Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Blessed Prince Vsevolod of Pskov

), in holy baptism Gabriel, holy noble prince.

Prince Vsevolod was a valiant warrior. He went victoriously to the pit (in) and to the Chud, but he never took up the sword for the sake of self-interest and power.

During the siege of Pskov by Stefan Batory in the year, when the fortress wall was already destroyed and the Poles were ready to break into the city, from the Trinity Cathedral with procession The holy relics of Prince Vsevolod were brought to the battle site, and the enemy retreated. At the appearance of the miraculous Pskov-Pokrovskaya Icon of the Mother of God, the holy noble prince Vsevolod-Gabriel was among the heavenly defenders of Pskov.

On April 22, the first day of Easter, the holy relics were solemnly transferred to main temple cathedral

He had sons Ivan, Mstislav and Vladimir, and a daughter Verkhuslava, married in 1137 to one of the Polish princes.

Troparion, tone 4

From a young age you appeared to the godly wise Prince Gabriel, a divine vessel, chosen by God, raised in piety: you kept the immaculate faith, and having established many holy churches, you suffered exile from your own, just as your chastity ancestors were murdered by their brother. I'm coming with them Holy Trinity pray, the Russian powers will be preserved by the ruler, and we will all be saved.

Kontakion, tone 8

Having wisely settled in the city of Pskov, blessed Prince Gabriel, you were the good fruit of God in this life, ever blooming with virtues, and like David with kindness: for this reason you received eternal life in heaven. Always in vain Holy Trinity, pray for us to be delivered from all troubles, but we call to you: rejoice in the establishment of our city.

Troparion (Discovery of Relics)

Today is an all-honorable new holiday, the discovery of the honorable relics of the blessed Prince Gabriel, greatly cheering all the pious multitudes, and also all the faithful who have gathered in the holy temple of the Life-Giving Trinity, cry out: blessed Prince Gabriel, having boldness towards Christ God, pray to those who celebrate your memory with love to be saved.

Materials used

• Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.

PRINCE VSEVOLOD YAROSLAVICH

(1078 - 1093)

Vsevolod was the third eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. He was born in 1029, and after the death of his father, which followed in 1054, he received Pereyaslavl, Rostov, Suzdal, Beloozero and the Volga region as his inheritance. After the second expulsion of Izyaslav and the reign of Svyatoslav in Kyiv, Vsevolod moved to Chernigov, significantly expanding his possessions. (I spoke about the events of those years in the articles “Prince Izyaslav” and "Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich" posted on this site). After the death of Grand Duke Izyaslav in a battle with his nephews, Vsevolod Yaroslavich took the Kiev throne, planting his son Vladimir Monomakh in Chernigov, and his nephews Svyatopolk and Yaropolk Izyaslavich in Smolensk and Vladimir (Volynsky). The sons of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich considered themselves deprived. Which, however, was to be expected. Of course, Izyaslav, expelled from the Kyiv table by his brother Svyatoslav, had the right to take it out on his sons, but Vsevolod, an active participant in the coup, did not have such a right. True, he could blame Oleg Svyatoslavich for the campaign against Chernigov, which became fatal for Izyaslav, but Vsevolod himself only benefited from his brother’s death. However, Vsevolod repeated his brother’s mistake, which resulted in a new disaster for Rus'.

