Noun suffixes in English ant. Suffixes in English: suffixes in English

From the point of view of word formation, it would be more correct to say not “English words with the ending tion”, but words with allomorphic(that is, almost identical) suffixes “tion / ion / ation”. They can be distinguished only by knowing the origin of the word; the suffix “sion” is similar to them. Words ending in “tion” are words that denote actions, processes, concepts, properties, qualities, sciences and objects.
Examples:

Sense-sensation
Collect-collection
Nominalize- nominalization
Produce-production
Intend-intention

These words in turn can form new ones:

Nation - national
Constitution - constitutional

In order to independently form one word from another, knowledge of suffixes will not be enough, so you should expand your vocabulary.

The suffix -tion, comes from -cion, which existed in Middle English and changed later under the influence of French.

Many words with the indicated suffixes were borrowed from other languages ​​(English, French, Latin) and turned into Russian using morphological transfer. The beginning of the word is copied letter by letter (transliteration), the suffix is ​​changed in the Russian manner and the Russian ending is added: revolution - revolution, selection - selection. With this transition, “-tion” turns into “-tion”, and “-sion” into “-sia”. Borrowed words can also be recognized by the prefixes characteristic of foreign languages: structure - restructuring, information - disinformation.

The meaning of the word may change slightly or remain the same. For example, in English “selection” means choice in the broad sense of the word, and in Russian the word “selection” usually means the science of breeding animal breeds and plant varieties. Knowing the meaning of similar Russian words, it is easier for a person to remember or guess the English translation and vice versa - to understand new Russian terms. Among the borrowed words there are both widely known and familiar words, as well as terms found only in specialized literature or a narrow field, for example, affirmation, accommodation, extrapolation. If a word ending in “tion” appears in colloquial phrase or literary text, it is advisable to translate it without borrowing. If the text is about science, business, politics, technology, it is appropriate to use borrowings.

How to read

The combination of letters -tion [ʃ(ǝ)n] at the end of a word read in Russian as [shn] or [sheng], the exception is the word question, where the last letters are read as [chn]. The stress in words with such suffixes falls on the last vowel before the letters “tion”. The pronunciation of a stressed vowel depends on which letter, vowel or consonant, is located before these letters.

If there is a vowel before “tion”, then it has an alphabetical reading, as in an open syllable, and if it is a consonant, then the vowel before it is read briefly, as in a closed syllable. The exception is the letter i, which is pronounced [i] in both cases.

In order to communicate easily and fluently in English, you need to have a sufficient vocabulary, as well as be able to quickly select the necessary words. An easy way to increase your vocabulary is to learn the noun suffixes in English.

What is a suffix?

Before we talk about noun suffixes, we need to understand what a suffix is. This term refers to the significant part of the word that follows immediately after the root. In other words, a word is a constructor consisting of several elements that are firmly connected to each other and can be easily separated if necessary. A suffix is ​​one of these elements. It can be attached or, on the contrary, detached from the word. In this case, the “word” construction is not destroyed, only its form changes - sound, spelling and lexical meaning:

• School - schoolboy - schoolgirl (suffixes -nik-, -nitsa-);
• Friend (friend) - friendship (friendship) - friendly (friendly) (suffix -ship, -ly).

The suffix has two functions. The first is formative, which is involved in the formation of new grammatical forms: clever (smart) - cleverest (smartest) (the suffix -est is involved in the formation of the superlative degree of the adjective). The second is word-forming, necessary for the formation of new lexical units with the same root: to write - writer (to write - writer).

Noun and its suffixes

A noun, as an independent part of speech, has its own suffixes. They contribute to the formation of new words. The table “Noun Suffixes” in English presents the most productive ones and their general meaning:

Suffix	Meaning	Examples
Ist (-an, -ian, -ean)	Nationality, affiliation political party, flow)	Scientist (scientist), communist (communist), Russian (Russian), historian (historian)
Er (-or, -eer, -ee, -ant, -ier, -ar)	Profession, occupation, position	Writer (writer), speaker (speaker), inspector (inspector), dreamer (dreamer), employee (employee), engineer (engineer)
	Belonging to a particular doctrine or political party	Buddhism (Buddhism), fascism (fascism), nationalism (nationalism)
	The result of the work, the result of the work	development (development), punishment (punishment)
Hood (-ship, -cy)	A certain state, level of relationship	Boyhood (adolescence), orphanhood (orphanhood), friendship (friendship), infancy (infancy)
Ness (-dom, -y, -ancy, -ency, -ity, -ty)	A certain condition or quality	Boredom (longing), Wisdom (wisdom), darkness (darkness), prettiness (attractiveness), clarity (clarity), gaiety (gaiety)
Al, -ation, -sion, -tion, -ition, Ance, -ence, -ing, -age	Obvious result, state, process	Regulation, attention, barrage, shortage
	Science section	Mathematics (mathematics), physics (physics)
	Place of work, occupation or condition	Laboratory (laboratory), observatory (observatory)
	Abstract concepts	Authority (power), equality (equality),
	Feminine

In this lesson from the section we will continue talking about noun suffixes. We have already covered These are five suffixes.

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Now let's look at the remaining suffixes to get a complete picture of how nouns are formed in English. If you are preparing for an English language exam in the form of the Unified State Exam, then knowing them is simply necessary.

Total English nouns have 16 suffixes:

• -er/or, -tion, -ing, -ness, -ence/ance (main list - 9th grade),
• -hood, -ship, -dom, -th, -t, -(i)ty, -ment, -age, -ure, -ee, -ist (extended list - 11th grade).

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Word formation of nouns

Noun suffixes in English

1.Suffixes -hood, -ship, -dom, with the help of which nouns are formed from other nouns and adjectives.

noun/adj + Ʌ =noun

1. hood
   child - childhood (child - childhood)
   neighbor - neighborhood (neighbor - neighborhood)
2. ship
   friend - friendship (friend - friendship)
   champion - championship (champion - championship)
   partner - partnership (partner - partnership)
3. dom
   king - kingdom (king - kingdom)
   free - freedom (free - freedom)
   wise - wisdom (wise - wisdom)

2. Suffixes -th, -t, -(i)ty, with the help of which nouns are formed from adjectives.

adj + Ʌ =noun

1. th(possibly alternating a vowel at the root of a word)
   warm - warmth (warm - warmth)
   long - length
   strong - strength
   wide - width
   deep - depth
   young - youth
2. t: high - height (high - height)
3. (i)ty
   electric - electricity (electric - electricity)
   possible - possibility
   probable - probability

3. Suffixes -ment, -age, -ure, with the help of which nouns are formed from verbs.

verb + Ʌ =noun

1. ment
   state - statement (state - statement)
   develop - development
2. age
   marry - marriage (marry - marriage, marriage)
   break - breakage
3. ure
   press - pressure (press - pressure)
   please - pleasure
   depart - departure

4. And we will separately consider the suffixes of the profession — ist and suffix -ee.

1. ist
   biology - biologist (biology - biologist)
   psychology - psychologist (psychology - psychologist)
2. ee
   address - addressee (address - addressee/recipient)
   employer - employee (employer - employee)

Total turned out 11 suffixes. To remember them, I recommend learning 11 words (the simplest ones) with these suffixes in the form of mnemonic phrases. For example, these:

1.In my childhood I made a friendship with a king of a kingdom. He had good strength and great height. — As a child, I made friends with the king of one kingdom. He had great strength and enormous height.

2.Electricity resulted from the development of science. — Electricity was the result of the development of science.

3.The breakage was because of high pressure.— The breakdown was due to high pressure.

Suffixes of nouns in English. Exercises

Exercise 1. Read the noun and indicate the suffix with which it is formed.

EXAMPLE. performance - The noun performance e is formed with the help of the suffix -ance.

silence, biologist, employment, humanity, modesty, settlement, feeling

Exercise 2. Find a noun in each line and translate it.

Exercise 3. Form nouns with the indicated suffixes from the stems of the highlighted words and write them.

- ment:
1.The child was greatly excited when he received a big bear as a birthday present.
The child’s ____________was very great.

2. My English has improved very little for the last two months.
There is very little ___________ in my English, I am afraid.

3. The children enjoyed entertaining the guests.
They enjoyed giving an _____________ for their guests.

—tion
4. He collected a good library of books.
He had a good __________ of books.

5. The machines exhibited in the hall were very interesting to us.
The machines at the ___________ are very interesting.

6. He said he wanted to continue studying after he graduated from the institute.
He said he wanted to continue studying after….

— ance
7. The scientists had difficulty explaining how the star had disappeared.
They had difficulty in explaining the____________.of the star.

