Phonetic transcription. Translator of Russian words into phonetic transcription

Before moving on to phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning; we perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolchild knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called the Cyrillic alphabet. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce sounds in phrases differently from how you write them in writing. In addition, the word can use more letters than sounds. For example, “children’s” - the letters “T” and “S” merge into one phoneme [ts]. And vice versa, the number of sounds in the word “blacken” is greater, since the letter “Yu” in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic analysis?

We perceive spoken speech by ear. By phonetic analysis of a word we mean the characteristics of the sound composition. IN school curriculum This kind of analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, with phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllable structure phrases united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter parsing, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, it is correctly written:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
Christmas tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special symbols. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter notation (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

The phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets – ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign [’] - an apostrophe;
percussive [´] - accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, the secondary stress sign [`] - gravis is used (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Ё, ь and Ъ are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for doubled consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and analysis of words with examples online, in accordance with general school standards of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists' transcriptions of phonetic characteristics are distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic analysis of a word?

The following diagram will help you carry out letter analysis:

Write out necessary word and say it out loud several times.
Count how many vowels and consonants there are in it.
Indicate the stressed syllable. (Stress, using intensity (energy), distinguishes a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that syllable division in is different from the rules of transfer. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In the transcription, sort the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” can represent 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and indicate its properties separated by commas:
- for a vowel we indicate in the characteristic: vowel sound; stressed or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: consonant sound; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired/unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-dullness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic analysis of a word

Here is a sample phonetic analysis of the composition for the word “phenomenon” → [yivl’e′n’ie]. IN in this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-n-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorant [i] - vowel, unstressedv [v] - acc., paired hard, paired sound l [l'] - acc., paired soft., unpaired . sound, sonorant [e′] - vowel, stressed [n’] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired sound, sonorant and [i] - vowel, unstressed [th] - consonant, unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed________________________In total, the word phenomenon has 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter “I” and the last “E” each represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What sounds are there?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, can be stressed or unstressed. The consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian living speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many people have a reasonable question: why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does it vary? total number sounds and letters, both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, softness-hardness pairs:

[b] - cheerful and [b’] - squirrel;
or [d]-[d’]: home - to do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h’] will always be soft. If you doubt it, try to say it firmly and make sure it is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, little rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached dimensionless proportions, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in Russian words

Vowel sounds Unlike consonants, they are melodic; they flow freely, as if in a chant, from the larynx, without barriers or tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you try to pronounce a consonant, the more energetically you will close your mouth. It's the brightest articulatory difference between these phoneme classes.

The stress in any word form can only fall on the vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowel sounds are there in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six shock sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [u], [s]. And let us remind you that there are ten letters: a, e, e, i, o, u, y, e, i, yu. The vowels E, E, Yu, I are not “pure” sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words by letter, the emphasis falls on the listed letters.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the force of exhalation, increased duration of sound and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains its basic form is called strong position. This position can only be occupied by a stressed sound and a syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain V weak position.

The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In the Russian language, only one phoneme “U” retains unchangeable phonetic properties: kuruza, tablet, u chus, u lov - in all positions it is pronounced clearly as [u]. This means that the vowel “U” is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “U”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´ch’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, “O” is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when the unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, is represented by only a few foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa"tio], radio [ra"dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, the conjunction but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “ё” - [o]: thorn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. It will also not be difficult to analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make a correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of a vowel only after placing stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: za"mok - zamo"k and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm home [ya do "ma].
New houses [no "vye da ma"].

IN unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, pronounced differently than written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla"yn]
witness line = [sv’id’e “t’i l’n’itsa].

Such changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristics of the original sound change.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change its phonetic characteristics depending on its position:

primarily relative to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consisting of only one vowel);
on the influence of neighboring signs (ь, ъ) and consonant.

Yes, it varies 1st degree of reduction. It is subject to:

vowels in the first pre-stressed syllable;
naked syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n’iz’d’e’shn’ii].

(uncovered syllable)+(2-3 pre-stressed syllable)+ 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → over-stressed syllable (+2/3 over-stressed syllable)

vper-re -di [fp’ir’i d’i´];
e -ste-ste-st-no [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in:a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables during sound analysis are classified as reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called a “weak position of the second degree.”

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t’];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-sta -ch’ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i´-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in stages: second, third (after hard and soft consonants - this is beyond curriculum): learn [uch’i´ts:a], become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [nad’e´zhda]. During letter analysis, a very slight reduction will appear in the vowel in the weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
change.