This time the campaign against Chernigov was led by the eldest of Svyatoslav’s sons, Prince Roman of Tmutarakan. The Chernigov inheritance was bequeathed by Yaroslav to the father of Roman and Oleg, so the latter’s claims were fully justified. Roman led an army of Khazars, Polovtsians, Yasses and Kasogs. I have already written in detail about the Polovtsians in the article “Prince Izyaslav”, and therefore I will not repeat myself here. As for the Khazar-Jews, they made up a significant part of the population of Tmutarakan since the time of the Khazar Kaganate. By the way, we are talking specifically about the population professing Judaism, and not about Jews. And although the population of Tmutarakan was ethnically diverse, Russian was the dominant language there. (Read articles "Khazar Khaganate" And "Russian Kaganate"). And Tmutarakan, and the Don lands, and the Azov and Kuban lands have been part of the Varangian-Russian Empire since the time of Svyatoslav Vladimirovich and were part of the Chernigov inheritance, about which the sons of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich argued with uncle Vsevolod and his son Vladimir Monomakh. The fall of these lands from the formerly united state happened precisely as a result of the policy of the Kyiv princes and the change of religion. With the Varangian-Russian Empire after the adoption of Christianity, approximately what happened with Khazar Khaganate after Obadiah's reform, when the top of the Kaganate adopted Judaism. Thus, not only the ambitions of the princes, but also religious contradictions were the cause of the strife that swept through Rus'. We cannot discount the intertribal contradictions that made themselves felt even in the thirteenth century, when the Sivertsy, who inhabited Ryazan, were at enmity with the Krivichi, who made up the population of Vladimir. Moreover, the Sivertsy were descendants of the very Rus who created the Russian Kaganate and became part of the Varangian-Russian Empire only after their state was defeated by the Hungarians during Prophetic Oleg. From that time until the beginning of Vsevolod’s reign, not even a hundred years had passed, so the previous differences and disagreements were still fresh in the memory of the Don nobility. The Polovtsians, driven out of Siberia by the Turks, had not yet had time to settle down on the Don, but apparently did not feel like strangers among the peoples of Southern Rus' related to them in customs and language. And since the Polovtsians adhered to the ancient Vedic religion, which dominated the Don and Azov regions, their participation in inter-religious clashes should hardly surprise anyone. By the way, the Polovtsians were used for their own purposes not only by the Svyatoslavichs, but also by the Vsevolodovichs, in particular Vladimir Monomakh. True, in the latter case the Polovtsians were simple mercenaries. It is difficult to say whether the Svyatoslavichs were consistent Christians, but there is no doubt that in Tmutarakan they, in addition to the Khazar Jews, were also surrounded by Azov and Don pagans. As for Vsevolod, married to a Byzantine princess, and his sons, primarily Vladimir Monamakh, there is no doubt about their commitment to Christianity of the Constantinople sense. It must be assumed that Vsevolod and Vladimir Monamakh had strong family ties in Byzantium. Moreover, according to Lev Gumilyov, it was Vsevolod who led the pro-Byzantine party in Rus', and therefore his accession to the great table was greeted in Constantinople, which was going through difficult times, with a feeling of deep satisfaction. The Jewish Khazars of Tmutarakan also gravitated towards Byzantium and, presumably, were dissatisfied with the strengthening of the pagan party, on which Roman and Oleg Svyatoslavich inevitably had to rely. That is why the campaign of 1079, which threatened Vsevolod, who was still getting used to the great table, with great trouble, ended completely differently from how the Svyatoslavichs saw it.

The confrontation near Pereyaslavl did not develop into a battle. It must be assumed that this cost Vsevolod a considerable sum, but one way or another, the Polovtsians turned their horses. Roman Svyatoslavich was treacherously killed by the Jewish Khazars on the way back, and his brother Oleg was transported to Byzantium. This was done, of course, with the consent of the emperor, who, perhaps, hoped to create a scarecrow out of Svyatoslav’s son for his uncle Vsevolod, if he began to pursue a policy displeasing to Constantinople. This coup, which brought the Jews to power in Tmutarakan, apparently was not bloodless and cost the lives of many of the Svyatoslavichs’ comrades. Of course, it was not a surprise for Vsevolod, who sent his mayor, boyar Ratibor, to Tmutarakan.