—ence
8. We were surprised to find out how different her speech had become.
We were surprised at the ________________in her speech.

Exercise 4. Fill in the spaces with verbs formed from the nouns given in brackets.

1. He said good bye and ____________ (departure)
2. Your pronunciation has _____________ wonderfully. (improvement)
3. The doctor ______________the boy’s arm carefully. (examination)

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with nouns formed from the verbs given in brackets.

1. This rare book is the first _____________ of Pushkin’s poems. (to edit)
2. The sixth-form pupils’ English ___________was much better this year. (to perform)
3. The dancer’s__________became slower and slower (to move).

Exercise 6. Form nouns from adjectives.

1. thirsty
2. hungry
3. shady

To test yourself, use the DICTIONARY dictionary in the lower right corner. If you click on the arrows, a dictionary window will appear and you need to enter a word that will be the answer.

For example, 1. thirsty (thirsty) - ? your option(thirst).

Enter the word thirst into the dictionary and check if it matches your option t with the one the dictionary suggests.

Exercise 7.Make the right choice. Translate the sentence.
1. What is the (long, length) of the corridor?
2. How (long, length) is the street?
3. He is not (strong, strength) enough to fight with John?
4. My brother can lift the box because of his (strong, strength).
5. Nelly’s skirt is too (wide, width).
6. We can’t get the piano through the door because of its (wide, width).
7. Is spring a (warmth, warm) season?
8. We felt the (warm, warmth) of the sun on out faces and hands.
9. We were surprised at your formal (polite, politeness).
10. We were not struck by the (white, whiteness) of the snow.

Exercise 8. Rewrite the phrases, indicating in brackets the word from which the noun is formed. Translate them.

EXAMPLE. whole-hearted devotion (devote) - devotion with all your heart

whole-hearted devotion, gloomy silence, an outstanding novelist, gathering darkness, limitless possibilities, an important addition, a noticeable improvement, complete understanding, widespread popularity, a gymnastic competition, a new acquaintance, a small settlement, an important announcement.

Exercise 9. Form nouns from these verbs using suffixes: -er/-or -ment -(a)tion -ion -age -ure -th.

to construct, to equip, to divide, to inform, to mix, to observe, to move, to break, to direct, to compete, to grow, to press, to radiate, to develop, to protect, to transport, to solve , to recognize , to measure, to fail, to vibrate, to reflect, to treat, to improve, to elect, to educate, to manage, to govern, to achieve, to imagine, to attract

Exercise 10. B put in the spaces abstract nouns formed from the words given in brackets.

1. Suvorov always showed great courage and __________. (wise)
2. The traveler had to overcome many __________. (difficult)
3. He sat resting, enjoying the ___________ of the fire. (warm)
4. He suffered from his own __________. (fool)
5. This man has extraordinary __________. (strong)
6. The balloon floated at the _________of one mile. (high)
7. She remembered the happy days of her __________. (young)
8. The __________ of the canal is seventy kilometers. (long)
9. Its _________ is one hundred meters. (wide)
10. When he came round he felt a strange ____________and could not stand up (weak).

So, I hope that by completing a cycle of exercises on topic “Word formation of nouns in English” did you remember 16 basic noun suffixes. But if you still have questions, write in the comments. Author, Tatyana Nabeeva

English suffixes, like Russians, are the elements of the word following the root. They help us form new words. Some suffixes change the part of speech, turning, for example, a verb into a noun. We should also not forget about those suffixes that, while changing the form of a word, do not affect its very meaning.

If you have even a little ideaabout the table of suffixes in English, then any word-formation “delights” in English will seem like child’s play. Moreover, having understood the principles of constructing new words using prefixes and suffixes (by the way, prefixes are significantly inferior to suffixes in terms of flexibility and prevalence), a language learner will be able to translate nouns without any problems masculine to female, to form a nationality or profession.

It turns out that it is not at all necessary to set records for the number of words learned. Indeed, in English, as in Russian, there is the concept of “cognate words”, differing from each other only in suffixes and prefixes. Therefore, knowing, for example, the meaning of the verb paint (to paint, to paint), you can easily understand that painter is an artist.

Word-forming and form-forming suffixes: differences

Russian speakers consider some English suffixes to be endings. For example, some English textbooks call the suffix -ed an ending. All Suffixes in English is divided into two large groups: formative and word-forming. Thanks to the first, the word does not change its meaning, only the form changes. Compare short (short) and shorter (shorter).

