The main tasks and functions of tourist regional studies are characterized. The problems of the content of educational tourism regional studies, its relationship with other disciplines in the cycle of training specialists in the field of tourism and hospitality are considered.

Keywords: regional studies, tourist regional studies, tasks and functions of tourist regional studies, content of tourist regional studies.

Artemenko S.V. Challenges tourism geography . Characterized by the main tasks and functions of tourism geography. The problems of the content of educational tourism geography, its relationship with other disciplines cycle of training in the field of tourism and hospitality.

Key words: geography, tourism geography, tourism geography tasks, the content of tourist geography.

© S. V. Artemenko

Tourist demand and tourist travel are always focused on some target geographic location. Such an object is defined as a tourist destination - a spatially localized object that is the purpose of travel and has an infrastructure that ensures satisfaction of the needs of travelers for tourism services. An attractive point, city, region, country and even continent can act as a tourist destination. In the international tourism system, the main tourist destination is the country. Countries are the basic units of socio-political organization of the world, and their economic systems are important components of the world economy.

Traditionally, the study of countries is carried out by regional studies - one of the oldest sciences aimed at a comprehensive study of countries - first of all, describing the territories of regions and countries and determining their natural boundaries, identifying certain spatial and temporal features inherent in these territories and the natural and anthropogenic phenomena located on them and objects. The main subjects of study in regional studies are nature, population and economy on the territory of a country or region. Modern regional studies connect various subjects into a single regional complex, which makes it possible to form a more or less objective image of the country.

Traditionally, regional studies have been considered an integral part of the geographical sciences. Relatively recently, a new concept has emerged related to the practical needs of tourism industry workers and tourists - tourism regional studies. According to the goals, objectives and content of the discipline, tourism regional studies can be defined as a part of the system of geographical sciences that studies a country from the point of view of its attractiveness for tourism. At the same time, some specialists in the field of regional studies reduce it to the compilation of tourist guides, or to a description of the country, first of all, from the point of view of the development of international tourism in them and how interesting a particular country is for international tourism, as well as identifying the cause- investigative connections in the peculiarities of the formation of certain tourist centers, establishing trends in the development of tourism in a particular region.

It seems that the international tourism market, its development in individual countries, tourist regions and other issues of territorial organization of the tourism sector are the prerogative of the scientific and educational discipline “Geography of International Tourism”, the main goal of which is to develop knowledge about the concept of international tourism, including ideas about territorial differentiation tourist demand and supply; geographical structure and intensity of tourist flows; regional structure and dynamics of international tourism development; study of recreational resources, tourist development and prospects for tourism development in regions of the world.

The main goal of tourist regional studies is to compile a regional characteristics of the country as a potential object of tourist demand and a tourist destination, and the main tasks are: the formation of “images” of countries and states; collection, storage and provision of opportunities to use a wide range of information about the nature, population, peoples, culture, economy of the country, its characteristics and typical features that shape its tourist attractiveness; formation of knowledge about international and domestic connections and relationships, which became the basis for covering the territories of different countries by the tourism industry. The implementation of these tasks allows us to show the way of life and reveal the processes of human reproduction (his health, long active life, spiritual potential, etc.); identify the features of the development of production as a means that provides a certain standard of living; characterize the natural environment as a source of resources and as an environment for human work and daily living; show how the natural environment and other factors influence the development of tourism, etc. Tourism regional studies performs the following functions:

• educational - the creation of “images” of countries and states that are necessary for broad layers of society and a number of enterprises (advertising, marketing);
• informational - collecting a wide range of information about the nature, population, peoples, culture, economy of the country, its characteristics and typical features;
• developing - international and intrastate connections and relationships, which became the basis for covering the territories of different countries with the tourism industry; creation and publication of guidebooks and catalogs; optimization of the activities of enterprises and organizations operating in the field of commercial tourism;
• educational - in the system of educational institutions that train tourism specialists.

The course “Country Studies” occupies an important place in the system of training a specialist with a higher education in tourism and is an integral part of a complex of special disciplines along with the disciplines: “History of Travel and Tourism”, “Geography of International Tourism”, etc.

“Electronic version of the extended outline of lectures on Tourist Regional Studies (20 hours) Lecture No. 1 Regional Studies as a scientific discipline. (2 hours) Plan 1. Functions and tasks...”

Electronic variant

extended outline of lectures on

Tourist regional studies

Lecture No. 1

Regional studies as a scientific discipline.

3. Region as the main object of research in regional studies.

4. Principles of tourist regional studies.

5. Approaches and concepts of tourism regional studies.

Literature:

Nichlava, 2006. – 336 p.

1. Functions and tasks of tourist regional studies.

Tourism regional studies is a science and academic discipline that comprehensively studies countries and regions of the world, explores, systematizes and summarizes data about their nature, population, internal spatial differences in the context of tourism activities.

The object of study of tourist regional studies are countries as the basic units of the modern socio-political organization of the world, as well as their large parts (districts, states, regions, provinces) and various interstate regional and global groupings.

The subject of tourism regional studies is the countries and regions of the world as unified systems that consist of heterogeneous but interconnected elements that act as a single whole in the global political sphere.

Functions of tourist regional studies:

Worldview and educational

Methodological

Constructive and research

Information and popularization

Didactic The task of tourist regional studies is to create an “image of the area” to awaken interest in it, the desire to personally see what has been recreated in local history research.

2. Region as the main object of research in regional studies.

The concept of “region” receives a lot of attention in modern domestic economic, geographical and urban planning literature.

The most commonly used criteria for forming the concept of “region” are:

Geographical (location, size of territory and population);

Production-functional (specificity of overwhelming types of activity);

Urban planning (nature of development of production facilities, housing and services);

Sociological (norms of communication, behavior).

Such diversity of criteria makes it difficult to fully disclose the essence of the region in one definition. After all, the region should be considered simultaneously as an element of the territorial organization of the national economy, and as an element of the settlement system, and as an element of the social organization of society - the place of all spheres of human life support and activity.

As a socio-economic system, a region can be represented by a set of five main subsystems, which include:

system creation base, system service complex, ecology, population, market infrastructure.

Therefore, based on the above, we can take the following definition of region as a basis.

A region is a territory within the administrative borders of a country, which is characterized by:

complexity, integrity in specialization and controllability, that is, the presence of political and administrative governing bodies.

A region can be considered really existing if it forms the organizational basis for the economy. In a general sense, we can assume that economic regionalism is a set of processes of reconstruction that are based on the specifics of the territorial structure of the economy, cultural forms, natural and labor resources.

The formation of integral mechanisms and structures of reconstruction in the process of development gives rise to regions of different levels of complexity, which can be localized in certain areas of the territory.

The goals of regional policy correspond to a system of values ​​that is changing. In connection with the transition to information civilization, society is moving towards universal human values. Regional policy is optimal only when citizens have legal equality, when their sociocultural, economic and political statuses do not depend on their place of residence (in one region or another, in the center or province), equality covers a wide variety of spheres of social space.

Summarizing all of the above, we can conclude that the concept of “region” covers different spheres of life. It is not without reason that a new branch of scientific and educational significance, created at times, regional studies studies the specifics of the socio-economic, political, natural, environmental development of territorial entities called regions. The formation and implementation of regional policy, of course, requires taking into account other factors of regionalism: ethnic, demographic, religious.

