The annexation of the Novgorod Republic and the Principality of Tver. creation of the Russian fleet

). It was a time of reform.

At the beginning of his reign, Ivan IV surrounded himself with far-sighted and intelligent people whom he trusted. Their number included the nobleman Adashev, Metropolitan Macarius, priest Sylvester, and the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, Ivan Viskovaty. They went down in history under the name “The Chosen Rada”.

The term “Chosen Rada” was introduced by Prince Kurbsky. Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbsky is an outstanding commander, one of the educated people of his time. He was a personal friend of Ivan IV, served him “faithfully and truly.” The historian N.M. Karamzin wrote about him: “Whether he fought near Tula, near Kazan, in the steppes of Bashkiria, in the fields of Livonia, everywhere victory adorned his brow with its laurels.” For his feat near Kazan, Kurbsky received lands in the Moscow region and the rank of boyar.

The relatives of Tsar Ivan the Terrible from the Glinsky family earned universal hatred with their arrogance and arbitrariness. In the summer of 1547, after a huge fire in Moscow, a popular uprising broke out against them. The king's uncle Yuri Glinsky was killed by a crowd on Cathedral Square in the Kremlin. Frightened Ivan took refuge in his country residence on Vorobyovy Gory. The Glinsky estates were plundered, and they themselves fled from the capital. The authorities hardly managed to restore order in the city.

The Moscow uprising shocked and frightened Tsar Ivan. He realized that he urgently needed advisers who could prevent him from mistakes in time and explain the mechanisms of supreme power. Not trusting the boyars, Ivan decided to resort to the help of people who were not very noble, but honest and knew their business. So, under the young Tsar Ivan IV, in addition to the Boyar Duma, a kind of “highest council” arose - the Chosen Rada.

The Elected Rada included Metropolitan Macarius, orderly figure Alexey Adashev, royal confessor priest Sylvester, head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz clerk Ivan Viskovaty, young voivode prince Andrey Kurbsky etc.

Members of the Chosen Rada were outstanding figures of that era.

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev

Alexey Fedorovich Adashev is a Kostroma landowner. He was in charge of the royal archive, was the custodian of the state seal, headed the Petition Order, had the court rank of sleeping man, that is, he was one of the people closest to the king. Russian historian N.M. Karamzin spoke of him like this: “The beauty of the century and humanity.”

Sylvester

Sylvester is a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral in the Kremlin. Originally from Novgorod, he was an educated man and collected a rich library. He was one of the authors and compilers of a book on home economics - “Domostroya”.

Metropolitan Macarius

Metropolitan Macarius took care of Ivan IV from childhood and had a beneficial influence on him. He did a lot for training the clergy. With his participation and with his blessing, the first printing house was opened in Moscow and the first printed book “Apostle” was published.

Under the Elected Rada, a number of reforms were carried out in the country. Material from the site

At the end of the 50s. XVI century The Tsar's attitude towards the members of the Chosen Council changed. Adashev was sent by the governor to Livonia, where he soon died. Sylvester was exiled to the Solovetsky Monastery, where he died. Prince Kurbsky, fearing reprisals, fled the country and went into the service of the Polish king.

Historians believe that the main reason for the tsar’s cooling towards his comrades should be sought in the reforms that they began to implement. The transformations begun by the Elected Rada proceeded slowly, and the results did not appear immediately. Ivan IV, as an impatient man, accused his associates of not doing anything for the state, but only trying to take power away from him.

After the fall of the “Chosen Rada”, the second period of the reign of Ivan IV (oprichnina) began. The centralization of power in the country began to be carried out through violence.

In 1533, Vasily 3 died, passing the throne to his eldest son Ivan. Ivan Vasilyevich was 3 years old at that time. Until he came of age, he could not rule on his own, so the first years of his reign are characterized by the power of his mother (Elena Glinskaya) and the boyars.

Regency of Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538)

Elena Glinskaya was 25 years old in 1533. To govern the country, Vasily 3 left a boyar council, but actual power ended up in the hands of Elena Glinskaya, who mercilessly fought against everyone who could lay claim to power. Her favorite, Prince Ovchina-Obolensky, carried out reprisals against some of the boyars of the council, and the rest no longer resisted Glinskaya’s will.