Sound-letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], Ya - [ya] often mean two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotized. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

When analyzed phonetically, the vowels e, e, yu, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the words “Yo” and “Yu” are always:
- - shudder [yo´ zhyts:a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’nyy], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], container [yo´ mcast’];
- - jeweler [yuv il’i´r], top [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], nimbleness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the words “E” and “I” only under stress*:
- - spruce [ye´ l’], travel [ye´ w:u], huntsman [ye´ g’ir’], eunuch [ye´ vnukh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of the unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel “Yo” and “Yu” always. But “E” and “I” are in stressed and unstressed syllables, except in cases where these letters are located after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd unstressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples in specified cases:
- - receiver [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sings t [payo´t], klyyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ayu rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], I sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the dividing solid “Ъ” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft “b” the sign “Ё” and “Yu” is always, and “E” and “I” are under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ga], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stress is of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the sound-letter analysis of the remaining iotized ones and see how they can still change characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels“E” and “I” designate two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of the word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yil´vyy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], him [yivo´], fidget [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nvarskiy], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye vrap'io´idnaya], Evgeniy [ye] vgeny, European [ye vrap'e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rkhiya, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd post-stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [svai vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi w:a´t'], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi ts], students [uch'a´sh'iyi s'a], with sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t'], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi c], belt [po´yi s], declare [zayi v'i´t'], show [prayi in 'l'u´]
after the dividing hard “Ъ” or soft “b” sign: - intoxicating [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [syi dobny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by “ecane”, and the Moscow school is characterized by “hiccup”. Previously, the iotrated “Yo” was pronounced with a more accented “Ye”. When changing capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow norms in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel “I” the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is voiced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter “I” after the soft sign “b” also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of online sound-letter analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [na ku´r'yi' x" no´shkah], rabbit [kro´l'ich'yi], no family [s'im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi]. But: Vowel “O” after a soft sign. “b” is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavilion n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, chignon n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillot tina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels “Yu” “E” “E” “I” form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the designated letters give one sound when:

sound units “Yo” “Yu” “E” are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: zh, sh, ts. Then they represent phonemes:
- ё - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online analysis by sounds: yellow [zho´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'itse´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she'rshen'], parachute [parashu't];
The letters “I” “Yu” “E” “E” and “I” indicate the softness of the preceding consonant [’]. Exception only for: [f], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё – [o]: ticket [put'o´ fka], easy [l'o´ hk'iy], honey fungus [ap'o´ nak], actor [akt'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´nak];
- e – [e]: seal [t’ul’e´ n’], mirror [z’e’ rkala], smarter [umn’e´ ye], conveyor [kanv’e´ yir];
- I – [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu – [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel “E” does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: hotel [ate´ l'], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n:is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [table´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels “E” and “I” undergo qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (except for [ts], [zh], [sh]). Examples of phonetic analysis of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'i sno´y], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [p'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lie [l'i ga´t'], five grater [p'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonants of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in the Russian language. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or ringing appears in the voice.

How many consonants are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet they are designated by 21 letters. However, when performing sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds more, namely 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are the consonant sounds?

In our language there are consonants:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in’]: in height - in yun,
- [g] - [g’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d’]: dacha - dolphin,
- [z] - [z’]: z von - z ether,
- [k] - [k’]: k onfeta - to enguru,
- [l] - [l’]: boat - l lux,
- [m] - [m’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n’]: new - nectar,
- [p] - [p’]: p alma- p yosik,
- [r] - [r’]: daisy - row of poison,
- [s] - [s’]: with uvenir - with urpriz,
- [t] - [t’]: tuchka - t ulpan,
- [f] - [f’]: f lag - f February,
- [x] - [x’]: x orek - x seeker.
Certain consonants do not have a hard-soft pair. Unpaired ones include:
- sounds [zh], [ts], [sh] - always hard (zhzn, tsikl, mouse);
- [ch’], [sch’] and [th’] are always soft (daughter, more often than not, yours).
The sounds [zh], [ch’], [sh], [sh’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - voiceless, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the voicedness-voicelessness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and the participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorant (l, m, n, r, y) are the most sonorous phonemes, in them a maximum of voices and a few noises are heard: l ev, rai, nol.
If, when pronouncing a word during sound analysis, both a voice and noise are formed, it means that you have a voiced consonant (g, b, z, etc.): plant, b people, zh.
When pronouncing voiceless consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t strain, only noise is made: st opka, fishka, k ost yum, tsirk, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: stop (b, p, d, t) - cleft (zh, w, z, s) and method of articulation: labiolabial (b, p, m) , labiodental (f, v), anterior lingual (t, d, z, s, c, g, w, sch, h, n, l, r), midlingual (th), posterior lingual (k, g, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Tip: If you're just starting to practice phonetically spelling words, try placing your hands on your ears and saying the phoneme. If you were able to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is voiceless.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget our friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat some soup? - Fi! - similarly, the indicated replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonants in Russian

