Wooden floors. Wooden beams on floors for a large span Distance between the lags of the second floor floor

It is quite possible to build wooden floors in the house with your own hands. This design is considered one of the traditional options. They arrange such floors during the construction of residential buildings from almost any material: brick, foam concrete, expanded clay blocks, and, of course, they will be relevant in a wooden house. How to make them with your own hands? A detailed answer to this question can be found in this article. Installation, insulation, sound and vapor barrier: we will consider the most important aspects of the work.

Interfloor, as well as attic wooden floors in the house, made of wood, practically do not differ in their design features. They consist of wooden beams, as well as inter-beam filling, which is a roll-up made of shields or wood. Wooden beams are load-bearing structures, which are usually made from softwood. It can be, for example, hewn logs, boards or bars.

Step 1. Determine the dimensions of the materials used and the main distances

The cross section of the beams is determined depending on the length, as well as on the load that will fall on them. Approximately, the ratio will be as follows: the height is 1/24 of the length, and the width is approximately half the height.

As for the distance between the beams (or, as they say, the size of the laying step) - it is determined based on the data on the cross section of the material, as well as on the span length. For convenience, this distance can be determined from the corresponding table.

Step 2. Do-it-yourself installation of beams

After you have decided on all the sizes and distances, it is time to perform the installation of beams. In order to use thinner and shorter beams, load-bearing partitions should also be arranged. This is also necessary in order to minimize the total thickness of the floor made of wood.

The ends of the beams are cut obliquely, then it is necessary to carry out their antiseptic treatment, use special compounds that will protect the tree from a wide variety of damage for a long time. Then the beams must be wrapped with waterproofing material - in two layers and, finally, embedded in the partitions and in the outer walls of the residential building. What should be the depth of the beams? According to the standard, at least 180 centimeters. At the same time, the length of the supporting part will be about 150 centimeters, and the width of the gap between the wall and the end of the beam will be about 3 centimeters. When the emphasis of the beams on the internal walls is created, it is necessary to put roofing material or other waterproofing materials under them in two layers. The ends of the beams, equipping a wooden floor, must be left open, they cannot be covered with bitumen or roofing material, since they must "breathe".

From the sides, “cranial” bars are stuffed onto the beams, the cross section of which is 4x4 cm or 5x5 cm.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1&v=F6cn3B0ehos

Step 3. Rewind device

1 - Wall; 2 - Waterproofing; 3 - Beam; 4 - Mounting foam; 5 - Insulation; 6 - Anchor; 7.8 - Roll forward; 9 - Skull bar.

The roll-up of wooden floors is equipped either from an ordinary board, or from two boards (shields) knocked down perpendicular to each other next to each other. Starting the reel device, you should pay attention to the fact that the bottom of the reel is located in the same plane with the bottom surface of the beams. An exception can only be the case when you decide to make antique styling, and the beams in your house turned out to be somewhat protruding. Do not forget that any wooden elements that you use in the construction of your home must be carefully treated with antiseptic compounds. Next, the roll should be covered with a material for waterproofing, for example - roofing material. Its device is carried out in such a way that the waterproofing covers the beam at half the height. Then insulation is performed: a layer of thermal insulation - expanded clay, foam plastic, stone wool and other materials is laid on the waterproofing.

Step 4. Warming

1 - Beam; 2 - Cranial bar; 3 - Reel with filing; 4 - Vapor barrier; 5 - Insulation

How well the insulation is carried out affects not only the level of heat loss in the building, but also how long the truss system will last, as well as the durability of the roofing. Good thermal insulation should also be combined with good ventilation of the attic space of a residential building.

Most often, the insulation of interfloor floors made of wood in a house is made using mineral wool slabs. The material is usually laid between the beams, or on the ceiling. The material with which the insulation is made is laid on a polyethylene film or other vapor barrier materials (for example, on the Polycraft material). For those materials that have a foil side, this side should be on the bottom. Further, the inter-beam space is filled with thermal insulation. Performing insulation with your own hands, in order to prevent heat loss through the so-called "cold bridges", an additional layer of heat-insulating material is also installed, it is placed on top of the beams.