Such a successful outcome of the strife, which threatened the new Grand Duke with major troubles, did not mean that from now on Vsevolod Yaroslavich could sleep peacefully. Tmutarakan did not remain without rogue princes for long; a year later, the son of the youngest of the Yaroslavichs, who had long since died, Davyd Igorevich, and the son of Rostislav Vladimirovich (about whose fate read in the article “Prince Izyaslav”) Volodar fled there from the Vladimir-Volyn volosts. They drove out the mayor Ratibor and sat down in Tmutarakan. However, they did not rule for long. In Byzantium, a new emperor, Alexei Komnenos, came to power and released the captive Oleg Svyatoslavich. It is unlikely that the emperor supplied Oleg with an army, but he seemed to have enough supporters in Tmutarakan. In any case, Prince Oleg easily removed Davyd and Volodar from power and killed the Khazar-Jews, his irreconcilable opponents. As for Davyd and Volodar, they had to leave Tmutarakan back to Volyn.

Volodar and his brother Rurik were given shelter by Yaropolk Izyaslavich, who was imprisoned in Vladimir-Volynsky. However, the Rostislavichs did not like life on other people’s bread, and they “ran out” of Vladimir in 1084. “They ran out” to return after a short time, but with a squad. Where the landless princes got their squad from, the chronicler is modestly silent. In my opinion, two people could supply the Rostislavichs with money and people: Oleg Svyatoslavich of Tmutarakansky and the old ally of their father Rostislav Vladimirovich, Prince Sorcerer - Vseslav of Polotsk.

If you believe our historians, then all these strife between the princes is chaotic in nature - one prince wanted an inheritance and took it, the other was jealous of him and started a strife. A sort of chaotic movement of princes greedy for power and profit across the vast expanses of Rus'. However, if you take a closer look at the events taking place during the reign of the Yaroslavichs, interesting patterns emerge. Christian Kyiv is opposed in the north by Polotsk, and in the south by Tmutarakan. And if in Polotsk Vseslav the Magician reigns unchallenged, then in the south the princes change, nevertheless the threat emanating from there remains. From which it is easy to conclude - despite the successes of Christianity in the center of the empire, the outskirts remain essentially pagan and anti-Byzantine. The short-term success of the Khazar-Jews in Tmutarakan does not count. Even the support of Prince Vsevolod did not help them maintain leadership either in the city or in the district. Moreover, they paid with their lives for attempting an alliance with Christian Kiev and Constantinople. In the end, princes do not fight alone, and in order to take a well-fortified city almost bloodlessly, you must, firstly, have a large and well-trained squad, and secondly, supporters in this city who will open the gates for you.

Vsevolod sent his son Monamakh against the Rostislavichs, who drove them out of Vladimir and returned the city to Yaropolk. Here is what Soloviev writes about this event:

“The chronicle speaks about this as if everything happened suddenly; but from Monomakh’s own words it is clear that the fight with the Rostislavichs did not end soon, because he went to the Izyaslavichs for Mikulin, in present-day Galicia, and then went to Yaropolk on Brody twice, in spring and winter.”

Davyd Igorevich, Volodar’s ally in the Tmutarakan adventure, was luckier than the Rostislavichs. He went with his squad to the lower reaches of the Dnieper and began to rob Greek merchants. Which, naturally, could not but cause concern in Kyiv. In order to stop the robberies, Vsevolod was forced to give the river robber ownership of the Volyn volost with the city of Dorogobuzh. Such generosity of the Grand Duke at the expense of his inheritance did not please the same Yaropolk Izyaslavich. Yaropolk was offended to such an extent that he began to gather an army against Vsevolod. The Grand Duke again sends his eldest son to Volyn, but this time against his recent ally.