The subject of regional studies is the countries and regions of the world as unified systems that consist of heterogeneous but interconnected elements that act as a single whole on the world political arena.

Regional studies integrates universal knowledge about countries, displaying a holistic picture of the existence of the basic units of the socio-political organization of the world.

The systemic universality of the subject of regional studies is the following statements:

All spheres of functioning of society in any country are closely interconnected;

It is impossible to obtain a complete picture of one or another state or region if one or another of its elements (sphere, region) is excluded;

The relative location of countries and regions relative to each other in geographic (geopolitical) space is of great importance;

Countries and interstate formations exist in parts, which, together with space, determine the existence of people, peoples and societies;

Any system (country) consists of subsystems of a lower hierarchical level, to which territorial management systems (states, provinces, regions, provinces, etc.) primarily belong;

The functioning of territorial entities (countries and regions) occurs in a constant change in their states due to both internal and external interaction of elements [Maslyak, 2008].

The specific objects of study of regional studies are sectoral (territorial) or spatial-territorial forms of organization of countries as a whole, or their individual parts.

3. Principles of tourist regional studies

Most researchers consider the chorological (spatial) method to be a specific research method, while among historians the leading method is chronological (hourly). These are different ways of describing objects of study, although approaches can be combined, because chorological conditions are mandatory, but not sufficient to determine the phenomenon that is being considered.

The chorological method unites all geographical sciences.

The chorological principle is closely related to the principle of comprehensiveness of regional studies. Complexity means a comprehensive study of a specific territory. One of the features of the approach to studying the subject of regional studies is that in order to understand it, it is necessary to cover and study all its aspects, all its interrelations.

One of the basic principles of regional studies is the ecological principle. Geographical thinking takes into account the relationship of socio-economic objects with the geographic environment.

Today, the environmental imperative is obvious. It is necessary to resolve not only the problem of rational use of natural resources, but also the problem of optimizing the human environment and aestheticizing the country’s space.

In regional studies, it is very important to be able to identify the relationships between the natural environment and the characteristics of the economy, settlement, and lifestyle.

One of the leading principles laid down in the method of regional studies is humanistic. Today, significant attention is paid to the humanistic principle, as evidenced by the emergence of new directions - geography of services, recreational geography, cultural geography, as well as the study of the conditions and lifestyle of the population within the framework of regional studies.

4. Patterns of tourist regional studies.

The pattern of inevitable collapse of empires. Following this pattern, any multinational empire is inevitably doomed to collapse. Following this pattern, the empire at the beginning of its existence grows gradually. Over time, territorial expansion becomes more and more rapid. Subsequently, the pace of conquest of new territories, peoples and countries slows down. At this stage, the empire reaches a state of "saturation" and loses stability. After an acute crisis, the empire begins to disintegrate, but its short-term renewal is possible. In the end, the empire finally and forever disintegrates with the formation of new countries.

An example of this pattern is the collapse of large multinational empires: Roman, Ottoman, British, Soviet Union and the like.

The pattern of growth in the number of countries on the political map of the world is a gradual increase in the number of independent states. This pattern also has factual confirmation in space and time. In the 19th century there were about 50 countries in the world. Over time, their number grew to 100, 150, today this figure reaches two hundred. The number of countries on the political map of the world will continue to grow in the future.

The pattern of creation of national states turns out to be the desire of any nation to create an independent state. To this end, the nation mobilizes all its available resources, even to the point of waging permanent wars. For example, the powerless Kurds, being a fairly numerous people, continue to struggle to create their own national state. This struggle, now subsiding, now growing again, has been going on for centuries.

Since there are about 200 countries on the modern political map, and in total there are over 5,000 peoples on our planet, it is possible to provide in the XXI Art. intensification of the national liberation struggle. This is primarily due to the fact that without creating its own state, no nation can fully realize itself.

The pattern of the geopolitical pendulum of history. Behind this pattern, which can also be called the pattern of historical justice, after a considerable time the revival of destroyed, captured, ruined national states and the creation of civilizations and cultures begins. Of course, this does not apply to multinational empires, namely to national entities that existed in the past.

–  –  –

Literature:

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Golovchenko V. Foreign Studies: Asia, Africa, Latin America,

Australia and Oceania: beginning. Pos_bnik / V. Golovchenko, O. Kravchuk. - TO.:

Nichlava, 2006. – 336 p.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Stafiychuk V.I. Tourist regional studies: tourism resources to the world.

Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania: [form. pos_b.] / V. I. Stafiychuk, O. Yu. Malinovska. – K.: Alterpress, 2009. – 427 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

1. Features and specifics of tourist regional studies.

The role of regional studies in society is determined primarily by its educational and ideological significance. It helps a person overcome alienation, takes part in creating a geographical picture of the world, producing “calling cards” of countries and regions.

An important function of regional studies is information. It consists of collecting, storing and providing opportunities to use information about the geography of the country and its regions.

Knowledge, of course, is expensive, but ignorance is much more expensive.

The complex characteristics of countries and regions can be used in territorial projects and in managing socio-economic development. Particularly relevant is the creation of a network of automated geographic information systems (GIS) as a complex of the most diverse but interconnected sources of information about natural, economic, social, political and cultural phenomena and processes both for the country as a whole and for its individual regions.

Regional studies works are used to substantiate and implement regional policies, regional target programs, district planning, etc. An integrated regional studies approach allows us to identify the geographical uniqueness of the territory, which is extremely important for regional planning [Mashbits, 1998].

Regional studies can play a significant role in the sphere of external economic and political relations, helping to increase the level of their competence and effectiveness by forming a geographical culture of authorities, entrepreneurs and diplomats. This is especially important in the process of integrating the country into the world economic system.

Recreational regional geography contributes to domestic and international tourism, serving as the basis for the scientific substantiation of tourist and recreational development of the country's regions, the creation of full-fledged guidebooks, and the optimization of tourist routes.

Regional studies is an integral part of geography as an academic discipline in high school and in many specialties in universities.

In its development, regional studies is based on many geographical disciplines and related sciences, at the same time influencing them.

In the system of geographical sciences, it plays a consolidating role, preserving the integrity of geography.

Comprehensive geographical regional studies also enriches non-geographical sciences, especially economics, sociology, and cultural studies, which are increasingly turning to original synthetic regional studies materials, deepening their conclusions with spatial variations of the processes under study.

2. System of regional knowledge information.

2. Standard of living of the population;

3. Economic structure;

4. Export structure;

5. Labor productivity;

3. A typical program of regional studies.

Study of the geographical location (GP) of the country.Under 1.

geographical location understands the attitude of a given country to any objects taken outside its territory that affect the possibilities of tourism development. Let's consider the characteristics of the country's geographical location, which most significantly influence the development of tourism.

2. Territory and environment (space) of the country. The territory in this case is considered as an area (plane), and space as a volume (as three-dimensional space), and all other objects and phenomena are considered within them. Let us consider the characteristics of the territory and environment (space) of the country.

3. Nature of the country. The natural resources of any country are the main part of the potential that determines the possibilities for tourism development. Let's consider the characteristics of nature.

4. Population of the country. The population acts simultaneously as part of the tourist image of the host state, which directly affects the tourism product and as a participant in tourism exchanges, a factor that creates demand in the tourism market.

