Lives of the Saints: History of the Church of the Great Martyr Clement. My personal photo blog Church of Pope Clement on Pyatnitskaya
Total 16 photos
Muscovites are well aware of this beautiful, impressive and majestic church, which is located on Klimentovsky Lane on Tretyakov Street. It is undoubtedly the pronounced architectural dominant of the entire Zamoskvorechye region. This is the church of the Holy Martyr Clement - Pope of Rome. Based some The apparent external contradiction contained in the name itself, in the sense that what does the Pope and Catholicism have to do with it, I became interested in the history of this Orthodox church and in particular the personality of Clement himself. Everything turned out to be very interesting and extremely instructive. Below the cut are photos of the temple at different times and a story about why the Apostle Clement was so popular in Rus', at the dawn of the formation of Russian Christianity.
Clement was the youngest son of wealthy and noble Roman parents whose veins included imperial blood. When Clement was still very young, his father sent his mother and two older twin brothers to Athens, Greece. On the way, their ship is overtaken by a terrible storm and a shipwreck occurs. Clement's mother and his brothers are separated by the elements of the sea. They all escaped, but knew nothing about each other's fate. Clement's father, having learned that his beloved wife and sons never arrived in Athens, four years later he himself goes looking for them, leaving the very young Clement to look after their property. But, as a result, he also disappeared, turning into an inconsolable wanderer from an unsuccessful search for his family. Clement himself rightly believed that they all died.
He was twenty-four years old, and twenty-four years had already passed since his brothers and mother disappeared, and twenty years since there was no news from his father. Clement grew up, received a good education, became interested in philosophy and the then new Christian teaching. Passionately dreaming of getting to Judea, from where this teaching spread throughout the world, Clement equipped a ship and resolutely set off there. However, he also found himself in a strong storm, which first brought him to Alexandria, where he first heard the Christian sermons of the Apostle Barnabas, and from there he sailed to Caesarea Stratonia, an ancient Palestinian city on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. There he first met Peter, a disciple of Christ, one of his twelve apostles, received baptism from him, becoming one of his favorite disciples, and followed him. It turned out that his twin brothers were also disciples of the Apostle Peter. And a little later, in the process of their wanderings and preaching, Peter miraculously met and recognized Clement’s mother, and subsequently his father. In such a miraculous way his family united, which was welcomed even by the then Emperor of Rome.
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Subsequently, when the Apostle Peter arrived in Rome, Clement already acted as an inseparable and beloved disciple and earnestly preached the teachings of Christ. Before accepting the crucifixion from Emperor Nero, the Apostle Peter ordained Clement as bishop, who later became the head of the Roman Christian Church from 91 to 100.
At this time, Clement conducted extensive and successful religious activities, healed the sick and converted many people to the Christian faith, both the common class and noble Romans, which ultimately incurred the displeasure of Emperor Trajan due to numerous denunciations “about Clement's disrespect for the Roman gods." Then, popular unrest and a mass rebellion against Christians were artificially provoked. Trajan did not dare to kill him, but as punishment he sent Clement into exile to the Inkerman quarries, which were near the large ancient city of Chersonese Tauride, in short to modern Crimea, to modern Sevastopol.
Many of his followers also voluntarily went into exile with Clement. By the way, the Inkerman quarries were a traditional place of exile for Christians at that time. Clement worked in these quarries, like all the other exiles, continuing to preach fervently. He miraculously discovered a life-giving spring on the territory of the quarries, and after that he became very popular, revered by the local population and then baptized 500 people a day. Clement created a large community of more than 5,000 Christians in Chersonesos. Clement's influence was very significant.
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“It got to the point that the local military commander turned to Emperor Troyan with a letter in which he said: “I no longer know who rules Crimea - me or Clement. I can’t handle it because the huge crowds will tear me to pieces.” Then Troyan sent there his two cohorts of praetorians, who were supposed to kill Clement. But, seeing the enormous popular veneration and a large number of disciples, they did not dare to do this openly, and, after waiting a certain time, they lured him onto the ship by cunning, tied him to an anchor and threw him into the sea. Therefore, a cross with an anchor is a symbol and memory of the martyrdom of the first Russian saint, who, although he was the Pope of Rome, became the patron saint of Rus' for all times,” says Father Leonid, rector of the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement in Zamoskvorechye.
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His two favorite disciples, Cornelius and Thebes, then called on the believers to pray for the recovery of his body. After this mass prayer, the sea moved away from the shore several hundred meters, and believers found the incorruptible body of the martyr in the miraculous marble cave-temple. The disciples were immediately given a revelation that the body should be left here, and the sea would now recede every year for seven days so that believers could venerate the relics of Clement. Subsequently, over the centuries, Clement revealed many revelations, miracles and healings. This continued until the 8th century, when the sea stopped receding.
