Presentation on the topic of the era of palace coups. Presentation - palace coups
Plan.
1. Catherine I. (1725-1727) 2. Peter II. (1727-1730)
3. Anna Ioannovna. (1730-1740)
4. Ivan Antonovich. (1740-1741)
5. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) 6. Peter III (1761-1762)
7. Catherine II. (1762-1796)
Palace coups - this is the period from 1725 to 1762, when one ruler replaced another with the help guards regiments.
Time from the death of Peter the Great to Catherine's accession to the throne II is seen as a sad, unattractive time, a time of incapable rulers...
S.M. Soloviev
Petr Alekseevich
(1682-1725)
1725-1762
Catherine II
(1762-1796)
1725 – 1727 gg. - period of Catherine's reign I .
Catherine I (Marta Skavronskaya)
1726 - creates the Supreme Privy Council, in which it unites representatives of the old family nobility (Dolgoruky, Golitsyn, Repnin) and Peter's nominees (Menshikov, Golovkin, Tolstoy).
A. Menshikov
G.Golovkin
Shortly before Catherine's death I signed a decree transferring the throne to Peter II (grandson of Peter the Great); until he came of age, his guardian was to be the Supreme Privy Council headed by A.D. Menshikov.
Peter II (1727-1730)
In addition, the dying queen gave her consent to Peter's marriage. II with Maria Menshikova (daughter of A.D. Menshikov)
M. Menshikova
1730 – 1740 gg. - the reign of Anna Ioannovna .
Anna Ioannovna's favorite
E. Biron - First Minister
E.I.Biron
E.I.Biron
Shortly before her death, Anna Ioannovna appointed her successor little son(2 months) of his niece Anna Leopoldovna and Anton-Ulrich
(Duke of Brunswick).
Anton-Ulrich
Anna Leopoldovna
1740 – 1741 gg. - Ivan Antonovich
1741 – 1761 gg. - period of reign of Elizabeth Petrovna
Elizaveta Petrovna
Count Razumovsky
Back in 1742 Elizabeth appointed herself a successor - her nephew Pyotr Fedorovich (son of Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein)
Petr Fedorovich ( 1761 - 1762 )
Peter III reigned for only 186 days, was overthrown by his wife Catherine and her favorites. He was sent under arrest to the small town of Ropsha near St. Petersburg and was soon killed by A. Orlov.
A.G. Orlov
Catherine II
Restore the order of reign of the emperors
Peter II
Anna Ioannovna
Catherine II
Elizaveta Petrovna
Peter III
Ivan Antonovich
Catherine I
For 37 years from 1725 to 1762. There were 5 rulers on the Russian throne. All of them ascended the throne as a result of palace coups.
Palace coup- a change of power carried out by noble groups with the help of weapons.
There was large number direct and indirect heirs of the Romanov dynasty. In particular, there were three contenders for the throne:
1) Ekaterina Alekseevna - widow of Peter I.
2) The youngest daughter of Ekaterina Alekseevna Elizaveta Petrovna (the eldest Anna in 1724, under oath, renounced the Russian throne for herself and her offspring).
3) Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei, Peter Alekseevich.
1) decree of Peter I of 1722 on succession to the throne;
2) strengthening the role of the guard in the state affairs of the country;
3) the emergence of noble groups fighting for power.
In January 1725
Peter l dies.
The king did not have time to appoint an heir to the throne.
"Monarchs of Russia in the era of palace coups"
Ruler
board
Who did he rely on?
Pretenders to the throne
Catherine
(Peter's wife)
(son of the prince
Catherine I (1725-1727)
A. Menshikov (new nobility) and other close associates of Peter, with the support of the guard, placed his wife Catherine I on the throne.
A. Menshikov
Menshikov became the de facto ruler of Russia. He had to help Catherine, who was completely incapable of government activities, govern the state. In 1726, the Supreme Privy Council was established with broad powers, which included associates of Peter I.
Ruler
Years
board
Ekaterina l,
Peter's wife
Who did you rely on?
Menshikov and other associates of Peter, the guard, the Supreme Privy Council.