The consonant sound, just like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is compared to the articulation of a consonant located next to it. This effect makes pronunciation easier and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation according to deafness and voicedness applies. The voiced paired consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of a phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [klu´p];
before voiceless consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], obkh vatit [apkh vat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
doing a sound-letter analysis online, you will notice that the voiceless paired consonant standing before the voiced one (except for [th'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n'], [r] - [r']) is also voiced, that is, replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a voiceless noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [z] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter “G” is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings “-ogo”, “-ego” of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant “G” is transcribed as the sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e´lava], sharp, full, former, that, that, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school curriculum on phonetics, this process is called consonant contraction: separate [ad:'il'i´t'] → the letters “T” and “D” are reduced into sounds [d'd'], besh smart [b'ish: u ´much]. When analyzing the composition of a number of words in sound-letter analysis, dissimilation is observed - the opposite process to assimilation. In this case it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination “GK” sounds like [xk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l’o′kh’k’ii], soft [m’a′kh’k’ii].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe [’] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before “b”;
the softness of the consonant sound in a syllable in writing will help determine the vowel letter that follows it (e, ё, i, yu, i);
[ш'], [ч'] and [й] are only soft by default;
The sound [n] is always softened before soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'itseen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve[n'z'] el, licé[n'z'] iya, ka[n'd'] idat, ba[n'd'] it, i[n'd'] ivid , blo[n'd']in, stipe[n'd']iya, ba[n't']ik, vi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n' t'] il, a[n't'] ical, co[n't'] text, remo[n't'] edit;
the letters “N”, “K”, “P” during phonetic analysis of their composition can be softened before the soft sounds [ch'], [sch']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], smenschik ik [sm'e ′n'sch'ik], donch ik [po'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e'n'sch'ik], boulevard [bul'va'r'sh'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
often the sounds [з], [с], [р], [н] before a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e′nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-letter analysis, take into account the exception words when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and labials, as well as before [ch’], [sch’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter “b” after a consonant unpaired in hardness/softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during letter analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiceless consonants before hissing consonants and their transcription during sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to take them into account positional changes. Paired voiced-voiceless: [d-t] or [z-s] before sibilants (zh, sh, shch, h) are phonetically replaced by a sibilant consonant.

Literal analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: arrival [pr'ie'zhzh ii], ascend [vashsh e´st'iye], izzh elta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zzh a´l'its: A].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. When performing sound-letter analysis of a word, you must denote one of the repeated sounds in the transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with a hissing “szh” - “zzh” are pronounced like a double hard consonant [zh:], and “ssh” - “zsh” - like [sh:]: squeezed, sewed, without a splint, climbed in.
The combinations “zzh”, “zhzh” inside the root, when parsed in letters and sounds, are written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I ride, I squeal, later, reins, yeast, zhzhenka.
The combinations “sch”, “zch” at the junction of a root and a suffix/prefix are pronounced as a long soft [sch’:]: account [sch’: o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place of “sch”, “zch” is transcribed as [sch'ch']: without a number [b'esh' ch' isla´], with something [sch'ch' e'mta] .
During sound-letter analysis, the combinations “tch”, “dch” at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [ch':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], good fellow [little-ch': ik], report [ach': o´t].

Cheat sheet for comparing consonant sounds by place of formation

сч → [ш':]: happiness [ш': а´с'т'е], sandstone [п'ish': а´н'ik], peddler [vari´sch': ik], paving stones, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [sch’:]: carver [r’e’sch’: ik], loader [gru’sch’: ik], storyteller [raska’sch’: ik];
zhch → [sch’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ sch’: ik], man [musch’: i´na];
shch → [sch’:]: freckled [in’isnu’sch’: ity];
stch → [sch’:]: tougher [zho’sch’: e], biting, rigger;
zdch → [sch’:]: roundabout [abye’sch’: ik], furrowed [baro’sch’: ity];
ssch → [sch’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t’], became generous [rasch’: e’dr’ils’a];
thsch → [ch'sch']: to split off [ach'sch' ip'i′t'], to snap off [ach'sch' o´lk'ivat'], in vain [ch'sch' etna], carefully [ch' sch' at'el'na];
tch → [ch’:] : report [ach’: o′t], fatherland [ach’: i′zna], ciliated [r’is’n’i′ch’: i′ty];
dch → [ch’:]: emphasize [pach’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t’];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t’], kindle [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t’];
ssh → [sh:]: brought [pr’in’o′sh: y], embroidered [rash: y’ty];
zsh → [sh:]: lower [n’ish: y′y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, doing a sound-letter analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about'], no way [n'e′ zasht a], something [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
th → [h't] in other cases of letter parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] etc;
chn → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan’e´shn a′], boring [skuk´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, as well as in female patronymics ending in “-ichna”: Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
chn → [ch'n] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [ska´zach'n y], dacha [da´ch'n y], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n y], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, double pronunciation and transcription [sch’] or [sht’] is allowed in the word rain and in the word forms derived from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in Russian words