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After another half a century, two Christian teachers arrived in Chersonesos - the Thessalonian brothers Cyril (Constantine the Philosopher) and Methodius (yes, yes - those same ones), who prompted the local bishop Gregory to try to find his relics through prayer. Gregory agreed and even received the blessing of the then Emperor of Constantinople Michael III (reigned from 865 to 867) and Patriarch Ignatius for this action. With a great crowd of people after a heavy downpour at sunset, the relics of St. Clement floated up, overshadowed by a bright white light. The relics were transferred to the local church of Chersonesus, where mass miracles, healings and exorcisms subsequently took place...
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Clement is also extremely famous for his work “The First Epistle to the Corinthians,” in which he tries to persuade the warring Corinthian parties to peace and subordinate them to the authority of the legal hierarchy. It represents the first written monument of Christian teaching after the works of the apostles (written around 97 AD) and enjoyed special respect in the ancient church: it was read in churches along with the apostolic epistles and it was included in some codes with them.
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Living long before the division of churches, Saint Clement of Rome is equally widely revered in both Catholicism and Orthodoxy. Saint Clement enjoyed wide veneration in Rus'; Significant churches in Moscow (in Klimentovsky Lane), Torzhok and other places are dedicated to him. Obviously, this is also connected with the fact that Saint Cyril, Equal to the Apostles, personally transported the relics of Clement to Rome and handed them over to Pope Adrian II, where they were given an unprecedented honor (late 867 - early 868).
Pope Adrian II then approved worship in the Slavic language and the “Slavic books” translated by the brothers, and ordered them to be placed in Roman churches, ordained Cyril and Methodius as bishops, and their Slavic disciples as presbyters. This was truly a revolutionary step. Many Western and Southern Slavs had already converted to Christianity by that time, but they did not have their own hierarchy. Both Rome and Constantinople viewed the Slavic peoples only as an object of cultural and political expansion. Byzantium appointed Greek priests for them, who conducted services in Greek with the goal of quickly Hellenizing the Slavs. The Slavs of Moravia and Illyrac, who were under the jurisdiction of Rome, were forced to invite Frankish missionaries serving in Latin, who tried to begin the process of Germanization of the Slavic lands.
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Thanks to Constantine (Cyril) and Methodius, the Slavs received a common language, the opportunity to worship in it, their own national church hierarchy, and thus a shield from Greek or Frankish assimilation. And all this happened only because the Thessalonica brothers found the relics of St. Clement of Rome in time.
According to some authors, it was the discovery of the relics of St. Clement that sanctified in the eyes of the Roman Church the educational mission of Cyril and Methodius among the Slavs and the introduction of worship in the Slavic language. Before this, the prevailing view among some theologians of the Western Church was that praise to God could only be given in three “sacred” languages (Hebrew, Greek and Latin), which is why the brothers were at one time suspected of heresy and summoned to Rome for clarification. In honor of the discovery of the relics, Saint Cyril wrote a short story, a word of praise and a hymn in Greek. The relics of Saint Clement were transferred to the Roman Basilica of Saint Clement. Saint Cyril, who died in February 869, was also buried here. Konstantin died at the age of 42 and took the name Kirill before his death.
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Thus, the discovery of the relics of the holy martyr played a colossal role in the history of the Slavs, allowing the Slavs to acquire a common written language and thereby preserve their culture and identity, freeing themselves from the danger of being absorbed by other peoples.
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Part of the relics of Saint Clement was left in Chersonesus, where it rested in a carved six-ton marble tomb made by Byzantine craftsmen from Prokonesian marble. After the capture of the city by the Russian prince Vladimir the Great in 988 or 989, who was baptized here, the relics of St. Clement (along with a marble sarcophagus) and the body of his disciple Thebes, by his order, were transferred to Kyiv “for blessing for themselves and for consecration to all people,” where they stayed in the Tithe Church - the first stone church of Kievan Rus. Since the 13th century, the myrrh-streaming head of St. Clement has been in the Kiev Pechersk Lavra.
According to historians, this act clearly shows the intention of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince to establish the Church of Kievan Rus on the relics of the martyr pope, thereby emphasizing the authority of his power, the holiness of his capital and its cathedral church. And Vladimir really succeeded in achieving his goal, since in the coming decades the young Principality of Kiev received universal recognition in Europe, and its rulers received legitimacy throughout the Christian world.
Apparently, a new shrine was made for the relics in Kyiv, since Vladimir’s son Yaroslav the Wise was buried on February 20, 1054 in Kyiv precisely in the Chersonesus marble tomb of St. Clement, which is still preserved in the St. Sophia Cathedral.
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Part of the relics of Clement was transferred to the French bishop of Chalon, who came as part of the embassy to marry the daughter of Prince Yaroslav, Anna Yaroslavna, to the French king.
A particle of the relics from the venerable head of the holy martyr Clement was transferred from Kyiv to the Inkerman St. Clement Monastery after the resumption of its work in 1991; The shrine with holy relics was installed in the side nave of the St. Clement Church.