Yaropolk flees to Poland, and the efficient Rostislavichs quietly seize the Cherven cities, which were once given by Prince Izyaslav to the Polish king Boleslav for help in the fight against Svyatoslav and the same Vsevolod. It seems that Yaropolk, like his father Izyaslav, was the head of the papist party, and this was what prompted Vsevolod’s decision to place the restless Prince Davyd Igorevich at his side. And the capture of the Cherven cities by the Rostislavichs hardly occurred without the knowledge of the Grand Duke and the help of Vladimir Monamakh. Vsevolod thus managed to kill three birds with one stone: firstly, to rein in the unruly Westerners, secondly, to return the Cherven cities, and thirdly, to accommodate the restless Rostislavichs. A year later, Vsevolod forgives the fugitive Yaropolk, who returns to Vladimir again in order to serve as a counterweight to the strengthened Rostislavichs, the eldest of whom, Rurik, is already firmly seated in Przemysl.

However, Yaropolk did not live up to the hopes of the Grand Duke. Apparently, he was burned with resentment towards the ungrateful Rastislavichs. He set out to take Zvenigorod into his hands, but was killed on the way to it by one of his warriors with a suitable name Neradec. He hacked to death the prince lying on the cart with a saber, after which he fled to Przemysl to Rurik Rostislavich. There was no direct evidence of the Rostislavichs’ guilt in the murder of Yaropolk, however, Vsevolod personally led the campaign against them in 1084. The campaign ended, apparently, in nothing, since the Rostislavichs retained the volosts captured in battle.

Vsevolod, who was pacifying Volyn, had to look back all the time, now at Vseslav of Polotsk, now at Oleg Tmutarakansky, who also did not sit idly by. Countless strife ruined villagers and townspeople. But the warriors closest to the prince gained greater strength, onto whom, as the years went on, he increasingly shifted the burden of state concerns. Which caused legitimate irritation of the boyars, primarily those of Kyiv. Perhaps, it was during the time of Vsevolod that a confrontation between the local boyars, who constantly lived in their cities, and the warriors, who moved with the prince, emerged. Here is what Academician Rybakov writes about the worsening social contradictions:

“The Grand Duke’s power widely used the right of court and collection of wealth for exorbitant enrichment. Large army the younger vigilantes - the “unfortunate ones” - traveled around the country, collecting right and wrong fines, enriched herself and ruined the people. Grand Duke Vsevolod, neglecting the advice of the “sensible” noble boyars, conferred with these “unwise” who replenished his treasury... External factors were added to the internal contradictions: in 1092 there was a terrible drought, “so the land burned out and many forests caught fire by themselves and swamps." Epidemics broke out in the Polotsk land, then in the Kyiv land, where the number of deaths was in the thousands... In the same drought year of 1092, “the army was great from the Polovtsians and from everywhere.” The Polovtsians stormed the border line along the Sula and captured Russian villages on both the left and right banks of the Dnieper. In this situation, the decrepit and sick Prince Vsevolod, the last of the Yaroslavichs, died in 1093.”(Birth of Rus')

The father's unsuccessful policy backfired on his son. The Kiev boyars preferred to see on the great table not Monomakh, but the son of Izyaslav Svyatopolk, who reigned in Smolensk.

blessed saint, 24 days of remembrance(11)February, May 5(April 22), December 10(November 27).

(1092? - 1138)

Vsevolod Mstislavich, baptized Gabriel, was the eldest grandson of Vladimir Monomakh and the son of Grand Duke Mstislav and Christina Ingesdotter, daughter of the Swedish king Inge I the Elder and was born in his father’s estate in Novgorod the Great.

Almost his entire life was spent in Novgorod, where his father reigned. Here he spent his childhood and ruled for twenty years.

When in 1117 Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh gave Belgorod of Kiev as an inheritance to Mstislav, bringing him closer to the Kyiv throne; young Vsevolod remained his father’s governor in the Novgorod reign.

The young prince ruled wisely and prudently.

He developed a charter for a community of merchants selling wax and honey called “Ivanovo Stoty”. When creating a merchant brotherhood or the first Novgorod guild, he gave them the use of the Church of John the Baptist and the rules - the charter. This charter mentions for the first time a measure of weight - a pound.

