Complex sentences: homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination. Types of subordinate clauses
Lecture 75 Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Types of subordinate clauses
This lecture discusses the main types of complex sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Lecture outline
75.1. Consistent subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses.
75.1. Consistent submission subordinate clauses
In lectures 73 and 74 we talked about complex sentences and different types of subordinate clauses, but mostly we paid attention only to sentences with one subordinate clause. Much more often in texts there are sentences of three or more parts in which several subordinate clauses are used.
Depending on how these subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause, complex sentences (CSS) are divided into:
1) SPP with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses;
2) SPP with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses;
3) SPP with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses;
4) SPP with various types subordination of subordinate clauses.
Let's analyze the proposal:
We use arrows to show where exactly we are asking the question to the subordinate clause (from the end of the previous part, from the beginning or from the middle). In this sentence, we ask a question to both subordinate clauses from the end of the previous part.
Let's look at a few more sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
From this diagram it is clear that the second part breaks the first, since the question is asked from the middle of the main sentence.
I would like to draw attention to another type of complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. This case is quite complicated, so pay special attention to it.
[I thought] 1, (that later it would be difficult for me to free myself from his guardianship) 2, (if at this decisive moment I did not argue with the old man) 3.
Now try to draw diagrams of several sentences yourself. To do this, you need to drag and drop various elements from the bottom field into the table.
1) She wrote to him that she decided to speed up her departure from Dresden, because her aunt’s health had completely improved.
2) Mechik could not believe that Levinson was really the way Chizh portrayed him.
3) She looked at him as one looks at a person in whom they saw something that they had long expected.
75.2. Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses
About homogeneous we say subordination of subordinate clauses if in a complex sentence all subordinate clauses
- refer to the same word of the main part,
- are of the same type,
- are connected by a non-union or coordinating connection.
Let's look at a few examples.
In other cases, the homogeneous nature of the subordinate clauses may not be so obvious:
[She went with him, pleased] 1, (that she pleased him) 2 and (now she can stay on the shore and take a break from the nursing of the bored Pavlik) 2.
Between homogeneous subordinate clauses there is a connecting conjunction, but in the second subordinate clause the conjunctive means (the conjunction THAT) is omitted, but it can easily be restored:
[For the medieval reader it is primarily important] (what the work is dedicated to) and (by whom it was created).
Now try to assemble complex sentences with uniform subordination of subordinate clauses from scattered simple sentences. Pay attention to the meaning of the sentence.
75.3. Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
Parallel (non-uniform) subordination of subordinate clauses occurs in two cases:
- if subordinate clauses are attached to one word of the main part, but are different in semantics;
- subordinate clauses are the same in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.
Let's look at both cases with examples.
(Since we never kept birds) 1, [then I realized] 2, (that this cage belongs to the new tenant) 3.
In this sentence, the main part is the second part, both subordinate clauses depend on the same word, but at the same time they are different in meaning: part 1 is a subordinate clause of reason, and part 3 is an explanatory clause. Let us now depict this proposal schematically.
Please note that the scheme is very similar to the scheme of a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses, but the questions asked are different.
Now consider a sentence with subordinate clauses that are identical in meaning, but refer to different words of the main part.
Both subordinate clauses in this sentence are explanatory, connected by the same conjunctions, but at the same time depend on different words.
Indicate the numbers of complex sentences with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the answer is incorrect, be sure to read the pop-up comment.
| Date: 2010-05-22 10:47:52 | Views: 25241 |
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of three types of subordination of secondary (or dependent) parts in each type. Each type has its own subtleties and tricks, knowing which you can easily determine this type.
Homogeneous, consistent and parallel subordination subordinate clauses
All three types characterize the order in which the answer to the question posed from the main part of the sentence occurs. It is worth noting that there can be (and most often is) several subordinate parts and they can stand both in front of the main part and after it.
Homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses is a subordination when all minor parts answer the same question. As a rule, such clauses have one common conjunction or For example: “Mom told me that everything would be fine and that she would buy me a doll.” In this case, you can see one common conjunction “what”. However, there are also cases when the conjunction is omitted, but it is implied. An example is the following sentence: “Nastya noticed that he was looking at her and there was a blush on his cheeks.” In this version, the conjunction is omitted, but the meaning remains the same. It is very important to see this omitted conjunction clearly, as such sentences often appear in the exam.
