Anabasis barnyard leafless. Anabasis leafless shoots. Anabasis leafless (barnyard) - Anabasis aphylta L. The haze family - Chenopodiaceae. Dangerous "non-dangerous" tick. Collection and preparation

Botanical description

Anabasis leafless, translated from Latin - Anabasis aphylla, belongs to the haze family. Another name for this plant is leafless barnyard. This is a succulent flattened - spherical subshrub that reaches a height of 75 centimeters.

Its woody rod-shaped rhizome is thick, twisted, it penetrates to a depth of twenty meters. Anabasis stems are numerous, branching from the very base. Green, juicy, branched, smooth, cylindrical shoots oppositely depart from its lower part.

Shoot segments are small internodes of the stem. The leaves of the leafless barnyard are practically not developed, devoid of chlorophyll, they are scaly, one might say inconspicuous, wide-triangular, fused in pairs at the nodes of the stem.

The flowers of the plant are five-membered bisexual, they are very small and completely inconspicuous, located in the axils of the bracts, at the ends of the branches they form rather dense spike-shaped inflorescences.

The fruits are one-seeded, rounded, slightly flattened laterally, winged, with a fleshy pericarp. Herbaceous shoots on this shrub grow from April to July, after which flowering begins. Plants are able to quickly grow their above-ground part.

Spreading

Hedgehog leafless grows on the territory of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Azerbaijan and in the European part of Russia. The main areas where industrial harvesting takes place are Kazakhstan and Kzyl-Orda regions.

It grows on plains and low foothills, on clayey and loamy soils of semi-deserts, on gray soils, solonetzes, and in rare cases on solonchaks. It develops well in plowed areas, as evidenced by its abundant and lush growth. On takyrs, it tolerates a slight falling asleep with sand.

Procurement of raw materials

The most favorable period for harvesting raw materials is the time from June to September. It is harvested using an ordinary sickle or with special units that cut off the uppermost parts of the shoots.

It is customary to put cut shoots in small piles and leave them on the field, and after a couple of days larger shocks can be formed from them. Then the raw material is transported for final drying, after which it is passed through a silage cutter, thereby dividing the shoots into small segments-internodes.

From one bush you can collect from 600 grams to 2.5 kilograms of green shoots. The finished raw material consists of crushed herbaceous hard bare twigs, with barely protruding leaves in the form of scales. The smell of anabasis is peculiar, they do not taste it, since the plant is poisonous.

Chemical composition

The green shoots of leafless anabasis contain alkaloids, for example, aphyllin, lupunin, oxyaphyllin, oxyaphyllidine, aphyllidine and others. Anabasine is considered the main one. There are also organic acids.

Pharmacological properties

Anabasin is close to nicotine and lobelin in its pharmacological properties. Anabasin hydrochloride is produced in the form of a medicinal product, it can be both in tablets, films, and is represented by chewing gum, which contains gamibasin.

Application

Anabasine hydrochloride or gamibazine is approved for use as a drug that reduces the desire to smoke. Nicotinic acid, which is obtained from this herb, is widely used in medical practice for liver diseases, spasms, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, and infectious processes.

Anabasine hydrochloride in small doses facilitates smoking cessation. For this purpose, the drug is available in the form of Gamibazin chewing gum, and you can also take tablets and special films.

Tablets are taken sublingually, that is, they are placed under the tongue until completely absorbed, the maximum number is eight pieces per day, for five days. With the start of treatment, it is necessary to stop smoking, or significantly reduce its frequency.

And no later than the tenth day from the start of treatment, you should completely abandon this addiction. If the craving for smoking does not decrease, in this case, the pills are resumed, but after two or three months.

Taking pills is contraindicated in atherosclerotic processes, with severe hypertension, bleeding. At first, the use of this medication may cause nausea, headache, high blood pressure.

Usually these phenomena decrease or disappear altogether with a decrease in the dosage of the drug. There are indications that taking the drug can cause toxicoderma.

Films with anabasine hydrochloride are polymer plates of white - yellow color, oval shape. They are also designed to combat smoking. It is glued to the gum or mucous membrane of the buccal region, this procedure must be done daily, up to eight times a day.

Gamibazin - chewing gum of a rectangular or square shape, with the smell of aromatic substances. It is one of the dosage forms for smoking cessation.