Peter ll (1727-1730)
In May 1727, Catherine I died. The grandson of Peter I, Peter Alekseevich, became the new emperor. Menshikov planned to marry him to his daughter, but the Dolgoruky princes bypassed him. Of the “supreme leaders”, six now belong to the old nobility.
Menshikov was removed from all posts, deprived of his entire fortune and exiled to Siberia. The Dolgorukys and Golitsyns had a huge influence on Peter, but they too failed. In January 1730, Peter fell ill and died on the day of his wedding to Ekaterina Dolgoruka. The Romanov dynasty ended with him in the male line.
Ruler
Years
board
Peter ll, grandson of Peter l
Who did you rely on?
Group of princes Dolgoruky and Golitsyn, guard, Supreme Privy Council.
Anna Ioanovna is working hard
The guard and nobility supported the autocratic tsarist power.
Anna Ioannovna, Peter's niece (1730-1740)
Along with Anna, many Baltic Germans arrived and occupied important posts in organs public administration. She did not delve into issues of state power. The Baltic German Biron became the de facto ruler of the state. Instead of the Supreme Privy Council, a Cabinet of Ministers appeared, fulfilling the whims of the empress.
He enjoyed the unlimited trust of the Empress. A contemporary wrote about Biron: “Biron’s character was arrogant, ambitious to the extreme, rude and even impudent, selfish.” Biron's reign was called Bironism. The policy he pursued led to the dominance of foreigners, the plunder of the country's wealth, and the brutal persecution of the dissatisfied. The secret police were rampant everywhere and death sentences were handed down.
Ernst Johann Biron
Ruler
Years
board
Anna Ioannovna, niece
Bironovism
Who did you rely on?
With the support of the guard, the German nobility led by Biron.
Ivan Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna
Anna Ivanovna declared heir to the throne Ivan Antonovich, the son of his niece Anna Leopoldovna and Anton Ulrich, and the regent (ruler) was Biron. But the guard overthrew the hated ruler.
Ruler
Years
board
Antonovich
Who did you rely on?
Less than a month
Regent (ruler) with full power - Biron
Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761)
In 1741, Elizaveta Petrovna, Peter's daughter, with the support of the guard, carried out a new palace coup. Foreigners were removed from the court, the state was ruled by capable statesmen from the Russian nobility.
Ruler
Years
board
Elizaveta Petrovna, daughter of Peter l
Who did you rely on?
Guard, Russian nobility
Elizaveta Petrovna announced her nephew as her heir - Peter III, son of Anna Petrovna, grandson of Peter I. Who became emperor in 1761. But he only had the chance to reign for 186 days. The contradictory actions, unpredictability and admiration for the Prussian king Frederick led to a new conspiracy.
An important decree of Peter III - Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility (nobles - resign at their own discretion).
Peter III Fedorovich (1761-1762)
Ruler
Years
board
Peter lll, grandson of Peter l
Who did you rely on?
No support
Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst
In 1744, Peter III married Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Catherine II.
On June 28, 1762, Peter III was deposed by his wife Ekaterina Alekseevna, an intelligent and ambitious woman. The new empress was Catherine II, who received the title Great. This was the fifth palace coup after the death of Peter the Great.
Catherine II (1762-1796)
Ruler
Years
board
Catherine ll, wife
Who did you rely on?
Guard and Russian nobility
Homework.
- Palace coups, their reasons
- Catherine I
- Peter II
- Reign of Anna Ioanovna
- Ivan Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna
- The reign of Elizaveta Petrovna
- Peter III
Fill out the worksheet “Palace coups”
After the death of Peter, a period of palace coups began that lasted 37 years.
Peter, having introduced by decree of 1722 the appointment of a successor as the reigning emperor, created an unstable situation in the country.
They began to interfere with the succession to the throne guards regiments, hoping for rewards from the emperors they enthroned.
The coups did not change the essence of power, which was actually exercised not by the monarch, but by a group of his associates and favorites.
Historian Klyuchevsky V.O
The aggravation of the problem of succession to the throne in connection with the adoption of the Decree of 1722, which broke the traditional mechanism of transfer of power
An intense struggle between various factions for power.