During the pronunciation of an entire phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the spelling of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sn y], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, one can perform a phonetic analysis of the words staircase, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [sh':asl 'i´vyy"], happy, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and postlat, in them the letter “T” is pronounced);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g'iga´nsk 'ii], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], to eat up [take´s: a], to swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:]: tourist [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, Hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: x-ray en [r’eng ’e´n];
- “–tsya”, “–tsya” → [ts:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [my´ts: a], looks, will do, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of a root and a suffix: childish [d’e´ts k’ii], bratskiy [bratskyi];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete [sparts: m’e´n], send [atss yla´t’];
- tts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratz a [bra´ts: a], father epit [ats: yp'i´t'], to father u [k atz: y´];
“D” - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [z'n'y], star [z'v'ozn'y], holiday [pra'z'n'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′know];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- NDsk → [NSK]: Dutch [Galansk ’ii], Thai [Thailansk ’ii], Norman [Narmansk ’ii];
- zdts → [ss]: under the bridles [fall uss s´];
- ndts → [nts]: Dutch [galans];
- rdc → [rts]: heart [s’e´rts e], serdts evin [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch"]: heart ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsed soundly, the word is written as double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t'], twenty [dva´ts: yt'] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavac ko´y], rods tvo [rac tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods k [k’islavo´ts k];
“L” - in combinations:
- sun → [nz]: sun [so´nts e], solar state;
“B” - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello, go away], feelings about [ch'ustva], sensuality [ch'ustv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´stv 'in:y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, when there is a cluster of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk” the loss of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [payestka], daughter-in-law, typist, summons, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

When parsing letters, two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude symbol [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l’], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word being studied, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary standards orthoepies are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book." M. 1959

Used literature:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – MSU, M.: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Study guide. – “Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers”, Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. – M.: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the school curriculum format. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of language and speech sounds in general. Phonetics is the science of combining sounds in speech.

Phonetic analysis, or sound-letter analysis, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and the sound system of a word. This analysis is proposed to be performed as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

counting the number of letters;
determining the number of sounds in a word;
placement of stress;
distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
classification of each sound;
compiling a transcription (graphic form of a word).

When parsing, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of “letter” and “sound”. After all, the first ones correspond spelling rules, and the second - speech (that is, sounds are analyzed from the point of view of pronunciation).

Before you begin sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowel sounds in the Russian language:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, and the second five indicate that the preceding consonant is soft.

And twenty-one consonants:

voiced unpaired sounds	[Y’]	[L]	[M]	[H]	[R]
voiceless unpaired	[X]	[Ts]	[H']	[SCH']
voiced doubles	[B]	[IN]	[G]	[D]	[AND]	[Z]
deaf pairs	[P]	[F]	[TO]	[T]	[SH]	[WITH]

Voiced consonants are those that are formed with the participation of sound, and voiceless consonants are formed with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those consonants that form a voiceless/voiced pair. For example, [B]/[P], [V]/[F], [G]/[K]. Unpaired - those that do not form pairs: [L], [M], [P].

When analyzing a word phonetically, it is worth remembering that the consonants [Ч'], [Ш'], [И'] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. The consonants [Zh], [Sh] and [C] are always hard.

[Y’], [L], [L’], [M], [M’], [N], [N’], [P], [P’] - sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by the voice, but not by noise. All sonorants are voiced sounds.

The Russian alphabet also contains the letters b and b. They don't make sound. b (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. Ъ (hard sign) has a dividing function.

Rules for parsing sounds

Transcription is written in square brackets: .
The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol “’”.
Before deaf people, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [nokt'i].
The sounds [s], [z] in word prefixes are softened: to separate - [raz’y’ed’in’it’].
Some consonants in words are not readable: bone - [inert’].
The combination of the letters “sch”, “zch” is read as “sch”: happiness - [sch’ast’y’e].
A doubled consonant is designated “:”: gradual - [past’ip’en:y’].

Sample sound-letter analysis of a word

Write the word according to spelling rules.
Divide the word into syllables.
Indicate the stressed syllable.
Say the word out loud and perform a transcription based on this.
Describe the vowel sounds in order, indicate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe the consonants. Describe them: paired/unpaired, voiced/voiceless, hard/soft.
Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

Examples of phonetic analysis

For example, below are selected words with the most interesting options phonetic analysis.

Do you know why Russian is so difficult for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that our language cannot be said to mean that words can be written the way they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written with 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And, as a rule, no one thinks about what transcription (that is, a graphic recording of sounds) of the words that are most familiar to us looks like. To learn to understand what sounds words are made of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in class and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at parsing a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it has and how many sounds it has. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel letters in the Russian alphabet: “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “y”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”, “e”, “i”.

