Fundamentals of plaster repair of interior walls and facades. Interior wall plaster repair technology

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All connections, including those used in furniture production, can be divided into two categories: detachable and one-piece.

The latter constitute a special category, since they are subject to special requirements. They work in conditions of temperature and humidity differences, which affects their durability and stability. And if detachable connections can be tightened or sorted out, then you cannot carry out such a procedure with one-piece connections.

A little about the characteristics of adhesives glue D4

In the manufacture of furniture, glued one-piece joints are mainly used. Since furniture is usually made from wood-based materials or their derivatives, appropriate adhesives are used. One of the most important criteria characterizing the adhesive is its water resistance. So, glue D4 considered the most water resistant compared to the rest. This is all the more important since polyvinyl acetate dispersions, widely used as furniture adhesives, work even in tropical climates.

About gluing

The drying parameters of the adhesive during application are affected by temperature, humidity and the pressing force of the elements to be glued. Higher temperatures shorten the time required for compression, while humidity increases it.

Another point is the humidity of the surfaces to be glued. For most moisture-resistant adhesives, it should be between 7 and 10%. That is, the surfaces must be dry.

A bit of physics

The physics of the process is such that in the process of absorbing moisture, the adhesive layer swells, and during evaporation and recoil, on the contrary, it dries up and loses in size. Such fluctuations lead to the fact that the glue line "dries out" and loses its strength and geometric stability. In fact, these cyclic fluctuations lead to the destruction of the connection and the furniture as a whole. That is why the moisture resistance of the glue is of such importance.

ABOUT THE PROCESS OF GLUING WITH THE USE OF ADHESIVE D4

When gluing, it is desirable to reduce the gap between the parts to a minimum, since a large tolerance and an increase in the adhesive layer reduce the strength of the seam and increase the drying time. Glue is applied to one of the surfaces and the surfaces are pressed against each other. It also does not hurt to clamp them with a clamp. The seam gains its final strength and water resistance after 7 days. As a rule, glue does not change the color of wood, but contact with metal should be avoided, since together with the tannic acids of the tree itself, it can change its color. The adhesive layer itself can also be painted.

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When overhauling walls, first of all, you should think about plaster. It can be completely dismantled and replaced, or you can just patch it up. Let's look at how to repair the plaster of old walls.

Replacement

Repair of plaster begins with its inspection. After all, it is necessary to redo not only the fallen areas, but also those where greasy spots or fungus have appeared:

• After you determine the site of work, it will be necessary to dismantle the old plaster layer from it;
• After that, the seams of the masonry are cleaned for two meters and everything is washed with warm water;
• Plastering is carried out in three steps. First, the wall is wetted, then primed, and after that a new layer of mortar is applied with their own hands. With large areas, masonry is done using beacons. The beacons are located from each other, at a distance of the rule you have, as shown in the photo. In this case, it is necessary that the edges of the rule lie on the surface of the beacons when editing the solution. If the treated area is not too large, then the edges of the old layer can serve as beacons.

Given the season in the yard, plaster has its own nuances. At high temperatures outside the window, fresh mortar must be moistened from time to time, otherwise everything may crack. If defects are found, they can be removed with a scraper or a piece of brick.

For plastering wooden surfaces, lime mortar is used, but rooms with high humidity require the use of cement mixtures. For protruding corners, a gypsum-based mortar is used. It has a fast setting effect. The corner is cleaned of dust and dirt, moistened with water, a pre-mixed solution is applied and the corner is given the correct shape.

A mallet or wooden mallet is used to locate a loose area. The entire surface is tapped, and a dull sound will indicate exactly where the finish has moved away.

Restoration

In addition to peeling and destruction, the plaster layer may have other defects, due to which it is necessary to repair the plaster of the internal walls. Over time, stains of grease and soot appear on the wall:

• Before applying paint or sticking wallpaper, they must be removed. Grease stains are removed with a 2% hydrochloric acid solution;
• But for rust, a 3% solution of the same acid is needed. In addition to it, copper sulfate will help get rid of rust;
• If the stains are too deeply ingrained and cannot be removed, they can be painted over with whitewash or special dyes.

