Common words used. The meaning of jargon. Neologisms are new words that appear in the language
Common words- these are words known to all the people.
For example: water, earth, sky, bird, good, love, talk, think, write, green .
Uncommon words- these are words that not everyone knows and uses in their speech.
For example: beetroot (beets), kochet (rooster), injection (injection).
Professionalisms are words associated with the characteristics of the work of people in a particular specialty or profession.
Anesthesia (special) - pain relief. (Local anesthesia.)
Gamma is a sequential series of musical sounds. (Play scales on the piano.)
Matrix (technical) - a metal mold in which recesses are made for casting typographic letters. (Make matrices.)
Dialectisms are words used only by residents of a particular area
Mochazhina (region) – a swampy, marshy place; swamp without hummocks.
Shanga (region) – cheesecake, simple flatbread.
Vestimo (region) - of course, of course.
Mshara (region) is a swamp overgrown with moss and bushes.
Gorodba (region) – wooden fence, fence.
Archaisms (obsolete words) are words that have fallen out of active use.
Benevolence (obsolete) – goodwill, favor.
In the evening, evening (obsolete) - yesterday, in the evening.
Gil (obsolete) – nonsense, nonsense.
Upper room (obsolete) – a room on the top floor.
Granary (obsolete) – barn, room for bread, grain.
Neologisms are new words that appear in a language.
The summit is a meeting of heads of state.
Laptop is a portable computer.
Portfolio – folder.
Rating – a numerical indicator
popularity.
A teenager is a girl or boy, usually between 14 and 18 years old.
Jargons are words used by representatives of a certain social or age environment.
Chief - in naval jargon, “senior mate.”
Sew on - in thieves' jargon, “kill”.
Don't drive - in the language of teenagers, "don't make things up."
Compass – nautical slang for “compass”.
Hanging out means “having fun” in the language of young people.
Emotionally charged words are words that express attitudes towards objects, signs, and actions.
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Of course, dialectisms, jargons and professionalisms are interesting in their own way, but without them the Russian language could exist. The popular vocabulary includes a huge number of words of all parts of speech, both independent and functional. We looked at common words, example words and their meanings.
Why do native speakers need local dialects? The use of such words often helps authors literary texts create special poetics, convey mood, express the character’s image more vividly. At the same time, writers try not to oversaturate their text with dialectisms, otherwise readers will not understand much.
The purpose of the work is to describe the use of uncommon vocabulary in modern media texts and to assess the appropriateness of its use. Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used to logically precise definition special concepts, establishing the content of concepts, their distinctive features. There are dialectisms recorded in explanatory dictionaries literary language marked “regional”, and extraliterary dialectisms known only in dialects. The expressiveness of slang vocabulary contributes to the fact that words from slangs move into national colloquial speech, not bound by strict literary norms. Most words that have become widespread outside of jargons can be considered jargons only from a genetic point of view, and at the time of their consideration they already belong to the vernacular. This suggests that the use of jargon and argotisms makes speech not only rude, but also unclear. The use of jargon is most often motivated by the author’s communicative-pragmatic attitude. It should be noted that jargons that have functional and semantic meaning with various suffixes neglect are used for the purpose of emotional impact on the reader. Topic 2. The word as a unit of language. Multiple meaning words. Usage polysemantic words in works of art.
For example, the words “brezg” (dawn) and “zobat” (eat) are currently used only in a few Russian dialects. It happens that a lexical unit ceases to be commonly used and becomes professional jargon. Common words are lexical units that can be completely erased from people’s memory. Unfortunately, this is true.
Emotionally expressive vocabulary
In addition to stylistically neutral lexical units, among common words there are those that can be pronounced by every person, but only sometimes. For example, the words: “zemlitsa”, “bungler”, “newspaper”, “bearded”, “square” - they differ from stylistically neutral lexical units in that they can be called emotional or even expressive. On the contrary, terms (special or dialectal) can be added to this vocabulary, the use of which was previously curtailed. Interesting, isn't it? Common words in the Russian language are of great interest to many researchers.
Since during a conversation the speech is not prepared in advance, characteristic features This style is characterized by incompleteness of expressed thoughts and emotionality.
Speech styles serve certain areas of human life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two characteristics: the sphere of communication and the purpose of communication. In general, all speech styles can be divided into two large groups: conversational style on the one hand, and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official business, scientific) - on the other.
Scope of use. These words, as well as the phenomena they signify, are found only in certain dialects.
Obsolete words (archaisms and historicisms).
In such cases, the word becomes archaic, for example: the word vulgar in the meaning of “popular” is outdated. Historicisms are outdated words, which denote the names of objects, phenomena, concepts that have disappeared from modern life, for example: chain mail, loophole, svetets, zemstvo, arquebus.
Knowledge of speech styles gives an idea of what language means should be used in a given situation.
Stylistic errors are the use of verbal constructions or individual words that do not correspond to the stylistic design of the text and violate the communicative expediency of the sentence. Lexico-stylistic errors represent the unjustified use of clericalism, jargon, archaisms and vulgarisms in the text.
You can often find references in the text stylistic errors, which are a consequence of the choice wrong word or a phrase that does not fit the main text.
It represents the lexical core, without which language is unthinkable, communication is impossible, it consists of words that are expressions of the most necessary vital concepts. There are times when a word from the national dictionary disappears into professional jargon. Dialect words are used mainly in oral speech, since the dialect itself is mainly the oral, everyday speech of the inhabitants rural areas. 3) lexical dialectisms - words, both in form and in meaning, different from the words of commonly used vocabulary: kochet - rooster, the other day - the other day, gutarit - talk, inda - even, etc. Words whose use is characteristic of people who form separate social groups, constitute slang vocabulary. Slang vocabulary has a narrow scope of use: it is used mainly among “our own” people, i.e. in communication with people of the same social circle as the speaker.