Increasing the role of the guard in political life countries
Weakening ruling dynasty during the period of Peter's reforms
Prerequisites for palace coups
Establishment of dynastic ties with German states, which led to the emergence of foreign pretenders to the throne
Construction of a new capital, where the monarch found himself cut off from the main part of the country and became a hostage to his own environment
Passivity of the masses, absolutely far from the political life of the capital
Peter I in 1724 he crowned his wife, Catherine. A.D. took advantage of this. Menshikov, who elevated her to the throne with the help of the Preobrazhentsy and Semyonovtsy.
Menshikov actually became the first minister. In 1726, he established the Supreme Privy Council, which included Peter’s associates. He was supposed to help Catherine govern the state.
The Supreme Council exercised supervision over all boards and institutions Russian Empire. The role of the Senate has diminished.
A. I. Osterman
A. D. Menshikov
F. M. Apraksin
The laws came into force after the signature of the Empress or the Supreme Privy Council.
G. I. Golovkin
P. A. Tolstoy
D. M. Golitsyn
Karl-Friedrich
Holstein
Formally, the Council continued Peter's policy I :
- The capitation tax has been reduced;
- Prohibition on using the army to collect tax arrears;
- The conditions of service for the nobles were made easier;
- Discussion of cutting spending on the army and navy.
In May 1727, Catherine I passed away.
I - Peter Alekseevich. Menshikov hoped to maintain his power by marrying Peter II his daughter Maria.
He controlled every step of the emperor, but in the summer of 1727 he fell ill and the emperor came under the influence of I. Dolgorukov, with whom he began to spend his free time.
In September 1727, Menshikov was arrested and exiled to the Urals in Berezov, where he died in 1729.
Huge influence on Peter II The Dolgorukys and Golitsyns, who took seats in the Supreme Privy Council, began to provide.
They removed Peter's associates from service I and curtailed the reforms.
Wanting to consolidate their position, the Dolgorukys tried to marry Peter II on E. Dolgorukaya.
Shortly before the wedding in January 1730, Peter II hosted the parade on the river. Yauze, caught a cold and died suddenly.
The leaders wanted to place the “royal bride” on the throne, but they could not.
Members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to choose Peter's niece I Anna Ioannovna.
Anna was given in marriage to the Duke of Courland in 1710. A year later, her husband died and Anna ruled the duchy with the help of her favorites.
The leaders offered her “conditions” that limited autocratic power.
Anna agreed, but upon arriving in Moscow, she tore up the sheet with the “conditions”. Anna was a narrow-minded woman who loved the fun of jesters and the stories of the head of the Secret Chancellery S. Ushakov.
She did not delve into issues of public administration and the country actually found itself under the rule of the Courlanders who arrived with her.
The greatest influence at the empress's court was gained by her favorite, Ernst Biron.
The most important positions at court were given to the Germans, who took all the seats in the Supreme Privy Council.
Why do you think?
Bribery and embezzlement became widespread.
Artemy Volynsky, the only Russian in the Supreme Privy Council, protested against German dominance.
His performance ended tragically - in 1740, Volynsky was executed on charges of embezzlement.
B. H. Minich
A. I. Osterman
Anna, who had no children, shortly before her death invited her nephew, Ivan Antonovich, and his parents, Anton Ulrich and Anna Leopoldovna, to Russia.
When Anna Ioannovna died in 1740, Ivan VI was only 2 months old. According to the will, E. Biron was appointed regent.
Biron was in power for six months.
Army officers led by Field Marshal A. Minikh arrested Biron and exiled him to Yaroslavl.
The emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna, was proclaimed regent. But under her, nothing changed in the life of the country, and a new conspiracy arose among the guards.
On November 25, 1741, Preobrazhensky officers elevated Elizaveta Petrovna to the throne. Peter's daughter returned Peter's nobles to the service and restored the effect of her father's decrees.
Foreigners were removed from the court, and A. Razumovsky, the Shuvalov brothers, A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin and others began to play a huge role in governing the state.