5. History of the country. From the point of view of regional studies in tourism, history is understood as knowledge about past social reality, that is, information about the events and achievements of the past social life of peoples, countries, and outstanding personalities. The history of a region helps to track the process of cultural, ethnic development, state building, and so on. The student’s task is to “link” historical events and characters to certain cultural and historical objects (and, consequently, tourism resources) that have survived to this day.

6. Culture of the country. It is impossible to give a complete tourist characteristic of the culture of any country due to the complexity of the problem. Therefore, in a tourist description it is necessary to limit oneself to its main directions.

7. Political conditions for tourism development. Political conditions, along with others, also play an important role in the development of tourism. But their place in the tourist characteristics is somewhat more modest: the main provisions of the policy affect mainly only the organizational and technological aspects of the tourism business.

8. Economy and infrastructure of the country. Determining the role and significance of the country's economy in the world economy: the level of economic development is expressed by the proportions of the macro-industrial structure, indicators of gross domestic product, inflation and GDP.

Lecture No. 3 Natural-geographical, political, economic and historical characteristics (2 hours) Plan

1. Determination of the geographical location of the country.

3. The influence of political conditions in the country on the development of tourism.

4. The country's entry into international organizations and unions.

Literature:

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Malakhov V. Cultural differences and political boundaries in the era of global migrations / V. Malakhov. – M.: New Literary Review;

Institute of Philosophy RAS, 2014. – 232 p.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Stafiychuk V.I. Tourist regional studies: tourism resources to the world.

Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania: [form. pos_b.] / V. I. Stafiychuk, O. Yu. Malinovska. – K.: Alterpress, 2009. – 427 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

1. Determination of the geographical location of the country.

The geographical position of a state is the location of a territory, a country relative to other objects, territories, water areas, and countries.

The main idea of ​​geographical location as a concept is to reveal the territorial relationship:

In physical-geographical position, this is a relationship in a geographic coordinate grid, in real physical-geographical space with its natural zones, regions, orography, distribution of land and sea, and the like;

In an economic-geographical position, this is the relationship to economically significant objects;

In socio-geographical position - to socially significant objects.

In the political-geographical position - to political realities.

Methodologically, this means recording and forecasting military, international political, geo-economic, environmental and cultural force fields;

In an ecological-geographical position - to environmentally significant objects, in particular to countries and regions that determine the environmental situation, or to countries and regions whose ecological state can be influenced by a given country.

Consequently, the geographical position of a country can be characterized as a position relative to:

1) the equator, prime meridian, poles, tropics and polar circles;

2) continent, part of the continent or part of the world;

3) oceans, seas, large bays, straits, sea currents;

4) large landforms of dry land;

5) climatic zones, climatic regions, centers of high and low pressure;

6) large lakes; 7) natural areas;

8) neighboring countries;

9) resource-geographical;

10) centers of culture, religions, civilizations;

11) industrial, agricultural, commercial areas;

12) transport and geographical;

13) military-political and economic blocs or alliances;

14) hotbeds of wars and other armed conflicts;

15) dealt with an unstable economic and political situation;

16) ecological-geographical.

2. Natural conditions and natural resources of the country that are of interest for tourism.

For regional studies, an integrated approach to assessing natural conditions and resources on a territorial basis is extremely important, according to which, firstly, one should take into account the limits of possible use of resources (their capacity), exceeding which leads to the loss of the ability of natural complexes to renew and to the loss of renewable resources; secondly, the assessment must take into account the functions of natural complexes that form the environment, because without this their intelligent use is impossible.

3. The influence of political conditions in the country on the development of tourism.

The government can influence demand through licensing or grading the quality of service. This measure is especially often used in the hotel business, when the number of rooms supplied exceeds demand and the government cannot correct this imbalance through price regulation. Price regulation is a very unpopular measure in a market economy, which the governments of some countries still take to restrain domestic companies from the temptation to obtain short-term benefits to the detriment of the long-term interests of the country's tourism business. In addition, the government, by controlling prices, can protect the interests of tourists, protect them from excess costs and, thus, maintain the country’s reputation.

To regulate demand, some states take measures to restrict the entry of tourists, for example, reducing the number of visas that are issued in the country from which tourists arrive, reducing the construction of hotels near natural outstanding attractions or closing the latter from visits for the purpose of environmental protection, etc. Unlike demand management, aimed at the choice of tourists and price regulation, government regulation of supply is associated with the influence on sellers of tourism services. To manage supply, the state uses the following methods: market research and planning, market regulation, planning and control over the use of land, housing regulation, taxes, investments.

The state conducts market research by collecting statistical material and monitoring changes that occur in tourism in order to determine the benefits and costs of tourism.

The economic criterion that characterizes the optimal functioning of the market is the awareness of customers about the alternatives that are offered to them. The government makes sure that clients have the opportunity to choose, are informed, and are insured against various types of fraud on the part of service sellers. The state can regulate the market by imposing obligations on sellers towards consumers not in the form of legal norms, but in the form of rules that have the nature of conditions for membership in various tourism organizations.

Thus, the state pursues tourism policy using the following levers: economic, legislative and political. The state can stimulate the development of the tourism sector using indirect management tools, which are: sale or lease of land or infrastructure at a price below market value, tax incentives, protection from double taxation, and so on. There are also interstate agreements and agreements regarding stimulating tourism development. International organizations whose goal is to develop tourism, for example, the European Investment Bank, are of great importance in international relations.

4. The country's entry into international organizations and unions.

The main international organization in tourism is the World Tourism Organization (WTO). There are also other international organizations that are somehow related to tourism, such as the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In addition, there are many regional organizations, such as the European Travel Commission (ETC), the Asia-Pacific Travel Association (PATA), the Caribbean Tourism Organization, etc.

The most important documents on tourism adopted by the World Tourism Organization or with its participation guide tourists towards such contacts that would contribute to real communication based on mutual understanding and trust. This applies to the Manila Declaration of World Tourism (1980), the Acapulco Document (1982), the Charter of Tourism and the Tourist Code (1985), the Gaza Declaration on Tourism (1989), the Montreal Declaration (1996), the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (1999), etc. These documents emphasize the need for tolerant forms of communication with the population of host countries and the population with arriving tourists.

An important task for tourism is to achieve the highest level of respect and trust between all peoples. In particular, the Acapulco Document notes that tourism should promote a spirit of justice, harmony and respect among peoples and promote knowledge of the world. The Charter of Tourism recommends that states promote the growth of tourism consciousness and contacts between visitors and the local population in order to improve mutual understanding and mutual enrichment, promote information among tourists in order to create conditions for understanding the customs of the local population in tourist areas and places of temporary stay. At the same time, as discussed in the document, when receiving tourists, countries and their populations have the right to expect from tourists understanding and respect for their customs, religion and other aspects of their culture.

The Tourist Code emphasizes that the tourist must be sensitive to the culture of the local population and refrain from emphasizing the economic, social and cultural differences that exist between tourists and the local population.

The general principles that guide international tourism are:

recognition of the equal rights of peoples to determine their destiny; defining the identity of cultures and respecting the moral values ​​of peoples; the human right to respect for his dignity and individuality. The noted principles and requirements are confirmed in the practice of international tourism, permeated with the spirit of true humanism and democracy; they serve as the basis for regulating the “dialogue of cultures” during direct communication between tourists and the population. In the interaction, mutual influence and mutual enrichment of cultures, tourism organizations play an important role, which promote direct contacts between representatives of culture from different countries of the world. Such organizations, in particular, include the International Academy of Tourism, the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Tourism Industry, and the International Federation of Tourism Journalists and Writers.