Realizing that a three-year-old child on the throne is not what the country needs, and that the reign of her son Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible could be interrupted without actually beginning, Elena decided to eliminate the brothers Vasily 3 so that there would be no contenders for the throne. Yuri Dmitrovsky was arrested and killed in prison. Andrei Staritsky was accused of treason and executed.

The reign of Elena Glinskaya, as regent of Ivan 4, was quite productive. The country has not lost its power and influence in the international arena, and important reforms have been carried out within the country. In 1535, a monetary reform took place, according to which only the king could mint coins. There were 3 types of money at face value:

• Kopek (it depicted a horseman with a spear, hence the name).
• Money equaled 0.5 kopecks.
• Polushka was equal to 0.25 kopecks.

In 1538, Elena Glinskaya dies. Assume. That it was a natural death is naive. A young and healthy woman dies at 30! Apparently, she was poisoned by boyars who wanted power. Most historians studying the era of Ivan the Terrible agree on this opinion.

Boyar rule (1538-1547)

At the age of 8, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich was left an orphan. Since 1538, Rus' came under the rule of the boyars, who acted as guardians of the young king. Here it is important to understand that the boyars were interested in personal gain, and not the country and not the young king. In 1835-1547 this was a time of brutal massacre for the throne, where the main warring parties were 3 clans: Shuisky, Belsky, Glinsky. The struggle for power was bloody, and all this happened before the eyes of a child. At the same time, there was a complete decomposition of the foundations of statehood and an insane devouring of the budget: the boyars, having received full power into their own hands, and realizing that this would last for 1013 years, began to line their pockets as best they could. Two sayings can best demonstrate what was happening in Rus' at that time: “The treasury is not a wretched widow, you can’t rob her” and “A pocket is dry, so a judge is deaf.”

Ivan 4 was strongly impressed by the elements of boyar cruelty and permissiveness, as well as a sense of his own weakness and limited power. Of course, when the young king received the throne, there was a 180-degree turn in consciousness, and then he tried to prove everything that he was the main person in the country.

Education of Ivan the Terrible

The following factors influenced the upbringing of Ivan the Terrible:

• Early loss of parents. There were also practically no close relatives. Therefore, there really were no people who would strive to give the child the right upbringing.
• The power of the boyars. From his earliest years, Ivan Vasilyevich saw the strength of the boyars, saw their antics, rudeness, drunkenness, struggle for power, and so on. Everything that a child cannot see, he not only saw, but also took part in it.
• Church literature. The archbishop and later the metropolitan, Macarius, had a great influence on the future king. Thanks to this man, Ivan 4 studied church literature, fascinated by aspects about the completeness of royal power.

In Ivan's upbringing, the contradictions between word and deed played a big role. For example, all the books and speeches of Macarius spoke about the completeness of royal power, about its divine origin, but in reality, every day the child had to deal with the tyranny of the boyars, who did not even feed him dinner every evening. Or another example. Ivan 4, as a virgin tsar, was always taken to meetings, meetings with ambassadors and other state affairs. There he was treated like a king. The child was seated on the throne, everyone bowed at his feet, talking about admiration for his power. But everything changed as soon as the official part ended and the king returned to his chambers. There were no longer bows, but the harshness of the boyars, their rudeness, sometimes even insulting a child. And such contradictions were everywhere. When a child grows up in an atmosphere where one thing is said and another is done, it breaks all patterns and affects the psyche. This is what ultimately happened, because in such an atmosphere, how can an orphan know what is good and what is bad?

Ivan loved to read and by the age of 10 he could quote many passages from it. He took part in church services, sometimes even participating in them as a singer. He played chess quite well, composed music, knew how to write beautifully, and often used folk sayings in his speech. That is, the child was absolutely talented, and with parental education and love could become a full-fledged person. But in the absence of the latter, and with constant contradictions, the other side began to appear in it. Historians write that at the age of 12, the king threw cats and dogs from the roofs of the towers. At the age of 13, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible ordered dogs to tear apart Andrei Shuisky, who, drunk and in dirty clothes, lay on the bed of the late Vasily 3.