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Thus, the relics of the holy martyr Clement were the first Christian shrine to appear in Rus'. This was the reason for his exceptional popularity on Russian soil.
Some historians believe that the fourth Pope Clement never visited Chersonesos, and that these are only legends allegedly created by Cyril and Methodius for the religious justification of their educational mission. After all, before they were called to Rome to give explanations of their activities in creating Slavic writing and the establishment of independent Slavic Christianity, the brothers did not in any way popularize the relics of Clement that were in their possession. But this is not important, but what is important is that Clement, as an apostle, acted as a perfect symbol of the formation of a new Slavic Orthodox Christian world.
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So, Clement is an apostle of the 70 venerated, the fourth bishop (pope) of Rome. This title of his has nothing to do with Catholicism. It’s just that, obviously, the very phrase “Pope of Rome” in the names of churches was used at a later time.
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As for the church itself in Klimentovsky Lane. From here, from these places, Bolshaya Street and the Horde Road led to the Golden Horde. Here lived “interpreters” - translators and “Horde people” - executors of the will of the Grand Duke of Moscow in the Horde. Foreign merchants - “guests” - brought their goods here, having overcome seas and rivers. Perhaps at the turn of the XV - XVI centuries. They founded a church in honor of Clement of Rome at the so-called Lazy Torzhok in Zamoscow, in order to offer prayers to the holy martyr - the patron saint of all those who thirst for the light of the true faith of Christ and those traveling on the waters.
This is the largest temple in Zamoskvorechye. It was first mentioned in written sources under this name in 1612, in connection with the events of the Moscow Battle between Russian militias and the Polish-Lithuanian army of Hetman Chodkiewicz.
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The first stone church on this site dates back to 1657. In 1662 it already had three side-chapels. The temple was rebuilt in 1720, then in 1756-1758 a refectory and a bell tower with the Klimentovsky and Neopalimovsky chapels were added to it. The architect could presumably have been K. Blank or A.P. Evlashov. In 1762, parishioners received permission to demolish the main volume of the old temple, and by 1769, at the expense of the merchant of the 1st guild K.M. Matveev, a five-domed baroque temple was completed, which has survived to this day. The authorship of the building has not been established. Presumably, it was built by I.Ya. Yakovlev designed by Pietro Antonio Trezzini.
The authors of the 1917 guidebook “Around Moscow” wrote: “From afar, against the backdrop of Zamoskvorechye, and close up, the temple with its five domes makes an equally strong impression with its calm, beautiful bulk. The windows on the second floor and the finely patterned openwork iron grille running over the top of the building are very good.” Even in Soviet times, no one could remain indifferent to the grandiose and majestic beauty of the five-domed church in the name of the Hieromartyr Clement, Pope of Rome. She was surprised by the original and exquisite fence of a complex configuration. The entrance temple pavilion, which was both the Holy Gate and the “butt” building above the holy spring, was recognized as an outstanding phenomenon of Russian architecture of the Baroque era. Unfortunately, this unique monument of Moscow architecture was demolished in the second half of the 1930s.
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I hope you were interested in learning about who the Hieromartyr Clement was and why churches were built in his honor in Rus'. I, for my part, now began to look completely differently not only at this wonderful majestic temple of the Moscow Zamoskvorechye region, but in general, I realized that when you see such impressive architectural masterpieces, you begin to realize that behind the external facade of the temples there is always a deep and gray history, a history full of secrets, revelations and holy faith, that faith that works miracles, that gives strength to rise from the ashes and revive the former greatness of your homeland.
Sources and additional information:
Website of the temple in the name of the Hieromartyr Clement of the Pope
Vidania website. ru about Clement the Pope: http://www.vidania.ru/p_klimentrimsky.html
Biography of Clement on the website “Catholicism”: http://credoindeum.ru/publ/stati/svjatye/kliment_i_papa_rimskij/15-1-0-72
Sobory website. ru about the Church of Pope Clement in Zamoskvorechye: http://sobory.ru/article/?object=02177
Article by Andrey Vasiliev "Discovery of the relics of St. Clement of Rome in Chersonesos"
(Basilica di S. Clemente al Laterano; Via Labicana, 95)
The church was built on the site of a house that belonged to the holy martyr Clement, Pope of Rome (91-100), shortly after the death of this saint, which followed in Chersonese Tauride, where he was exiled, by order of Trajan, for the name of Christ. At the beginning of the 5th century. the church was rebuilt and took the form of a basilica; in it St. Gregory Dvoeslov gave two of his talks on the Gospels. In 1084, during the Norman invasion of Rome, this basilica was also destroyed. Above its ruins at the very beginning of the 12th century. a new church was built in the name of the same martyr Clement, which still exists today.
