atoms of Chemical Elements by Period.

Let us now turn our attention to the elements located in groups with symbols IN. They are located in the center of the periodic table and are called transition metals.

A distinctive feature of these elements is the presence in the atoms of electrons that fill d-orbitals:

Sc- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 ;
Ti- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2

Separately from the main table are located lanthanides And actinides- these are the so-called internal transition metals. In the atoms of these elements, electrons fill f-orbitals:

Ce- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 1 5d 1 6s 2 ;
Th- 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 4d 10 5s 2 5p 6 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 6 6d 2 7s 2

Ether in the periodic table

The world ether is the substance of EVERY chemical element and, therefore, EVERY substance; it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - the alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

IN ancient philosophy ether (aithér-Greek), along with earth, water, air and fire, is one of the five elements of being (according to Aristotle) - the fifth essence (quinta essentia - Latin), understood as the finest all-pervading matter. At the end of the 19th century, the hypothesis of a world ether (ME) filling all of the world’s space became widely circulated in scientific circles. It was understood as a weightless and elastic liquid that permeates all bodies. They tried to explain many physical phenomena and properties by the existence of the ether.

Preface.
Mendeleev had two fundamental scientific discoveries:
1 - Discovery of the Periodic Law in the substance of chemistry,
2 - Discovery of the relationship between the substance of chemistry and the substance of Ether, namely: particles of Ether form molecules, nuclei, electrons, etc., but in chemical reactions do not participate.
Ether is particles of matter ~ 10-100 meters in size (in fact, they are the “first bricks” of matter).

Facts. Ether was in the original periodic table. The cell for Ether was located in the zero group with inert gases and in the zero row as the main system-forming factor for building the System of chemical elements. After Mendeleev's death, the table was distorted by removing Ether from it and eliminating the zero group, thereby hiding the fundamental discovery of conceptual significance.
In modern Ether tables: 1 - not visible, 2 - not guessable (due to the absence of a zero group).

Such purposeful forgery hinders the development of the progress of civilization.
Man-made disasters (eg Chernobyl and Fukushima) would have been avoided if adequate resources had been invested in a timely manner in the development of a genuine periodic table. Concealment of conceptual knowledge occurs at the global level to “lower” civilization.

Result. In schools and universities they teach a cropped periodic table.
Assessment of the situation. The periodic table without Ether is the same as humanity without children - you can live, but there will be no development and no future.
Resume. If the enemies of humanity hide knowledge, then our task is to reveal this knowledge.
Conclusion. The old periodic table has fewer elements and more foresight than the modern one.
Conclusion. New level is possible only when the information state of society changes.

Bottom line. Returning to the true periodic table is no longer a scientific question, but a political question.

What was the main political meaning of Einstein's teaching? It consisted of cutting off humanity’s access to inexhaustible natural sources of energy by any means, which were opened up by the study of the properties of the world ether. If successful on this path, the global financial oligarchy would lose power in this world, especially in the light of the retrospective of those years: the Rockefellers made an unimaginable fortune, exceeding the budget of the United States, on oil speculation, and the loss of the role of oil that “black gold” occupied in in this world - the role of the lifeblood of the global economy - did not inspire them.

This did not inspire other oligarchs - the coal and steel kings. Thus, financial tycoon Morgan immediately stopped funding Nikola Tesla’s experiments when he came close to wireless energy transfer and extracting energy “out of nowhere” - from the world’s ether. After this, the owner huge amount no one provided financial assistance for the technical solutions put into practice - the solidarity of financial tycoons is like that of thieves in law and a phenomenal sense of where the danger comes from. That's why against humanity and a sabotage was carried out under the name “Special Theory of Relativity”.

One of the first blows came to Dmitry Mendeleev’s table, in which ether was the first number; it was thoughts about ether that gave birth to Mendeleev’s brilliant insight - his periodic table of elements.

Chapter from the article: V.G. Rodionov. The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev,” is an outright falsity.

Last time in its undistorted form, the real Periodic Table was published in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of a dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society.

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing away of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, the son of D.I. Mendeleev’s friend and colleague in the Society, Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin, first raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation. Of course, Menshutkin did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, new paradigm relativism demanded the rejection of the idea of a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group” of the Table to its end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), - i.e. world broadcast.
Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“... If the argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others... Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that group I, in which hydrogen should be placed, there exists a zero group, whose representatives have atomic weights less than those of group I elements, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!! - V. Rodionov) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance; elementary substances are now unthinkable without their subordination to periodic law” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

This is exactly what it turned out to be. And if so, then this circumstance, on the one hand, serves as confirmation of the correctness of the periodic principles, and on the other hand, clearly shows the relationship of argon analogues to other previously known elements. As a result, it is possible to apply the analyzed principles even more widely than before, and expect elements of the zero series with atomic weights much lower than those of hydrogen.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group - limit element with an negligible atomic weight, incapable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast intrinsic partial (gas) movement.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!! - V. Rodionov) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.)
1 , , ,

From the comments:

For chemistry, the modern periodic table of elements is sufficient.

The role of ether can be useful in nuclear reactions, but this is not very significant.
Taking into account the influence of ether is closest to the phenomena of isotope decay. However, this accounting is extremely complex and the presence of patterns is not accepted by all scientists.

The simplest proof of the presence of ether: The phenomenon of annihilation of a positron-electron pair and the emergence of this pair from a vacuum, as well as the impossibility of catching an electron at rest. Also the electromagnetic field and the complete analogy between photons in vacuum and sound waves- phonons in crystals.