In addition to spots, holes also belong to defects and, of course, they must be repaired before cladding with any materials. To do this, the hole is given the shape of a rectangle, cleaned of dust and smeared with a solution.

Any surface on which restoration is carried out must first be cleaned in separate places from dirt and dust. After that, it must be treated with a solution of soda.

If you decide to do the restoration of the wall under the tiles, then:

• at first, the entire tile is tapped with care and its poorly fixed parts are immediately removed;
• sometimes the tile is not removed by a simple tapping method, then you have to break it in separate places. This must be done very carefully, starting from the middle and slowly moving to the edges so as not to damage the adjacent tile;
• if a rather strong layer of the old mortar remains in place of the tile, then it is better not to touch it. A new tile can be glued onto it using special glue, as shown in the photo. This glue is based on casein-cement mastic and is added to the solution in a certain proportion - 1 to 3 to 1 to 2.5. Where one part is occupied by glue and sand, three parts are cement, and two and a half are water. At the connection with the window, double-sided foam tape is used under the plaster layer.

cracks

The wall with cracks is cleaned of the remnants of facing materials and covered with a primer layer. After a few hours, when the primer is completely dry, the surface is cleaned to perfect smoothness.

We knead the cement mortar and apply it in a thin layer to the surface, after which it is leveled by the rule, as shown in the video. If the crack is very large or there are a lot of them, then you can resort to a plaster mesh. It will give strength to the plaster layer.

alignment

Wall alignment can be achieved in three ways:

1. using special panels for decoration;
2. applying a layer of plaster;
3. combination.

Drywall can also be used for leveling. The most ideal option for any surface is the use of plaster and drywall at the same time.

Hanging the wall, you can find out how it deviates from the norm. To do this, a nail is hammered at a distance of 30 cm from the ceiling. A plumb line is attached to it and a second nail is driven in from below. The same is done on the other side. Cords are stretched between the nails from the upper right nail to the lower left. Similarly, the cords are stretched between the second pair of nails. If the distance between the wall and the cord is more than 5 mm, then the surface must be leveled.

Summing up

Before any cosmetic work, the old plaster must be checked. Its restoration will not take you much time and effort, but it will save you from a complete redo of the repair and unnecessary financial costs.

A hole appears.

It can be large or small - a piece of plaster falls off, a hole is made that becomes through, a hole is mistakenly drilled with a puncher in the wrong place.

After that, fixing a hole in the wall is a headache and the responsibility of either the owners or the repairmen.

They can be divided by size - large and small.

Large holes will require significant volume.

Most likely, in this case, you will have to finish the entire surface of the wall in order to hide it again.

It is much easier to patch a hole in a small wall.

Here you can limit yourself to finishing works of a local scale.

For large holes, it is necessary to fill the hole with stone materials.

How to close a hole in a wall of this type? Best of all, what the wall was made of before. For example, brick walling is suitable for a brick wall, you can take it for aerated concrete walls. For a tongue-and-groove wall, take a piece of a tongue-and-groove block. For a concrete wall, take a brick.

The material for laying in the hole is selected taking into account the material from which the laying is carried out. For brick and aerated concrete, you can take a cement mortar and put a piece that closes the hole on it.

For the tongue-and-groove, it is imperative to take a gypsum masonry mortar. Be careful - it hardens quickly! You should not take a rotband and other gypsum plasters for this purpose - the adhesion will be fragile. But fine-grained gypsum putties, such as a fugenfüller, can be taken - they will adhere well to the tongue-and-groove block. In this case, it is desirable not to make a large layer thickness.

Before you start patching up the hole, try to even out the edges of the hole, especially the bottom. This way you will avoid problems with . You can level with a chisel or puncher. Be careful not to gouge the wall completely and break the excess. The edges are also desirable to trim. It is convenient to fit a piece of a block or a brick under a hole using a furnace hammer, making light blows and breaking off small pieces.