A. G. Razumovsky
I. I. Shuvalov
In 1742, Elizabeth appointed Peter Fedorovich, Peter's grandson, as heir I . Soon his wedding took place with the German princess Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Catherine II .
But Peter was a fan of Prussia. Elizabeth was disappointed in him and after Catherine gave birth to Paul, she decided to transfer the throne to him.
She took the boy into her care, but died in 1761.
Peter's grandson became the new emperor I Pyotr Fedorovich (Peter III ), who ruled for only six months.
He accepted 192 documents during his 186-day reign, but his unpredictability and kowtowing to the Prussian king Frederick the Great led to a new conspiracy.
On June 28, 1762, he was overthrown and arrested, and a week later he died (according to some versions, he was killed).
Catherine became the new empress II , who soon received the title “Great”.
Palace coups 1725-1762
The era of palace coups is a period in the history of Russia from 1725 to 1762, marked by the change of monarchs on the Russian throne through conspiracies and coups with the participation of the highest nobility and the guard. - The term was introduced by historian V.O. Klyuchevsky.
The era of palace coups The period in the history of Russia from 1725 to 1762. Peter I 1682-1725 Catherine I 1725 -1727 Peter II 172 7-1730 Anna Ioannovna 1730-1740 Ivan VI Antonovich and Anna Leopoldovna 1740-1741 Elizaveta Petrovna 1741-1761 Peter 1761-1762 Ekaterina 1762 -1796
Reasons for palace coups Lack of a clear order of succession to the throne (1722 - Decree of Peter I on succession to the throne - the right of the monarch to appoint a successor from among all his relatives). - The struggle for power among the highest nobility. - The high role of the guard at court. Nikolay Ge. Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in Peterhof
The natural principle for Russia of succession to the throne according to seniority in the reigning family has been interrupted. The overthrow of the supreme power no longer looked like an attack on holiness. There is an increase in the number of contenders for the throne, an intensification of the struggle of rival factions for power. Since then, the struggle for power in Russia has been resolved by the Guard - a privileged military detachment, “faithful servants of the sovereign”, not associated with administrative institutions, coming from among the serving nobility and foreigners close to the throne. Consequences of the decree of 1722:
Characteristic features of the era of palace coups - Adjustment of Peter's reforms. - Intensification of the struggle for power among court factions. Attempts by the highest nobility to limit autocracy. - The emergence of narrowly collegial government bodies. - Rise of favoritism. Expansion of noble privileges. - Strengthening serfdom. S. Letin "Service dress from Peter the Great. Guards uniforms
Russia in the era of palace coups Rulers Years of reign Who supported Domestic policy Foreign policy Catherine I Peter II Anna Ioannovna Anna Leopoldovna and John VI Antonovich Elizaveta Petrovna Peter III
Catherine I 1725-1727 HELL. Menshikov
Peter II 1727-1730 A. I. Osterman
Anna Ioanovna 1730-1740 E. I. Biron
Ivan VI Antonovich 1740-1741 Anna Leopoldovna
Elizaveta Petrovna 1741-1761 A. G. RazumovskyI. I. Shuvalov
Peter III 1761-1762 E. R. Vorontsova-Dashkova
Catherine II 1762-1796 G.A. Potemkin
Establish a correspondence between a figure in Russian history and the relationship he had with Peter I Figure Relationship 1. Catherine I A. Niece 2. Catherine II B. First wife 3. Anna (empress) C. Son 4. Elizabeth G. Grandson’s wife 5. Peter II D. Daughter 6. Peter III E. Sister 7. Alexey Zh. Second wife 8. Ivan (Tsar) Z. Grandson 9. Sofya Alekseevna I. Brother
Answers: 1 – F 2 – D 3 – A 4 – D 5 – G 6 – G 7 – C 8 – I 9 – E Evaluation criteria: 9 points. – “5” 7-8 b. – “4” 5-6 b. – “3”
Cinquain Palace coups cruel immoral kill capture transform The era of power struggle favoritism
History Presentation -The era of palace coups
Free download e-book in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Presentation on History - The Age of Palace Coups - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
1722 – Decree on succession to the throne:
According to Peter's decree of February 5, 1722 on succession to the throne (confirmed in 1731 and 1761), the emperor appointed himself a successor from among the members of the imperial family.