Apply by daily chewing, first one piece, four times a day for five days, and then reduce its amount.

Conclusion

If you are going to quit smoking, it will not be superfluous to consult a doctor, as he will tell you how to get rid of this bad habit painlessly.

- semi-shrub of the haze family - Chenopodiaceae. The height of adult plants is 40 - 75 cm; they form bushes with a diameter of 100-120 cm. The shape of the bush is often flattened-spherical. Taproot, penetrating deep into the soil; when the plant ages or if its aerial part is damaged, new shoots grow from the root. The upper part of the annual shoot with thin green succulent leafless twigs, the lower part is thicker, woody, usually whitish or yellowish, often covered with cork. The green leafless parts of the annual shoot are jointed; the segments represent the internodes of the stem; they break off easily, especially when dry. The flowers are small, axillary, collected at the end of the branches in spike-shaped inflorescences. Perianth 1.5 - 2.5 mm long consists of 5 free concave leaflets: three outer ones are round-ovate or almost round, two inner ones are narrower. The stigmas are short and thick. The fruit is juicy; in fruits, the outer tepals have rounded kidney-shaped, leathery wings sticking up, yellowish or pinkish. Anabasis reproduces only by seeds.

On Russian territory grows in the lower reaches of the Volga, in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, in the south of the Orenburg region, is found on the southern coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

The most extensive thickets of anabasis were noted in river valleys, temporary watercourses, lakeside and sor depressions, and in other areas with close groundwater outlets. Anabasis leafless often prevails in places with disturbed natural vegetation (heavily overrun pastures, fallows).

On solonchaks of some types, solonetsous soils, along with leafless anabasis, there are plants somewhat similar to it - anabasis salsa - Anabasis salsa (C. A. Mey.) Benth. ex Volkens, and gnarled sarsazan - Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb. In both of these species, in contrast to the leafless anabasis, the perianth is wingless in fruits. In the vegetative state, these plants differ from leafless anabasis in the following features: sarsazan - the presence of opposite rounded buds on the shoots, sometimes developing into flower-bearing twigs, solonchak anabasis - the presence of fleshy semi-cylindrical leaves in the lower and middle parts of the green branches, reaching 2 - 5 mm in length, and at the top of the underdeveloped.

Harvest green parts of the plant throughout the summer. According to the release of alkaloids, the best harvesting period is from June to September (in the phase - before the wings appear in the fruits).

Harvesting shoots of anabasis in each thicket is carried out 1 time during the growing season. Harvesting twice a year does not give an economic effect and depletes the thickets.

Harvesting raw materials of anabasis for 2 years in a row in one commercial array is unacceptable. In order to rejuvenate the thickets, it is desirable to remove the above-ground parts of the anabasis in winter. Subsequent harvesting of raw materials should be carried out at a later date, leaving about a third of the available green shoots. Harvesting is carried out in a mechanized or manual way, cutting off the upper parts of annual shoots at a distance of 20-25 cm from the top of the bush. Every 3-4 years, after harvesting, anabasis arrays must be given a rest, not harvested on them, so that the plants can renew and grow stronger.

To ensure reliable seed recovery due to the fact that not every year there is a good harvest of fruits and not every year is favorable for seed germination and development of seedlings, about every tenth well-developed plant should be left as seed plants every year.

With mechanized harvesting, after each strip 40 m wide, where the anabasis is mowed, an untouched strip 5 m wide is left. plots.

Dry cut shoots are left in small, loosely folded heaps, after 2-3 days they are folded into larger shocks. Then the raw material is taken to the current, dried and passed through a thresher or a silage cutter. As a result of this, the shoots break up into segments - internodes. The crushed raw materials are sieved through screens with different hole diameters to remove earth, pebbles, woody and not crushed parts.

Collection, drying and packaging of shoots, due to their toxicity, is carried out with caution (with gloves); after preparation, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. When drying and packaging dried raw materials, it is necessary to work in respirators or gauze bandages to avoid poisoning and damage to the respiratory tract.

Raw material anabasis are pieces of one-year shoots up to 50 mm long, mostly broken up into segments; non-lignified, rigid, non-pubescent, cylindrical, with undeveloped blunt leaves, barely protruding in the form of two triangular scales fused into a short sheath. Color grayish green to yellowish. The smell is weak, peculiar. The taste is not determined, since all parts of the plant are poisonous.