But there are only 6 vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i]. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” consist of two sounds: vowel + y. They are written like this: “e” = [y’+e], “e” = [y’+o], “yu” = [y’+y], “i” = [y’+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” are not always decomposed into two sounds. But only in following cases:

when words appear at the beginning: food [y’eda], ruff [y’orsh], skirt [y’upka], pit [y’ama];
when they come after other vowels: moi [moi'em], moe [mai'o], wash [moi'ut], warrior [vai'aka];
when they come after “ъ” and “ь”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drinks [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” appear in a word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” give the sound [i]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter “I” without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr’es’ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “ь” and vowels: if after a soft sign in a word there is a letter “i”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants “zh”, “sh” and “ts” the letter “i” gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels “a”, “o”, “u”, “e”, “s” indicate the hardness of consonant sounds. The vowels “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya”, “i” indicate the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel “е” the emphasis always falls on it. But this rule does not work for borrowed words (amoebiasis) and complex words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in the Russian language. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

Thus, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the voicing of deafness:

[b] - [p]: [b]a[b]ushka – [p]a[p]a;
[v] - [f]: [v] water - [f] plywood;
[g] - [k]: [g]voice – [cow];
[d] - [t]: [d’] woodpecker - [t]ucha;
[f] - [w]: [f’]life – [sh]uba;
[z] - [s]: [z’]ima – o[s’]en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are indicated in different letters. Such pairs do not exist in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired unvoiced and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound depending on its position in the word.

There are also 15 pairs of hardness and softness:

[b] - [b’]: [b]a[b]glass – [b’]tree;
[v] - [v’]: [v]ata – [v’]fork;
[g] - [g’]: [g]amak – [g’]idrant;
[d] - [d’]: [d]ozh[d’];
[z] - [z’]: [z] gold – [z’] yawn;
[k] - [k’]: [k]ust – [k’]bist;
[l] - [l’]: [l]swallow – [l’]istik;
[m] - [m’]: [m]a[m]a – [m’]iska;
[n] - [n’]: [n]os – [n’]yuh;
[p] - [p’]: [p]archa – [p’]i [p’]etka;
[r] - [r’]: [r]lynx – [r’]is;
[s] - [s’]: [s] dog – [s’] herring;
[t] - [t’]: [t]apok – [t’]shadow;
[f] - [f’]: [f] camera - [f’] fencing;
[x] - [x’]: [x] hockey – [x’] ek.

As you can see, the softness of the sounds is ensured by the letter “b” and the soft consonants that come after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in the Russian language that are never voiceless:

[y’] – [y’]od;
[l] – [l]ama;
[l’] – [l’]eika;
[m] – [m]carrot;
[m’] – [m’] muesli;
[n] – [n]osoceros;
[n’]– [n’] bat;
[r] – [r]daisy;
[r’] – [r’] child.

To make it easier to remember all the voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: “We didn’t forget each other”.

And also unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples out loud and see for yourself:

[x] – [x]orek;
[x'] - [x']surgeon;
[ts] – [ts]apple;
[h’] – [h’] person;
[sch’] – [sch’] bristles.

Two phrases will help you remember which sounds remain deaf in any situation: “Styopka, would you like some soup?” - “Fi!” And “Fokka, do you want to eat some soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples given above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in the Russian language are never soft:

[g] - [g]bug and even [g]acorn;
[sh] - [sh]uba and [sh]ilo are read equally firmly;
[ts] - [ts] scratch and [ts]irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names “zh” is still soft [zh’]: jury [zh’]juri, Julien [zh’]julien.

Similarly, there are consonants in the Russian language that are never pronounced firmly:

[th’] – [th’] ogurt;
[h’] – [h’]chirp and [h’]asy – the sound is equally soft;
[sch'] - [sch']cheek and [sch']fingers - similar: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes in some textbooks the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in the Russian language. It is also often customary to denote “sch” as [w’:].

Remember also that the consonants “zh”, “sh”, “ch”, “sch” are called hissing.

Phonetic analysis plan

First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), designate the stressed syllable.
The next point is the phonetic transcription of the word. You don’t have to transcribe the word right away - first try saying it out loud. If necessary, speak several times until you can say with certainty which sounds need to be recorded.
Describe all vowel sounds in order: identify stressed and unstressed sounds.
Describe all consonant sounds in order: identify paired and unpaired sounds by voicedness/dullness and hardness/softness.
Count and write down how many letters and sounds there are in the word.
Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription characters

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

[ " ] – this is how the stressed vowel in the main stressed syllable is designated (O"sen);
[`] – this is how a secondary (minor) substressed vowel sound is designated: usually such a substressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, found in compound words and words with the prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice- and others (`aboutE'many);
[’] – a sign of softening a consonant sound;
[Λ] – transcription sign for “o” and “a” in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (arka [Λrka], king [krol’]);
– a more “advanced” transcription sign for recording iotated sounds; you can also use [th’].
[and e] – something in between [i] and [e], used to denote the vowels “a”, “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a soft consonant (blend [bl'i e sleep]) ;
[ы и] – something between [ы] and [е] or [ы] and [а], used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in the position after a hard consonant (whisper [shi e ptat '];
[ъ] – transcription sign for the vowels “o”, “a”, “e” in positions after a hard consonant in a pre-stressed and post-stressed syllable (milk [milk]);
[b] – transcription sign for vowels “o”, “a”, “ya”, “e” in the position after a soft consonant in unstressed syllable(mitten [var'shka]);
[–] – a sign indicating the absence of sound in the place of “ъ” and “ь”;
[ ‾ ]/[ : ] – transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - it will not be a mistake) to indicate the length of consonants (to be afraid [bΛй'ац:ъ]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [u], [e], [s], [i] and [th’] in phonetic analysis instead of “and with the overtone e” and other complex designations.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcribing consonants:

voicing of voiceless consonants in position before voiced ones (bending [zg’ibat’], mowing [kΛz’ba]);
deafening of voiced consonants in the position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch’ek]);
deafening of a voiced consonant in a position in front of a voiceless one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into voiceless sounds [k] and [x] (nails [nokt’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
softening of the consonants “n”, “s”, “z”, “t”, “d” in the position before soft consonants (kantik [kan’t’ik]);
softening of “s” and “z” in the prefixes s-, iz-, raz- in the position before “b” (remove [iz’y’at’]);
unreadable consonants “t”, “d”, “v”, “l” in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination “stn” is pronounced as [sn], and “zdn” - as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
combinations of letters “sch”, “zch”, “zsch” are read as [sch’] (accounts [sch’oty]);
combinations “chn”, “cht” are pronounced [sh] (what [shto], of course [kΛn’eshn]);
infinitive suffixes -tsya/-tsya are transcribed [ts] (bite [kusats:b]);
the endings of -ogo/-him are pronounced through the sound [v] (yours [tvy’evo]);
in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas:b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give a regular consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

Now let's take a look phonetic transcription words with examples. For recording we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonant sounds.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

departure
ot-e"zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[aty'e "st]
o - [a] – vowel, unstressed
t- [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
ъ – [–]
e - [th’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
z - [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
d - [t] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
6 letters, 6 sounds
The letter “e” after the separating “b” gives two sounds: [th"] and [e]; the letter “d” at the end of the word is deafened to the sound [t]; the letter “z” is deafened to the sound [c] in the position before the voiceless sound.

Another example:

grammar
gram-ma"-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[gram:at"ika]
g – [g] – consonant, voiced (paired), hard (solid)
p – [p] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
mm – [m:] – double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, stressed
t – [t’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
k – [k] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
10 letters, 9 sounds
Double consonants “mm” give a double sound [m:]

And the last one:

became
sta-no-vi"-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
[stanav'i"l'is']
s – [s] – consonant, voiceless (paired), hard (paired)
t – [t] – consonant, deaf (paired), hard (paired)
a – [a] – vowel, unstressed
n – [n] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), hard (paired)
o – [a] – vowel, unstressed
in – [v’] – consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
and – [and] – vowel, stressed
l – [l’] – consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
and – [and] – vowel, unstressed
s – [s’] – consonant, voiceless (paired), soft (paired)
b – [–]
11 letters, 10 sounds
The letter “o” in an unstressed position produces the sound [a]; the letter “b” does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you understand the phonetic analysis of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls hidden along this path. But we tried to make the task easier for you and explain all the slippery aspects in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Uses this article when preparing for lessons and passing the State Exam and Unified State Exam. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic analysis of words you are asked at school.

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A special recording of speech, used to record in writing all the features of sound, begins to be studied already in high school. The first thing a student learns about transcription notation is square brackets. If the text is placed in [...], then this is definitely a phonetic transcription.

In addition, you need to know that the word itself comes from the Latin (transcription - rewriting), denoting a special letter that records spoken speech. Russian phonetic transcription, naturally, will be based on the Russian alphabet, from which the letters “ё”, “e”, “y”, “yu”, “sch”, “ya” have been removed, the letters “ъ” and “ь” have been instructed to denote special vowels are unstressed, and when there were not enough Russian letters as a result of these actions, they called on the Latin “j” (iot) and the Greek “Y” (gamma).

Why is phonetic transcription needed?

1. It is necessary to hear native speech and know the norms of literary pronunciation.

2. When studying foreign languages, where spelling almost always differs from pronunciation.

3. To record a language that does not have a written language, dialect speech, or hieroglyphs.

Living sound processes are rarely reflected in orthographic writing, but phonetic writing differs sharply from it. Reigns among the letters the strictest tradition. And the phonetic transcription of the text fully conveys the entire flow of speech with all the changes in the sound system of the language.

Letter and sound

The Russian writing system was built so perfectly that it took into account all the phonetic features of the Slavic language. In the ninth century, Constantine the philosopher, and in monasticism - Cyril, our Saint and Equal to the Apostles, compiled Slavic alphabet, which was named after its creator - Cyrillic.