Peter I did not have time to appoint a successor and after his death his wife Catherine I Alekseevna (1725-27) ascended the throne. The son of Peter I, Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, was executed on June 26, 1718 for actively opposing the reforms.
January 28, 1725 the emperor died Peter I. The Russian throne became the object of struggle among various factions. Russia has entered the so-called era of palace coups. Guard regiments became an instrument of the struggle for the throne; with the end of the Northern War, the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments were constantly in St. Petersburg or Moscow, accompanying the imperial court. The political importance of the guard increased already during the illness of Peter I, when two groups clashed in the struggle for power: the new Peter the Great nobility ( Menshikov, Apraksin, Tolstoy etc.) and the old boyar aristocracy ( Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, Repnin etc.). The struggle revolved around the issue of the heir to the throne. In 1722, in connection with the case of Tsarevich Alexei and the early death of the sons of Peter I from his marriage to Catherine, Peter issued a decree according to which the throne passed according to the will of the monarch. Peter himself did not leave such a will. The matter was complicated by the fact that Peter had no direct male offspring left, except for the grandson of Peter Alekseevich, the son of Tsarevich Alexei. There were also descendants of Peter I's brother - Tsar Ivan (two daughters - Anna, Duchess of Courland, and Catherine, Duchess of Mecklenburg).
Catherine I(1684, Dorpat - 1727, St. Petersburg) - first Russian empress in 1725-1727.
The daughter of the Lithuanian man in the street Samuil Skavronsky was called Martha Skavronsky before accepting Orthodoxy. After early death She was raised by her parents in the house of a Protestant pastor. She was not taught to read and write. Married to dragoon Johann Ribot, who served in a Swedish detachment. In Marienbad, Catherine I was captured by Russians and ended up with B.P. Sheremetev, who lost her to A.D. Menshikov. In 1703, she became the de facto wife of Peter I. Contemporaries noted that Catherine I had a sound, active mind and had a strong moral influence on Peter I; was indispensable for him and even accompanied him on campaigns. According to legend, during the Prut campaign in 1711, Catherine I, with a valuable gift, persuaded the Turkish pasha to peace, thereby saving the Russians. army and the king from captivity (Order of St. Catherine). The role of Catherine I was greatly exaggerated by Peter I in order to justify their official marriage with his first wife Evdokia Lopukhina imprisoned in a monastery. From 1704 to 1723, Catherine I and Peter I had 11 children, of whom two daughters survived: Anna, who married the Duke of Holstein, and Elizaveta Petrovna. In 1724, a manifesto was published announcing the coronation of Catherine I. Not distinguished by aristocratic elegance, she was stately, fresh, and pretty. She knew how to be courteous and kind to others. After the death of Peter I, Catherine I, with the support of the guard, was enthroned by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of Russia. Catherine I did not engage in state affairs, even after becoming empress, she did not want to learn to read and write. During her reign, the Supreme Privy Council was created. She handed over the throne to Peter's grandson - Peter II.
Order of St. Catherine established by Peter I in 1714 in gratitude to his wife for her noble deed during the unsuccessful Prut campaign of 1711 (in which Catherine accompanied Peter) - the Russians found themselves surrounded and in a difficult situation. Catherine advised collecting money to bribe the Turkish command and was the first to take off her jewelry, calling on the officers' wives to do the same. The valuables allowed the Russian troops to leave their positions with honor and return home.
Peter II(1715, St. Petersburg - 1730, Moscow), emperor (from 1727).