Numerical indicators: anabasine not less than 1.4%; humidity not more than 12%; brown and lignified pieces of perennial stems of anabasis no more than 10%; segments with gall formations and individual galls no more than 2%; fruits with wings not more than 1%; organic impurities not more than 3%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Store in a dry, dark place, in compliance with the storage rules poisonous plants (list B).

Best before date raw materials 2 years.

used to obtain drugs with cholinomimetic action.

Anabasis leafless - Anabasis aphylla L.

Haze family - Chenopodiaceae

Other names:

- leafless barnyard

Botanical characteristic. Succulent shrub 25-75 cm high. It grows as a flattened-spherical bush 55-60 cm (up to 140 cm) in diameter. The rhizome is thick, twisted, woody, turning into a powerful main root, which often penetrates to the depth of groundwater (5-20 m). The root system is pivotal. Stems numerous, woody in lower part, branching from base. From the lignified lower part of the stem branched, green, sometimes bluish, juicy, smooth, cylindrical jointed shoots depart oppositely. The segments are the internodes of the stem. The leaves are almost not developed; scaly, barely noticeable, obtuse, wide-triangular, fused at the stem nodes in pairs into short, hairy sheaths inside. The leaves are devoid of chlorophyll: the function of assimilation is performed by annual stems.

Five-membered bisexual small inconspicuous flowers (up to 2.5 mm long) sit one at a time in the axils of obtuse bracts, forming rather dense spike-shaped inflorescences at the ends of the branches. The fruits are rounded, laterally flattened, one-seeded, winged, with a fleshy pericarp.

Herbaceous shoots on the anabasis bush grow from April to July, then flowering begins. The preservation of anabasis thickets, despite the massive collection, is largely due to the ability of the plant to quickly grow the above-ground part.

Spreading. Anabasis leafless is an eastern Mediterranean species penetrating east to the Mongolian Altai. It grows on the flat territory of Kazakhstan, in the republics of Central Asia, Azerbaijan and the southeastern regions of the European part of Russia. The main areas of industrial harvesting are South-Kazakhstan, Dzhambul and Kzyl-Orda regions.

Habitat. This is a plant of plains and low foothills, which does not rise to mountains higher than 400 m above sea level. It grows on clay and loamy saline soils of deserts and semi-deserts, on takyrs, gray soils, solonetzes, less often on solonchaks. It reacts positively to the loosening of soil and ground, as can be judged by the abundant and lush growth of anabasis in plowed areas and emissions from rodent burrows. It does not occur on sandy soils, but on takyrs it easily tolerates shallow falling asleep with sand.

blank. The most favorable period for harvesting raw materials of anabasis is from June to September. Raw materials are harvested manually (using a sickle) or with special units, cutting off the upper parts of the shoots 20-25 cm long.

Security measures. In order to avoid depletion of thickets, it is necessary to leave intact on each bush about 1/3 of the total number of shoots. After 3-4 years (maximum after 5 years) of harvesting, each array must be given a rest, i.e., no harvesting should be carried out on it. After that, it is desirable to rejuvenate the thickets in the winter. Rest of the site every 3-5 years may not be enough to ensure the seed renewal of the anabasis, because not every year is favorable for obtaining a good harvest of fruits, seed germination and development of seedlings. Therefore, part of the bushes of each array should be left annually as seed plants. When manually collected, about one in ten plants should be left intact; during mechanized harvesting, after wearing out each strip 40 m wide, a strip of about 5 m is left untouched.

Drying. Cut shoots are left on the field in small, loosely folded heaps, which are folded into larger shocks after 2-3 days. Then the raw material is brought to the current, dried and passed through a threshing machine or a forage cutter, dividing the shoots into segments or internodes. After that, the raw material is sifted through a screen to remove accidentally trapped impurities, as well as lignified parts.

One anabasis bush gives from 600 to 2400 g of green shoots. The content of alkaloids in the plant during the growing season is constantly decreasing, but at the same time there is an increase in green mass, as a result of which the yield of anabazine from a single bush and from a unit area remains approximately the same throughout the growing season.