The Church of John the Baptist itself, with its side churches, was furnished by him with all care. The cathedral is decorated with expensive icons, the Gospel, and liturgical books. By special decree, Vsevolod ensured the maintenance of the temple and the clergy, partly from duties on all trade items, of which a certain amount went to the maintenance of the St. Sophia Cathedral.

A zealot of the faith, Vsevolod built churches and temples, was a generous donor, and revered clergy and monks “as the brethren of God.” He is credited with the authorship of the Novgorod church charter.

Some charters issued by Vsevolod-Gabriel streamlined the issues of inheritance of property, for example, property free man(smerda) by his decree, children inherited in equal shares, regardless of gender. Previously, women could not be heirs and property went to the prince.

When there was a severe famine in Novgorod in 1127, Prince Vsevolod opened his barns to support the starving.

There were during the period of his Novgorod governorship and the war, although the Life of the Right-Believing Prince emphasizes that “...went victoriously to the pit (in 1123) and to the Chud, but never took up the sword for the sake of gain and power.”

In 1132, after the death of Vsevolod’s father, Prince Mstislav, his uncle - Kyiv prince Yaropolk Vladimirovich transferred Vsevolod to Pereyaslav Yuzhny, which was considered the eldest city after Kyiv. The younger sons of Monomakh opposed their nephew and, not wanting civil strife, the holy prince returned to Novgorod.

He was greeted unkindly. Novgorodians condemned his attempt to change Novgorod to Pereyaslav. In 1133, the prince launched a new victorious campaign against Chud and annexed Yuryev to the Novgorod possessions. But after the difficult winter campaign of 1135-1136 against Suzdal ended in failure, the Novgorodians decided to replace the prince.

In 1136, the veche, which also included residents of Ladoga and Pskov, decided to summon a prince from the Olgovich family and expel Prince Vsevolod. For a month and a half, the prince and his family were kept in custody at the bishop’s court, and when Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich arrived, "wasteland from the city."

Vsevolod went to Kyiv where he received the Vyshgorod volost near Kyiv as an inheritance. Literally after him, the Pskovites sent elected officials with a fervent request that he go to them to reign: at that time there was no prince in the city. Vsevolod agreed and moved to reign in Pskov.

Thus, in 1137 Vsevolod became the first prince elected by the will of the Pskov people themselves. He had sons Ivan, Mstislav and Vladimir, and a daughter Verkhuslava, married to one of the Polish princes.

Vsevolod-Gabriel ruled Pskov for just over a year and left a good memory in the hearts of its residents. His main work was the construction on the site of a wooden one from the time of Princess Olga, the first stone church in the name of the Holy Trinity.

On February 11, 1138, he died, having lived 46 years. All of Pskov gathered for the funeral of the beloved prince; church singing was not heard from the people's crying.

Life tells that “The Novgorodians, having come to their senses, sent the archpriest from the St. Sophia Cathedral to take his holy body to Novgorod, but the prince turned away from Novgorod and the cancer did not move. The Novgorodians wept bitterly, repenting of their ingratitude, and begged to be given at least a small particle of holy ashes “for the establishment of the city.” Through their prayers, a nail fell off the saint’s hand.”

The Pskovites laid the body of Prince Vsevolod in the Church of the Holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica, located in the city of Dovmont. The prince's sword and shield were placed on the coffin and from that moment Vsevolod-Gabriel was revered by the Pskovites as a saint. A tradition has emerged: on icons the holy prince is depicted with a cathedral in his hand.

Open and solemn veneration of the prince began 55 years after his death: his canonization by the Novgorod diocese dates back to 1193.

Legend says that in 1192 he appeared to one lover of God and told him: “Announce that my body be transferred to the Church of the Holy Trinity. I want to lie down there. The Lord Jesus Christ gave me the city of Pskov so that I could keep it.”