Word-formingsuffixes in Englishform a new word with a different meaning, albeit often similar to the meaning of the original word. For example, neighbor (neighbor) - neighborhood (neighborhood).

Form-buildingsuffixes in English

So, in English, unlike Russian, one word can take not so many forms. This is due to the fact that in English many grammatical meanings of a word, such as gender, verb tense, etc., are expressed not by the word itself, but by various auxiliary elements (articles, auxiliary verbs, etc.). In Russian, just one adjective (depending on case, number, gender) can have more than 20 forms. For example, beloved - beloved - beloved - beloved, etc. In English, the adjective favorite (favorite) may not change at all, but we guess about its exact form from the context (environment): This is my favorite book (This is my favorite book ). - He is my favorite writer (He is my favorite writer).

However, in some cases, English words do change form. And for this, in English there are five formative suffixes that are important to remember: -ed, -est, -ing, -s (-es), -er.

Now it’s worth understanding the English words that can take different shapes. So, the English suffix -ed is needed in order to form the second and third forms correct verb. For example, finish (finish, complete) - finished (completed).

The suffixes -er and -est in Englishused in the formation of comparative forms of adjectives. We use these suffixes with short adjectives, like close, big, etc. For comparative form The suffix -er is used, and for the superlative - -est. For example, close (close) - closer (closer) - closest (closest).

Among English suffixes-s and -es are widespread. They are used in following cases:

• to form the possessive form animate noun- father (father) - father's house (father's house);
• to form the plural of a noun - face (face) - faces (faces);
• to form the 3rd person singular of the verb (in the Present Simple) - run (run) - runs (runs).

Finally, the English suffix -ing is used to form Continuous tense forms, type 1 participles, verbal nouns and gerunds: to run (run) - I am running (I am running) - running (running, running, running).Read more about this in the article.

Suffixes forming nouns

Word-formingsuffixes in Englishcontribute to the formation of a number of nouns. It is to them that we owe the appearance of the names of many professions. The list of suffixes for nouns is quite extensive.

Suffixes in English: tablefor nouns

Adjective suffixes in English

A huge number of adjectives in English are formed from nouns and verbs. Some suffixes are used to form both nouns and adjectives (for example, -al, -ing). But most of the suffixes we see with the part of speech answering the question “which” are not found on nouns or verbs. For example,suffix less in Englishcharacteristic only of adjectives.

List adjective suffixes in English, just as in the case of nouns, is quite extensive.

• -able, -ible. The ability to perform or perform any action. To make an adjective, a suffix is ​​added to the verb. For example, to forget (forget) - forgettable (unmemorable).
• -al. Used to indicate a characteristic. For example, accident (case) - accidental (random).
• -ant. Adjectives formed with this suffix from verbs and nouns mean “conveying qualities.” For example, please (to please) - pleasant (pleasant).
• -ar. When forming adjectives, this suffix is ​​often added to nouns or stems of Latin origin. -Ar is used to mean “to have the quality of something” (for example, moon, sun, pole): lunar (lunar), solar (solar), polar (polar).
• -ary, ory. Used to denote a characteristic, quality or relationship to something. For example, diet (diet) - dietary (dietary).
• -ate. The meaning of adjectives with the suffix -ate, as a rule, can be expressed by the phrase “to have some quality”: affection - affectionate (attachment - loving, affectionate). This suffix also indicates a characteristic. For example, fortune (happiness, luck) - fortunate (happy, lucky).
• -ed. Adjectives with this suffix usually describe the influence exerted on someone or something: amaze (amaze, amaze) - amazed (amazed).
• -ent. Used to mean quality: to differ (different) - different (different).
• -ern. Used when indicating a part of the world: south (south) - southern (southern).
• -ese. Denotes nationality or territorial affiliation. For example, China (China) - Chinese (Chinese).
• -ful. This suffix in English turns a noun into an adjective, meaning “to be endowed with something, some property.” For example, beauty (beauty) - beautiful (beautiful).
• -ian, ean. These suffixes in Englishfound in adjectives expressing national or territorial affiliation: Italy (Italy) - Italian (Italian).
• -ic. Added to a noun and describes a quality: majesty (greatness) - majestic (majestic).
• -ical. Indicates the attribute: myth (myth) - mythical (mythical).
• -ing. For the formation of adjectives and participles with the meaning of quality and property. For example, to miss (miss, miss) - missing (lost, absent).
• -ish. The suffix is ​​used in adjectives to mean “approximately”; it is also found in names of nationalities; sometimes it expresses similarity or belonging to something. For example, child (child) - childish (childish).
• -ive. Used to mean quality, ability: attract (attract) - attractive (attractive).
• -less. The suffix less in Englishserves as an antonym to the suffix ful and indicates the absence of any quality: home (house) - homeless (homeless).
• -like. Means similarity to something, similarity: wave (wave) - wavelike (wavy).
• -ly. To denote quality: friend - friendly.
• - ous - suffix expressing the characteristic: poison (poison) - poisonous (poisonous).
• -y. Used in the meaning of “to have a sign”: dirt (dirt) - dirty (dirty).