Consecutive subordination of subordinate clauses is such a subordination when the secondary members answer the question of their “predecessor”, that is, questions are asked from each part of the sentence to the subsequent member. For example: “I am sure that if I get an excellent score, I will enter a good educational institution" The sequence is clearly expressed here: I am sure (of what?), that..., then (what will happen?).
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is a type of subordination when the secondary parts refer to one thing. They do not answer one question, but together they explain the meaning of the main statement. It is advisable to draw up diagrams of this kind so as not to make mistakes in determining the type. So, submissions: “When the cat jumped out of the window, Masha pretended that nothing bad had happened.” So, the main part is the middle of the sentence (and from it you can ask a question both to the first subordinate clause and to the second): Masha pretended (when?) and (what happened then?). It is worth noting that simple complex sentence will not contain any of the types of subordination presented above. As a rule, they are built only between parts.
Thus, we can conclude that in a complex sentence the dependent parts have three types of attachment: homogeneous, sequential and parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Each type determines the dependence on the main member and the connection with the same secondary parts. To correctly identify this type, you just need to ask the question correctly and draw diagrams of complex sentences, indicating these same questions with arrows. After a visual drawing, everything will immediately become clear.
The branch of science about our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with many interesting things, and parsing can be a fun activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.
Complex sentence and its parts
A complex sentence (S/P) is a complex sentence in which one can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
So, there are four types of subordination.
- Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
- Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
- Not homogeneous subordination- subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked for them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
- Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely various questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
What is the difference between various types subordination, we found out. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.
If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we ask them from different words, then the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "about that" ask a question "about what?"to the second. This means that in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.
It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.
Let's sum it up
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to highlight simple sentences as part of a complex, identify the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then What we have before us is consistent subordination.
Be literate!
In a complex sentence, hereinafter referred to as SPP, all subordinate parts can relate directly to the entire main sentence or to one of its members. In this case, they indicate the homogeneous subordination of dependent clauses. With homogeneous subordination, we indicate its main features:
- all subordinate clauses refer to the main clause or to the same word in the main clause;
- the clauses have the same meaning and answer the same question, that is, they are clauses of the same type;
- connected by coordinating conjunctions or non-unionally;
- pronounced with enumerative intonation,
for example:
It is unknown where she lived (1), who she was (2), why her portrait was made by a Roman artist (3) and what she thought so sadly about (4).
Unknown (what?). To all subordinate clauses, regardless of the fact that they are attached by different allied words ( where, who, why, what about), let's ask the same question: What? In this SPP there is a cascade of explanatory clauses, which depend on one word in the main part - a predicate impersonal sentence expressed by a predicative adverb. Consequently, this is an SPP with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
, (where...), (who...), (why...) and (about what...).
Between subordinate sentences with listing, as in the example given, commas are placed, except for the last two subordinate sentences. If a non-repeating connecting or disjunctive conjunction is used between homogeneous subordinate clauses ( and, or, either), then the comma is not placed, for example:
We understood that it was already late_ and that we had to hurry home.
Linear proposal diagram:
, (what...) and (what...).
Examples of sentences with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses
I understood that I was lying in bed, that I was sick, that I had just been delirious (A. Kuprin).
In the spring, the oriole appears late, when the groves are already covered with leaves and all the songbirds have arrived long ago (I. Sokolov-Mikitov).
The aunt interestingly told that her first husband was the Persian consul and that she lived with him for some time in Tehran (F. Iskander).
Since the birch trees were dressed up and various grasses with spikelets and cones and necks of different colors grew under them, a lot, a lot of water has flowed from the stream (M. Prishvin).
In the morning, the grandmother complained that all the apples in the garden had been knocked down at night and one old plum had broken (A. Chekhov).
Subordinate clauses that relate to the entire main sentence (time, assignment, reason, conditions, etc.) or to one of its members (definitive, explanatory, measures and degrees, place, manner of action) can be heterogeneous, that is, different in value and belong to different types, for example:
When the fishermen gathered (1), Ivan Ivanovich, in his own way, somehow deduced that by the evening the wind would drive the ice away at noon (2) (M. Prishvin).
Two subordinate clauses depend on the main clause:
- one - subordinate tense ( when the fishermen gathered);
- the second is an explanatory clause ( that by the evening the wind will drive the ice at noon).