External signs. The raw material consists of crushed, mostly disintegrated into individual segments of herbaceous twigs 2-4 cm long and about 3 mm thick. The branches are rigid, bare, with barely protruding undeveloped leaves in the form of two membranous scales fused into the vagina. The color of the raw material is gray-green, the smell is weak and peculiar, the taste is not checked - the plant is poisonous.

According to the requirements of GOST 2566-79, shoots of anabasis leafless must contain at least 1.4% anabasin (calculated on an absolutely dry weight), no more than 12% moisture, organic impurities no more than 3%, mineral - no more than 1%.

Chemical composition. Non-lignified green shoots (grass) of leafless anabasis contain 2-4% (up to 12%) alkaloids: anabasine, aphyllin, afillidine, lupunin, oxyaphyllin, oxyaphyllidine, etc. The main alkaloid, constituting at least 60% of the sum of bases, is anabasine. This is a liquid alkaloid, unlike the accompanying ones (afillin, afillidine, etc.), which are crystalline substances. The grass is rich in organic acids.

pharmacological properties. Anabasine is similar in pharmacological properties to nicotine, cytisine and lobelin.

Medicines. Anabasine hydrochloride in the form of tablets and chewing gum (gamibazine), films with anabasine hydrochloride. Anabasine sulfate.

Application. Anabasine hydrochloride (gamibazine) in the form of tablets and chewing gum is approved for use as a drug that reduces the tendency to smoke and alleviates the painful condition of smokers.

Nicotinic acid, obtained from the anabasis herb by oxidation, is widely used in medicine for pellagra, liver diseases, vascular spasms, sluggishly healing wounds and ulcers, as well as for infectious diseases.

Anabasine sulfate is a well-known insecticide.

Anabasine hydrochloride (Anabasinum hydrochloridum). In small doses, anabasine hydrochloride has been proposed as a means of facilitating smoking cessation. For this purpose, the drug is available in the form of tablets, films and chewing gum "Gamibazin".

Tablets contain 0.003 g of anabazine hydrochloride. Apply tablets with anabasine hydrochloride orally or under the tongue daily, starting with one tablet, 8 times a day (every 2 hours) for 5 days. With a positive result, continue the use of tablets from the 6th to the 12th day, 1 tablet every 2.5 hours (6 tablets per day), from the 13th to the 16th day - 1 tablet every 3 hours, with 17th to 20th day - 1 tablet every 5 hours, from 20th to 25th day - 1-2 tablets per day. From the first day of taking the tablets, it is necessary to stop smoking or drastically reduce its frequency and completely stop smoking no later than the 8-10th day from the start of treatment. If the craving for smoking does not decrease within 8-10 days, the pills are stopped and a new attempt at treatment is made after 2-3 months.

Tablets are contraindicated in atherosclerosis, marked increase in blood pressure, bleeding. In the first days of taking the tablets, nausea, headache, and an increase in blood pressure are possible. Usually these phenomena disappear when the dose is reduced. If necessary, stop taking the tablets. There are indications that the use of anabasine (in the form of tablets orally or sublingually) can cause toxicoderma.

Films with anabasine hydrochloride (Membranulae cum Anabasino hydrochloridi). Oval-shaped polymer plates of white (or with yellowish tints) color, 9x4.5x0.5 mm in size, containing 0.0015 g (1.5 mg) of anabasine hydrochloride. They are also designed for smoking cessation. The film is glued to the gums of the labial part or the mucous membrane of the buccal region daily for the first 3-5 days 4-8 times. With a positive effect, the treatment is continued according to the following scheme: from the 5th to the 8th day - 1 film 3 times a day, from the 9th to the 12th day - 1 film 2 times a day, from the 13th to Day 15 - 1 film 1 time per day. From the first day of treatment, it is advisable to stop smoking or drastically reduce the frequency of smoking. In the first days of using the film with anabazine hydrochloride, unpleasant taste sensations, nausea, mild headache, dizziness, and a slight increase in blood pressure are possible. In these cases, the drug should be discontinued.

Gamibasin (Gamibasin). Chewing gum (based on a special chewing mass) containing 0.003 g of anabasine hydrochloride. Rectangular or square elastic band (22x22x8 mm, or 32x22x5 mm, or 70x19x1 mm) of light gray or light yellow color with the smell of food aromatic substances (with the addition of sugar, molasses, citric acid, flavoring, etc.). It is one of the dosage forms of anabasine for smoking cessation. Applied by prolonged chewing daily at first 1 gum (0.003 g) 4 times a day for 4-5 days. With a positive effect, treatment is continued according to the following scheme: from the 5th - 6th to the 8th day - 1 gum 3 times a day; from the 9th to the 12th day - 1 gum 2 times a day; in the future until the 20th day - 1 gum 1-2 times a day. In the future, it is possible to conduct repeated courses.