Step 5. Soundproofing, filing the ceiling with your own hands, working with chimneys

After the roll is installed and the insulation is completed (the material is placed on the beams), the next stage begins - the installation of the ceiling filing. You can make a filing, for example, from gypsum boards of standard thickness (9.5 mm). Do-it-yourself such plates are installed easily and quickly, and the surface will be even. If you want to equip the mansard roof in your house with your own hands, the floor from the boards will be nailed to the beams. In this case, along with thermal insulation, it is important to make high-quality, sufficient sound insulation. To do this, special materials that create a soundproof gasket are placed under the floor boards. Additional protection against extraneous sounds and noise will also provide a good layer of insulation.

In those places where chimneys pass, corresponding holes will need to be left in the wooden floor: they are framed with additional shorter beams. These beams will lean against each other with the help of special clamps. When planning a device of this design, keep in mind: the distance from the unprotected outer surface of the chimney to the beam should be at least 40 centimeters. You can hold special events - arrange a "sandbox", thermal insulation or asbestos gasket at the intersection with the ceiling - then this distance can be reduced to 10-20 cm.

As you can see, it is quite possible to do-it-yourself wooden floors in a country house, their insulation, soundproofing and other related work. The main thing is to follow all these rules and use only high-quality materials in your work.

Insulation of the interfloor ceiling on wooden beams is a crucial part of the work: it is required to create a barrier to cold and reliable sound insulation of the premises, while preventing the possible formation of drafts and mold on the ceilings.

Thermal insulation is required for a bridging between a cold basement and ground floor living quarters or between living quarters and an unheated attic. Floors between living spaces need soundproofing, and therefore the approach to solving problems will be different.

How to insulate the interfloor overlap to eliminate drafts, dampness and mold? From the point of view of building thermal physics, the insulation of an interfloor ceiling along wooden beams will be competent when the thermal insulation is located on the cold air side.

The correct arrangement of layers in the floor structure repeats the principle of facade insulation: a vapor barrier is placed on the side of cold air inlet, then a heater, another vapor barrier, then a slab or other supporting structure. The arrangement of the layers must ensure the release of water vapor to the outside.

But when it comes to specifically wooden structures in a private house, constructive difficulties arise.

When insulating the attic floor, there are two of them: thermal insulation, sound insulation and waterproofing of the structure are required at the same time. In addition, it will be necessary to walk on the floor for periodic inspection and repairs of the roof. The "pie" of the interfloor overlap in this case will look like this:

1. A layer of material that can withstand occasional traffic.
2. Vapor permeable waterproofing.
3. Insulation.
4. Vapor barrier.
5. Basic structure.
6. Room ceiling.

Insulation of wooden floors above a cold basement requires the layers to be arranged in the reverse order:

1. Clean floor.
2. Vapor barrier.
3. Insulation.
4. Vapor barrier.
5. Basic structure.

ATTENTION: In the absence of a basement and the presence of a ventilated underground under the house, which often happens when laying pile foundations, the insulation from below must be protected with a moisture-windproof membrane.

In order to fulfill all these conditions, a competent choice of materials is necessary.

Material selection

Insulation of floors on wooden beams can be performed by any of the types of heat-insulating materials:

1. Bulk (slag, expanded clay gravel).
2. Monolithic laying (lightweight concrete - expanded clay concrete, aerated concrete, etc., foam).
3. Slab (slabs and mats from various materials of mineral and synthetic origin - from porous concrete "Velit", mineral wool, foam glass, expanded polystyrene).
4. Film.

In order to choose a heater, it is necessary to analyze their heat-insulating properties, volumetric weight and the supporting structure of the building itself.

As a rule, bulk and monolithic heaters with high thermal conductivity have an impressive weight and, in order to ensure the required resistance to heat transfer of external enclosing structures, a thickness of, for example, 0.5 m expanded clay concrete backfill will be required with a minimum volumetric weight of the material of 200 kg / m3, which is wooden beams may not endure. These heaters are more often chosen for interfloor ceilings on concrete slabs in brick houses.

The materials that are most in demand for insulation are mineral wool boards (from stone, basalt or glass wool) and expanded polystyrene. These materials have excellent characteristics:

• thermal conductivity indicators from 0.33 to 0.42 W / (m × K);
• low volumetric weight – from 10 kg/m3;
• low water absorption;
• high vapor permeability;
• compression density from 70 kPa.