Lecture No. 4 Social characteristics, culture and special tourist characteristics of the country (2 hours) Plan

1.The population of the country as a factor and subject of tourism development.

2.Assessment of quality indicators of the country's population.

3.Tourist characteristics of the peoples of the country.

4.Types of modern civilizations.

Literature Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Golovchenko V. Foreign Studies: Asia, Africa, Latin America,

Australia and Oceania: beginning. Pos_bnik / V. Golovchenko, O. Kravchuk. - TO.:

Nichlava, 2006. – 336 p.

Modernization of tourism science: theory and practice of partnership:

monograph / Ed. G.P. Sklyara. – Poltava: PUET, 2015. – 250 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

Huntington S. Clash of Civilizations / Huntington S. - M.: OOO Publishing House AST, 2003. - 603 p.

1. The country's population as a factor and subject of tourism development.

Ethnographic tourism is one of the types of cultural and educational tourism associated with visiting sites of traditional cultures, ethnographic villages, as well as with the aim of getting to know ethnic cultures and crafts. In ethnographic tourism, there are also two subtypes - aboriginal and ethnic tourism.

The most important function of ethnographic tourism is cultural. Its essence lies in preserving traditions and passing them on to future generations (which is especially important for small nations and nationalities), the formation of national identity, as well as familiarizing the broad masses with the traditions of the ethnic group. This gives rise to the idea of ​​selling the cultural products of a people to consumers who are interested in what turns the traditions of a people into a commodity. This is where the economic function of ethnographic tourism is formed.

In addition to the cultural meaning, ethnographic tourism also has a socio-political meaning - it helps to recognize an ethnic group from its most attractive side, thus contributing to a person’s national self-determination and the manifestation of the best national character traits and establishing contacts with other, related or neighboring nations and improving relationships between them.

A distinctive feature of ethnotourism is that it can be very interesting for almost any category of tourists. Both for foreigners and citizens of Ukraine, both for young people who are interested in the history, traditions and life of their ancestors, and for the older age category of tourists who have different motivations.

Ethnographic tourism, being a cultural and educational form of tourism, is compatible with many other types of tourism - for example, extreme, sports, environmental, historical, rural tourism.

In Western European countries, inclusive tours, an indispensable attribute of which is accommodation in hotels of at least tourist class and meals two or three times a day, are still popular.

However, Western European tourists, satiated with comfort, (especially German ones) are looking for new sensations when going on tourist trips, where sometimes they will have to spend the night in huts heated by a stove, or in smokehouses, and will have to eat from a common cauldron of authentic food that was not prepared by a European chef. a cook who has a huge number of certificates and diplomas, and a rural housewife. Despite the frequent lack of comfortable conditions on such tours, their popularity is growing. Especially among experienced tourists who place new sensations more important than recreation. Moreover, the price of such tours can be higher, the worse (in the generally accepted view) the conditions of accommodation and food. This trend has been increasingly visible in the Western European tourism industry over the past 15 years.

In Ukraine, this type of recreation is not yet so popular. This is explained by the fact that the tourism industry in Ukraine as a whole is at a different stage of development (due to historical features), and the expectations of consumers (tourists) from it are somewhat different from those in the West.

2. Assessment of quality indicators of the country's population.

Typically, nine quality of life factors are used to determine a country's score:

1. Health: Life expectancy (in years). Source:

US Census Bureau

2. Family life: Divorce rate (per 1 thousand people), ranging from 1 (few divorces) to 5 (many divorces). Source: UN;

3. Social life: The variable takes on a value of 1 if a country has a high level of church attendance or union membership.

Source: World Values ​​Survey.

4. Material well-being: GDP per capita, Purchasing Opportunity Parity.

5. Political stability and security: Ratings of political stability and security. Source: Economist Intelligence Unit

6. Climate and Geography: Latitude, to distinguish between cold and hot climates. Source: CIA World Factbook

7. Job security: Unemployment rate (percentage). Source:

Economist Intelligence Unit.

8. Political freedom: Average index of political and civil freedom. Scale from 1 (totally free) to 7 (involuntary). Source:

9. Gender equality: Measured by dividing the average salary of men by the salary of women.

Tourist characteristics of the peoples of the country. 3.

The territory of each country is inhabited by masses of people who are largely similar to each other and, at the same time, there are many differences between them in language, religion, traditions, features of material and spiritual culture, and external anthropological characteristics. Large and persistent groups of people who have a number of similar characteristics are called peoples. Several peoples can live on the territory of a country.

The specific concept of “people” includes the following characteristics:

racial ethnic religious composition ethnocultural characteristics mentality.

features of the racial composition of the population analysis of the ethnic composition of the population national minorities, diaspora, clan, caste, gender religious composition of the population Due to the peculiarities of the historical past in some countries, relations between representatives of different races are characterized by complexity and tension. It is also worth paying attention to the peculiarities of settlement of local representatives of different races throughout the country.

Not all external hereditary characteristics of people are considered racial, but only those characteristic of the peoples who inhabit a certain territory. For example, differences in posture and muscle development are not considered racial - they depend on external conditions, but are not predetermined by geographic area and are not transmitted hereditarily.

Regarding the number of races: from three to five races are distinguished.

4. Types of modern civilizations

The main criterion for determining the cultural and historical community of people within world regions (with historically changeable boundaries) is the unity of religion, which determines the community of historical development, customs and forms a persistent regional type of high culture. Giving religion the role of a system-creating civilizational criterion, A. Toynbee used the concept of religion not as a doctrine, but as a system that determines normative values ​​and differences in the spiritual world of people.

The famous American specialist on the problems of civilizations S.

Huntington identified eight modern world civilizations:

Western (Christian)

Words "Yano-Orthodox

Islamic (Muslim)

Hindu

Confucian (Chinese)

Shinto (Japanese)

Latin American and

African.

Lecture No. 5 Tourist regional studies.

(2 hours) Plan

1. Principles and criteria for zoning in tourism.

2. Modern approaches to the regional division of the world.

Literature:

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

1. Principles and criteria for zoning in tourism.

Tourist zoning of a territory is a fairly important task, since its solution allows for the most efficient use, without harming other economic sectors, and with minimal impact on nature, on certain territories for people’s recreation and the development of their culture. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new recreational resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in not yet developed places; identify and create new tourist areas of different order, correctly determine their tourist specialization, transfer the experience of tourism development from one area to another with similar conditions; differentiated treatment of tourist areas with different conditions.

Tourist zoning is a difficult task.

Its complexity lies in two aspects:

1. The territory of the whole world is considered, that is, very different areas that are dissimilar to each other.

2. Zoning should cover places where there is practically no tourism or it is poorly developed, but there are certain prerequisites for it.