Ether is differentiated matter, so to speak, atoms in a disassembled state, or more correctly, elementary particles from which future atoms are formed. Therefore, it has no place in the periodic table, since the logic of constructing this system does not imply the inclusion of non-integral structures, which are the atoms themselves. Otherwise, it is possible to find a place for quarks, somewhere in the minus first period.
The ether itself has a more complex multi-level structure of manifestation in world existence than modern science knows about. As soon as she reveals the first secrets of this elusive ether, then new engines for all kinds of machines will be invented on completely new principles.
Indeed, Tesla was perhaps the only one who was close to solving the mystery of the so-called ether, but he was deliberately prevented from realizing his plans. Like this until today The genius has not yet been born who will continue the work of the great inventor and tell us all what the mysterious ether actually is and on what pedestal it can be placed.

Ether in the periodic table

The periodic table of chemical elements officially taught in schools and universities is a falsification. Mendeleev himself, in his work entitled “An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether,” gave a slightly different table (Polytechnic Museum, Moscow):

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition). The differences are visible: the zero group has been moved to the 8th, and the element lighter than hydrogen, with which the table should begin and which is conventionally called Newtonium (ether), is completely excluded.

The same table was immortalized by the “bloody tyrant” Comrade. Stalin in St. Petersburg, Moskovsky Avenue. 19. VNIIM im. D. I. Mendeleeva (All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology)

Monument-table Periodic table of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev made mosaics under the guidance of Professor of the Academy of Arts V.A. Frolov (architectural design by Krichevsky). The monument is based on a table from the last lifetime 8th edition (1906) of Fundamentals of Chemistry by D.I. Mendeleev. Elements discovered during the life of D.I. Mendeleev are indicated in red. Elements discovered from 1907 to 1934 , indicated in blue. The height of the monument-table is 9 m. The total area is 69 sq. m. m

Why and how did it happen that they lie to us so openly?

The place and role of the world ether in the true table of D.I. Mendeleev

1. Suprema lex – salus populi

Many have heard about Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev and about the “Periodic Law of Changes in the Properties of Chemical Elements in Groups and Series” that he discovered in the 19th century (1869) (the author’s name for the table is “Periodic System of Elements in Groups and Series”).

Many have also heard that D.I. Mendeleev was the organizer and permanent leader (1869-1905) of the Russian public scientific association called “Russian Chemical Society” (since 1872 - “Russian Physico-Chemical Society”), which throughout its existence published the world-famous journal ZhRFKhO, until until the liquidation of both the Society and its journal by the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1930.

But few people know that D.I. Mendeleev was one of the last world-famous Russian scientists of the late 19th century who defended in world science the idea of ether as a universal substantial entity, who gave it fundamental scientific and applied significance in revealing the secrets of Being and for improving the economic life of people.

There are even fewer who know that after the sudden (!!?) death of D.I. Mendeleev (01/27/1907), then recognized as an outstanding scientist by all scientific communities around the world except the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, his main discovery - the “Periodic Law” - was deliberately and widely falsified by world academic science.

And there are very few who know that all of the above is connected together by the thread of sacrificial service of the best representatives and bearers of the immortal Russian Physical Thought for the good of the people, the public benefit, despite the growing wave of irresponsibility in the highest strata of society of that time.

In essence, the present dissertation is devoted to the comprehensive development of the last thesis, because in true science, any neglect of essential factors always leads to false results. So, the question is: why do scientists lie?

2. Psy-faktor: ni foi, ni loi

It is only now, from the end of the 20th century, that society is beginning to understand (and even then timidly) from practical examples that an outstanding and highly qualified, but irresponsible, cynical, immoral scientist with a “world name” is no less dangerous for people than an outstanding, but an immoral politician, military man, lawyer or best case scenario- an “outstanding” highway bandit.

Society was instilled with the idea that the world's academic scientific community is a caste of celestials, monks, holy fathers who care day and night about the welfare of the people. And mere mortals must simply look their benefactors in the mouth, meekly financing and implementing all their “scientific” projects, forecasts and instructions for reorganizing their public and private lives.

In fact, the criminal element in the world scientific community is no less than among the same politicians. In addition, criminal, anti-social acts of politicians are most often visible immediately, but the criminal and harmful, but “scientifically based” activities of “prominent” and “authoritative” scientists are not recognized by society immediately, but after years, or even decades , in his own “public skin”.

Let us continue our study of this extremely interesting (and secret!) psychophysiological factor of scientific activity (let’s call it the psi-factor), as a result of which a posteriori an unexpected (?!) negative result is obtained: “we wanted what was best for people, but it turned out as always, those. to the detriment." Indeed, in science, a negative result is also a result that certainly requires comprehensive scientific understanding.

Considering the correlation between the psi factor and the main objective function (BTF) of the state funding body, we come to an interesting conclusion: the so-called pure, big science of past centuries has by now degenerated into a caste of untouchables, i.e. into a closed box of court healers who have brilliantly mastered the science of deception, brilliantly mastered the science of persecuting dissidents and the science of subservience to their powerful financiers.

It is necessary to keep in mind that, firstly, in all so-called “civilized countries” their so-called. “national academies of sciences” formally have the status of state organizations with the rights of the leading scientific expert body of the relevant government. Secondly, all these national academies of sciences are united among themselves into a single rigid hierarchical structure (the real name of which the world does not know), which develops a single strategy for behavior in the world for all national academies of sciences and a single so-called a scientific paradigm, the core of which is not the revelation of the laws of existence, but the psi factor: by carrying out the so-called “scientific” cover (for the sake of credibility) as “court healers” of all the unseemly acts of those in power in the eyes of society, to gain the glory of priests and prophets, influencing, like a demiurge, the very course of human history.