The phonetic transcription of the Russian language is not as simple as that of the Bulgarian brothers, for example. This is because in our country a letter often conveys two sounds, or vice versa: one sound is obtained when reading two letters. The entries are sometimes so funny that with the development of the Internet, young people, being mischievous, came up with a way to communicate in chats in “Albany language”, where, for example, the word “hedgehog” consisted of four letters, among which there was not a single correct one. Guessing the word in these letters is not so easy, because “yosh” doesn’t fit in your head. It's almost a transcription. There are not enough square brackets, and also the knowledge that the letter “th” in transcription is most often designated “j”, and a soft sign cannot be present here, because there is nothing to soften. The correct phonetic transcription of the word is [yosh].

Soft consonants

In a letter, after consonants intended to become soft, you need to write not the letters “a”, “u”, “o”, “e”, but softening ones - “ya”, “yu”, “e”, “e”. In endings, a soft sign is added to the consonant (in the pre-revolutionary alphabet it was called “er”). Phonetic transcription requires an apostrophe to indicate the softness of the consonant sound. There is one exception - “th”, that is [j], it is quite good without an apostrophe. The rest are designated as follows: [m"].

Spelling rules, that is, spelling, quite often do not convey exactly the sound that is pronounced in a word. Transcription signs are required to record pronunciation as accurately as possible. For example, we write the word “side” and pronounce it: [bʌkav`oy].

Accents

Have you noticed that the letter “v” has some strange apostophe attached to it? And this is not an apostrophe at all, but an accent. Unstressed vowels are not indicated in writing. Try saying the word "pencil". Isn't it true that all vowels written the same way sound different? Unstressed vowels are shorter and slightly weaker than the same vowel under stress. Phonetic transcription must emphasize this difference: [karʌnd`ash].

There is also a reduction here: do you hear the almost complete disappearance of the first vowel? The sounds we pronounce briefly are most often indicated by the same signs as percussion, but without stress, but “swallowed” sounds, that is, those that have undergone fundamental changes in pronunciation, have special signs: the ancient “er” [b] and “er” [b] . They do not indicate any sounds, but during transcription, as in this case, they have a very important function.

Only special publications (dictionaries, textbooks for foreigners, literature for young children) leave an accent mark in words, but the transcription must mark it where the word has more than one syllable.

Stress in the Russian language is very flexible, it moves freely through the syllables of a word, and is not bound by constancy: gorod- goroda, okno- okna. It is so dynamically strong that a stressed syllable becomes much stronger than an unstressed one. This weakening is called reduction. There are its first and second degrees, depending on the position of the vowel: the first - on the first pre-stressed position, the second - on more than the first pre-stressed, as well as post-stressed position.

Long consonants

Some consonant sounds are only long and soft. These are “sh” - the sound [sh":] and “zh” - the sound [zh":]. If the spelling dictates two identical consonants - "cash", for example, then the phonetic transcription will differ significantly from this construction, since the pronunciation requires one, but long sound: [k`as:a].

However, the notations in textbooks vary. You can also find [kassa]. Sometimes they write one letter “s”, but underline it on top.

Phonetic word

What is a word? In writing and transcription they are not the same thing at all. In writing, we distinguish parts of speech into auxiliary or independent ones, and write everything separately. Prepositions, for example. Phonetic transcription of Russian words suggests a different attitude. This is a sequence of syllables in a single whole; a phonetic word has a single organizing center, a single stress.

This means that all prepositions, conjunctions, particles that are pronounced together with their main words are written in the same way. Of course, all changes that occur with the sounds that make up the word are also recorded. For example, “with him” - , “beyond the river” - [z'r"ik`oi], even more interesting: "asked b" - [sprʌs"`ilp].

The details with which the phonetic transcription is recorded depend on the characteristics of the sound, where both individual and situational (emotional, for example) speech productions are included. Here the phonetic transcription of the pronunciation as such dictates.

Now back to the basics

The Russian alphabet consists of thirty-three letters, the so-called graphemes, which we divide into vowels and consonants. The sound form of each grapheme is a phoneme, which has variants, that is, allophones.

Consonant sounds are divided into voiceless and voiced. It's pretty simple. A stream of air vibrates the vocal cords and thus causes a sound - a tone, which is then modified by natural barriers in the oral and nasal cavities, converting the tone into noise. Based on the nature of this noise, it is easy to divide consonants into voiced (in which the tone has not completely “died”) and voiceless, in which there is nothing left except noise.

It is necessary to divide them into soft and hard. There are thirty-three letters in the alphabet, and thirty-six phonemes of only consonants. Of these, fifteen are paired (hard-soft), three consonants are always hard (“sh”, “zh”, “ts”) and three are always soft (“ch”, “sch”, “y”).

When a stream of air exits, the vocal apparatus does not put any obstacles in the way of vowel sounds, leaving them with the purest tone. This means that we have six vowel phonemes: “a”, “u”, “e”, “i”, “o”, “s”. Allophones are also present here and depend on the stress in the word.