Verb suffixes

With the help of suffixes in English, a whole series of verbs are formed from nouns and adjectives.

Verbal suffixes in English: table with examples

Adverb suffixes

Word formation of adverbs in English is a much easier process than creating nouns and adjectives. In order to get a part of speech that answers the questions how, in what way, it is usually enough to use one of the suffixes presented below:

• wise
• ward/wards

The suffix ward is used to mean direction: home (house, cottage) - homeward (home). -Ly indicates a course of action. For example, true (honest) - truly (honestly). -Wise means the method of action: other (other) - otherwise (otherwise).

Of course, you don't have to remember everythingsuffixes in English. Constant conversational practice helps the student, over time, begin to see the components in words, easily identifying suffixes, prefixes and roots. And understanding the basis of a new word allows you to guess its function in a sentence.

1 .Suffix -er (-or ).

1) This suffix is ​​used to form nouns from verbs (infinitive without to + -er ,-or ). A noun with this ending denotes either a device that performs the action expressed by the verb from which it is derived, or a person who performs this action. When reading such derived words, you should remember that suffixes -er And -or the stress never falls, and therefore they are pronounced as a neutral sound [ə], for example:

to play (play) - a player [ə"pleɪə] player

to mix (mix) - a mixer [ə"mɪksə] mixer.

If the verb ends in e , then only the letter is added r ,For example:

to make (produce) - a maker [ə"meɪkə] producer

to use (use) - a user [ə"ju:zə] user.

It should be remembered that you often have to resort to descriptive translation of nouns with the suffix -er ,-or ,For example:

to lift (to lift) - a lifter [ə"lɪftə] lifting device

to time (assign time, calculate by time) - a timer [ə"taɪmə] a device that calculates time.

2) End letter r in words with such a suffix, it is pronounced as a connecting sound [r] only if it is followed by a word starting with a vowel, for example:

a reader of the book [ə"ri:də rəf ðə"buk] the reader of this book.

In this regard, you should pay attention to the reading of the conjunction and [ənd] - And ,A .This conjunction is pronounced very briefly, without stress and together, as if in one breath, with the words that it connects, for example:

a reader and a writer [ə"ri:də r ənd ə"raɪtə].

Task 1

A collector [əkə"lektə], a selector [əsə"lektə], a collector and a selector; a container [əkən"teɪnə], a protector [əprə"tektə], a container and a protector; an inventor [ənɪn"ventə], a reporter [ərɪ"pɔ:tə], an inventor and a reporter; a composer [əkəm"pəuzə], a producer [əprə"dju:sə], a composer and a producer.

2 .Suffix -ist .This is a very common suffix forming nouns denoting professionals, supporters of a social or scientific direction. It can be attached to nouns and adjectives.

Task 2. Read and give Russian equivalents.

A specialist [ə"speʃəlɪst], a naturalist [ə"nætʃrəlɪst], a scientist [ə"saɪəntɪst], a chemist [ə"kemɪst], an economist, a "botanist, a "moralist.

3 .Suffix - ian .Nouns with this suffix denote nationality or title and profession, for example: Russian ["rʌʃən] - Russian, academician [ə,kædə"mɪʃən] - academician, musician musician. Darwinian - Darwinist.

Words formed by adding a suffix -ian, can also be translated by adjectives, for example:

the Russian language ["læŋɡwɪdʒ] Russian language

Neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution [,nɪə dɑ:"wɪnɪən ɪn,tə:prɪ"teɪʃən əv,i:və"lu:ʃən] neo-Darwinian interpretation of evolution.