The ruins of the ancient basilica remained unknown for a long time and were discovered only in 1858.
The main entrance to the church is located from the east. Behind the entrance, which is a small portico (porch) supported by four columns, a quadrangular atrium (courtyard) opens; in the ancient Church it served as a standing place for the first class of penitents during divine services, who were called “mourning” or “wintering”, for they stood in the open air. The courtyard is also surrounded on all four sides by porticos, or galleries, supported by columns. One of the four porticoes that makes up the façade of the church serves as its porch (porch, or narfix), where in ancient times the catechumens of the “second class” stood, called “listeners.”
The interior of the church is a basilica, i.e. an oblong rectangle, which is divided into three naves (ships) by two rows of columns. The ship on the right from the main entrance was intended in the ancient Church for men, and the one on the left was for women. In the middle (or main) ship there is a special place called the “choir”. It is surrounded by an ancient marble wall, taken here from the lower church, and in ancient times it was intended for deacons, subdeacons, readers and singers.
Inside the choir there is a platform, on one side of which (to the left of the main entrance) there is an ancient marble lectern for reading the Gospel and next to it an ancient marble twisted column with a candlestick for the Easter candle, and on the other (to the right of the main entrance) - ancient marble lecterns: one for reading the Apostle and the other, somewhat smaller, for reading other liturgical books. In the present placement of the lecterns for reading the Gospel and the Apostle, transferred here from the lower ancient basilica, a deviation from the custom of the ancient Church was allowed to place the first of the lecterns in the northern part of the temple, and the last in the south; This happened, they believe, due to the carelessness of those persons who were entrusted with the construction of the present church.
Behind the choir rises the main part of the temple, the altar. This part rises three steps above the church platform, occupies the entire middle apse (semicircular projection) of the church and is separated from the rest of the church by a small marble partition. In the altar, on a special elevation, stands the main altar, facing the praying people and, therefore, to the east. Above the throne there is a rich, ancient-shaped canopy (ciborium), supported by four marble columns. Behind the throne, on a high place, there is a bishop's seat, or pulpit, on both sides of it along the wall of the altar there are benches for the presbyters.
Inside the dais on which the main altar stands, as can be seen through the grille at the front of it, there is a tomb. In it rest the relics of the Hieromartyr Clement, Pope of Rome (November 25), and the Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer, whose blood first stained the sand of the Colosseum.
Hieromartyr Clement came from a line of ancient Roman kings and was a disciple of the Apostle Peter, from whom he received holy baptism. From him and from the Apostle Paul, who in his letter to the Philippians calls Clement his “collaborator” (Phil. 4:3), St. Clement accepted the consecration as Bishop of Rome. Together with other faithful, he honorably buried the suffering body of the Apostle Peter in the Vatican Catacombs in 67. While imprisoned for the name of Christ in the Tauride city of Chersonese, he converted the pagans there to Christ with preaching and miracles, for which he was drowned, by order of Trajan, in the Black Sea with an anchor around his neck. Chersonesos is located near present-day Sevastopol: it is known for the fact that St. accepted the Christian faith there in 988. Equal to the Apostles Grand Duke of Russia Vladimir.
His honest relics were found in the 9th century. with the zeal of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius, and part of the relics were transferred by them to Rome under Pope Adrian (867) and then placed in the present church. His venerable head, along with another part of his relics, was transferred from Chersonesus to St. Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir to Kyiv and placed in the Church of the Tithes built by him, in which it was kept until the 13th century. During Batu's invasion of Kyiv in 1240, the Tithe Church was destroyed, and along with it the relics of the holy martyr Clement were lost. The rich mosaics in the semi-dome of the main altar are worthy of attention, although they have existed since the beginning of the 12th century, but are imprinted with the character of deep Christian antiquity. On the front arch of the altar is depicted the blessing Savior with the Gospel in his left hand, on His sides are the symbols of the four evangelists, below them are the two supreme apostles with Pope Clement and Archdeacon Lawrence; even lower are the prophets Isaiah and Jeremiah, standing with the charters of their prophecies over the two holy cities - Jerusalem and Bethlehem.
In the semi-dome itself, the crucified Lord is depicted with His Divine Mother and beloved disciple on the sides, and with the faces of saints between green wreaths; at the ends of the cross there are twelve doves - a symbol of the 12 apostles. Below is a Lamb with a golden halo, or radiance, around his head; on its sides are six other lambs coming from Bethlehem and Jerusalem: this is a symbolic image of Christ and His Church. From the mountain on which, as if in the middle of a bush, a cross is erected, four heavenly rivers flow; two deer (Jews and Gentiles) quench their thirst with them.
From the church sacristy (Sacrestia), the entrance to which is located on the right side of the main entrance, a wide staircase leads to the underground original basilica of St. Clement (Chiesa inferiore). Its location corresponds to the location of parts of the upper temple, but on a larger scale. The surviving parts of the walls here, namely the northern and western ones, bear traces of decorations from the ancient pre-Christian world. In addition, the underground church is rich in wall paintings dating back to the 4th-11th centuries.