On November 27, 1192, the incorrupt relics of Saint Prince Vsevolod were found and transferred to the Trinity Cathedral, where a chapel was consecrated in his honor. Since then, miracles began at his tomb.

On April 22, 1834, on the first day of Easter, his holy relics were solemnly transferred to the main church of the cathedral.

The people of Pskov consider Vsevolod-Gabriel not only their first prince, but also a heavenly protector and patron along with Saint Dovmont-Timothy.

Celebration on November 27, 1893 of the 700th anniversary of the discovery of the relics of St. noble prince Vsevolod-Gabriel, saint of Pskov [Electronic resource]: publication of the Pskov Archaeological Society - Pskov: Printing house of the Provincial Board, 1894. - 86 p. –

Vsevolod Yaroslavich (Grand Duke)

IN Sevolod Yaroslavich - son, was born in 1030. After the death of his father, as the third in seniority, he sat down in Pereyaslavl. In 1073, together with his brother, he was expelled from Kyiv and moved to Chernigov. After the death of Svyatoslav, he occupied the Kiev table for some time, but then voluntarily gave it up to Izyaslav. The death of Izyaslav again brought him the grand-ducal table, where he remained until his death in 1093. His son helped Vsevolod in matters of government. The chronicler speaks very warmly of Vsevolod, although he reproaches him for preferring his own junior squad senior Kyiv
In the new encyclopedic dictionary The following text of this article is given. Vsevolod-Andrey Yaroslavich, Grand Duke of Kiev, beloved son of Yaroslav I, was born in 1030. After the death of his father, he settled in Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny. In 1054, he defeated the Torks across the Sula River, which he fought in 1060, and in 1061 he himself was defeated by the Polovtsians; in 1067 he participated in the capture of Minsk by the brothers and the defeat of the Prince of Polotsk, and in next year, together with his brothers, was beaten by the Polovtsians on the Alta River. In 1073, Vsevolod helped his brother, Svyatoslav of Chernigov, to take away the grand-ducal table from the eldest of the brothers, Izyaslav, and after the death of Svyatoslav (1077) he himself occupied Kyiv, but lost it to Izyaslav, who returned from Poland, from whom he then received Chernigov, from where a year later he was expelled. Vsevolod fled to Kyiv; in the same year, with his brother Izyaslav, they fought a battle with Oleg on Nezhatina Niva, where the Grand Duke fell, and the defeated Oleg fled to Tmutarakan. Vsevolod had already undoubtedly occupied Kyiv, and placed his son Vladimir in Chernigov. Oleg did not calm down after the defeat: in 1079, having hired the Polovtsy, he and his brother Roman approached Pereyaslavl, but the Polovtsy, bribed by Vsevolod, betrayed their brothers: Roman was killed by them, and Oleg was sent to Greece; The Grand Duke sent his mayor to Tmutarakan. IN recent years During his life, Vsevolod did not take an active part in the government and made only orders that were carried out by his famous son Vladimir Monomakh. A devout Christian, a sober and chaste man, who knew five foreign languages, but weak as a sovereign, Vsevolod died in 1093. He was married twice: 1) from 1046 to an unknown woman (died in 1067), whom the chronicles call the “Greek princess”, “Greekine” and “nun” (according to some - Anna, daughter of Constantine Monomakh); from her he had a son, Vladimir, and a daughter, Yanka (Anna); 2) on Anna - according to Miller, Princess of Polovtsian (died in 1111). " Complete collection Russian chronicles", I, 64, 69, 70, 72 - 75, 78, 85 - 89, 92, 93, 103; II, 266 - 278; III, 2, 3, 122, 210; IV, 176; V, 136, 138 - 143, 146 - 149, 154; VII, 1, 3, 4, 6, 232, 330, 332 - 337, 340 - 342. A.E.