Note: Please note that nouns and adjectives denoting nationality are always capitalized: English, Russian, Polish, American.

4 .Suffix -ity (spelling options -ety ,-iety )forms abstract nouns with the meaning of state, quality, condition. Suffix -ity matches the suffix -ness , for example: able (capable) - ability [ə"bɪlɪtɪ] ability; active (active) - activity [æk"tɪvɪtɪ] activity, activity; valid (valid, justified, effective) - validity, effectiveness, fairness, legality, validity.

5 . Suffix -ing forms nouns from verbs (§ 85), for example: to meet (meet) - meeting ["mi:tɪŋ] meeting, to proceed (continue) - proceeding practice, proceedings, notes (of a scientific society).

6 .Suffix -hood forms nouns with the meaning “state, position, quality”, for example: child (child) - childhood ["tʃaɪldhud] childhood, man (man) - manhood ["mænhud] masculinity.

7 . Suffix -ment forms nouns denoting action, for example: to move (to move) - movement ["mu:vmənt] - movement.

Some words with this suffix take on the meaning of a collection of objects, for example: equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] equipment.

8 . Suffix -ness forms nouns with the meaning “state, quality”, for example: dark (dark) - darkness ["dɑ:knɪs] darkness, good (good) - goodness ["ɡudnɪs] kindness, great (great) - greatness ["ɡreɪtnɪs] greatness.

9 .Suffix -y forms abstract nouns from verbs, for example: to discover (open) - discovery discovery; to inquire (ask, find out) - inquiry [ɪn"kwaɪərɪ] question, request.

10 .Suffix -th forms nouns with the meaning of quality, for example: true (true, truthful) - truth, health - health.

By adding a suffix -th nouns are formed from adjectives, and the root vowel often changes, for example: long (long) - length length, deep (deep) - depth depth, strong (strong) - strength strength.

11 .Suffix -ant forms nouns with the meaning of person and substance, for example: to assist (help) - assistant [ə"sɪstənt] assistant, to serve (serve) - servant ["sə:vənt] servant, an oxidant oxidizer, solvent solvent.

12 .Suffix -age forms nouns with different meanings, for example: to break (break) - breakage ["breɪkɪdʒ] breakdown; to marry (marry) - marriage ["mæ-rɪdʒ] wedding; courage ["kʌrɪdʒ] - courage, boldness, courage.

13 .Suffix -ism is characteristic of many languages, for example: Darwinism ["dɑ:wɪnɪzm], romanticism, capitalism ["kæpɪtəlɪzm], vandalism ["vændəlɪzm].

14 .Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure ).

1) First of all, you should pay attention to the pronunciation of letter combinations ture And sure .As a result of certain phonetic changes in the English language, the combination ture began to be perceived as a symbol. For example: culture ["kʌltʃə], future ["fju:tʃə], lecture ["lektʃə], temperature ["temprɪtʃə].

Letter combination sure conveyed by the sound combination [ʃə]. For example: pressure ["preʃə], tonsure ["tɔnʃə].

If before the letter combination sure there is a vowel, then it is conveyed by the sound combination [ʒə]. For example: exposure [ɪks"pouʒə], measure ["meʒə], treasure ["treʒə", pleasure ["pleʒə].

2) Suffix -ire (-ture ,-sure )forms nouns denoting a process, for example: to press (press) - pressure ["preʃə] pressure, to mix (mix) - mixture ["mɪkstʃə] mixing.

Many nouns formed with the help of these suffixes can mean the result of an action in the form of an object, a substance, for example: mixture - medicine, mixture; fixture - fastening (part).

15 .Suffix -ship forms nouns with the meaning of state, position or property, for example: friend (friend) - friendship ["frendʃɪp] friendship, member (member) - membership ["membəʃɪp] membership.

Task 3. Based on the given verbs, form nouns using suffixes -er ,-or , and translate.

Example: to tell - a teller [ə"telə] narrator.

Suffix -er: to absorb - absorb, absorb; to advise - advise, consult; to compute - calculate; to point - to indicate; to produce - produce, cause; to report - to report, report; to design - to design, construct; to restore - restore, restore; to run - to run; to test - check, test.

Note: Be aware that the verb to inform [ɪn"fɔ:m] produces two nouns: informer -informant,informer And informant -informant("reporter").

Suffix -or: to act - to act; to correct - to correct; to inspect - to inspect; to invent - to invent; to operate - work, act, manage; to select - select, sort.