Possible side effects and contraindications are the same for all dosage forms containing anabasine hydrochloride, as well as lobelin and cytisine.

Nicotinic acid (Acidum nicotinicum). Vitamin RR. Nicotinic acid and its amide are specific anti-pellagric agents, which is why they are designated as vitamin PP (from "Pellagra-Preventive" - ​​warning pellagra.). Their use, especially in the early stages of the disease, leads to the disappearance of pellagra phenomena. Nicotinic acid has not only anti-pellagic properties; it improves carbohydrate metabolism, has a positive effect on mild forms of diabetes, diseases of the liver, heart, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum and enterocolitis, sluggish wounds and ulcers. It also has a vasodilating effect. Nicotinic acid has lipoproteinemic activity. In large doses (3-4 g per day) lowers the content of triglycerides and b-lipoproteins in the blood. In patients with hypercholesterolemia, under its influence, the ratio of cholesterol / phospholipids in low-density lipoproteins decreases.

Assign as a specific tool for the prevention and treatment of pellagra. In addition, they are used for gastrointestinal diseases (especially with gastritis with low acidity), liver diseases (acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis), spasms of the vessels of the extremities, kidneys, brain, with neuritis of the facial nerve, atherosclerosis, long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers, infectious and other diseases.

Apply nicotinic acid inside (after eating) and parenterally. For prophylactic purposes, adults are prescribed inside 0.015-0.025 g; children 0.005-0.02 g per day. When pellagra is given to adults inside, 0.1 g 2-3-4 times a day for 15-20 days; parenterally injected 1% solution of 1 ml 1-2 times a day for 10-15 days. Children are prescribed inside from 0.005 to 0.05 g 2-3 times a day. In other diseases, nicotinic acid is prescribed for adults at 0.02-0.05 g (up to 0.1 g); children - 0.005-0.03 g 2-3 times a day.

As a vasodilator for ischemic stroke, 1 ml of a 1% solution is administered intravenously. Intravenously administered slowly. Subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of nicotinic acid are painful. Sodium nicotinate (nicotinic acid sodium salt) or nicotinamide can be used to avoid irritation.

Higher doses for adults inside: single 0.1 g, daily 0.5 g; in a vein (in the form of sodium salt): single 0.1 g, daily 0.3 g. When taken orally, a single dose can be gradually increased (in the absence of side effects) up to 0.5-1 g, and the daily dose - up to 3 -5 g (mainly in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other lipid metabolism disorders).

Nicotinic acid (especially when taken orally on an empty stomach and in people with hypersensitivity) can cause redness of the face and upper half of the body, dizziness, a feeling of a rush of blood to the head, nettle rash, paresthesia. These events go away on their own. With the rapid intravenous administration of nicotinic acid solutions, a strong decrease in blood pressure can occur.

Intravenous injections are contraindicated in severe forms of hypertension and atherosclerosis. Persons with hypersensitivity to nicotinic acid should be prescribed nicotinamide, except in cases where nicotinic acid is used as a vasodilator. It should be borne in mind that long-term use of large doses of nicotinic acid can lead to the development of fatty degeneration of the liver. To prevent this complication, it is recommended to include foods rich in methionine in the diet, or to prescribe methionine and other lipotropic agents.

Nicotinic acid is part of the complex preparations "Nikoverin", "Nikospan" and is part of the molecules "Xanthinol nicotinate" and "Pikamilon". The action of these drugs is largely associated with vasodilating and other properties.

ANABASIS LEAFLESS (NEWBORN, ITSIGEK, ULDRUK) - ANABASIS APHYLLA L. FAMILY CNENOPODIACEAE

Description.