The area-specific factors in international tourism include the following:

1) the main features of the geographical location from the point of view of tourism (position in relation to tourist markets, position in relation to politically unstable areas and “hot spots of the planet”, relationships with adjacent countries, as well as those states whose territories are used by the bulk of tourists communications and so on);

2) the nature of nature, the level of comfort of climatic conditions, the richness and diversity of recreational resources, the possibility and convenience of their use;

3) the saturation of the territory with natural and cultural-historical attractions, their interaction and position in relation to the main zones and centers of tourism;

4) the degree of attractiveness of natural and cultural-historical attractions for the bulk of tourists and promising clientele;

5) the level of accessibility of the area in terms of existing communications;

6) the level of necessary expenses in time for arriving in a given territory and returning home;

7) the general level of financial expenditures by tourists to improve their travel;

8) level of development of tourism infrastructure (equipping the territory with accommodation facilities, transport, communications, catering establishments, trade, and so on);

9) level of service and qualifications of personnel serving tourists;

10) capacity of the territory for receiving tourists;

11) stability of the internal political situation;

12) level of safety for tourists in terms of the crime situation;

13) level of safety for tourists in terms of the environmental situation;

14) the level of general economic development, provision of labor resources, material resources and financial capabilities for the creation and further development of the tourism and hospitality industry;

15) the territory in terms of its place in the tourism market, that is, the volume of tourist flows that visit the area, and the prerequisites for the formation of such flows in the future;

16) the structure of foreign tourist clientele that comes to the area;

17) the main features of tourism in a given area (seasonal rhythms, duration, overwhelming types of tourism, main whole visits, and so on);

18) the attitude of the authorities and local tourism authorities to tourism problems;

19) the economic role of tourism for a given area (the amount of budget revenue from tourism, expenses for the development of tourism infrastructure, the place of tourism among other sectors of the economy and the relationship with these sectors, the impact of tourism on the employment of the local population, the overall economic effect of tourism);

20) prospects for the development of tourism in the area.

The importance of all these factors in the formation of tourist areas is not the same. The action of these factors manifests itself in a wide variety of combinations.

It should be noted that the zoning of many countries in terms of domestic tourism usually does not coincide with that in terms of international tourism.

Thus, one should always specify the concept: what kind of tourism are we talking about - domestic or international.

2. Modern approaches to the regional division of the world.

To understand the peculiarities of the flow of tourism processes on a planetary scale and the needs of statistical analysis, the world is divided into large parts - tourist regions of the world - with common features of a natural, cultural, historical, political nature and similar development trends, first of all, of international tourism.

According to the approaches proposed by the World Tourism Organization, five tourist regions are traditionally distinguished, within which separate subregions (districts) are identified:

American, consisting of North, Central, South America and the Caribbean, European (Southern, Western, Northern and Central and Eastern Europe), African (Northern, Western, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa), Asia-Pacific, consisting of North Eastern, South, Southeast Asia and Oceania, which also includes Australia and New Zealand. A separate region of world tourism is the Middle East, which includes the countries of the Arab world, compactly located in North Africa and the Middle East.

It should be borne in mind that according to this regional division, Turkey, Cyprus and Israel are included in the Southern European subregion, Great Britain and Ireland are included in Northern Europe, and Russia, Kazakhstan, the republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia also belong to Central and Eastern Europe.

3. Typology of countries based on economic and geographical prerequisites for sustainable tourism development.

Criteria for typing countries of the world:

1. Macroeconomic indicators;

2. Standard of living of the population;

3. Economic structure;

4. Export structure;

5. Labor productivity;

6. The supply of food products itself;

7. Level of stability of the political system; respect for human rights

8. The severity of social problems.

Typing:

1. Economically developed countries

1.1 Big Seven (G - 7)

1.2. The developed countries

1.3 Countries of “settler capitalism”

1.4. Countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS.

2. Countries that are developing 2.1. “Key countries” (India, Brazil, Mexico ~ all countries of the Russian Federation)

2.2.Newly industrialized countries

2.3. OPEC countries

2.4. Other underdeveloped countries

2.5. LDCs (least developed countries).

Signs of NRC:

Separation of the state from society;

Atomization of society (gangs, families, individuals);

Loss of self-identity.

Lecture No. 6 European tourism macro-region.

(2 hours) Plan

1. Structure and general characteristics of the European tourism region.

Literature:

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Geography of international tourism: CIS and Baltic countries: Textbook.

allowance / Author.-comp. L.M. Gaidukevich, S.A. Khomich, Ya.I. Anoshko et al. – Mn.: Aversev, 2004. – 252 p.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Stafiychuk V.I. Tourist regional studies: tourism resources to the world.

Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania: [form. pos_b.] / V. I. Stafiychuk, O. Yu. Malinovska. – K.: Alterpress, 2009. – 427 p.

Tourist regional studies. Regions are leaders in tourism / Ed. prof.

Lyubitseva O.O. – K.: “Alterpres”, 2008. – 436 p.

1. Structure and general characteristics of the European tourist region.

The European region is the undisputed world leader in the volume of accumulation of tourist flows. Almost 55% of the world's tourist trips take place within its borders. 6 of the 10 most visited countries in the world are located within the European Tourism Region.

Firstly, a powerful and rich tourist natural and cultural-historical potential: thousands of kilometers of sea beaches, developed mountain systems, mosaic and diversity of landscapes, river and lake network, rich balneological resources, a wealth of various historical, architectural and archaeological attractions, a significant number cultural, sacred and man-made attractions (megaliths, monasteries, churches, museums, theme parks, water parks, entertainment venues, etc.), numerous events that are used in the tourism industry and form significant tourist flows.

Secondly, favorable socio-economic and socio-geographical factors: a high level of economic development of most countries in the region, high-quality transport and social infrastructure, close proximity of states, long-standing and rich cultural traditions, including an established culture of recreation and travel, religious and ethnic tolerance, inherent in the population of most European countries, a relatively low crime rate and high life safety, high-quality labor resources, a traditionally high level of development of the tourism industry and quality of service.

Thirdly, a favorable political climate: long-standing democratic traditions of socio-political structures, the stability of the political situation in most European countries, the functioning of the European Union, the formation of a single eurozone and the simplification of entry and exit procedures for tourists, which allows unhindered visits to a number of countries.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the CIS countries, foreign Europe and the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean.

SOUTH EUROPEAN TOURIST DISTRICT

Israel - Spain - Italy - Cyprus - Macedonia - Malta - Monaco Portugal - San Marino - Serbia - Slovenia - Turkey - Croatia Montenegro.

NORTH EUROPEAN TOURIST DISTRICT

WESTERN EUROPEAN TOURIST DISTRICT

CENTRAL-EASTERN EUROPEAN TOURIST

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Tourist centers of Spain. The Mediterranean coast includes famous resort areas: Costa Bravaya, Costa del Maresme, Costa del Garraf, Costa Daurada, Costa Azahar, Costa Blanca, Costa del Sol. The island part is also distinguished, which includes Mallorca, Ibiza, Gran Canaria, Tenerife.

Tourist centers of Italy. The main motivation for traveling to Italy remains cultural heritage. The most visited tourist centers are Rome with the ruins of the ancient Colosseum, which is classified among the “seven wonders of the world” of modern times, the temples and museums of the Vatican, Florence, without which it is impossible to imagine the Italian Renaissance, Pisa, with its always leaning tower, Naples, outwardly sleepy, but the formidable Vesuvius and Venice - a fantastic city on the water with palaces, bridges and canals and dozens of other centers scattered throughout the territory of Italy.

International tourism is of great importance for Israel, which is based on rich natural, social and event tourism resources. Based on their use, beach bathing, educational, religious and health tourism are developing. The most famous tourist areas and centers of Israel include: one of the world's main religious centers, Jerusalem; the coast of the Mediterranean and Red Seas - places for beach and bathing holidays; the Dead Sea coast, where famous health resorts are located.