Independent rule

Royal wedding

On January 16, 1547, the independent reign of Ivan the Terrible began. The 17-year-old youth was crowned king by Metropolitan Macarius. For the first time, the Grand Duke of Rus' was named Tsar. Therefore, we can say without exaggeration that Ivan 4 is the first Russian Tsar. The coronation took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The Monomakh cap was placed on the head of Ivan 4 Vasilyevich. Monomakh's cap and the title “Tsar” Russia becomes the successor to the Byzantine Empire, and the Tsar thereby rose above the rest of his subjects, including the governors. The population perceived the new title as a symbol of unlimited power, since not only the rulers of Byzantium, but also the rulers of the Golden Horde were called kings.

The official title of Ivan the Terrible after the coronation is Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.

Immediately after the start of independent rule, the king got married. On February 3, 1947, Ivan the Terrible took Anastasia Zakharyina (Romanova) as his wife. This is an important event, since the Romanovs will soon form a new ruling dynasty, and the basis for this will be Anastasia’s marriage to Ivan on February 3.

The autocrat's first shock

Having received power, without a regency council, Ivan 4 decided that this was the end of his torment, and now he is truly the main person in the country with absolute power over others. The reality was different, and the young man soon realized this. The summer of 1547 turned out to be dry, and on June 21 a strong storm broke out. One of the churches caught fire and, due to strong winds, the fire quickly spread throughout wooden Moscow. The fires continued from June 21-29.

As a result, 80 thousand of the capital's population were left homeless. Popular indignation was directed at the Glinskys, who were accused of witchcraft and starting a fire. When a maddened crowd rose up in Moscow in 1547 and came to the Tsar in the village of Vorobyovo, where the Tsar and the Metropolitan were taking refuge from the fires, Ivan the Terrible for the first time saw the uprising and the strength of the maddened crowd.

Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled.

Ivan 4 Vasilievich

Once again, a contradiction occurred - the king was confident in the limitlessness of his power, but he saw the force of nature that caused the fire, the strength of the people who rebelled.

State administration system

The governance system of Russia under the reign of Ivan the Terrible should be divided into 2 stages:

• The period after the reforms of the Elected Rada.
• Oprichnina period.

After the reforms, the management system can be graphically depicted as follows.

During the Oprichnina period the system was different.

A unique precedent was created when the state had two control systems at the same time. At the same time, Ivan 4 retained the title of tsar in each of these branches of government of the country.

Domestic policy

The reign of Ivan the Terrible, in terms of internal governance of the country, is divided into the stage of reforms of the Elected Rada and the oprichnina. Moreover, these systems of governing the country were radically different from each other. The entire work of the Rada boiled down to the fact that power should be with the tsar, but in its implementation he should rely on the boyars. The oprichnina concentrated all power in the hands of the tsar and his system of government, and relegated the boyars to the background.

During the time of Ivan the Terrible, great changes occurred in Russia. The following areas were reformed:

• Ordering the law. Code of Laws of 1550 was adopted.
• Local control. The feeding system was finally abolished, when local boyars lined their pockets rather than solve the problems of the region. As a result, the local nobility gained more power into their own hands, and Moscow gained a more successful tax collection system.
• Central management. A system of “Orders” was implemented, which streamlined power. In total, more than 10 orders were created that covered all areas of the state’s internal policy.
• Army. A regular army was created, the basis of which was archers, gunners and Cossacks.

The desire to strengthen his power, as well as failures in the Livonian War, led to Ivan the Terrible creating the Oprichnina (1565-1572). We can further familiarize ourselves with this topic on our website, but for a general understanding it is important to note that as a result of this, the state actually went bankrupt. An increase in taxes and the development of Siberia began, as steps that could attract additional money to the treasury.

Foreign policy

By the beginning of the independent reign of Ivan 4, Russia had significantly lost its political status, since 11 years of boyar rule, when they cared not about the country, but about their own wallet, had an effect. The table below shows the main directions of Ivan the Terrible’s foreign policy and the key tasks in each direction.

East direction

Here maximum success was achieved, although everything did not start out in the best way. In 1547 and 1549, military campaigns against Kazan were organized. Both of these campaigns ended unsuccessfully. But in 1552 the city managed to take it. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed, and in 1581 Ermak’s campaign to Siberia began.