Everything stated above in this section, including the term “psi factor” that we introduced, was predicted with great accuracy and justification by D.I. Mendeleev more than 100 years ago (see, for example, his analytical article of 1882 “What kind of Academy is needed in Russia?”, in which Dmitry Ivanovich actually gives a detailed description of the psi factor and in which they proposed a program for the radical reorganization of a closed scientific corporation of members Russian Academy Sciences who viewed the Academy solely as a feeding trough to satisfy their selfish interests.

In one of his letters 100 years ago to Kyiv University professor P.P. Alekseev D.I. Mendeleev openly admitted that he was “ready to incense himself to smoke the devil out, in other words, to transform the foundations of the academy into something new, Russian, his own, suitable for everyone in general and, in particular, for the scientific movement in Russia.”

As we see, a truly great scientist, citizen and patriot of his homeland is capable of even the most complex long-term scientific forecasts. Let us now consider the historical aspect of the change in this psi factor discovered by D.I. Mendeleev at the end of the 19th century.

3. Fin de siècle

Since the second half of the 19th century in Europe, on the wave of “liberalism,” there has been a rapid numerical growth of the intelligentsia, scientific and technical personnel and a quantitative increase in the theories, ideas and scientific and technical projects offered by these personnel to society.

By the end of the 19th century, competition for “a place in the sun” sharply intensified among them, i.e. for titles, honors and awards, and as a consequence of this competition, the polarization of scientific personnel according to moral criteria has increased. This contributed to the explosive activation of the psi factor.

The revolutionary fervor of young, ambitious and unprincipled scientists and intellectuals, intoxicated by their quick learning and impatient desire to become famous at any cost in scientific world, paralyzed not only representatives of a more responsible and more honest circle of scientists, but also the entire scientific community as a whole, with its infrastructure and established traditions that previously counteracted the unbridled growth of the psi factor.

Revolutionary intellectuals of the 19th century, overthrowers of thrones and government systems in European countries, spread the bandit methods of their ideological and political struggle with the “old order” with the help of bombs, revolvers, poisons and conspiracies) also in the region scientific and technical activities. In student classrooms, laboratories and at scientific symposiums, they ridiculed the supposedly outdated common sense, the supposedly outdated concepts of formal logic - the consistency of judgments, their validity. Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century, instead of the method of persuasion, the method of total suppression of one’s opponents, through mental, physical and moral violence against them, entered the fashion of scientific debates (or rather, burst in with a squeal and roar). At the same time, naturally, the value of the psi factor reached extremely high level, having experienced its extreme in the 30s.

As a result, at the beginning of the 20th century, the “enlightened” intelligentsia, in fact, violently, i.e. revolutionary, in a way that replaced the truly scientific paradigm of humanism, enlightenment and social benefit in natural science with its own paradigm of permanent relativism, giving it the pseudoscientific form of the theory of general relativity (cynicism!).

The first paradigm relied on experience and its comprehensive assessment for the search for truth, the search for and understanding of the objective laws of nature. The second paradigm emphasized hypocrisy and unscrupulousness; and not to search for objective laws of nature, but for the sake of their own selfish group interests to the detriment of society. The first paradigm worked for the public benefit, while the second did not imply this.

From the 1930s to the present, the psi factor has stabilized, remaining an order of magnitude higher than its value in the early and mid-19th century.

For a more objective and clear assessment of the real, and not mythical, contribution of the activities of the world scientific community (represented by all national academies of sciences) to the public and private lives of people, we introduce the concept of a normalized psi factor.

The normalized value of the psi factor equal to one corresponds to a one hundred percent probability of obtaining such a negative result (i.e. such social harm) from the implementation of scientific developments that declared a priori a positive result (i.e. a certain social benefit) for a single historical period of time (change of one generation of people, about 25 years), in which all of humanity completely dies or degenerates in no more than 25 years from the moment of the introduction of a certain block of scientific programs.

4. Kill with kindness

The cruel and dirty victory of relativism and militant atheism in the mentality of the global scientific community at the beginning of the 20th century - main reason all human troubles in this “atomic”, “cosmic” age of so-called “scientific and technological progress”. Let's look back - what more evidence do we need today to understand the obvious: in the 20th century there was not a single socially beneficial act of the worldwide brotherhood of scientists in the field of natural and social sciences that would strengthen the population of Homo sapiens, phylogenetically and morally. But there is just the opposite: merciless mutilation, destruction and destruction of the psycho-somatic nature of a person, his healthy lifestyle and his habitat under various plausible pretexts.

At the very beginning of the 20th century, all key academic positions in managing the progress of research, topics, financing of scientific and technical activities, etc. were occupied by a “brotherhood of like-minded people” professing the dual religion of cynicism and selfishness. This is the drama of our time.

It was militant atheism and cynical relativism, through the efforts of its adherents, that entangled the consciousness of all, without exception, senior statesmen on our Planet. It was this two-headed fetish of anthropocentrism that gave birth to and introduced into the consciousness of millions the so-called scientific concept of the “universal principle of degradation of matter-energy,” i.e. the universal disintegration of previously emerged - no one knows how - objects in nature. In place of the absolute fundamental essence (the universal substantial environment), a pseudoscientific chimera of the universal principle of energy degradation, with its mythical attribute - “entropy”, was put.

5. Littera contra littere

According to the ideas of such luminaries of the past as Leibniz, Newton, Torricelli, Lavoisier, Lomonosov, Ostrogradsky, Faraday, Maxwell, Mendeleev, Umov, J. Thomson, Kelvin, G. Hertz, Pirogov, Timiryazev, Pavlov, Bekhterev and many, many others - World environment is an absolute fundamental essence (= substance of the world = world ether = all matter of the Universe = “quintessence” of Aristotle), which fills isotropically and without remainder the entire infinite world space and is the Source and Carrier of all types of energy in nature - indestructible “forces of motion” , "forces of action".