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, he did not take part in government; The development of government policy was carried out by the Supreme Privy Council. Initially (until September 1727) greatest influence under Peter II possessed A.D. Menshikov, then princes A.G. and I.A. Dolgoruky. In connection with the coronation celebrations in Moscow, Governor General F.Yu. Romodanovsky was ordered to build and decorate three gates along Tverskaya Street: in Zemlyanoy Gorod - at the expense of the treasury, in the White City - at the expense of the merchants, in Kitay-Gorod - from the Synod. On February 25, 1728, Peter II was crowned in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Coronation celebrations continued until February 28 and took place in the Faceted Chamber and the Kremlin Palace. Since the spring of 1728, the Lefortovo Palace became the residence of Peter II; the courtyard, the most important government agencies. Peter II often left the city, going hunting to estates near Moscow. On November 30, 1729, the betrothal of Peter II to Princess E.A. took place in the Lefortovo Palace. Dolgoruky. During Peter's illness on January 18, 1730 in the Golovinsky Palace, where A.G. lived. Dolgoruky with his daughter, the question of the possibility (in the event of the death of Peter II) of enthroning E.A. was discussed. Dolgoruky. Peter II is buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. With his death, the male line of the Romanov dynasty was cut short.
Anna Ioannovna(1693-1740) - Russian empress (1730-1740), daughter of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich and P. F. Saltykova. She was brought up at the court of Peter I in St. Petersburg. In 1710-1711 was married to the Duke of Courland, after his death she lived mainly in Mitau. After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council decided to invite Anna to the Russian throne, subject to the limitation of her power by the Supreme Privy Council. Having agreed to these conditions, Anna soon “at the request” of the noble guards broke the rules, dispersed, and later abolished the Supreme Privy Council. She was crowned in Moscow in April 1730. She restored the Senate. Ruled the country with the help and support of a number of foreigners (E.I. Biron, R. and K. Levenwolde, B.K. Minich, G. Biron, K. Mengden, P. Lasi, etc.). In 1731 she established the Cabinet of Ministers and renewed a number of orders. Since 1731, the Secret Investigation Office began to operate, using cruel torture. Anna Ioannovna expanded the privileges of the nobility, to whom she owed autocratic power: she abolished the law on single inheritance; established the Shlyakhetsky cadet corps; allowed the management of the estates to one of the sons of the owners; limited the indefinite public service nobles for 25 years. She brutally suppressed any attempt by the opposition (she imprisoned and executed many representatives of the Dolgorukov, Golitsyn, A.P. Volynsky family, etc.). She ordered the compilation of an inventory of state-owned protected forests for the purpose of their protection and conservation. Ordered the Synod to maintain cleanliness Orthodox faith and intensify the fight against heresies. For this purpose, in particular, by her order, theological seminaries were opened in 16 cities of Russia. Established in 1738 death penalty for blasphemy. Conducted initiated by Minich military reform. She contributed to the election of Biron as Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (1737). Not being able to defend the Caspian territories annexed under Peter I, she returned them to the Persian Nadir Shah. The war with Turkey of 1735-1739 was successful for Russia. due to the passivity of Russian diplomacy, it did not lead to consolidation of success in the peace treaty concluded in Belgrade on conditions unfavorable for Russia. She sought to consolidate power with the descendants of Ivan V. To do this, before her death, she appointed her grandnephew Ivan Antonovich as successor, and E.I. Biron as regent for him until he came of age.
Biron Ernst Johann(1690-1772) - ruler-regent under the young Ivan VI Antonovich (October 17 - November 9, 1740). Duke of Courland and Semigalsky (from 1737). Favorite of Empress Anna Ioannovna. In the last period of her reign, she undertook a renewal of the guard at the expense of people from the tax-paying classes. During the regency, he lowered the poll tax and granted amnesty to those convicted in a number of cases. He forbade the wearing of court dresses made of expensive fabrics. Strengthened police control in St. Petersburg. During the coup carried out by Minikh in favor of Anna Leopoldovna on November 9, 1740, he was arrested and accused of lack of religiosity, forcible seizure of regency powers, and the intention to remove the imperial family from the country in order to usurp power in Russia for his family. The commission sentenced Biron to quartering, which was replaced by Anna Leopoldovna with exile to Pelym and confiscation of all property. In 1742 returned from Pelym by Elizaveta Petrovna and exiled to Yaroslavl. After the accession of Peter III, he was returned from exile and restored to his ranks (1762). In August of the same year, Catherine II returned the Duchy of Courland to Biron, where he went. Died in Mitau at the end of 1772.