In addition to its antiquity, the lower Basilica of Clement is sacred to us Russians because it once served as the resting place of St. Equal to the Apostles Cyril, the first teacher of the Slavic (Feb. 14 and May 11, together with the memory of his Equal-to-the-Apostles brother St. Methodius).
The holy brothers Cyril and Methodius, educators of the Slavs, were the children of a noble and wealthy Greek nobleman named Leo and his wife Mary, who lived in the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki. They compiled the Slavic alphabet, translated sacred and liturgical books from Greek into Slavic, and introduced worship among the Slavs in their native language, for which they suffered a lot of trouble from the Latin clergy. In order to obtain priests for the newly converted Moravian Christians, as well as to find justice for the Latin clergy, who forbade them to perform the service of God in the Slavic language, the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius arrived in Rome in 867 to Pope Adrian and brought with them part of the relics Hieromartyr Clement, discovered in Chersonesos. The consecration of the priests for the Moravian Christians on the first day was performed in the Vatican Cathedral, where the liturgy was sung in the Slavic language; the next day - in the church of St. Petronilla and on the third day - in the church of St. Apostle Andrew. Then they sang the all-night vigil in Slavic in the Church of St. Apostle Paul (Basilica di San Paolo fuori le mura), and in the morning they celebrated the liturgy over the holy tomb. In Rome St. Cyril fell ill and died on February 14, 869. His honorable body, by order of Pope Adrian, was buried with the greatest honors in the Vatican Cathedral, but then, at the request of St. Methodius it was transferred to the church in the name of St. Clement was placed on the right side of the altar, and became famous here for miracles and healings. Unfortunately, subsequently the honest relics of St. Cyril were hidden in an unknown place, and over time the very name of the Slavic first teachers was forgotten in Rome: even the memory of the place where exactly the relics of St. were buried was lost. Kirill. St. Methodius died on April 6, 885 in the rank of Archbishop of Moravia and was buried in the cathedral church in Velegrad (Serbia).
During excavations in the lower church, clear traces of the presence of the relics of St. Kirill. To the right of the place where the throne should have been located in the ancient church, there was a quadrangular brick structure with an empty interior. This structure, apparently, was previously covered with marble and served as a funerary monument. Here, apparently, the relics of St. rested. Kirill.
In the monument itself, a niche was discovered, next to which two paintings, faded with time, related to the history of St. Methodius and Cyril. One depicts the baptism of St. Methodius of the pagan, and St. Methodius is depicted with a beard, in Greek liturgical vestments and an omophorion, with a halo around his head. The other depicts the message of St. Cyril by the Greek Emperor Michael to preach to the Slavs. The tomb in which St. was buried. Equal-throne Cyril, currently stands near the southern wall of the underground church. In this underground church there are many memorial plaques dedicated to St. Kirill, from various Slavic peoples, incl. and from Russian.
In addition to the two mentioned paintings related to the history of St. Methodius and Cyril, it is necessary to note some other monuments of ancient painting preserved on the walls and underground basilica of St. Clement.
The most ancient frescoes, from the 4th to the 9th century, are as follows: the Crucifixion of the Lord with the Mother of God and John the Evangelist standing, and the Savior is nailed to the cross with four nails, and not three, as later Latin painters usually write; The Savior's descent into hell and the Deliverance from there by the hand of the ancient Adam; Three Marys at the Holy Sepulcher; Christ at the wedding in Cana of Galilee; The Departure of the Mother of God to heaven below, on earth, the apostles are depicted standing at the burial cave of the Mother of God, raising their gaze to heaven; image of the Mother of God with the Eternal Child in her arms; round waist-length image of the Lord Jesus Christ (without beard); a barely noticeable image of the truncation of the head of the holy great martyr Catherine of Alexandria; Many saints and angels are also depicted.
The frescoes of the 9th-11th centuries are as follows: Christ, with the Archangels Michael and Gabriel on either side, holds the Gospel in his left hand, and with his right hand with a Greek sign blesses Sts. Cyril and Methodius, as if presented to Him by St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called and Hieromartyr Clement; transfer of the relics of St. Cyril from the Vatican Council to the Basilica of Clement; this fresco, as can be seen from the inscription at the bottom of it, was built according to a vow by a certain “butcher Mary out of the fear of God and for the salvation of the soul.” Behind the coffin a huge crowd of people with banners is visible, preceded by a bishop (probably Pope Hadrian) wearing an omophorion and with a tiara on his head; on his sides are two Greek priests with beards in black robes and stoles: one of them (probably St. Methodius) has a halo around his head; image of a certain mother who found at the tomb of St. Kirill, safe and sound, of her child, whom she had already considered dead at the bottom of the sea for a year. This is also a votive fresco: under it you can see the image of the donor’s family (Beno di Rapiza), standing in front of the icon of St. Clement, in gratitude to whom this painting was built.