South direction

Campaigns were undertaken to the Crimea, but they were unsuccessful. The largest campaign took place in 1559. Proof that the campaigns were unsuccessful, in 1771 and 1572 the Crimean Khanate carried out raids on the young territories of Russia.

Western direction

To solve problems on the western borders of Russia in 1558, Ivan the Terrible begins the Livonian War. Until a certain time, it seemed that they could end in success, but the first local failures in the war broke the Russian Tsar. Blaming everyone around for the defeats, he started the Oprichnina, which actually ruined the country and made it incapable of fighting. As a result of the war:

• In 1582, peace was signed with Poland. Russia lost Livonia and Polotsk.
• In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden. Russia lost the cities: Narva, Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye.

Results of the reign of Ivan 4

The results of the reign of Ivan the Terrible can be characterized as contradictory. On the one hand, there are undeniable signs of greatness - Russia has expanded to enormous proportions, gaining access to the Baltic and Caspian seas. On the other hand, economically the country was in a depressing situation, and this despite the annexation of new territories.

Map

Map of Russia towards the end of the 16th century

Comparison of Ivan 4 and Peter 1

Russian history is amazing - Ivan the Terrible is portrayed as a tyrant, usurper and simply a sick person, and Peter 1 is portrayed as a great reformer, the founder of “modern Russia”. In fact, these two rulers are very similar to each other.

Upbringing . Ivan the Terrible lost his parents early, and his upbringing went on its own - he did whatever he wanted. Peter 1 - did not like to study, but loved to study the army. They didn’t touch the child - he did whatever he wanted.

Boyars. Both rulers grew up during a period of fierce boyar squabbling for the throne, when a lot of blood was shed. Hence the hatred of both for the nobility, and hence the approach of people without a family!

Habits. Today they are trying to denigrate Ivan 4, saying that he was almost an alcoholic, but the truth is that this fully suits Peter. Let me remind you that it was Peter who created the “most jocular and most drunken cathedral.”

Murder of a son. Ivan is accused of murdering his son (although it has already been proven that there was no murder and his son was poisoned), but Peter 1 also imposed a death sentence on his son. Moreover, he tortured him and Alexei died from torture in prison.

Expansion of territories. During the reign of both, Russia expanded significantly territorially.

Economy . Both rulers brought the country to complete decline, when the economy was in a terrible state. By the way, both rulers loved taxes and actively used them to fill the budget.

Atrocities. Everything is clear with Ivan the Terrible - a tyrant and murderer - that’s what official history calls him, accusing the tsar of atrocities against ordinary citizens. But Peter 1 was of a similar nature - he beat people with sticks, personally tortured and killed archers for rebellion. Suffice it to say that during the reign of Peter the population of Russia decreased by more than 20%. And this takes into account the seizure of new territories.

There are a lot of similarities between these two people. Therefore, if you praise one and demonize the other, perhaps it makes sense to reconsider your views on history.

The Principality of Tver and the Novgorod Republic were annexed under the rule...

Ivan III

The overthrow of the Horde yoke took place during the reign of...

Ivan IV

The first serf measure in Russian legislation was the introduction...

"Rules of St. George's Day"

In the Code of Laws of 1497 it was(s) introduced...

"St. George's Day Rule"

Ivan IV reigned in...

1533-1584.

The elected council was called...

The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:
- annexation of the Tver Principality
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws
- “standing” on the river. Eel
- final enslavement of peasants
- creation of a regular army
- creation of the Russian fleet
- adoption of the “Conciliar Code”
- introduction of the poll tax

Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Oleg 882g
Baptism of Rus' 988g, 990g
The defeat of the Polovtsians by V. Monomakh 1103-1113

Development of the Moscow state in the 16th century. Ivan the Terrible.
The reign of Ivan IV does NOT include:

- annexation of the Novgorod Republic

- annexation of the Tver Principality

- introduction of the “St. George’s Day Rule”

- overthrow of the Mongol yoke

- adoption of the first all-Russian code of laws

- “standing” on the river. Eel

- final enslavement of peasants

- creation of a regular army

- creation of the Russian fleet

- adoption of the “Conciliar Code”

- introduction of the poll tax

At the beginning of the 16th century. the theory “Moscow is the third Rome” appeared, proposed by a Pskov monk

Filofeem

For the first time, a royal wedding took place during the reign of...