The most famous sites in Great Britain are the castles and fortresses of King Edward I in the kingdom of Gwynedd in Wales, the megalithic sites of Stonehenge, Avebury and adjacent archaeological sites in South-West England, the city of Bath, the Palace of Westminster in London, the Old and New Towns in Edinburgh, Canterbury the cathedral, St. Augustine's Abbey and St. Martin's Church in Canterbury and many others.

The French Republic is one of the leading tourist countries in the world.

France has a long tradition of developing health tourism. The natural basis for its development are rich balneological resources and the unique microclimate of forests, mountainous areas and sea coasts. The most famous resorts in France are Vichy, Nice, Biarizz and many others in different parts of the country. France is a recognized center of winemaking and gastronomy, which has turned its national cuisine into a tourist attraction.

Switzerland is famous for its skiing, climatic, balneological and phytotherapeutic resorts (Bad Ragaz, Bad Pfafers, Arosa, Verbier, Zermatt, Grindenwald, Davos, Crans-Montana, St. Moritz, Yverdon-les-Bains), recreation on picturesque lakes (Bodenske, Geneva , Zurich, Fervaldshtetske), fascinating tourist railway routes laid in the Alps: "Glacier Express" (Zermatg - Davos - St. Moritz), "Golden Pass" (Zurich - Lucerne - Montreux - Geneva), "Palm Express" (St. -Moritz - Lugano).

The capital of Austria - Vienna - is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Vienna is located at the crossroads of European roads, on the banks of the Danube. The former capital of one of the largest empires in Europe has retained its imperial spirit, while remaining a democratic and open city. Vienna has preserved numerous attractions.

The architectural calling card of the city is the famous St. Stephen's Cathedral, built in the XIV - XV centuries. in Gothic style.

Lecture No. 7 Middle Eastern tourist macro-region.

(2 hours) Plan

1. Structure and general characteristics of the Middle East tourism region.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the countries of South-West Asia, Egypt and Libya.

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Literature:

Golovchenko V.I. Foreign Studies: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania: a basic guide / V.I. Golovchenko, O.A. Kravchuk. – K., 2006.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Geography of international tourism: Foreign countries: Textbook. allowance / Author.-comp. L.M. Gaidukevich, S.A. Khomich, V.A. Klitsunova and others.

- Mn.:

Aversev, 2004. – 252 p.

1. Structure and general characteristics of the Middle East tourism region.

The Middle East is the name of the region located in Western Asia and North Africa at the junction of the European, Asian and African continents. The name was given by Europeans as the closest eastern region to them.

Recreational-geographical position:

Located next to Europe, Africa, Asia-Pacific.

Located near trade routes.

Rich recreational resources.

Specific nature - dry climate, favorable for extreme tourism, rallies, camels.

The unstable political situation is a very conflict-ridden region.

The share of tourist arrivals is 13% (24 million trips per year). In the 60s tourist incomes amounted to only 1.5%, and now the growth of international tourist arrivals took place due to two countries - Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Egypt exploits the natural resources of the warm sea coast and focuses on mass popular types of tourism, Saudi Arabia, using: event and cultural-historical resources, specializes in religious tourism. Saudi Arabia remains the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in the region. The total amount of investment in the kingdom adds up to 40 billion US dollars. Saudi Arabia is followed by Qatar in terms of the volume of funds attracted.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the countries of South-West Asia, Egypt and Libya.

This tourist region includes:

o Bahrain o Egypt o Yemen o Iraq o Jordan o Qatar o Kuwait o Lebanon o Libya o United Arab Emirates o Oman o Saudi Arabia, Syria.

Types of tourism typical for the region:

o Medical and health-improving tourism o Primorsky climatic resorts. Egypt - Kurghada, tours to the UAE Sharjah or Sharm el-Sheikh.

o Sports and health tourism o Diving - Red Sea.

o Business tourism o Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait.

o Religious tourism o Saudi Arabia, Mecca, Medina.

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Egypt is the center of a long-standing civilization and contains on its territory world-class tourist attractions (the pyramids of Giza, the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Mount Moses), museums with priceless collections. A negative feature of Egypt's geotourism position is its boundary with a cell of international tension, in the center of which are the Gaza Strip, Israel and Palestine. Even in the difficult situation surrounding the Arab-Israeli conflict, Egyptian travel companies find an opportunity to use the potential of neighboring Israel and organize excursion trips from their territory to the Dead Sea, Jerusalem and other interesting sites.

Jordan has a unique geotourism position. According to experts. There are up to 20 tiie on its territory.

sights of history and culture of previous eras. Here, Moses saw the Promised Land, Jesus Chrysgas was baptized, the Yororok lived and events took place, a sign for many faiths, waves of many nations rolled in, and they left a mark on the culture of modern Jordan. The country has access to the coast of the warm Red Sea and the shores of the Dead Sea. And, what is very important, the kingdom is one of the safest and calmest countries in the Arab world.

Saudi Arabia is a country with orthodox Islamic traditions, which influence tourism formalities that make Saudi Arabia a country relatively closed to mass tourists.

The main type of international tourism in the country is religious.

Pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia is based on the traditions of Islam.

Every Muslim must travel to the holy cities of Mecca and Medini at least once in his lifetime. Non-Muslims are prohibited from entering Mecca.

Lecture No. 8 South Asian and Asia-Pacific tourism macro-region (2 hours) Plan

1. Structure and general characteristics of the South Asian and Asia-Pacific tourism region.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the countries of South, Southeast, East Asia, Australia and Oceania.

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Literature:

Golovchenko V.I. Foreign Studies: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania: a basic guide / V.I. Golovchenko, O.A. Kravchuk. – K., 2006.

Ignatyev P.M. The lands of Asia: peculiarities of culture and life / P.M.

Ignatyev. – Chernivtsi, 2011. – 423 p.

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Stafiychuk V.I. Tourist regional studies: tourism resources to the world.

Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania: [form. pos_b.] / V. I. Stafiychuk, O. Yu. Malinovska. – K.: Alterpress, 2009. – 427 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

Smal I.V. Tourist resources of the world / I.V. Smal. – Nizhyn: Edition of the Nizhyn State University named after Mikoli Gogol, 2010. – 336 p.

1. Structure and general characteristics of the South Asian and Asia-Pacific tourism region.

The region's tourism resources are rich and diverse. This applies to both natural, social and event resources.

The Asia-Pacific tourism region includes polar types of countries:

1. Japan, Australia and New Zealand, which belong to the world economic leaders and the richest countries with a high level of development;

2) and from the other - Afghanistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Papua New Guinea.

The spatial structure of inbound tourism in this region largely depends on China's policies in the international tourism industry.

Japan has a decisive influence on the geography of outbound flows.

The high socio-economic standard of living made the Japanese a traveling nation (to Europe, America, Russia, neighboring countries).

China is in one of the first places.

The countries of Southeast Asia are rapidly conquering the international tourism market: Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam.

They are characterized by:

relaxation on clean beaches diving entertainment - elephant theaters transvestite festival Thai boxing;

ecological tourism;

religious tourism;

cheap shopping.

At the end of the first decade of the XXI century.

countries have lost their positions in the tourism services market compared to 1990 through:

financial crisis in Southeast Asia in 1997-98;

outbreaks of dangerous diseases during 2002-03. (atypia pneumonia, avian influenza);

the catastrophic tsunami in 2005, which almost completely destroyed the tourism infrastructure of certain areas of Thailand and Indonesia; protests of the local population against intensive tourism development;

even terrorist attacks.