Rules for phonetic transcription for schoolchildren

1. Transcription is always placed in square brackets.

2. Not used capital letters and punctuation marks. Pauses, most often coinciding with punctuation marks, are marked with a double line - a long, significant pause, or a single line - a short pause.

3. Words consisting of two or more syllables must be stressed.

4. Two words united by one stress are written together: to the garden - [fsat].

5. Soft consonants must have an apostrophe: sat - .

6. Among consonant letters, phonetic transcription never uses “шь” and “й”.

7. Long consonant sounds are indicated either by a superscript or a colon: bath - [van:a]. The letter "ш" is not used, but its phoneme is [sh"] or [sh":].

8. The sounds shch, th, ch are only soft, however, an apostrophe for “ch” and “th” is not required, although it sometimes occurs. “Zh”, “sh”, “ts” are always only hard. Exceptions for French words: parachute, jury, julienne, Jules (Verne) and so on, in which the letter "zh" is written [zh"].

Vowel sounds

Stressed vowels have six symbols: [i], [s], [u], [e], [o], [a]. For example, feast - [p'ir], ardor - [ardor], ray - [ray], forest - [l'es], house - [house], garden - [garden].

For the letters “e”, “e”, “yu”, “ya” one sound is not enough, so “e” is [ye], “e” is [yo], “ya” is [ya], “yu” is [yy]. If after the letter “and” the spelling dictates a soft sign, then the phonetic transcription will also write doubly: sparrows - [vurʌb`yi]. Just remember that the letter “th” is replaced by the Latin “j”.

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Phonetic transcription of Russian words

Development phonetics of the Russian language it may turn out challenging task even for people for whom Russian is their native language, not to mention foreigners. Let's start with the fact that in dictionaries phonetic transcription of Russian words not specified. In addition, the Russian language has quite complex rules for reading with a large number exceptions.

The pronunciation of Russian letters varies depending on the accent whether this letter is located or not (in case vowels), and also on what consonants surround this letter. The letter "a", for example, can have 5 pronunciation options!

With this online translator you can get phonetic transcription Russian text, written down either in Cyrillic letters, or symbols International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

Phonetic analysis of words online

The translator can be used to phonetic analysis of words online. To produce phonetic analysis of the word, you need:

write down the word.
put emphasis in a word (the translator knows how to do this).
divide a word into syllables.
write down the phonetic transcription of the word (a translator will also be useful here).
Write all the letters of the word in a column.
Write down to the right of each letter the sound that the letter represents.
describe the sound: for vowels - stressed or unstressed, for consonants - hard or soft (paired/unpaired), voiceless or voiced (paired/unpaired).
count letters and sounds in a word.

Let's make, for example, phonetic analysis of the word "sun":

sun [suns e]

6 letters, 5 sounds.

Pay attention to the last sound of the word - in school practice it would be written as “e”. Professional linguists designate it as “y e”, because this unstressed vowel is pronounced as something between the sounds “y” and “e”.

Phonetic transcription will help foreigners learn the pronunciation of Russian words

Remember everything quickly rules for reading Russian It's quite difficult for foreigners. The translator will help people who are starting to study the “great and mighty” while they have not yet mastered rules for pronunciation of Russian words.

When used regularly in parallel with educational audio and video materials, phonetic transcription will allow them to improve pronunciation and listening skills in Russian.

Additional information about the translator

In the Russian language there are words that are spelled the same, but are read differently depending on where the stress falls in the word (compare: zamok - zamok). These words are called "homographs". The transcription of such words stands out green, For example:

If you hover over or tap a word on your mobile device, you will see all the possible pronunciations.

The translator works on the basis of a dictionary containing information about stresses in Russian words. If the accent position is for of this word was not found in the dictionary, then instead of the transcription the word itself will be shown, surrounded by slashes: /extravagant/. You can improve the translator by indicating the stress positions in similar words. To do this, go to error correction mode .

When creating the translator, I used online resources from the list below, as well as Bulanin’s book "Phonetics of the modern Russian language".

Cyrillic transcription – updates from September 2016

As a result of the discussion, the following changes were made to the Cyrillic transcription:

If you feel that further changes are required, join the discussion !

Highlighting frequently occurring Russian words with color

A special option allows you highlight the most frequently occurring words in the Russian language in different colors. Depending on the frequency rating, words will be highlighted in the following colors:

1-1000

1001-2000

2001-3000

3001-4000

4001-5000

If you want to implement detailed analysis your text and see detailed statistics, you can use online tool for frequency analysis of text in Russian .

Maximum length text (number of characters):

unregistered users – 50,
language pack "frequent user" – 10,000,
language package "polyglot" – 10,000.

Want to improve this tool? Go to error correction mode !

You might be interested phonetic converter of Russian subtitles. With it you can get the following result:

Transcription of Russian words - online resources

Updates to this word to transcription translator

Audio and video recordings of words have been added to French and Russian translators

Updated in French and Russian translators. After you submit text to the site, you will see audio and video icons next to some words. Click on the audio icon to hear...