Succulent shrub, 25-75 (120) cm high, growing as a flattened-spherical bush up to 140 cm in diameter. The average height of the bush is 45-55 cm, its average diameter is 55-60 cm. The rhizome is thick, twisted, woody, turning into a powerful taproot that penetrates to the depth of groundwater (5-20 m). Stems numerous, woody in lower part, branching from base. Branched, green, sometimes bluish, juicy, smooth, cylindrical, jointed shoots depart oppositely from the perennial lower part of the stem. The segments are the internodes of the stem. The leaves are almost not developed, scaly, barely noticeable. obtuse, wide-angled, fused at the stem nodes in pairs into short, hairy sheaths inside. The leaves are devoid of chlorophyll; the function of assimilation is carried out by annual stems.

Five-membered bisexual small inconspicuous flowers, up to 2.5 mm long, sit one at a time in the axils of obtuse bracts, forming rather dense spike-shaped inflorescences at the ends of the branches. The perianth is simple, 1.5-2.5 mm long, consists of free concave leaflets, of which 3 outer ones are wider, with fruits developing rounded kidney-shaped, yellowish or pinkish wings sticking up - appendages of the fetus. Stamens 5; at their base, a sub-pistillate disc is formed, bearing lobes, alternating with staminate filaments. Pistil one, with an upper single-celled ovary and two or three short thick stigmas. The fruits are rounded, laterally flattened, one-seeded, winged, with a fleshy pericarp.

Seeds vertically arranged, with spiral embryo (1, 4, 5, 7).

As a raw material, annual green stems of anabasis leafless are used, cut in the second half of summer and autumn (4, 5, 9, 11, 16).

Area.

Anabasis leafless is an eastern Mediterranean species penetrating east to the Mongolian Altai. It grows on the flat territory of Kazakhstan, and the republics of Central Asia, in Azerbaijan and the southeastern regions of the European part of the RSFSR (2, 3, 5, 7, c, 10, 12, 16).

In the European part of the USSR, it occurs scattered throughout almost the entire Caspian lowland, penetrating northwest to Volgograd and descending south to the Astrakhan region, the Kalmyk ASSR, and the Azerbaijan SSR (Kura-Araks lowland). An isolated locality of anabasis is known in the Nakhichevan ASSR. Literature data (1, 5, 7) on the growth of anabasis in the Crimea, as well as along the northern coast of the Sea of ​​Azov (in the Zaporozhye and Rostov regions) are doubtful, since they are not confirmed either by herbarium specimens or by specific indications of the presence of its locations in these areas ( 1, 5, 7).

The northern border of the range from the vicinity of Volgograd crosses the Volga and goes east along approximately 50 ° N. sh. runs north of the lake. Elton, for the river. Ural somewhat shifting to the south. then rises again to 52°N. and reaches the mountains. Atbasar on the river. Ishim. bends around the Kazakh hillock from the south, runs along the shore of the lake. Balkhash (46 ° N), then rises to 48 - 49 ° N. sh. in the Zaysan basin and goes beyond the state border of the USSR.

From the Zaisan basin, the southern border of the anabasis range goes southwest along the state border of the USSR, along the foothills of the Dzungarian and Zailiysky Alatau, Tien Shan and Pamir-Alay. covering the Ferghana Valley, the lower reaches of the Zarafshan and the upper reaches of the river. Amu Darya. Then the border of the range goes along the Syr Darya valley, goes around the Kyzylkum sands and the Aral Sea from the south, crosses the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and goes east along the Ustyurt and the northern shore of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol Bay, reaching here the shores of the Caspian Sea.

The lower reaches of the Syrdarya, Amudarya, northern Aral Sea, Ustyurt, as well as the lower reaches of the Urals, Ili, Kura and Araks can be attributed to the species' cenorange. All these areas are suitable for the organization of commercial harvesting of raw materials of anabasis.

Ecology.

Anabasis leafless - a plant of plains and low foothills, not rising into the mountains above 400 m above sea level. It grows on clay and loamy saline soils of deserts and semi-deserts: takyrs, typical or light gray soils, solonetzes, less often on solonchaks. It reacts positively to the loosening of soil and ground, as can be judged by the abundant and lush growth of anabasis in plowed areas and emissions from ground squirrel burrows. It does not occur on sandy soils, but on takyrs it easily tolerates shallow filling with sand (1, 8, 9, 16, 21).