Problems of the region:

Lack of drinking water and essential resources.

Australia and New Zealand are remote from major consumer tourism markets.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the countries of South, Southeast, East Asia, Australia and Oceania

SOUTH ASIAN TOURIST DISTRICT

Pakistan - Sri Lanka

NORTH-EASTERN ASIAN TOURIST DISTRICT

SOUTH EAST ASIAN TOURIST DISTRICT

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

– Norfolk - Christmas Island - Cook Islands - Pitcairn Islands Palau - Papua New Guinea - Northern Mariana Islands - Samoa Solomon Islands - Tonga - Tuvalu - Wallis and Futuna - Fiji French Polynesia

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

India has wonderful resources suitable for organizing mass summer and winter recreation, environmental and educational tourism. Thousands of kilometers of beaches on the Indian Ocean coast, numerous ski fields. The country is just beginning to develop these natural resources. The beaches of Goa and Kerala are already very popular among tourists. In addition, Kerala is a recognized center of Ayurveda - a special practice of treatment and health care.

A unique tourist resource of the country is the cultural world, its spiritual and material manifestations: the philosophy of Hinduism, recreated in the architectural symphony of temples, magnificent palaces that sacredly preserve the memory of the past, polyphonic modern megalopolises and “lost” cities.

Nepal is a Mecca for climbers. The country's territory contains, in whole or in part, 8 of the highest peaks in the world, including Everest (Chomolungma) - the highest peak on Earth.

The coast of Sri Lanka is a modern “tourist paradise”, which is formed by over 1,500 km of beaches with fine sand, palm trees and coral reefs with fantastic biodiversity and sunken ships. In equipped resort areas, Western tourists are offered a fashionable year-round “cocktail” of active recreation on the water, ecological tours and national flavor: national holidays, fish and fruit and vegetable markets, architectural sights and holy places.

The Dambulla cave temple complex is always popular among tourists. Here in 5 large and numerous small caves with highly artistic wall paintings of the V - VIII centuries.

a large number of Buddha statues are placed. One of the wonders of Dambulli is a cave with walls where water flows upward. At the highest point of the cave, water accumulates and falls down into a golden bowl around which the monks meditate.

The Maldives is implementing an interesting concept of using resources and developing the tourism industry - “one island - one resort, one hotel.” This made it possible to create unique resort complexes that differ from each other not only in design, but also in the atmosphere of relaxation and categories of tourists who choose hotels according to taste and financial capabilities. At the same time, the islands are divided into “tourist” ones and those where the Maldivians live, which, at the request of visitors to the country, minimizes communication with its inhabitants.

The development of China's tourism industry is based on "three pillars":

cultural heritage, natural diversity and discipline at all levels - from top managers to maids.

China's tourism industry demonstrates dynamic development and high economic efficiency. Why does this apply to both international and domestic tourism.

According to experts from the People's Republic of China in the 21st century. will become a world leader in the number of international tourist arrivals.

China has super-powerful cultural and historical resources. On the territory of the country there are about 40 cultural, historical and natural sites included in the World Heritage List.

Most of them are concentrated in the east of the country.

Exceptional cultural, historical and event resources are the basis for tourism development. Numerous historical sights, temples, and sacred places for the Japanese are scattered throughout the country. They are preserved and carefully looked after, which leaves an indelible impression on everyone who visited Japan.

The tourist symbol of the country is the sacred gate of Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima Island, which stands in a bay right in the water. The temple itself is located here on stilts - one of the most respected sacred shrines by the Japanese. Another iconic object that personifies the industrial greatness of Japan is the Seto-Ohashi Bridge. It was built in 1988 and spans the inland Sea of ​​Japan. The bridge connected the islands of Shikoku and Honshu. Its length exceeds 12 km.

The largest tourist centers of the country with a large number of highly attractive objects are Tokyo, Nara, Kyoto, Kamakura, Sapporo and other cities and regions.

Lecture No. 9 African tourism macro-region (2 hours) Plan

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism

Literature:

Golovchenko V.I. Foreign Studies: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania: a basic guide / V.I. Golovchenko, O.A. Kravchuk. – K., 2006.

Vishnevska O.O. Tourist regional studies: podruchnik / O.O.

Vishnevska, A.Yu. Parfinenko, V.I. Sidorov. – Kh.: KhNU im. V.N. Karazina, 2011. – 594 p.

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Smal I.V. Tourist resources of the world / I.V. Smal. – Nizhyn: Edition of the Nizhyn State University named after Mikoli Gogol, 2010. – 336 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

Tourist regional studies. Regions are leaders in tourism / Ed. prof.

Lyubitseva O.O. – K.: “Alterpres”, 2008. – 436 p.

1. Structure and general characteristics of the African tourism region.

The African tourism region has an inherent advantage of natural tourism resources. Particularly significant among them are the flora-faunistic and landscape components of the resource potential. For other countries and territories of the region, characteristic comfortable weather and climatic conditions are the basis for the development of mass tourism.

In the international tourism services market, individual African states have taken leading positions and offer a high-quality tourism product: Mauritius - wedding tourism and beach and bathing holidays; Tunisia and Morocco - beach and bathing, medical, health and educational tourism; Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Kenya - safaris and eco-tourism; STEAM - beach and bathing holidays, gastronomic and ecological tourism; Cape Verde specializes in diving and surfing.

Regarding most other states, especially Central African ones, the relevance of developing international tourism is not on the agenda for them: the unfavorable climate for Europeans and Americans to relax, interethnic conflicts, poverty, high incidence of AIDS and other diseases and the lack of basic living conditions make these countries unattractive -Livimi from the point of view of recreational and tourism activities.

On the African continent, significant changes have taken place in the structure of international tourism over the past decades.

During the 1980s, some of Africa's interregional tourism flows exceeded domestic regional ones. The situation changed in the 1990s, which were marked by the gradual predominance of internal regional travel over external travel.

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of countries in Africa (except Libya and Egypt).

NORTH AFRICAN TOURIST AREA

CENTRAL AFRICAN TOURIST AREA

SOUTH AFRICAN TOURIST AREA

EAST AFRICAN TOURIST AREA

WEST AFRICAN TOURIST AREA

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Tunisia attracts with its sandy beaches and rich excursion program. Tourists have the opportunity to combine a seaside holiday with exploring ancient cities where aqueducts, temples, ancient sculptures have been preserved, and visiting medieval Arab bazaars, mosques, and museums.

It is in Tunisia, 16 km from the capital, that Carthage is located - an old Phoenician port, an old majestic city-state, a prosperous capital of the Roman province, captured and destroyed before by Roman troops in 146 BC. e., a medieval pirate's nest. Present-day Carthage is one of the most popular tourist centers and an area of ​​active archaeological work.

Tourists to Angola are attracted by natural resources: almost 1,600 km of ocean coast, rich flora and fauna, landscapes of tropical forests, savannas and deserts, mineral waters.

The Angolan coast is more suitable for organizing ocean fishing. The Namib Desert itself is a wonderful place for safari, and its sand dunes are considered one of the best in the world for sandboarding and sand slalom.

Cameroon is often called Africa in miniature. While in the country, tourists get the opportunity to visit several natural areas

From moist equatorial forests on the Atlantic coast to typical African savannas and semi-deserts in the north.