In contrast to this, according to the currently dominant view in world science, the mathematical fiction “entropy” is proclaimed to be an absolute fundamental essence, and also some “information”, which the world’s academic luminaries, in all seriousness, recently proclaimed so-called. “Universal fundamental essence”, without bothering to give this new term a detailed definition.

According to the scientific paradigm of the former, harmony and order of the eternal life of the Universe reigns in the world, through constant local updates (a series of deaths and births) of individual material formations of different scales.

According to the pseudoscientific paradigm of the latter, the world, once created in an incomprehensible way, is moving into the abyss of general degradation, equalization of temperatures towards general, universal death under the vigilant control of a certain World supercomputer, which owns and disposes of some “information”.

Some see around them the triumph of eternal life, while others see around them decay and death, controlled by a certain World Information Bank.

The struggle of these two diametrically opposed worldview concepts for dominance in the minds of millions of people is central point biographies of humanity. And the stakes in this struggle are of the highest degree.

And it is absolutely no coincidence that the entire 20th century, the world scientific establishment is busy introducing (supposedly as the only possible and promising) fuel energy, the theory of explosives, synthetic poisons and drugs, toxic substances, genetic engineering with the cloning of biorobots, with the degeneration of the human race to the level of primitive oligophrenics, downs and psychopaths. And these programs and plans are now not even hidden from the public.

The truth of life is this: the most prosperous and powerful spheres on a global scale human activity created in the 20th century according to the latest scientific thought, were: porn, drug, pharmaceutical business, arms trade, including global information and psychotronic technologies. Their share in the global volume of all financial flows significantly exceeds 50%.

Next. Having disfigured nature on Earth for 1.5 centuries, the world academic fraternity is now in a hurry to “colonize” and “conquer” the near-Earth space, having intentions and scientific projects of turning this space into a garbage dump for their “high” technologies. These gentlemen academicians are literally bursting with the coveted satanic idea of managing the circumsolar space, and not just on Earth.

Thus, the foundation of the paradigm of the world academic brotherhood of free masons is based on the stone of extremely subjective idealism (anthropocentrism), and the very building of their so-called scientific paradigm rests on permanent and cynical relativism and militant atheism.

But the pace of true progress is inexorable. And, just as all life on Earth reaches out to the Sun, so the minds of a certain part of modern scientists and natural scientists, not burdened by the clan interests of the universal brotherhood, reach out to the sun. eternal Life, eternal movement in the Universe, through knowledge of the fundamental truths of Existence and the search for the main target function of the existence and evolution of the species xomo sapiens. Now, having considered the nature of the psi factor, let’s take a look at the Table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

6. Argumentum ad rem

What is now presented in schools and universities under the title “Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev” is an outright fake.

The last time the real Periodic Table was published in an undistorted form was in 1906 in St. Petersburg (textbook “Fundamentals of Chemistry”, VIII edition).

And only after 96 years of oblivion, the original Periodic Table rises for the first time from the ashes thanks to the publication of this dissertation in the journal ZhRFM of the Russian Physical Society. Genuine, unfalsified Table D.I. Mendeleev “Periodic table of elements by groups and series” (D. I. Mendeleev. Fundamentals of Chemistry. VIII edition, St. Petersburg, 1906)

After the sudden death of D.I. Mendeleev and the passing away of his faithful scientific colleagues in the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, for the first time he raised his hand to Mendeleev’s immortal creation - the son of his friend and colleague D.I. Mendeleev in the Society - Boris Nikolaevich Menshutkin. Of course, that Boris Nikolaevich also did not act alone - he only carried out the order. After all, the new paradigm of relativism required the rejection of the idea of a world ether; and therefore this requirement was elevated to the rank of dogma, and the work of D.I. Mendeleev was falsified.

The main distortion of the Table is the transfer of the “zero group”. The tables are at the end, to the right, and the introduction of the so-called. "periods". We emphasize that such (only at first glance, harmless) manipulation is logically explainable only as a conscious elimination of the main methodological link in Mendeleev’s discovery: the periodic system of elements at its beginning, source, i.e. in the upper left corner of the Table, must have a zero group and a zero row, where the element “X” is located (according to Mendeleev - “Newtonium”), i.e. world broadcast.

Moreover, being the only system-forming element of the entire Table of Derived Elements, this element “X” is the argument of the entire Periodic Table. The transfer of the zero group of the Table to its end destroys the very idea of this fundamental principle of the entire system of elements according to Mendeleev.

To confirm the above, we will give the floor to D.I. Mendeleev himself.

“...If argon analogues do not give compounds at all, then it is obvious that it is impossible to include any of the groups of previously known elements, and for them a special group zero should be opened... This position of argon analogues in the zero group is a strictly logical consequence of the understanding periodic law, and therefore (the placement in group VIII is clearly incorrect) was accepted not only by me, but also by Braizner, Piccini and others...

Now, when it has become beyond the slightest doubt that before that first group, in which hydrogen must be placed, there exists a zero group, the representatives of which have atomic weights less than those of the elements of group I, it seems to me impossible to deny the existence of elements lighter than hydrogen.

Of these, let us first pay attention to the element of the first row of the 1st group. We denote it by “y”. It will obviously have the fundamental properties of argon gases... “Coronium”, with a density of about 0.2 relative to hydrogen; and it cannot in any way be the world ether. This element “y”, however, is necessary in order to mentally get close to that most important, and therefore most rapidly moving element “x”, which, in my understanding, can be considered ether. I would like to tentatively call it “Newtonium” - in honor of the immortal Newton... The problem of gravitation and the problem of all energy (!!!) cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances. A real understanding of the ether cannot be achieved by ignoring its chemistry and not considering it an elementary substance” (“An Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether.” 1905, p. 27).