Another fresco, built by the same donor and his wife Maria, depicts the celebration of the Liturgy of St. Clement. There is also a fresco relating to the history of the Monk Alexy, the man of God: the return of Alexy from Edessa to Rome; Alexy on his deathbed, surrounded by Pope Boniface and his clergy; the crying of parents and wife over the lifeless body of Alexy. Above this fresco there is an image of Christ on the throne, surrounded by the Archangels Michael and Gabriel and the saints: Hieromartyr Clement and Nicholas the Wonderworker; image of the prophet Daniel in the lion's den and some other images.
Archimandrite Dionysius “Companion of the Orthodox pilgrim in Rome” 1908
Moscow is an interesting city, large and cozy. Moscow is not geography, it is vivid emotions, a mosaic of the past and the modern, a series of golden-domed cathedrals, cozy courtyards and urban high-tech. But her soul is the old temples. One of them - the Church of Clement Pope - is the hero of our story.
Temple of the Hieromartyr Clement: the schism of two churches
The uniqueness of this cathedral as a Moscow landmark is due to the fact that it bears the name of a Catholic saint, and yet two Christian churches - the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox - have been in schism since 1054. The leaders of these churches in the 11th century declared mutual anathemas against each other, and they have not been lifted for almost ten centuries. To say that relationships are difficult is to say nothing.
And suddenly, in Zamoskvorechye, where there are many interesting buildings that make up the sights of Moscow, next to the Orthodox churches there rises the Church of Clement, consecrated in the name of one of the anathematized Primates of the Roman Throne. And the temple is not Catholic, but Orthodox, subordinate to the Moscow Patriarchate, and even in the most conservative merchant part of old Moscow near Pyatnitskaya Street in Klimentov Lane.
However, there is nothing unusual in this, since Saint Clement, according to legend, lived in the 1st century, i.e. before the schism of the churches, he was baptized by the Apostle Paul, became the bishop of Rome and, like all Christians, was persecuted. For this he was canonized. And so Pope Clement became an important person in Moscow!
Let me build a temple!
The first mention of the temple dates back to 1612. This is the year of the end of the Time of Troubles - the civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, complicated by the invasion of Polish and Swedish troops. The temple is mentioned in connection with the actions of the militia of K. Minin and D. Pozharsky to expel the invaders from Moscow, when at Klimentovsky’s “fortress” (a small fortress - translated into modern language) there were battles between the militia and the detachments of Hetman Khotkevich. But this prison was most likely made of wood. Only in 1652, under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, when Russia gradually regained its former strength, a stone cathedral was erected on this site.
An interesting story concerning Moscow is connected with this event. Stone buildings in medieval Rus' are rare, because our main building material is wood. The stone is expensive, but very prestigious. Mostly churches were built from it, and few Muscovites could build residential stone chambers for themselves.
The first stone Clement Cathedral was erected on an old wooden foundation with the money of the Moscow clerk Alexei Durov. In 1636, he fell out of favor with Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the new Romanov dynasty and, as usual, he was put in a fortress with the real prospect of ending up on the chopping block. How great were the sins of the unfortunate clerk - history is silent. But only on the night before the execution he had a dream that there would be no execution! And indeed, Durov was released and the charges were dropped. And he, as was customary in Rus', promised to build a stone church in Zamoskvorechye. So the Basilica of St. Clement, one might say, is a votive church at the address: Klimentovsky Lane. in Zamoskvorechye.
Then, as usual, the church began to be endlessly rebuilt. In the 18th century, this was done twice, until the building was once again demolished and a baroque cathedral was erected in its place in 1769 with the money of a merchant from Moscow K.M. Matveev and vice-chancellor of the Elizabethan era A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, whose main Moscow chambers stood in the parish of this church. This is what we see in numerous photos.
During Soviet times, in 1929, it was closed as a religious building. They wanted to blow it up, but it was saved by Grabar, who considered this church to be outside the Moscow circle and endowed with “features of high-style St. Petersburg architecture.” But the Clement Cathedral in Moscow was very lucky. It was given not as a vegetable storehouse, like the Cathedral of the Savior on Spilled Blood in St. Petersburg, and not as a prison, like the St. Euthymius Monastery in Suzdal, but as a storage facility for the collections of the Lenin Library in Moscow (now it is the RSL, the Russian State Library). There was no looting of the church or destruction of the frescoes. But still, the building gradually deteriorated and fell into complete disrepair.
In 2008, the Clement Cathedral was returned to the church, and for several years now it has been an active church, in which restoration work is simultaneously underway. Outwardly, he has already seriously changed.
Is this a church? No, it's a palace!