Other interesting biographies:
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Vsevolod Yaroslavich(at baptism Andrey; 1030 - April 13, 1093, Vyshgorod near Kiev) - Prince of Kiev in 1076-1077 and from 1078 until the end of his life, the first ruler of Kyiv to use the title “Prince of All Rus'” (reflected on his seals).

Member of the triumvirate

The fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingigerda of Sweden. “The Tale of Bygone Years” puts into Yaroslav’s mouth the phrase that he loved Vsevolod more than other sons. During his father’s life, Vsevolod was not his governor in any city and lived in Kyiv with his parents. From 1054 to 1073 - Prince of Pereyaslavl (Pereyaslavl-Russian) and the Rostov land, a member of the so-called “triumvirate of the Yaroslavichs” (together with his older brothers Izyaslav of Kyiv and Svyatoslav of Chernigov), took equal part with them in governing the state (new edition of “Russian Truth” ", campaigns against nomads, the fight against Vseslav of Polotsk). The Pereyaslav diocese (like the Chernigov diocese) was elevated during this period to a metropolitanate.

Vsevolod, together with his brothers, was defeated on Alta by the Polovtsians, was in Kyiv with Izyaslav during the popular uprising, then, together with Svyatoslav, was in Kyiv when Izyaslav led the Poles to Rus'.

Reign in Chernigov

In 1073, the triumvirate collapsed: Svyatoslav and Vsevolod expelled Izyaslav, accusing him of an alliance with Vseslav of Polotsk against them. Vsevolod moved to Chernigov, giving Pereyaslavl to Davyd Svyatoslavich. Izyaslav did not receive help from his Polish allies; moreover, in 1076 Oleg Svyatoslavich and Vladimir Vsevolodovich headed Russian army on a campaign to help the Poles against the Czechs.

In December 1076, Svyatoslav died suddenly. Vsevolod took his place, but within six months he returned the throne to Izyaslav, who had moved to Kyiv with the Poles, not only retaining Chernigov, but also returning Pereyaslavl. But his nephews Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich with the Polovtsians rose up against him and defeated him on the Sozhitsa River. Vsevolod fled for help to Kyiv and returned with Izyaslav to Chernigov, which was under siege in the absence of its princes. The decisive battle took place on October 3, in which Izyaslav and Boris died.

Great Reign

Vsevolod finally took the throne of Kyiv, according to the chronicler taking over all Russian power, despite the fact that Yaropolk and Svyatopolk Izyaslavich sat in Volyn and Novgorod, respectively. In 1079, Oleg and his brother Roman again moved from Tmutarakan to Kyiv, but Vsevolod bribed the Polovtsy, who killed Roman, and Oleg was sent to Byzantium on the island of Rhodes, where he stayed for another fifteen years; Tmutarakan came under the control of Kyiv.

A fierce struggle with Vseslav of Polotsk continued, which resumed immediately after the death of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich. At the turn of the 1070-1080s, Vseslav led a campaign near Smolensk, after which Vladimir Monomakh led a devastating campaign against the Principality of Polotsk, and then a second campaign with the Polovtsians, during which Minsk was captured. These and other events are reported in more precise detail than the Tale of Bygone Years (though without exact dating, reproducing only their sequence), the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh. In particular, about the episodes of the struggle with the Polovtsians, when they reached Starodub, but were defeated on the Desna by Vladimir Monomakh, Khans Asaduk and Sauk were captured, then Khan Belkatgin was defeated east of Novgorod-Seversky. In the early 1080s, two consecutive winter campaigns were carried out against the Vyatichi tribal union. Their prince Khodota is the last tribal East Slavic prince mentioned in the sources. The land of the Vyatichi finally became part of the Chernigov principality.