“These elements, according to the magnitude of their atomic weights, took a precise place between the halides and the alkali metals, as Ramsay showed in 1900. From these elements it is necessary to form a special zero group, which was first recognized by Errere in Belgium in 1900. I consider it useful to add here that, directly judging by the inability to combine elements of group zero, analogues of argon should be placed before (!!!) elements of group 1 and, in the spirit of the periodic system, expect a lower atomic weight for them than for alkali metals.

Thus, it can be shown that in the first row, first before hydrogen, there is an element of the zero group with an atomic weight of 0.4 (perhaps this is Yong’s coronium), and in the zero row, in the zero group, there is a limiting element with an negligibly small atomic weight, not capable of chemical interactions and, as a result, possessing extremely fast partial (gas) movement of its own.

These properties, perhaps, should be attributed to the atoms of the all-pervading (!!!) world ether. I indicated this idea in the preface to this publication and in a Russian journal article of 1902...” (“Fundamentals of Chemistry.” VIII ed., 1906, p. 613 et seq.).

7. Punctum soliens

The following clearly follows from these quotes.

Elements of the zero group begin each row of other elements, located on the left side of the Table, “... which is a strictly logical consequence of understanding the periodic law” - Mendeleev.
A particularly important and even exclusive place in the meaning of the periodic law belongs to the element “x” - “Newtonium” - the world ether. And this special element should be located at the very beginning of the entire Table, in the so-called “zero group of the zero row”. Moreover, being a system-forming element (more precisely, a system-forming essence) of all elements of the Periodic Table, the world ether is a substantial argument for the entire diversity of elements of the Periodic Table. The Table itself, in this regard, acts as a closed functional of this very argument.

Now let's turn to the works of the first falsifiers of the Periodic Table.

8. Corpus delicti

In order to erase from the consciousness of all subsequent generations of scientists the idea of the exclusive role of the world ether (and this was precisely what the new paradigm of relativism required), the elements of the zero group were specially transferred from the left side of the Periodic Table to the right side, shifting the corresponding elements a row lower and combining the zero group with the so-called "eighth". Of course, there was no place left for either element “y” or element “x” in the falsified table.

But even this was not enough for the relativist brotherhood. Exactly the opposite, the fundamental thought of D.I. is distorted. Mendeleev about the particularly important role of the world ether. In particular, in the preface to the first falsified version of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev, without any embarrassment, B.M. Menshutkin states that Mendeleev allegedly always opposed the special role of the world ether in natural processes. Here is an excerpt from an article by B.N., unparalleled in its cynicism. Menshutkina:

“Thus (?!) we return again to that view, against which (?!) always (?!!!) D. I. Mendeleev opposed, which from the most ancient times existed among philosophers who considered all visible and known substances and bodies composed of the same primary substance of the Greek philosophers (“proteule” of the Greek philosophers, prima materia of the Romans). This hypothesis has always found adherents due to its simplicity and in the teachings of philosophers it was called the hypothesis of the unity of matter or the hypothesis of unitary matter" (B.N. Menshutkin. “D.I. Mendeleev. Periodic Law.” Edited and with an article on the current situation of the periodic law by B.N. Menshutkin. State Publishing House, M-L., 1926).

9. In rerum nature

Assessing the views of D.I. Mendeleev and his unscrupulous opponents, it is necessary to note the following.

Most likely, Mendeleev unwittingly made a mistake in the fact that the “world ether” is an “elementary substance” (i.e., a “chemical element” - in the modern sense of the term). Most likely, the “world ether” is a true substance; and as such, in strictly speaking- not “substance”; and it does not possess “elementary chemistry” i.e. does not have “extremely low atomic weight” with “extremely fast intrinsic partial motion.”

Let D.I. Mendeleev was mistaken about the “materiality” and “chemistry” of the ether. In the end, this is a terminological miscalculation of a great scientist; and in his time this is excusable, because at that time these terms were still quite vague, just entering scientific circulation. But something else is absolutely clear: Dmitry Ivanovich was absolutely right that the “world ether” is an all-forming essence - the quintessence, the substance from which the entire world of things (the material world) consists and in which all material formations reside. Dmitry Ivanovich is also right that this substance transmits energy over distances and does not have any chemical activity. The latter circumstance only confirms our idea that D.I. Mendeleev deliberately singled out the element “x” as an exceptional entity.

So, “world ether”, i.e. the substance of the Universe is isotropic, has no partial structure, but is the absolute (i.e., the ultimate, fundamental, fundamental universal) essence of the Universe, the Universe. And precisely because, as D.I. correctly noted. Mendeleev, - the world ether is “not capable of chemical interactions”, and therefore is not a “chemical element”, i.e. “elementary substance” - in the modern sense of these terms.

Dmitry Ivanovich was also right that the world ether is a carrier of energy over distances. Let's say more: the world ether, as the substance of the World, is not only a carrier, but also a “guardian” and “carrier” of all types of energy (“forces of action”) in nature.

From time immemorial D.I. Mendeleev is echoed by another outstanding scientist, Torricelli (1608 - 1647): “Energy is the quintessence of such a subtle nature that it cannot be contained in any other vessel except in the innermost substance of material things.”

So, according to Mendeleev and Torricelli world broadcast is the innermost substance of material things. That is why Mendeleev’s “Newtonium” is not just in the zero row of the zero group of his periodic system, but this is a kind of “crown” of his entire table of chemical elements. The crown, which forms all the chemical elements in the world, i.e. all matter. This Crown (“Mother”, “Matter-Substance” of every substance) is Natural environment, set in motion and encouraged to change - according to our calculations - by another (second) absolute entity, which we called the “Substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter in the Universe.” More details about this can be found in the journal “Russian Thought”, 1-8, 1997, pp. 28-31.