If this is a drywall wall, such as a multilayer partition, screw a piece of drywall from the inside of the main one. It is done like this:

• Cut out a piece of drywall, larger than the hole, 3-4 centimeters in all directions, then cut it in half.
• A door handle is screwed to the front side of one cut piece.
• The sheet is pushed through the main cladding and screwed with self-tapping screws from the outside. The handle is unscrewed.
• The second half is also screwed, joining an even seam approximately in the middle of the hole.

After the hole in the wall is sealed, the masonry has dried and finally set, plastering work is carried out.

How to repair chipped plaster

Plastering work on a small scale will have to be carried out both after stone work on sealing holes, and after the plaster has fallen off from a small one.

The easiest way to do this is to use quick-hardening gypsum plasters.

These compounds allow you to immediately apply a large layer, especially in a local area, and do not wait long for the plaster to set.

What is the best way to close up a hole in the wall with gypsum compounds?

The most common such composition is the rotband. The time of its complete setting is about three hours, complete drying is about a week (depending on the humidity of the air in the room).

Plasters from other manufacturers can be used. It is better not to use pure alabaster - it gives unpredictable adhesion to the surface and then it is not known how it will fall on a large alabaster platform.

Before sealing the hole, it is cleaned. They take out all the pieces that fall off and move, sweep the dust with a brush. The surface is moistened, primed with compositions intended for plastering. After that, a layer of plaster is applied.

It is more convenient to do this when sealing holes with a small spatula-dozens. Apply until the entire surface is filled up to the plane of the wall. After that, the layer, while it has not yet seized, is carefully cut according to the rule flush with the main wall.

Acrylic sealant is good because almost any paint fits perfectly on it, glue.

How to make a defect invisible

For small defects sealed with sealant, you can make them invisible with a small brush and paint.

Just paint over the white sealant on the edge of the resulting hole with a brush.

It is advisable to choose the paint by color, but if it does not match too much, it does not matter.

In a small area, it will not be very noticeable.

For larger defects, a full-fledged finish is made.

If the defect is on the wallpaper, it is necessary to putty the defect with alignment along the rest of the wall, and then replace the sheet by carefully cutting it along the adjacent wallpaper. If the defect is on a painted wall, it is puttied and painted over.

In this case, you need to very accurately choose the color of the paint to match the color of the main one. If on a tile, several tiles are shifted at the site of the defect. In the case when it is not possible to hide the defect, the entire wall is re-finished.

How and what to close the strobes - presented in the video:

- a thing is not eternal. Owners of houses and apartments are faced with a problem when it starts to crack or fall off in places. What to do? We will consider the causes of this phenomenon, as well as how to repair wall plaster in separate places and surface restoration technology.

Defects on the surface, causes and method of restoration
There are a number of defects that are formed when the proportions of the components of the composition are violated, or the technology of its application. The list is as follows:

1. The formation of tubercles on the surface and swelling.
2. Sedimentary cracks.
3. Fresh plaster is peeling off the wall.
4. The formation of cracks throughout the depth of the solution.
5. Efflorescence, spots and stripes appear on the wall after the plaster layer has dried.

What is the reason for such defects? Blisters and bumps may appear if the limestone composition is unseasoned and has unslaked particles. How to repair lime plaster in this case? It is necessary to withstand the plaster until the lime is completely extinguished. Defects are opened, abundantly wetted with water and filled with plaster. It remains to wipe the surface.

Sedimentary cracks are formed with poor mixing of the composition and with an excess of binder. The exact observance of proportions and dosage in accordance with the packaging will help to solve the problem. It remains to thoroughly mix the plaster and level the surface.

When the substrate has not been prepared, cleaned, not rough, too dry and dusty, fresh plaster may flake off when applied. To solve it, you will need to suspend work and start preparing the surface. The application technology is as follows: notches are made on the surface for better adhesion (or shingles are made), the wall is cleaned of dust and dirt. In addition, it is moistened with water. Then the mixture will not peel off, and the repair of plaster and surfaces inside the building will not be needed for a long time.