Accordingly, rich flora-faunistic resources. The best way to get to know them is in the national park. The main natural attraction of the country is the Cameroon volcano (4070 m).

The geotourism position of PAR has interesting features: the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans merge near the southern coast of the country; a unique flora and fauna has formed on the territory of the republic; African flavor and European influence crystallized a unique cultural space. The only problem is the significant distance from the main consumer markets. Despite this, at the end of the first decade of the XXI century. Up to 8 million tourists come to PAR, who annually bring up to € 6 billion to the country’s economy.

In Kenya, a dense network of environmental protection facilities has been formed both on dry land and in the ocean. It includes 59 national parks, reserves and wildlife sanctuaries. Particularly popular among tourists is Nakuru National Park, which includes the famous Menengai volcano and Lake Nakuru, on the shores of which you can see an immeasurable number of pink flamingos. One of the most memorable sights that can be observed in Ambosele National Park is the life of elephants in natural conditions.

Tanzania. Mass beach and bathing holidays are developing rapidly. The coast of Tanzania has kilometers of comfortable beaches. The seaside resort of Tanga is especially popular, where in addition to “sand, sun and water” there are balneological resources and picturesque caves.

The island of Zanzibar is often called the island of spices. From the 19th century. and to this day Zanzibar is one of the world's leading suppliers of cloves, cinnamon, vanilla, nutmeg, saffron, ginger, various peppers and other spices. But the island's current popularity is largely due to international tourism. It owns fantastic natural, cultural and historical resources. The main natural resource is the ocean. Zanzibar and nearby smaller islands are recognized as world centers for diving and snorkeling.

The Seychelles, with its developed tourism industry, has preserved nature in almost its original form. The islands are rich in endemics. Only here live giant Aldabra tortoises (weight - up to 250 kg; age - up to 150 years), many rare birds, including black cockatoo and nightingale bulbul.

There are a huge number of marine inhabitants in the waters of the Indian Ocean. This allows the islands to belong to regions where ecotourism activities are actively being introduced. But the main resources are “sun, sea and sand”, which are the basis for the development of beach and bathing holidays.

Lecture No. 10 American tourist macro-region.

(2 hours) Plan Lecture 10.

3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

Literature:

Maslyak P.O. Foreign Studies: podruch. for students ta wikl. visch. navch. closing / P. O. Maslyak. – K.: Zannanya, 2008. – 292 p.

Modernization of tourism science: theory and practice of partnership:

monograph / Ed. G.P. Sklyara. – Poltava: PUET, 2015. – 250 p.

Smal I.V. Tourist resources of the world / I.V. Smal. – Nizhyn: Edition of the Nizhyn State University named after Mikoli Gogol, 2010. – 336 p.

Stafiychuk V.I. Tourist regional studies: tourism resources to the world.

Europe, Asia, Australia and Oceania: [form. pos_b.] / V. I. Stafiychuk, O. Yu. Malinovska. – K.: Alterpress, 2009. – 427 p.

Tourism in the minds of globalization: features and development prospects [Text]: monograph / ed. M. O. Kizim, V. E. Yermachenko. – Kh.: INZHEK, 2012. – 472 p.

Tourist regional studies. Regions are leaders in tourism / Ed. prof.

Lyubitseva O.O. – K.: “Alterpres”, 2008. – 436 p.

1. Structure and general characteristics of the American tourist region.

The American region ranks third in the world for the number of international tourist arrivals. Within the region, North America dominates - almost 70% of tourists come to the USA, Mexico and Canada. USA - Mexico is a powerful global interstate tourist flow - about 20 million Americans visit their southern neighbor.

Over the past few years, the number of tourist arrivals to the United States has stabilized at 55-58 million. Canada and Mexico receive approximately 17 and 22 million tourists annually, respectively.

The vast majority of the world's "hotel countries" are located within the Caribbean, relying on international tourism.

Central and South America are currently positioned as areas with powerful natural resources, primarily forest, flora-faunal and landscape resources, which contribute to the intensive use of ecotourism technologies (Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, Belize, Guatemala).

2. Tourist zoning and zoning of the territory of the countries of North, South, Central America, island countries and territories of the Caribbean.

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3. Leading tourist countries in the region, their tourist centers, developed types of tourism.

The presence of picturesque places in the United States contributes to the development of tourism focused on the use of natural resources - the country has created more than 350 national parks and reserves with a total area of ​​over 30 million, which are considered world-class and receive up to 300 million tourists per year. There are always a lot of visitors in Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon, Canyonland, Achesi, Titan, Glacier, Olympic, Yosemite, Mammoth Cave and in the territories of many other interesting objects.

The tourist “signature” of Ontario (Canada) is Niagara Falls, the most interesting part of which (“Big Horseshoe”) is located on Canadian territory.

At the beginning of the XXI century. Mexico is recognized as the Latin American leader in the export of tourism services. The rich cultural heritage has become a powerful factor in the development of the tourism industry. Particularly popular were the centers of the oldest American civilizations of the Maya and Aztecs - Chichen Itza, Mayapan, Palenque, Teotihucan, Uxmal, where remarkable examples of architecture and art were preserved: pyramids left by the Aztecs, religious buildings, stone fortifications, ancient settlements and residential buildings. The sights of the Spanish colonial days in the cities of Puebla, Guadalajara, Campeche, El Tajin and many other centers scattered throughout the country have high educational value.

The main organizational center of the tourism industry is the country's capital. Mexico City is called a city of architectural attractions and museums. The city has over 1,400 unique buildings and monuments, 10 archaeological parks, and more than 100 museums. The historical center of Mexico City is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The main attractions of Mexico City are the Aztec pyramid, Chapultepec Castle, the National Cathedral, the municipal and national palaces.

International tourism belongs to the priority areas of development of national economies. The basis for this is the strong demand from American and Canadian consumers and resource availability: the countries have sufficient natural and public tourism resources for the development of the tourism industry.

Bermuda has the highest density of golf courses in the world - 10 per square kilometer.

The colorful cities of Brazil are tourist attractions in themselves. Brasilia belongs to the most unusual cities of the continent, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The new capital was built in the central part of the country virtually from scratch in 4 years (1957-1960). Original planning, architectural features and interesting objects (botanical garden, zoo, city park with swimming pools filled with mineral water, Arched Palace with hanging gardens and many others) have turned Brasilia into one of the most visited cities in the country.

The championship in terms of the number of tourists is confidently held by Rio de Janeiro, or Rio - the largest city in the country. The main symbols of Rio are the famous statue of Christ on Mount Corcovado and the crystalline rock of Pau de Azucar ("Sugar Loaf") at the entrance to Guanabara Bay.

The city is rich in outstanding architectural sights:

colonial churches, monasteries of San Bento, San Antonio, imperial palace, Tiradentes Palace, etc. There are many museums in the city: National History Museum, National Art Museum, Museum of the Republic and the like. But the annual carnival brought Rio worldwide fame.

The Amazon jungle, the ridges of the Caribbean Andes, 3,000 km of sandy beaches, Lake Maracaibo, the largest in South America, one of the longest rivers in the world, the Orinoco River, the highest waterfall on the planet Angel, rich flora and fauna, representatives of which are the jaguar, ocelot and the longest the anaconda snake in the world, as well as the unique cultural environment are the main
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