Task 4. Connect the given pairs of nouns with a conjunction and .Remember to use the connecting sound [r] before the conjunction and if the word in front of it ends with a letter r .Translate into Russian.

Sample: a reader, a writer - a reader and a writer - reader and writer.

An actor, a reporter; an artist, a proofreader; a designer, an inspector; a naturalist, an inventor; an adviser, an informer; a specialist, an adviser; an absorber, a selector; an operator, and separator; a chemist, a runner; a restorer, a tester; an informant, an inspector; a computer, an operator; a pointer, a selector; a scientist, a designer; a checker, a producer.

Task 5. Read and translate into Russian.

Suffix - (i )an: historian, arithmetician [ə,rɪθmə"tɪʃən], statistician [,stætɪs"tɪʃən], politician [,pɔlɪ"tɪʃən], phonetician [,fəunə"tɪʃən], librarian (library - library), tragedian (tragedy - tragedy), comedian (comedy - comedy).

Note: Please note that physician means doctor,doctor,a physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst] - physicist.

Suffix -ity: simplicity (simple - simple), similarity [,sɪmɪ"lærɪtɪ] (similar - similar), selectivity (to select - select), complexity (complex - complex), certainty ["sə:təntɪ] (certain - certain), relativity [ ,relə"tɪvɪtɪ] (relative - relative), conductivity [,kɔndʌk"tɪvɪtɪ] (to conduct - to conduct).

Suffix -ing: writings ["raɪtɪŋz] (to write - to write), finding ["faɪndɪŋ] (to find - to find), coming ["kʌmɪŋ] (to come - to come), going ["ɡouɪŋ] (to go - to walk), planning [ "plænɪŋ] (to plan - plan).

Suffix -hood: fatherhood ["fɑ:ðəhud] (father - father), brotherhood ["brʌðəhud] (brother - brother), serfhood ["sə:fhud] (serf - serf, slave), neighborhood ["neɪbəhud] (neighbor - neighbor).

Suffix -menu movement ["mu:vmənt] (to move - move), equipment [ɪ"kwɪpmənt] (to equip - equip), requirement (to require - demand), agreement [ə"ɡri:mənt] (to agree - agree), measurement ["meʒəmənt] (to measure - to measure), development (to develop - to develop), improvement [ɪm"pru:vmənt] (to improve - to improve), treatment ["tri:tmənt] (to treat - to interpret, process) .

Suffix -ness (basic Russian equivalent -ness ): emptiness ["emptɪnɪs] (empty - empty), weakness ["wi:knɪs] (weak - weak), usefulness ["ju:sfulnɪs] (useful - useful), readiness ["redɪnɪs] (ready - ready), effectiveness [ ɪ"fektɪvnɪs] (effective - effective).

Suffixes -y; -th; -ant; -ist; -ure: discovery (to discover - open), strength (strong - strong), truth (true - true), growth ["ɡrouθ] (to grow - grow), chemist ["kemɪst], physicist ["fɪzɪsɪst", capitalist ["kæpɪtəlɪst ], economist [ɪ"kɔnəmɪst], scientist ["saɪəntɪst] (science - science), meteorologist [,mi:tjə"rɔlədʒɪst], assistant [ə"sɪstənt], servant ["sə:vənt] (to serve - to serve) , exposure (ɪks "pouʒə] (to expose - withstand (in the light), expose).

Suffix -ship: leadership ["li:dəʃɪp] (to lead), citizenship ["sɪ(:)tɪzənʃɪp] (citizen - citizen), dictatorship (dictator - dictator).

Exercise 1.Translate by paying special attention nouns that are formed in different ways(§ 31).

Memo: words possible And feasible["fɪ:zəbl] can be translated the same way - possible .However, know the difference: possible - possible ,likely; feasible - (physically) executable ,feasible ,possible .

1. Beggars cannot be choosers. 2.The impossibility of such a simplification is obvious. 3. Clearliness is next to godliness. 4. Death is the great leveler. 5. Idleness is the mother of all evil. 6. Overdocumentation has two dangers. 7. There are times when the weak can help the strong. 8. Two wrongs do not make a right. 9. They have the same likes and the same dislikes. 10. The capacity to select the important from the many is also necessary. 11. The difficult we can do at once the impossible may take a little time. 12. The wheres and whens are important.