If the problem lies in cracks throughout the entire thickness of the plaster layer, then there is exactly one reason - there is no reinforcing mesh between the wall and the plaster. The base material is not rigid and is not reinforced with anything. The technology of applying the mixture is that the subsequent finishing layer should be less durable than the previous one, i.e., it contains less binder. So that the intermediate layers do not dry out, they must be moistened with water and reinforced with a mesh.

The last defect is spots and stripes. They most often appear on the walls from the outside. The cause may be a very damp or wet surface. Especially when the plaster is applied after rain. The solution is to process dried walls, make waterproofing so that moisture does not pull up from the ground. Local repair of plastered walls is performed differently. The technology is simple, but requires careful consideration.

Step-by-step instructions for troubleshooting

Repairing a wall with fallen pieces of plaster can be done by hand. The work is easy. You just need to follow the instructions. Alternatively, you can completely remove the layer and apply a new one. But it is more profitable to plaster the damaged areas. It all starts with an inspection. It is important to identify areas in need of repair. You will need a wooden mallet. You have to lightly tap the wall. If a dull sound is heard, then the train has departed.

1. After the inspection, you need to remove the old plaster. We do not touch the places where it holds well.
2. Next, the seams are cleaned if it is brickwork. The surface is cleaned of debris and dust.
3. A primer is applied to the wall. It is needed for better grip.
4. After the surface has dried, the wall is slightly moistened and the solution is applied. If most of the wall has peeled off, then beacons and the rule will have to be used. Only in this way the surface of the wall will be perfectly flat.
5. For minor damage, the plaster is removed in the form of a square or rectangle. The site is processed according to the method described earlier, and the recess is filled with the prepared composition. It is important to adhere to the proportions so that the mixture has the correct consistency.
6. Another restoration option is cork restoration. In the right places, a hole is drilled to the base, primed, filled with mortar and plastered.

Note! For wooden walls, use mortar on limestone. However, it is not suitable for wet surfaces. It is better to resort to a cement mixture. Corners are recommended to be treated with gypsum plaster, as it sets faster.

Restoration work

Repairing plaster also involves removing stains from the surface of the wall. They appear during operation and can be from grease, soot or rust. It also happens that stains formed before finishing work. In this case, you will have to solve this problem before you start gluing wallpaper or laying tiles. Restoration work is as follows:

Advice! Whatever surface you clean, it is important to first clean it of dirt and dust. Only after that other manipulations are performed.

Particular attention should be paid to the restoration of the surface under the tiles. The procedure is as follows:

• using a rubber mallet, the surface of the wall is tapped. Only in this way can a detached or poorly fixed area be determined;
• when the site is found, you need to knock harder so that the tile falls off. If it is not removed in this way, then you will have to act radically - break it. The process requires accuracy: the tile is broken from the center so that the adjacent one is not damaged;
• if after removal a strong layer of plaster remains, then it is not necessary to knock it down. It should be more secure to stick a new tile using a special adhesive;
• when the plaster falls off, the place is cleaned, primed and plastered again. After drying, a new tile is glued.

Crack Removal

With removal on the surface, everything is much easier. Repair of wall plaster in this case consists of two stages: surface preparation and plastering. To begin with, the wall with cracks is cleaned of old facing material and dirt. After that, a primer is applied to the surface. When it dries, you can start stripping in order to give the wall smoothness.

Section of wall reinforced with mesh

Next, the plaster is mixed and applied to the surface in a thin layer. The composition is leveled with a spatula. In the presence of large cracks, it is better to reinforce the structure with a reinforcing mesh. With it, the plaster layer will be much stronger and will not crack.

Conclusion

Peeling plaster is a small problem that you can solve with your own hands. You don't have to redo all the work. It is worth carrying out restoration work, which will require a maximum of one day, plaster mix, primer and spatula with the rule. Even with cosmetic repairs, it is recommended to remove the old mortar so that it does not fall off during operation along with the finish. Stains and cracks also need repair. Then you can be sure that the finish will last for many more years.