These indicators indicate the following:

• insulation of interfloor ceilings along wooden beams will not require a thick layer of heat-insulating material;
• load-bearing structures will not be overloaded;
• the insulation, in the presence of proper vapor and waterproofing, will not accumulate moisture, which means it will last a long time and will
• maintain comfortable conditions in the house;
• during the repair will not collapse from the severity of the person.

No less important for the durability of the structure is the choice of vapor barrier materials. A significant number of them are offered in the construction markets. Before buying, you need to find out how this material works, and in the case of multilayer membranes, which side it should be adjacent to the insulation.

IMPORTANT: Polyethylene films, due to their short service life, brittleness and inelasticity, are unsuitable for use as vapor and waterproofing when insulating floors in a wooden house.

We warm the attic floor on wooden beams

Insulation of the attic floor on wooden beams can be done in several ways. The choice depends on the distance between the beams and financial capabilities.

First way

The floor plan using mineral wool boards is as follows:

Work algorithm:

1. Preparation of beams - impregnation with flame retardant and fungicide, if necessary, reinforcement.
2. Attach a layer of vapor barrier to the lower edge of the beams with a crate.
3. Lay a layer of soft insulation between the beams - mineral wool mats.
4. Lay the second layer of insulation on the upper edge of the floor beams - rigid mineral wool boards with a laminated surface that can withstand limited walking.
5. Fuse a layer of waterproofing welded roofing material (Technoelast, Krovlyaelast, Bikrost, etc.) onto the slabs using a building hair dryer.
6. Attach a hemmed ceiling along the crate (drywall, OSB, chipboard, lining, etc.).

Second way

Work algorithm:

1. Beam preparation.
2. Using the crate, we attach the vapor barrier to the beams.
3. We lay the first layer of thermal insulation.
4. We mount wooden logs along the beams.
5. Between the lags we lay the second layer of heat-insulating material.
6. We mount the flooring from moisture-resistant chipboard, OSB or other material.

When laying the insulation plate, fix the foam on the mounting glue or glue. According to the second method, mineral wool boards can be replaced with polystyrene foam or foam plastic.

We insulate the ceiling of the first floor

Insulation of the floor in this case can also be done in several ways, the choice depends on the design features of the house. If there is a ventilated space under the ceiling, insulation can be performed according to the attic principle by changing the alternation of layers.

First way

Insulation of the floor of the first floor along the logs, with a cold underground, is as follows:

Work algorithm:

1. Beam preparation.
2. We fasten the cranial bar along the lower edge.
3. We fasten the black floor (boards, plywood, OSB, DSP, etc.) to the cranial bars with nails.
4. We lay a moisture-windproof membrane on top, attaching it to the beams through the counter rails.
5. We put a heater in the interbeam space.
6. Laying a clean floor.

Second way

The insulation of the floor above the cold basement differs from the previous method in small nuances, respectively, the algorithm for performing work does not change.

IMPORTANT: Before performing work, the tree must be protected from decay with antiseptic impregnations and fire retardants to make it fire resistant.

Conclusion

Properly executed floor insulation between floors on wooden beams is guaranteed to ensure the comfort of housing, eliminate drafts and the formation of fungus and mold. All work will not be difficult to perform by any homeowner who knows how to use a drill and a building level.

Ceilings between floors, basements or attics are structurally arranged according to two schemes - a beamless ceiling (based on the use of a monolithic slab), and a beam ceiling (wooden floor beams are used). They make ceilings to separate the interfloor premises, as well as to separate the rooms from the basement and attic. Beams can be made from various materials, such as wood, cast-in-situ reinforced concrete, or metal girders.

The installation of wooden floor beams allows you to solve the following problems:

1. achieve the required indicators of strength and rigidity of the overlap;


2. ensure that sound insulation and heat transfer resistance comply with the level required for energy saving;


3. maintain compliance with the established standards for vapor and air permeability.

The choice of beams for interfloor ceilings:

By type and type:

• Timber floor beams. Most often, for the manufacture of beams, a rectangular beam is chosen. The height of the beam should be in the range of 140-240 mm, and the thickness should be 50-160 mm. In this case, the rule is observed: the thickness of the beam is at least 1/24 of its length. Professionals note that greater strength is inherent in a wooden beam with an aspect ratio of 7:5.