We chose “O”, zero, as the mathematical symbol of the world ether, and “womb” as the semantic symbol. In turn mathematical symbol We chose “1”, one, for the substantial flow, and “one” for the semantic flow. Thus, based on the above symbolism, it becomes possible to succinctly express in one mathematical expression the totality of all possible forms and methods of movement of matter in nature:

This expression mathematically defines the so-called. an open interval of intersection of two sets - set “O” and set “1”, while the semantic definition of this expression is “one in the bosom” or otherwise: The substantial flow of primary fundamental information about the forms and methods of movement of Matter-substance completely permeates this Matter-substance, i.e. world broadcast.

In religious doctrines, this “open interval” is clothed in the figurative form of the Universal act of God’s creation of all matter in the World from Matter-Substance, with Which He continuously remains in a state of fruitful copulation.

The author of this article is aware that this mathematical construction was once inspired by him, again, strange as it may seem, by the ideas of the unforgettable D.I. Mendeleev, expressed by him in his works (see, for example, the article “An attempt at a chemical understanding of the world ether”). Now it is time to summarize our research outlined in this dissertation.

10. Errata: ferro et igni

The categorical and cynical disregard by world science of the place and role of the world ether in natural processes (and in the Periodic Table!) has precisely given rise to the whole gamut of problems for humanity in our technocratic age.

The main one of these problems is fuel and energy.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that allows scientists to make a false (and at the same time crafty) conclusion that a person can only produce useful energy for his daily needs by burning, i.e. irreversibly destroying the substance (fuel). Hence the false thesis that the current fuel energy industry has no real alternative. And if so, then, supposedly, there is only one thing left: to produce nuclear (ecologically the dirtiest!) energy and gas-oil-coal production, littering and poisoning immeasurably our own habitat.

It is precisely ignoring the role of the world ether that pushes all modern nuclear scientists to a crafty search for “salvation” in the splitting of atoms and elementary particles on special expensive synchrotron accelerators. In the course of these monstrous and extremely dangerous experiments, they want to discover and subsequently use the so-called “for the good”. “quark-gluon plasma”, according to their false ideas - as if “pre-matter” (the term of the nuclear scientists themselves), according to their false cosmological theory of the so-called. "Big Bang of the Universe."

It is worthy of note, according to our calculations, that if this so-called. “the most secret dream of all modern nuclear physicists” is inadvertently achieved, then it will most likely be a man-made end of all life on earth and the end of planet earth itself - truly a “Big Bang” on a global scale, but not just for fun, but for real.

Therefore, it is necessary to stop as quickly as possible this crazy experimentation of world academic science, which is struck from head to toe by the poison of the psi factor and which, it seems, does not even imagine the possible catastrophic consequences of these crazy parascientific undertakings.

D.I. Mendeleev turned out to be right: “The problem of gravity and the problems of all energy cannot be imagined to be really solved without a real understanding of the ether as a world medium that transmits energy over distances.”

D.I. Mendeleev was also right in that “someday they will realize that entrusting the affairs of a given industry to the people who live in it does not lead to the best results, although it is useful to listen to such persons.”

“The main meaning of what has been said is that general, eternal and lasting interests often do not coincide with personal and temporary ones, they even often contradict one another, and, in my opinion, one should prefer - if it is no longer possible to reconcile - the first rather than the second. This is the drama of our time.” D. I. Mendeleev. “Thoughts for the knowledge of Russia.” 1906

So, the world ether is the substance of every chemical element and, therefore, of every substance, it is the Absolute true matter as the Universal element-forming Essence.

The world ether is the source and crown of the entire genuine Periodic Table, its beginning and end - alpha and omega of the Periodic Table of Elements of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev.

A chemical element is a collective term that describes a collection of atoms simple substance, i.e. one that cannot be divided into any simpler (according to the structure of their molecules) components. Imagine being given a piece of pure iron and being asked to separate it into its hypothetical constituents using any device or method ever invented by chemists. However, you can't do anything; the iron will never be divided into something simpler. A simple substance - iron - corresponds to the chemical element Fe.

Theoretical definition

The experimental fact noted above can be explained using the following definition: a chemical element is an abstract collection of atoms (not molecules!) of the corresponding simple substance, i.e. atoms of the same type. If there was a way to look at each of the individual atoms in the piece of pure iron mentioned above, then they would all be iron atoms. In contrast, a chemical compound such as iron oxide always contains at least two various types atoms: iron atoms and oxygen atoms.

Terms you should know

Atomic mass: The mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up an atom of a chemical element.

Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an element's atom.

Chemical symbol: a letter or pair of Latin letters representing the designation of a given element.

Chemical compound: a substance that consists of two or more chemical elements combined with each other in a certain proportion.

Metal: An element that loses electrons in chemical reactions with other elements.

Metalloid: An element that reacts sometimes as a metal and sometimes as a non-metal.

Non-metal: An element that seeks to gain electrons in chemical reactions with other elements.

Periodic Table of Chemical Elements: A system of classifying chemical elements according to their atomic numbers.

Synthetic element: One that is produced artificially in a laboratory and is generally not found in nature.