Linear proposal diagram:
(When...), , (what...).
Examples of sentences with parallel subordinate clauses
But although they were neighbors all their lives, Ulya never saw Anatoly outside of school and Komsomol meetings, where he often gave presentations (A. Fadeev).
As soon as the heat subsided, the forest began to get cold and dark so quickly that I didn’t want to stay in it (I. Turgenev).
When I have a new book in my hands, I feel that something new, speaking, wonderful has entered my life (M. Gorky).
The river along which we walked kept turning sharply, so that its glittering mirror rested in the distance either on thickets of willow trees or on a sandy cliff (V. Soloukhin).
When I look closely, it even seems to me that I am beginning to see hundreds, thousands of kilometers around (M. Bubennov).
In early spring, as soon as the snow melts, the field where winter rye was sown is covered with lush greenery (L. Leonov).
Sentences with sequential subordination
Complex sentences with sequential subordination are discussed in detail with examples in this article.
Let us give more examples of sentences with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
The time for our journey has expired, although we managed to cover only half of what we had planned (V. Soloukhin).
Everything is available to a person in this life, if only he desires it passionately, so passionately that he doesn’t feel sorry for life itself (L. Leonov).
There is a known knot on the trunk on which you place your foot when you want to climb an apple tree (V. Soloukhin).
If every person on a piece of his land did everything he could, how beautiful our land would be (A. Chekhov).
In this chapter:
§1. Types of subordination in NGN with several subordinate clauses
An IPP can have more than one subordinate clause. In this case, it is important to understand how all the parts of a complex sentence are related to each other, what obeys what. Three types are possible:
1) consistent submission,
2) parallel subordination,
3) homogeneous subordination.
Consistent submission
With sequential subordination, a chain of sentences is formed: the first subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause, the second subordinate clause is subordinate to the first subordinate clause, etc. With this type of subordination, each subordinate clause is the main one for the subsequent subordinate clause.
I'm afraid that Anna will be late for the exam, which is scheduled to start early in the morning.
Scheme: [...], (union What...), (conjunctive word which…).
With sequential subordination, the subordinate clause related to the main one is called a subordinate clause of the first degree, and the next subordinate clause is called a subordinate clause of the second degree, etc.
Parallel subordination
If one main clause includes subordinate clauses different types, then parallel subordination is formed. With this type of subordination, both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause. It is important that these clauses are of different types and they answer different questions.
When the teacher came in, the kids stood up to greet her.
Scheme: (conjunctive word When…), [ … ], (union to …).
Homogeneous Subordination
If subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and relate to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole, then a homogeneous subordination is formed. With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses answer the same question.
I suddenly felt how the tension subsided and how light my soul became.
Scheme: [...], (union How...) and (union How …).
Subordinate clauses explanatory sentences similar homogeneous members sentences, they are connected to each other by the conjunction And. Both subordinate clauses refer to the main clause of the sentence. There is no comma between them.
It is important that with homogeneous subordination, conjunctions or allied words can be omitted, which is typical for sentences with several subordinate clauses.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that an IPP can have more than one subordinate clause?
What is subordination called when the first subordinate clause is subordinated to the main clause, the second subordinate to the first, etc.?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is subordination called when subordinate clauses of different types are attached to one main clause?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
What is subordination called when subordinate clauses are sentences of the same type and refer to the same member of the main sentence or the entire main sentence as a whole?
- consistent submission
- homogeneous subordination
- parallel subordination
When the performance ended, the children clapped so that the artists felt their gratitude.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that in the next episode the hero will save the girl he is in love with.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I heard the door slam and people talking in the hallway.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
What is subordination in a sentence: I think that my brother will be happy with my gift and that I made a very good choice.?
- consistent submission
- parallel subordination
- homogeneous subordination
The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and syntactic analysis can be a fascinating activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.
Complex sentence and its parts
A complex sentence (S/P) is a complex sentence in which one can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.
Types of subordination of subordinate clauses
So, there are four types of subordination.
- Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
- Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
- Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
- Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses
We found out what is the difference between different types of submission. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.
If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that we really have parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we ask them from different words, then the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "about that" ask a question "about what?"to the second. This means that in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.
It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.
Let's sum it up
Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to select simple sentences as part of a complex subordination, determine the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then What we have before us is consistent subordination.
Be literate!