Getting rid of stylistic mistakes
Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Vocabulary of limited scope of use. Introduction. Vocabulary. Bustard, 1997. Argo. P. 37. Dialectisms.
To get rid of stylistic errors, special work should be done on them. Preventing and correcting style confusion will develop a person’s linguistic flair and cultivate a person’s speech taste. However, it should be remembered that different mixed styles vocabulary is often successful stylistic device aimed at creating an ironic or comic effect.
All linguists know that dialect vocabulary includes words whose distribution is limited to a particular territory. Entrepreneurs use both generally accepted and dialect words and expressions, for example, accounting-recounting of goods. He noted the differences between jargons and professional words: argotisms differ from professionalisms in the following features. This means that next to them there are always synonyms of popular use. We found out that the main group of argotisms are popular words with a special, specific meaning.
The main feature of this style is logic, clarity and the absence of any emotion on the part of the author. The journalistic style is used not only for the purpose of conveying this or that information, but also for the purpose of influencing the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers. Artistic style differs from other book styles in that when writing his works, the author can use almost any of the above styles.
The Russian language has several lexical layers, each of which differs in its scope of use and purpose.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is heterogeneous in terms of the degree of its distribution and activity of use, as well as in the nature of its stylistic coloring. For example: gutarit (South Russian) - to speak, bait (Northern Russian) - to speak. Special vocabulary is the words used in speech by representatives of certain branches of knowledge and professions.
Due to huge amount scientific vocabulary. Progress in society, in all its spheres, brings many new technologies and improvements.
Highly specialized terms are understandable only to specialists. Terms belong literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries with the mark special. At the same time, the meaning of the units used (jargon, borrowings) is usually expanded and rethought in relation to other areas of activity.
Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. In particular, there is different types isolation. Isolation of minor members of a sentence In writing, almost any part of speech, including minor ones, can be highlighted. They are usually used to express strong emotions, such as delight, surprise, anger and others. It is almost impossible to find them in scientific texts. Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to notice that some rules of Russian do not cause difficulties, while others regularly trip up the majority.
Special vocabulary includes words and expressions used by groups of people united by occupation, activity, i.e., by a professional community. The growth of scientific and technical knowledge causes the emergence large number new concepts and their names. Professionalisms serve for greater differentiation and clarification of the term (in meteorology, the names of snowflakes depending on their shape: star, needle, hedgehog, plate, fluff, column). 2) others - for pejorative purposes (from the English pejorative - derogatory, disapproving).
There are several difficult points. Why? Because the possibility of understanding one or another of them depends on a person’s education, and not on his belonging to any profession or occupation.
The first sentence has a neutral stylistic connotation, while the second is more emotional - the author shows that the water he drank from the source is very good. Also, through the use of words, negative shades of meaning can be conveyed.
Russian language
VOCABULARY
10. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of usage
Common words.
Common words- these are words that are used by all people, regardless of profession and place of residence. It is these words that make up the main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language. People need them for everyday communication; common words are familiar and understandable to everyone, for example: tree, concert, brainy, count etc.
Obsolete words (archaisms and historicisms).
Outdated words- these are words that have fallen out of active use and have ceased to be relevant for a given era. Such words are rarely used in everyday communication and are not always understood by people. Among outdated words, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished.
Archaisms- these are outdated words that denote the names of objects or phenomena that currently exist, but for some reason have been replaced by other, later names.
Types of archaisms:
1) phonetic, for example: number - number, eighteen - eighteen ;
2) accentological, for example: siў mvol - symbol, muў language - music ;
3) morphological, for example: at the beginning of the 20th century the word piano was a noun feminine, and in modern Russian this word is used in the masculine gender;
4) word-forming, for example: fisherman - fisherman, energetic - energetic ;
5) lexical, for example: right hand - right hand ;
6) Some words may lose any meaning. In such cases, the word becomes archaic, for example: the word is outdated vulgar in meaning "popular".Historicisms- these are outdated words that denote the names of objects, phenomena, and concepts that have disappeared from modern life, for example: chain mail, loophole, svetets, zemstvo, arquebus . Historicisms, unlike archaisms, do not have synonyms in modern Russian. This is explained by the fact that the very realities for which these words were names are outdated. Historicisms can be associated with very distant eras ( veche, oprichnik ) and with relatively recent events ( tax in kind, check ).
Neologisms.
Neologisms- these are new words that have not yet become familiar and everyday names of the corresponding objects and concepts, for example: teleconference, videophone . The appearance of new words is associated with historical development society, the development of science and technology, literature and art, with changes in everyday life. For example, in the 70s words such as felt-tip pen, florist, simulator, TV show, photo frame . But now we cannot call these words neologisms, since they have already become familiar in everyday communication. There are general linguistic and proprietary neologisms. A general linguistic neologism quickly assimilates into the language, “takes root” in it, and its freshness quickly ceases to be felt, for example: computer . But original neologisms cannot become part of the language, since they exist only within a certain context, for example: poetry, sickly (V. Mayakovsky).
Neologisms include not only completely new, but also previously known words that have acquired new meanings. For example: in recent years the word became widespread scenario in the meaning of “plan, scheme for holding an event, exhibition, etc.” In addition, the words have returned to our vocabulary mercy, charity etc.