• Log beams. More economical solution. The log has a high resistance to stress, but also low resistance to bending. The log is suitable for use only if it has been aged in dry conditions for at least one year.

• Floor beams from boards. The use of the board leads to a reduction in the amount of lumber consumed for the flooring device. But, it is worth noting that in this case, the resistance of the ceiling to fire, durability and sound insulation are reduced. Usually the board is used in the construction of attic floors. To strengthen the boards, you can use the technique - to splice two boards together along the length. Then the total cross section will correspond to the load level. This design can withstand a load 2 times greater than a bar or two boards laid close to each other. In this case, fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws or nails fixed in a checkerboard pattern with a step of 20 cm.

2. Acquisition of timber, logs or lumber and its treatment with an antiseptic, fire-fighting, anti-fungal solution and biological protection.

3. Choice of the type of fastening of the beam to the wall.

Fastening wooden floor beams to the load-bearing wall is carried out in two ways:

• wall mounting. The beam is embedded in the bearing wall to a depth of 150-200 mm.

With this method of installation, the end of the beam must be cut at an angle of 60 °. To protect the ends of the beam, they need to be wrapped in two or three layers of roofing material. In this case, the end of the beam remains open, and it should not rest against the wall. The presence of a gap of 20-25 mm. allow free air exchange. And the resulting niche (gap) is filled with mineral wool.

• hanging method. In this case, the beams are fixed on the wall by means of metal plates.

4. Laying wooden floor beams

At this stage, beams of the desired length are prepared. The length depends on the mounting method. If the beam is inserted into the wall, then it is calculated as follows: the length of the room plus 300-400 mm. for wall mounting. If attached to the wall, then the length of the beam is equal to the length of the room.

The installation of wooden floor beams begins with the extreme beams. Each beam is checked with a building level. After that, the beams are fixed in the sockets of the wall using dry crushed stone.

When the beams are set exactly in level and the horizontal is checked, they can be concreted in the landing slots.

Conclusion

Wooden beams made using this technology will reliably serve you for several decades. However, in order to prolong its service life, it is necessary to process the wood and carry out periodic inspection to control their condition. If there are defects, repair (partial or complete replacement of damaged elements).

In private low-rise construction, when constructing interfloor floors, massive reinforced concrete slabs are rarely used, preferring structures based on wooden beams. The advantage of such load-bearing structures is the relative simplicity of their construction, light weight and sufficient strength. Next, you will find out what material is needed to create the floor, and how the installation of the structure is carried out in practice.

The scheme of the interfloor partition - from the base to the finish

The basis of the floors constructed in private houses are based on. The following types of lumber can be used as them:

• timber (massive, glued);
• rounded (calibrated) log;
• boards sewn together with nails, bolts or screws.

The lumber listed must be made from softwood, such as larch or pine. Spruce lumber is less durable due to the high content of branches, therefore it is used as beams of short length. Beams and hardwood logs are not used as the basis of floors, having low bending strength. The use of such a material will inevitably lead to deformation of the structure under the influence of a vertical load.

To create a continuous draft surface, the beams are sheathed on both sides with a board or slabs (OSB, plywood). From the side of the lower floor, the ceiling is further formed (plastic panels, drywall, wooden lining) on ​​the second floor. The floors of the second floor on wooden beams can be laid directly on the slabs, boards that sheathe the load-bearing elements of the floors, or on additionally installed logs.

The beams are mounted with a certain step, which causes the presence of voids between the floor cladding. This feature is used to lay materials with soundproofing and heat-saving properties into the empty space. If wooden floors separate living quarters, their thermal insulation is not necessary - noise isolation is more relevant in this case. When the interfloor partition divides the heated space with a non-residential attic, the task of reliable insulation of the floor is in the foreground.

The most reliable soundproofing material is low density mineral wool. To create a heat-insulating barrier, polymeric heaters (polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, polyurethane foam) or the same basalt wool are often used. When using mineral (basalt) wool as a heater or soundproofing material, a vapor barrier is necessarily arranged from the side of the lower room and waterproofing from above.