It is unknown who the architect of the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement the Pope is. It is believed that the project was developed by Pietro Antonio Trezzini himself, and the construction of the building was supervised by I.Ya. Yakovlev.
This is a huge five-domed temple, built in the style of the so-called Rastrelli or Elizabethan Baroque, very similar to a palace. The facade of the building is divided into floors, richly decorated with double columns, and decorated with decorative grilles.
There are always a lot of tourists here, since Zamoskvorechye is a unique historical Moscow district. The main altar of the temple is consecrated in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord. The temple is prayed for, loved not only for its amazing ceremonial beauty, but also for its homely coziness, intimacy and true Moscow charm!
When visiting Moscow churches, do not forget about the rules established by the Russian Orthodox Church: formal clothing and a headscarf are mandatory for women.
Video about the Church of the Hieromartyr Clementius
If you liked the article, received interesting and useful information, or want to add your own impressions to it, we will be grateful for your comment. To consolidate new knowledge, I suggest watching an educational film about the holy martyr Clementius.
After 70 years of silence in Moscow, prayer services were held at the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement on Pyatnitskaya. They were held in the open air, in any weather - be it rain, snow or wind - as hope for the revival of the great Russian cathedral. And the temple came back to life - first with the Znamensky chapel handed over to the parishioners in 2005. And in 2008, after the entire temple was returned to believers, a grandiose restoration began.
Story
A monument of world art, the “Zamoskvoretsk miracle”, as the Cathedral of St. Clement of the Pope was called in the old days, is the only temple in Moscow Posad that survived the Napoleonic fire of 1812. 2 centuries earlier, the place where the then stone church stood was glorified by the battle that was fought by the militia of Minin and Pozharsky in defense of the Kremlin from the Poles. “The battle at the Klementovsky prison was, as it were, the seed of salvation for Moscow and Russia,” historians later noted, and the temple itself, as a witness to an important event, acquired “special historical significance for the Fatherland.”
The Clement Church stood until 1756 and fell into complete disrepair. The renewed history of the temple is also connected with a military victory, already domestic. The new cathedral was built under the patronage of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, who came to power with the forces of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The accession to the throne of the new Russian empress took place on December 8, 1740, on the day of remembrance of the Holy Martyr Clement, Pope of Rome. Therefore, the newly erected cathedral was called the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement, and the main altar was erected in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord. The new Moscow cathedral, which arose during the period of rapid construction of St. Petersburg, was noticeably different from the temple buildings both in the first capital and throughout the empire.
The governor of Crimea, Count Pyotr Vorontsov, put a lot of effort into creating the appearance of the temple - it was he who initiated the creation of a unique multi-tiered iconostasis, which became the heart and main ensemble of the cathedral. The enormous height - about 30 meters - of the five-aisle iconostasis was designed by Italian architects invited by the count, and it was brought to life by Russian craftsmen who performed exquisite, complex carvings and further gilding using native Russian technologies.
The Baroque architecture of the facade conveys the luxurious plasticity of the lines and outlines of the cathedral, and the interior of the temple in the Rococo style has no analogues.
“This is a unique monument of world art,” says Leonid Kalinin, rector of the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement of the Pope. “Despite the fact that it looks similar to Western European, our temple is completely different in meaning and image. This is not palace rococo, but an amazing embodiment of an architectural style in a wealth of forms as an attempt to convey the entire diversity of God’s creation.”
Hieromartyr Clement
The Church of the Holy Martyr Clement of the Pope is unique not only in its external and internal appearance, but also in its spiritual content. To most of our contemporaries his name means nothing, but this was not always the case. In the pre-Mongol period, Clement, a disciple of the Apostle Peter, was one of the saints most revered by our ancestors. Temples were built in his honor; images of the Saint can be seen on many ancient frescoes and icons. His righteous life, apostolic feat and many thousands of followers made Clement revered in both the Catholic and Orthodox worlds. But since ancient times, Saint Clement has been considered the great patron of the Russian land.
Several centuries after the martyrdom of Clement in Chersonesus, the scholar-preachers Cyril and Methodius, taking the holy relics of the apostle, went with them to Rome. Having learned about this, Pope Adrian himself came out to them. What happened next was tantamount to a miracle. The liturgical books translated by the preachers into the Slavic language were consecrated by the pope, although at that time in the Western Church only three languages were considered liturgical: Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Thus, for the first time, prayers were heard in the Slavic language, and the Russian land received its own written language and culture.
Later, Prince Vladimir transported the relics of the Holy Martyr Clement to the Tithe Church, and baptized Rus' with this apostolic shrine. The first Christian shrine in Rus' became extremely revered, and the image of the Holy Martyr Clement is still associated to this day with the defender of the Russian land.
Revival of the temple
One of the most beautiful churches in Moscow was closed in 1934 and miraculously survived destruction. The building was transferred to the State Library. Lenin for stock storage, thanks to which unique icons and a multi-tiered iconostasis were preserved.