Important Events reign of Kyiv Vsevolod Yaroslavich occurred in the southwest of Rus' and ended with the fact that, according to the wording of the decision of the Lyubech Congress, the cities were distributed: to Davyd - Vladimir, to Rostislavich: to Volodar - Przemysl, to Vasilko - Terebovl. Outcasts, the sons of Rostislav Vladimirovich, the eldest great-grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise, fled from Yaropolk Izyaslavich, and occupied the Cherven cities. Davyd Igorevich, having intercepted the trade artery at the mouth of the Dnieper, achieved an inheritance from Vsevolod, and in Volyn. Thus, the interests of Yaropolk Izyaslavich collided with the interests of Vsevolod, and soon Yaropolk died at the hands of a hired killer in a campaign against the Rostislavichs (1086). In 1088, Vsevolod gave Turov to Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, placing his 12-year-old grandson Mstislav Vladimirovich in Novgorod.

Foreign policy under Vsevolod was marked by intensive contacts with the Holy Roman Empire, to whose emperor Henry IV the prince married his daughter, Eupraxia-Adelheid, and subsequently with Pope Urban II, Henry’s opponent. Probably, the transition of Rus' to the camp of opponents of the emperor was associated with the scandalous conflict between Eupraxia and Henry: Vsevolod’s daughter fled from Germany to Verona and appeared before the pope, accusing her husband of abusing her, orgies and participation in satanic rituals.

On the initiative of the prince (apparently as a result of contacts with Rome), a holiday was established in Rus' of the transfer of the relics of St. Nicholas of Myra to Bari, which was not celebrated by the Greek Church, which always regarded this transfer as abduction.

In "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

There were the centuries of Troyan, the years of Yaroslav passed, and there were the wars of Oleg and Oleg Svyatoslavich. It was Oleg who forged discord with a sword and sowed arrows across the earth. He steps into the golden stirrup in the city of Tmutorokan, the ringing of which was heard by Yaroslav’s great son Vsevolod long ago, and Vladimir blocked his ears every morning in Chernigov.

Character

The Laurentian Chronicle characterizes Vsevolod as follows: “During his childhood he was a lover of God, loved truth, gave to the poor, gave honor to bishops and presbyters, especially loved the monks, making donations to them, he himself abstained from drunkenness and from lust, for which his father loved him more than all his children "

Prince-polyglot

Vsevolod Yaroslavich is one of the most educated people of its time. His son, Vladimir Monomakh, writes in his “Instructions” that his father, “while sitting at home,” spoke five languages. Apparently, these languages ​​included Swedish (the language of Vsevolod's mother), Greek (the language of his wife), and possibly also English (the language of his daughter-in-law, Vladimir's wife, Gita of Saxony) and Polovtsian.

Marriages and children

Vsevolod was married twice: the first time - to "Monomakhina", the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh Maria, who died in 1067.

• Children:
  • Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1053-1125)
  • St. Yanka Vsevolodovna (Anna), died in 1112

The second time was on the Polovtsian princess Anna, who died in 1111.

• Children:
  • Rostislav Vsevolodovich (1070-1093) - Prince of Pereyaslavl
  • Eupraxia Vsevolodovna (1069/1071 - 1109) - German Empress
  • Ekaterina (Irina) Vsevolodovna (d. July 11, 1108)
  • Maria

Records of Vsevolod's burial

His burial is mentioned in graffiti in the Kiev Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, discovered by S. S. Vysotsky and recently re-analyzed by A. A. Zaliznyak. Dmitry, Vsevolod’s warrior, recorded that “Andrey, the good Russian prince,” died on Wednesday “after lunch” and was buried the next day, on Maundy Thursday, April 14, 1093.

“The Tale of Bygone Years” (text based on the Ipatiev copy of the Ipatiev Chronicle (Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences code 16.4.4) contains the entry (translation): “In the year 6601 (1093), indictment in the 1st year, Grand Duke Vsevolod, son of Yaroslav, grandson of Vladimir, reposed in the month of April on the 13th day, and was buried on the 14th day; It was then Holy Week, and the day then was Great Thursday, when he was laid in a coffin in the great church of St. Sophia."