We calculate beams - section, step, length

In order for the wooden floor between floors to be reliable, safe in operation and withstand the expected loads on its surface, it is necessary to correctly calculate what section of the beams is necessary and with what step they should be placed. It is clear that the thicker the beam or log, the greater the bending strength they have. The strength of the entire interfloor structure depends not only on the cross section of the beams, but also on the frequency of their location. The normal step of the bearing elements of the floors is the distance from 0.6 to 1 meter. It is unsafe to place beams less often, more often it is not rational.

The strength of a beam with the same cross section decreases in inverse proportion to the distance between its supports, that is, load-bearing walls, so the thickness of the main elements of wooden floors increases along with their required length. The normal distance between the supporting walls is 4 m or less. With a larger span, it is necessary to use non-standard beams with an increased cross section or reduce their pitch. Sometimes additional support structures (columns) are installed to reinforce the floors.

As beams, bars are mainly used, having a rectangular shape at the end, and the installation of the load-bearing elements is carried out so that the large side of the section is vertical. The normal sections of the bars are considered to be 16-24 cm on the vertical side in the cross section and 5-16 cm - horizontal. The boards fastened together also form a beam, but the strength of such a tandem is somewhat lower than that of a solid wooden part, which is taken into account when calculating the load on wooden floors. The most irrational type of lumber used as load-bearing beams is considered to be a log, which has approximately the same strength as a conditional beam, which could be obtained when processing round timber, but at the same time much more weight.

Accurate calculation of the allowable load on floor beams is the lot of professional civil engineers. To calculate the design strength of floors, very complex formulas are used, which people with special education can operate with. However, there are tables with which you can approximately select the cross section of wooden beams, depending on the distance between the supports and the step of the bearing elements of the floor. For example, when flying between the supporting walls of 2 m, a beam with a section of 75x100 at a step of 60 cm and 75x150 with a distance between the beams of 100 cm is recommended. With the same distance between the supports, logs with a diameter of 13 cm (1 m step) and 11 cm (0.6 step) are needed m).

The indicated sections of load-bearing lumber are valid for an operational load on floors not exceeding 400 kg / m 2. Such a load is calculated in the case of a device on the second floor of a full-fledged living space. If the floors separate the lower rooms from the non-residential attic, they proceed from a load of 160 kg / m 2, at which the cross-section of the supporting beams is correspondingly reduced. If an increased concentrated load is expected in a certain section of the floor of the second floor (installation of massive objects), additional floor beams are installed in this place.

Methods for attaching load-bearing elements to walls - reliable fixation

The best way to install wooden floors between floors is to place beams in special niches that are formed during the construction of walls. Bearing logs or beams are inserted into the walls at least 12 cm on each side, which provides reliable support for the ceiling. This method is relevant when building walls from any building materials - in a brick house, in a building made of building blocks or made of wooden materials.

Niches for installing beams or logs are made larger than lumber sections. This is necessary for their correct installation in the sockets and the possibility of exposure in the same horizontal plane. Sections of the beams that are inserted into the walls are first treated with antiseptic impregnations, then coated with bituminous mastic, after which they are wrapped in rolled waterproofing material in two layers. The end part of the beam is cut at an angle and is not insulated. This is necessary to ensure the free exit of the steam formed when the wood is heated.

The processed and protected from moisture wooden beam is installed in a wall niche so that there is no direct contact with the building material used to build the walls. From below, under a log or beam, a piece of wood treated with protective impregnations is placed, from the sides and from the side of the end, the gaps left for ventilation are filled with tow or glass wool. To increase the strength and reliability of the ceiling, every fourth or fifth beam is attracted to the bearing wall, using an anchor connection for this.

Inserting beams into wall niches is a classic method that has proven its reliability over many years of operation. But this method of fastening the load-bearing elements of interfloor ceilings can be applied only at the stage of building a house. To fix the beams to the built walls, special metal fasteners are now used, which are a kind of case for the end of the beam. Such parts are first attached to the walls, then load-bearing elements of the ceiling are inserted into them and fixed with bolts or self-tapping screws.

The second method of fastening wooden beams is considered more technological, the process of installing floors is faster. But if we take into account the reliability of the connection, the classic method, which involves supporting beams or logs directly on load-bearing walls, is unrivaled.

Creating floors between the first and second floor

The arrangement of wooden floors between floors takes place in several stages, separated by time. If the installation of load-bearing beams is done during the construction of walls, then their further rough sheathing, thermal insulation of floors, fine finishing of the ceiling on the first floor and the floor on the second - much later, when the house is built and covered.