Ivan VI Antonovich(1740-1764) - All-Russian Emperor (1740-1741). The son of the niece of the Russian Empress Anna Ioannovna - Princess Anna Leopoldovna of Mecklenburg and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. The great-grandson of Ivan V. On October 17, 1740, he was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia, and Duke E.I. Biron was his regent. After Minich's coup on November 9 of the same year, the regency passed into the hands of the emperor's mother, Anna Leopoldovna. And as a result of the coup on November 25, 1741, Ivan Antonovich was overthrown from the throne by Elizabeth Petrovna. Initially, she signed a decree deporting Ivan Antonovich and his family abroad to relatives. However, this soon had to be abandoned due to possible subsequent complications (including foreign policy and military) associated with the restoration of Ivan Antonovich’s rights to the throne. For this reason, the entire family was arrested and exiled first to Dynamunde, then to Ranenburg, and later to Kholmogory, where Ivan Antonovich (he was four years old at the time) was isolated from his relatives. At the age of 16, Ivan Antonovich was imprisoned Shlisselburg Fortress, where his name was unknown even to the commandant. Any contacts with the outside world were strictly prohibited. Despite this, the prisoner knew about his origin. The decrees of Peter III, and later Catherine II, who visited him in 1762, ordered that the regime of his detention be tightened, and in the event of an attempt to release him, he should not be extradited alive. On the night of July 5, 1764, when Lieutenant V. Ya. Mirovich attempted to free the prisoner, Ivan VI was killed. He was buried in the Shlisselburg Fortress.
Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761) - Russian empress (1741-1761). Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I, born out of wedlock. It was this circumstance that explained the fact that during the official consideration of the issue of succession to the throne in 1725-1730. was never considered as one of the contenders for the throne. Taking advantage of the decline in authority and influence of power during the reign of Anna Leopoldovna, Elizaveta Petrovna, with the support of the guard, carried out a coup on November 25, 1741, during which she overthrew Ivan VI and the regent Anna Leopoldovna. She proclaimed a return to Peter’s reforms as the basic principles of domestic and foreign policy. She abolished the state institutions that arose after the death of her father (Cabinet of Ministers, etc.), restored the role of the Senate, collegiums, and the Chief Magistrate. Abolished the death penalty (1756). Eliminated domestic customs. In 1754 created a Statutory Commission to develop a new set of laws. The commission developed draft reforms aimed at the secularization of church lands, legislative registration of noble privileges, etc. In general domestic politics Elizaveta Petrovna was distinguished by her stability and focus on growing the authority and power of state power. Based on a number of signs, it can be said that Elizaveta Petrovna’s course was the first step towards the policy of enlightened absolutism, which was then carried out under Catherine II. Was also active foreign policy Elizabeth. During Russian-Swedish war 1741-1743 Russia received a significant part of Finland. Trying to counter the increased power of Prussia, Elizabeth abandoned traditional relations with France and entered into an anti-Prussian alliance with Austria. Russia under Elizabeth successfully participated in Seven Years' War. After the capture of Koenigsberg, Elizabeth issued a decree on the annexation of East Prussia to Russia as its province. The culmination of Russia's military glory under Elizabeth was the capture of Berlin (1760). The Empress gave great value development of Russian culture, education, science. In 1755, by her order, the country's first Moscow University was opened. The Academy of Arts was founded, outstanding cultural monuments were created (Tsarskoye Selo Catherine Palace, etc.). She provided support to M.V. Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, she was less involved in issues of public administration, entrusting it to P.I. and I.I. Shuvalov, M.I. and R.I. Vorontsov and others. In 1744, she concluded a secret morganatic marriage with A.G. Razumovsky, from whom, according to contemporaries, she gave birth to several children (after the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, many impostors appeared who called themselves her children from this marriage. Among them, the most famous figure was the so-called Princess Tarakanova). Elizabeth appointed her nephew (the son of her sister Anna) - Pyotr Fedorovich - as the official heir to the throne. Elizaveta Petrovna died on December 25, 1761.