Ivan IV

Convening of the first Zemsky Sobor - 1549
The beginning of the oprichnina - 1565
Beginning of the reign of Ivan IV – 1533

Territories allocated in the 1550-1570s. to a special inheritance with a special army and state administration, were called...

Oprichnina

The restriction on the transition of peasants on St. George's Day was introduced for the first time as a nationwide measure

Code of Law of 1497

The first Russian dated printed book, published in 1564 by Ivan Fedorov, was called

"Apostle"

Ermak's campaign in the 80s. XVI century marked the beginning of joining Russia...

Western Siberia

Ivan IV reigned in...

The estate was called...

Land ownership granted on terms of service

The convening of the first Zemsky Sobor refers to the reign...

Ivan IV

The first royal wedding took place in _____.

Land ownership granted on the terms of service is called...

Estate

The elected council was called...

Unofficial government under Ivan IV

The beginning of the annexation of Siberia dates back to the reign of...

Ivan IV

The beginning of the annexation of Siberia is associated with the name...

Ermak

The famous Trinity icon was painted at the beginning of the 15th century by the artist...

Andrey Rublev

The unofficial government, the Elected Rada, created during the initial period of the reign of Ivan IV, included...

Makariy, A. Kurbsky

The Zemsky Sobor was...

Estate-representative body

Troubles in Russia

The kissing sign was given to those elected at the Zemsky Sobor in 1606 by the Tsar
Vasily Shuisky

the beginning of the reign of V. Shuisky - 1606g

election to the kingdom of M. Romanov - 1613

defeat of the uprising of I. Bolotnikov - 1607

overthrow of V. Shuisky - 1610g

death of B. Godunov - 1605g

reign of B. Godunov - 1598-1605

reign of V. Shuisky - 1606-1610

reign of the "seven boyars" - 1610-1612

reign of False Dmitry I – 1605-1606

creation of the Tushino camp - 1608g

the beginning of the reign of B. Godunov - 1598g

Liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders - 1612

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov occurred in ___

1606-1607

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected at the Zemsky Sobor in ___

Reign of the First Romanovs

Legal reinforcement of the indefinite search for fugitive peasants - 1649
The beginning of the reign of the first Romanovs - 1613
The uprising of the Cossacks and peasants led by Stepan Razin - 1670-1671
Nikon's abdication of the patriarchate - 1658g
Adoption of the “Conciliar Code” – 1649
The election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne - 1613
Accession to the throne of Alexei Mikhailovich - 1645 – 1676
The revolt of the Streltsy and the beginning of the regency of Sophia - 1698 g
The accession of the Romanov dynasty - 1613 g

In 1654, the annexation to Russia was completed...

Left Bank Ukraine

In the “Cathedral Code” there was (oh, a) ...

Serfdom was finally formalized

The “Conciliar Code” was adopted by the board...

Alexey Mikhailovich

Church reform of the mid-17th century. was carried out...

Patriarch Nikon

The event of the "rebellious century" was

- uprising led by St. Razin
- salt and copper riots
- Moscow uprising of 1648
- Pskov and Novgorod uprisings of 1650

The Pereyaslav Rada in 1654 made an important decision on (about)

The accession of Ukraine to Russia

Contemporaries called the "Rebellious Age"...

XVII century

Church reform of the mid-17th century. led to...

Schism of the Russian Orthodox Church

The reign of the first Romanovs does NOT include:
- Livonian War
- the beginning of the annexation of Siberia
- introduction of oprichnina
- annexation of the Kazan Khanate
- annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate
- annexation of the Novgorod Republic
- activities of the Elected Rada
- overthrow of the Mongol yoke
- introduction of the “St. George’s Day Rule”
- introduction of “reserved years”

In 1670-1671 there was an uprising led by

Stepan Razin

The "Conciliar Code" was adopted in...

Originated at the turn of the 17th century. Portrait painting is called...

Icon

Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov received the nickname...

"The Quietest"

A new phenomenon in the economic development of Russia in the 17th century. was...

The emergence of manufactories