Natural and synthetic elements

Ninety-two chemical elements occur naturally on Earth. The rest were obtained artificially in laboratories. A synthetic chemical element is typically the product of nuclear reactions in particle accelerators (devices used to increase the speed of subatomic particles such as electrons and protons) or nuclear reactors (devices used to control the energy released by nuclear reactions). The first synthetic element with atomic number 43 was technetium, discovered in 1937 by Italian physicists C. Perrier and E. Segre. Apart from technetium and promethium, all synthetic elements have nuclei larger than uranium. The last synthetic chemical element to receive its name is livermorium (116), and before it was flerovium (114).

Two dozen common and important elements

Name	Symbol	Percentage of all atoms *				Properties of chemical elements (under normal room conditions)
Name	Symbol	In the universe	In the earth's crust	In sea water	In the human body
Aluminum	Al	-	6,3	-	-	Lightweight, silver metal
Calcium	Ca	-	2,1	-	0,02	Found in natural minerals, shells, bones
Carbon	WITH	-	-	-	10,7	The basis of all living organisms
Chlorine	Cl	-	-	0,3	-	Poisonous gas
Copper	Cu	-	-	-	-	Red metal only
Gold	Au	-	-	-	-	Yellow metal only
Helium	He	7,1	-	-	-	Very light gas
Hydrogen	N	92,8	2,9	66,2	60,6	The lightest of all elements; gas
Iodine	I	-	-	-	-	Non-metal; used as an antiseptic
Iron	Fe	-	2,1	-	-	Magnetic metal; used to produce iron and steel
Lead	Pb	-	-	-	-	Soft, heavy metal
Magnesium	Mg	-	2,0	-	-	Very light metal
Mercury	Hg	-	-	-	-	Liquid metal; one of two liquid elements
Nickel	Ni	-	-	-	-	Corrosion-resistant metal; used in coins
Nitrogen	N	-	-	-	2,4	Gas, the main component of air
Oxygen	ABOUT	-	60,1	33,1	25,7	Gas, the second important one air component
Phosphorus	R	-	-	-	0,1	Non-metal; important for plants
Potassium	TO	-	1.1	-	-	Metal; important for plants; usually called "potash"

* If the value is not specified, then the element is less than 0.1 percent.

The Big Bang as the root cause of matter formation

What chemical element was the very first in the Universe? Scientists believe the answer to this question lies in stars and the processes by which stars are formed. The universe is believed to have come into being at some point in time between 12 and 15 billion years ago. Until this moment, nothing existing except energy is thought of. But something happened that turned this energy into a huge explosion (the so-called Big Bang). In the next seconds after the Big Bang, matter began to form.

The first simplest forms of matter to appear were protons and electrons. Some of them combine to form hydrogen atoms. The latter consists of one proton and one electron; it is the simplest atom that can exist.

Slowly, over long periods of time, hydrogen atoms began to cluster together in certain areas of space, forming dense clouds. The hydrogen in these clouds was pulled into compact formations by gravitational forces. Eventually these clouds of hydrogen became dense enough to form stars.

Stars as chemical reactors of new elements

A star is simply a mass of matter that generates energy from nuclear reactions. The most common of these reactions involves the combination of four hydrogen atoms forming one helium atom. Once stars began to form, helium became the second element to appear in the Universe.

As stars get older, they switch from hydrogen-helium nuclear reactions to other types. In them, helium atoms form carbon atoms. Later, carbon atoms form oxygen, neon, sodium and magnesium. Later still, neon and oxygen combine with each other to form magnesium. As these reactions continue, more and more chemical elements are formed.

The first systems of chemical elements

More than 200 years ago, chemists began to look for ways to classify them. In the mid-nineteenth century, about 50 chemical elements were known. One of the questions that chemists sought to resolve. boiled down to the following: is a chemical element a substance completely different from any other element? Or some elements related to others in some way? Is there a general law that unites them?

Chemists proposed various systems of chemical elements. For example, the English chemist William Prout in 1815 suggested that the atomic masses of all elements are multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom, if we take it equal to unity, i.e. they must be integers. At that time, the atomic masses of many elements had already been calculated by J. Dalton in relation to the mass of hydrogen. However, if this is approximately the case for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, then chlorine with a mass of 35.5 did not fit into this scheme.

The German chemist Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner (1780 – 1849) showed in 1829 that three elements from the so-called halogen group (chlorine, bromine and iodine) could be classified according to their relative atomic masses. The atomic weight of bromine (79.9) turned out to be almost exactly the average of the atomic weights of chlorine (35.5) and iodine (127), namely 35.5 + 127 ÷ 2 = 81.25 (close to 79.9). This was the first approach to constructing one of the groups of chemical elements. Dobereiner discovered two more such triads of elements, but he was unable to formulate a general periodic law.

How did the periodic table of chemical elements appear?

Most of the early classification schemes were not very successful. Then, around 1869, almost the same discovery was made by two chemists at almost the same time. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer (1830-1895) proposed organizing elements that have similar physical and chemical properties into an ordered system of groups, series, and periods. At the same time, Mendeleev and Meyer pointed out that the properties of chemical elements periodically repeat depending on their atomic weights.

Today, Mendeleev is generally considered the discoverer of the periodic law because he took one step that Meyer did not. When all the elements were arranged in the periodic table, some gaps appeared. Mendeleev predicted that these were places for elements that had not yet been discovered.

However, he went even further. Mendeleev predicted the properties of these not yet discovered elements. He knew where they were located on the periodic table, so he could predict their properties. Remarkably, every one of Mendeleev's predicted chemical elements, gallium, scandium, and germanium, was discovered less than ten years after he published his periodic law.

Short form of the periodic table

There have been attempts to count how many options for the graphic representation of the periodic table were proposed by different scientists. It turned out that there were more than 500. Moreover, 80% of the total number of options are tables, and the rest are geometric shapes, mathematical curves, etc. As a result practical application found four types of tables: short, half-long, long and ladder (pyramidal). The latter was proposed by the great physicist N. Bohr.