In 2008, restoration work began in the temple.
“The temple was in ruins: the facade was badly damaged, the roof was leaking, the windows were broken, birds were nesting on the iconostasis,” rector Leonid Kalinin recalls about the state of the temple before the restoration. “The first thing we did was patch up the holes, put the façade and vaults of the cathedral in order, and then began restoring the interior of the temple.”
One of the most difficult stages of the restoration was the restoration of the unique iconostasis. Rotten in places, with a large share of losses of varying degrees, the iconostasis required the masterly work of restorers.
“A clean, meticulous restoration,” Alexander Zuev, head of the arts and crafts workshops of the RSK Vozrozhdenie, says about the project. “An artistic council was assembled for each fragment of this unique object. We discussed each tier, made a decision, and then started rebuilding. They removed dirt, strengthened and revitalized the original gesso (soil).”
After the base was restored, the craftsmen began the final process - gilding. For this, special “scaffolding” was installed so as not to damage the original gilding on the iconostasis, and gilding work was carried out from top to bottom, carefully along each tier of the 30-meter iconostasis.
The task of not re-gilding, but restoring, became the main one for restoration artists. In order for the gilding to be done in the manner of the original, and also to match the color of the coating, the gilders used gold leaf from the Russian manufacturer NPP Raritet.
It took the craftsmen about a year for the iconostasis to shine with its splendor again, as it did for the first time in 1772. Luxurious composition, exquisite forms, expressive lines, flowing golden light: an amazing harmony of earthly style in the embodiment of the Greatness of God.
Two major stages of the restoration of the Church of the Holy Martyr Clement have been completed, and subsequently the cathedral will have to restore the unique icons of the temple.
I never tire of being amazed at God’s providence. Yesterday I collected a folder about the Church of St. Clement in Zamoskvorechye - until there is time to delve into history. But here's how - Yesterday in the news they said that, FINALLY, the Church of the Hieromartyr Clement has been completely restored, about the uniqueness of this temple for the architecture of Moscow, about its perfectly recreated baroque interior.
How could you resist?
If you get off at the Tretyakovskaya metro station, you will not miss an elegant tall church of amazing beauty...
The first church of St. Clement on this site was mentioned back in 1612 in connection with the battles of the defenders of Moscow against the Polish-Lithuanian troops. Then a stone temple was built. And in 1769, at the expense of the merchant K. M. Matveev, a five-domed Baroque temple was completed, which has survived to this day. After construction was completed, the temple included seven altars with seven iconostases - a huge number for a parish church. In addition to the chapels in the temple and its refectory, two more chapels were consecrated in the choir.
And he stood here, delighting with his beauty, and our October Revolution happened. And churches were no longer needed...
“In the center of Zamoskvorechye, the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa on Pyatnitskaya Street (in its place it was necessary to build the exit of the Novokuznetskaya metro station), Nikita the Martyr on Novokuznetskaya Street (a residential building for police officers was built here), the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in Goliki, where A. was born, simultaneously disappeared. N. Ostrovsky (the place was allocated for a park and a playground). The same fate awaited Clement, if not for the intervention of academician Igor Grabar. One of the arguments, as he himself later told the students, was the assumption of the authorship of the famous Moscow architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. The Red Gate created by Ukhtomsky was demolished - thus Clement remained the only surviving creation of the architect. In addition, the square planned on the site of the temple could be laid out at the expense of the territory of the church graveyard facing Pyatnitskaya Street, which only required removing the church fence - a miracle of blacksmith art of the 18th century. centuries."
According to another version, presumably, the church was built by I. Ya. Yakovlev according to the design of Pietro Antonio Trezzini, and Kliment Voroshilov himself stood up for the temple, not forgetting his patron saint.
The names of the architects Evlashev, Michurin, Rastrelli, and Blanca also appear.
Buildings without love and care, like people, deteriorate and grow old. This is what the temple looked like in the 20s and 30s:
So - in the 40-50s
And this is how it was in the 90s of the 20th century
Now imagine that the storerooms of the Lenin State Library were in such conditions from 1934 to 2008. There were no conditions for proper storage, even glass was not inserted everywhere, there was no heating. And yet, the staff managed to preserve five of the seven church iconostases, a significant part of the stucco decoration and other interior elements.
The beautiful creation of human hands lasted for almost a century, waiting to be remembered... In six years, it was possible to completely restore the appearance and interior of the temple. And yesterday, in his speech, Metropolitan Kirill said that if those who lived a hundred or more years ago came here, they would say: yes, this is the same church...
ICONOSTASES OF THE CHURCH OF CLEMENT
In terms of the richness of its facades, the Clement Church belongs to the outstanding examples of Baroque in Moscow.
The main volume is crowned with five powerful domes on high light drums and is richly decorated with stucco depicting a cherub And mov, shells and rock A yli.