The installation of beams is usually done when the walls are raised to the level of one floor. The masonry of the walls, made along the perimeter, and the erected load-bearing walls represent a horizontal base, on which it is convenient to lay out wooden beams with minimal adjustment to one level. First, extreme beams are installed, which are laid, not reaching 5 cm to the vertical surface of the walls. Their relative position during installation is controlled using a water level or a laser level. The intermediate load-bearing elements of the interfloor structure are set in a horizontal plane according to a reference point - a thread stretched between the extreme bars or a long bar installed on top.

Before installation, lumber is treated with antiseptics and solutions (over the entire surface), which reduce the ability of wood to burn. The edges of the beams laid on the walls are processed as described in the previous section. To prevent the bars from moving, they are often fixed to the walls with clamps or wire, after which the laying of the walls of the second floor continues, during which the lumber is finally fixed. Not reaching one or two rows to the final level of the walls (depending on the masonry building material used), in the same way we lay the floor of the second floor along the wooden beams. After the laying is completed, bypassing the installed beams, and on top we form a reinforced concrete reinforced belt, which is the basis for starting the roof structure (mounting the Mauerlat).

Beams are the basis of floors, their bearing part. To make the basis for fine finishing on both floors, it is necessary to create a continuous rough surface, not forgetting to insulate (soundproof) the floors and lay, if necessary, vapor barrier. This is done in this sequence.

1. 1. We roll from below. To do this, it is better to use boards (you can not cut them), which are sewn solid across the beams, fixing them with self-tapping screws. If a layer of vapor barrier material (film) is required, it is attached to the bearing beams of the floor before the roll is formed.
2. 2. The next stage of work is carried out from the side of the upper floor and consists in laying heat-insulating material, which fills the spaces between the beams.
3. 3. After laying the insulation (sound insulator), we form a layer of waterproofing and sheathe the beams. From the side of the upper floor, it is more profitable to sheathe the beams with OSB boards or plywood, which will immediately create the basis for laying the finishing floor material. If you use low-quality boards, you will have to additionally install logs and already form a floor covering on them.

From the side of the lower floor, a crate is made on the basis of roll boards, which is sheathed with plasterboard, decorative or other finishing material. On the upper floor, flooring (laying) of a fine floor covering is carried out.

The tendency to increase the number of floors of private houses forces us to solve the problem associated with the construction of floors. The level of modern building technologies allows you not to become attached to certain conditions that are associated with the configuration and size of the premises of the house. This expands the possibilities for the implementation of plans and facilitates the work. Before you start building floors, you need to thoroughly understand how this is done. In this article we will describe in detail how and from what to make floors between floors.

Basic requirements for floors between floors

Overlappings form the number of storeys of the building

Overlapping is a structural element of a building that divides the building in a horizontal plane with the formation of floors, and also separates them from the attic and basement. The share of costs for the construction of this structure is about 20% of the construction estimate. Overlapping refers to critical structures, therefore, at the design stage, one should adhere to the basic requirements that apply to them:

1. Strength indicators should be at a level that allows you to withstand the load, which consists of its own weight and the mass of structural elements, objects and people. The strength of the overlap increases with a decrease in the level of its location.
2. The stiffness parameters are directly dependent on the strength and width of the structure. For wooden structures, bending is allowed within 0.5-0.7% of their width, for steel beams - 0.25%.
3. The ceiling must provide sufficient sound insulation, at which the noise level is within the limits of sanitary standards. The improvement of this indicator is achieved by increasing the tightness of the joints.
4. The structure must have adequate thermal insulation. If it is located between rooms with a temperature difference of more than 10 degrees Celsius, it is required to implement additional heat conservation measures.
5. To achieve the required fire safety, the floor material must have a certain fire resistance. This concept refers to the degree of protection of premises from the effects of fire for a certain time.
6. The combination of weight and thickness of the structure should be optimal.

How are floors classified?

Depending on the level at which the floors are located, the requirements for them differ.

The cover is:

Roof construction is serious business.