The picture below shows the short form.

In it, chemical elements are arranged in ascending order of their atomic numbers from left to right and from top to bottom. Thus, the first chemical element of the periodic table, hydrogen, has atomic number 1 because the nuclei of hydrogen atoms contain one and only one proton. Likewise, oxygen has atomic number 8 since the nuclei of all oxygen atoms contain 8 protons (see figure below).

The main structural fragments of the periodic system are periods and groups of elements. In six periods, all cells are filled, the seventh is not yet completed (elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, although synthesized in laboratories, have not yet been officially registered and do not have names).

The groups are divided into main (A) and secondary (B) subgroups. Elements of the first three periods, each containing one row, are included exclusively in the A-subgroups. The remaining four periods include two rows.

Chemical elements in the same group tend to have similar chemical properties. Thus, the first group consists of alkali metals, the second - alkaline earth metals. Elements in the same period have properties that slowly change from an alkali metal to a noble gas. The figure below shows how one of the properties, atomic radius, changes for individual elements in the table.

Long period form of the periodic table

It is shown in the figure below and is divided in two directions, rows and columns. There are seven period rows, as in the short form, and 18 columns, called groups or families. In fact, the increase in the number of groups from 8 in the short form to 18 in the long form is obtained by placing all the elements in periods, starting from the 4th, not in two, but in one line.

Two different numbering systems are used for groups, as shown at the top of the table. The Roman numeral system (IA, IIA, IIB, IVB, etc.) has traditionally been popular in the United States. Another system (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) is traditionally used in Europe and was recommended for use in the USA several years ago.

The appearance of the periodic tables in the figures above is a little misleading, as with any such published table. The reason for this is that the two groups of elements shown at the bottom of the tables should actually be located within them. The lanthanides, for example, belong to period 6 between barium (56) and hafnium (72). Additionally, actinides belong to period 7 between radium (88) and rutherfordium (104). If they were inserted into a table, it would become too wide to fit on a piece of paper or wall chart. Therefore, it is customary to place these elements at the bottom of the table.

How to use the periodic table? For an uninitiated person, reading the periodic table is the same as for a gnome looking at the ancient runes of the elves. And the periodic table, by the way, if used correctly, can tell a lot about the world. In addition to serving you well in the exam, it is also simply irreplaceable in solving a huge number of chemical and physical problems. But how to read it? Fortunately, today everyone can learn this art. In this article we will tell you how to understand the periodic table.

The periodic table of chemical elements (Mendeleev’s table) is a classification of chemical elements that establishes the relationship various properties elements from the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of the creation of the Table

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was not a simple chemist, if anyone thinks so. He was a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, oil worker, aeronaut, instrument maker and teacher. During his life, the scientist managed to conduct a lot of fundamental research in various fields of knowledge. For example, it is widely believed that it was Mendeleev who calculated the ideal strength of vodka - 40 degrees. We don’t know how Mendeleev felt about vodka, but we know for sure that his dissertation on the topic “Discourse on the combination of alcohol with water” had nothing to do with vodka and considered alcohol concentrations from 70 degrees. With all the merits of the scientist, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest fame.

There is a legend according to which a scientist dreamed of the periodic table, after which all he had to do was refine the idea that had appeared. But, if everything were so simple.. This version of the creation of the periodic table, apparently, is nothing more than a legend. When asked how the table was opened, Dmitry Ivanovich himself answered: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you think: I was sitting there and suddenly... it’s done.”

In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts to arrange the known chemical elements (63 elements were known) were undertaken in parallel by several scientists. For example, in 1862, Alexandre Emile Chancourtois placed elements along a helix and noted the cyclic repetition of chemical properties. Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands proposed his version of the periodic table in 1866. An interesting fact is that the scientist tried to discover some kind of mystical musical harmony in the arrangement of the elements. Among other attempts, there was also Mendeleev’s attempt, which was crowned with success.

In 1869, the first table diagram was published, and March 1, 1869 is considered the day the periodic law was opened. The essence of Mendeleev's discovery was that the properties of elements with increasing atomic mass do not change monotonically, but periodically. The first version of the table contained only 63 elements, but Mendeleev undertook a number of very non-standard solutions. So, he guessed to leave space in the table for still undiscovered elements, and also changed the atomic masses of some elements. The fundamental correctness of the law derived by Mendeleev was confirmed very soon, after the discovery of gallium, scandium and germanium, the existence of which was predicted by the scientist.

Modern view of the periodic table

Below is the table itself

Today, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus) is used to order elements. The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged from left to right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)

The table columns represent so-called groups, and the rows represent periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.

The metallic properties of elements decrease when moving along a period from left to right, and increase in the opposite direction.
The sizes of atoms decrease when moving from left to right along periods.
As you move from top to bottom through the group, the reducing metal properties increase.
Oxidizing and non-metallic properties increase when moving along a period from left to right I.

What do we learn about an element from the table? For example, let's take the third element in the table - lithium, and consider it in detail.

First of all, we see the element symbol itself and its name below it. In the upper left corner is the atomic number of the element, in which order the element is arranged in the table. The atomic number, as already mentioned, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons is usually equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (with the exception of isotopes).

Atomic mass is indicated below the atomic number (in this option tables). If we round the atomic mass to the nearest integer, we get what is called the mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is two, and in lithium it is four.

Our course “Periodical Table for Dummies” has ended. In conclusion, we invite you to watch the thematic video, and we hope that the question of how to use the periodic table of Mendeleev has become more clear to you. We remind you what to study new item It is always more effective not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. That is why you should never forget about them, who will gladly share their knowledge and experience with you.