Interfloor ceilings: manufacturing options

In construction, there is a wide variety of solutions for organizing floors. They can be:

1. Beamless: prefabricated, monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic.
   
2. beamed: wooden, metal, reinforced concrete.
3. Wooden.
   Wooden floors

   This design is the most common in the construction of country houses. This is due to the possibility of creating the overlap yourself. In addition, the material is affordable and has good sound and heat insulation properties.

4. Metallic.
   This flooring option is usually used in the organization of the basement and basement. Metal structures have high reliability and long service life, as well as their dimensions are smaller with the same bearing capacity.
   Metal products do not have sufficient thermal insulation and are subject to corrosion. The structure can be constructed from channels or I-beams, which are laid at a distance of 500-1500 mm from each other. They are used to install reinforced concrete slabs of small sizes.
5. Reinforced concrete.
   The use of this option necessitates the use of lifting equipment, since the mass of structural elements is significant. In addition, the foundation is subjected to heavy loads, which should be taken into account when designing.
   Reinforced concrete floors

   The indicators of sound and heat insulation of the material are at an average level, reinforced concrete is difficult to process and has increased labor costs during installation.

6. Coffered, arched and hipped.
   Ceilings of caisson and tent types are a kind of ribbed panels. They are used in the construction of large facilities with complex architectural forms. Such ceiling structures are not relevant in the construction of private houses, as well as arched ceilings.

Overlapping on wooden beams: features

The construction of interfloor floors made of wood has several advantages:

• the design is simple in execution, it can be done with your own hands. Installation does not take much time. The cost of work is significantly reduced, due to the absence of the need to use special equipment, and activities for lifting and moving material can be carried out with one or two assistants;
• availability of wood. For the manufacture of beams, coniferous trees are used, which are widespread;
• relatively low weight, which makes it possible to significantly reduce the mass of the structure as a whole. Thus, the cost of construction is reduced;
• ease of installation of sound insulation improves the comfort of living in the house;
• wooden structures have a lower cost, which in general gives significant cost savings;
• the speed of creating the floor is comparable to the installation of the floor with slabs and is carried out in a day. In this case, the crane is not needed.

Ceilings on wooden beams

The disadvantages of wooden floors include:

• the existing length limitation (4.5 m) does not make it possible to construct ceilings over rooms with a greater length without additional support;
• high fire hazard of wood requires special processing of parts;
• the tree is exposed to a number of biological factors, which is prevented by appropriate processing;
• relatively low strength.

Monolithic flooring on corrugated board: what to look for

The difference between creating a ceiling on corrugated board and concrete is the fact that in the first case, special formwork is not required, and as a result they have a finished ceiling. In addition, the technology using corrugated board does not need to be finished or improved.

The profiled configuration of the material creates the necessary strength and rigidity of the floor, thereby reducing the need for reinforcement and concrete. This is possible due to the fact that the solution fills only the voids of the ribs, and does not occupy the entire surface of the sheet.

To create such an overlap, it is important to use only sheets intended for roofing.
The essence of the technology is the use of corrugated board as a formwork, which is not dismantled after pouring concrete. The resulting structure has a special structure as load-bearing supports, consisting of metal columns, beams, logs. As a result, the load is redistributed from the ceiling to the supports, while the walls are not loaded. Such a constructive solution makes it possible to carry out lightweight walls.

Overlapping on corrugated board

In addition, the organization of the support system makes it possible to use a glass-type support instead of an expensive strip foundation. This will significantly reduce the construction cost.

Overlapping with slabs between the first and second floor: reinforced concrete

Slabs made of reinforced concrete are widely used. According to some parameters, when compared with the monolithic execution of the ceiling between the first and second floors, they have the best performance.

The organization of such an overlap requires a powerful foundation and involves the construction of walls from durable materials. As a rule, floor slabs are used for high-rise buildings.

Structures made of reinforced concrete slabs are reliable, durable and have a long service life. The magnitude of the loads that concrete can withstand is colossal. It is characterized by the property of increasing strength characteristics over time. In addition, the material fully meets the requirements for heat and sound insulation, and also have sufficient fire safety. The process of installing a ceiling from slabs does not require much time using special equipment and is not difficult.

The main disadvantages of reinforced concrete products include their significant mass and the need to use special equipment during the installation. In addition, such overlaps require the creation of a screed so that the load on them is uniform.

With all the shortcomings, reinforced concrete floor slabs are successfully used in the construction of private houses.