All habitats of the anabasis are characterized by a shallow level of groundwater. Its densest thickets are located in river valleys, where groundwater occurs at a depth of 3 to 6 m. water, etc. (1, 9, 16). The connection between the spread of anabasis and the centers of agricultural culture is very natural. It settles in the areas of abandoned oases and irrigated fields (11, 13,14) and is an indicator of the shallow occurrence of groundwater, i.e., it is a phreatophyte (well plant). The good condition of the anabasis thickets indicated to the Kazakh nomads that it was in this place that a well should be dug. According to the combination of anabasis with other plants, Kazakhs are able to determine the degree of mineralized well water (9).

Anabasis is well adapted to life in extremely arid conditions of desert and semi-desert zones, where dry hot weather lasts from May to October. The air temperature during this period reaches here on some days up to 42-43 °, and there is no precipitation for several months in a row. The successful growth of anabasis in such conditions is ensured by a well-developed root system of the rod type and economical use of moisture. As a rule, the length of the main root exceeds 3-5 m, but there is evidence that the roots of the anabasis can reach a depth of 20 m (19). Due to this, an adult plant fully provides itself with water during the entire growing season and does not lack it even during the most severe summer droughts, when the relative humidity is only 8-10%. In summer and autumn, anabasis bushes stand out sharply with their juicy green color against the grayish-yellow background of the burnt desert vegetation (16, 21).

According to the structure of aboveground organs, anabasis belongs to true xerophytes. Of the morphological adaptations that reduce transpiration, it should be noted: the reduction of leaves and a decrease in the transpiration surface, the development of a two-layer epidermis, a thick cuticle and a cork layer on the stems, submerged stomata, etc. As protection against overheating by direct sunlight, one can also consider the absence of flat surfaces in green aboveground parts of anabasis, like many other desert plants (9).

Anabasis is a typical halophyte. The accumulation of a large amount of salts in the tissues of the plant increases the osmotic pressure in the cells and the sucking power of the root hairs, which allows it to absorb mineralized water from the soil. Hydrophilic colloids in anabasis cells increase the amount of bound water, which, combined with the good development of the vascular apparatus in the aerial parts, gives it succulent features (1, 9).

Anabasis rarely forms pure thickets. It is usually found in various desert communities, participating in the formation of phytocenosis to varying degrees. In most cases, it dominates associations, defining their aspect. On an area of ​​1 ha, one can count from several to 30 thousand bushes of anabasis. Many types of saltwort act as subdominants in such communities. wormwood, camel's thorn, petrosimonium, swedes, etc. Very characteristic of phytocenoses with the participation of anabasis is a spring carpet of ephemers and ephemeroids, especially bulbous bluegrass. Shrubs (tamarix, dereza, etc.) are found in the anabasis thickets in river valleys and on salt marshes. In total, several hundred species of higher plants grow in communities with anabasis (1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 12, 21).

Spring awakening of buds on anabasis bushes occurs in April, when the air warms up to 15 °. Most intensively young shoots grow in June - July, before flowering. In June, buds appear on the plant, in July it begins to bloom. Full bloom occurs in August. The flowers produce nectar, are fragrant, and are pollinated by insects. The fruits are formed in September - October. At this time, they are brightly colored, their pericarp is juicy, and the seeds are not yet ripe. After the first strong November frosts alternating with warm sunny days, the fruits dry up, darken and are easily torn off by the wind from the mother plant. Seeds quickly undergo natural stratification, therefore, after the first frosts, at least 60-75% of their number acquires germination. Under natural conditions, seed germination persists until spring (1, 9, 16).

Shedding seeds with high soil moisture quickly swell and germinate. They grow best under a layer of melting snow. Anabasis sprouts and seedlings easily tolerate daily temperature fluctuations from -18° to +20°. while the young shoots of the mother plant die during short frosts -3 -5 ° (1, 9, 11, 16).

Anabasis seedlings take root very slowly. During frequent thaws, the roots of germinated seeds lengthen and the cotyledons grow, but mass rooting requires sustained heat and sunlight. After rooting, the fate of seedlings depends on soil moisture. Under natural conditions, a significant part of seedlings die due to the rapid drying of the soil [9, 16].

In the first year of vegetation, the above-ground parts of the anabasis grow slowly, annuals usually do not bloom. In the second and third years of life, the number of shoots in the bush increases rapidly. As they grow in length, the stems in the lower parts thicken and become stiff, becoming light yellow. Roots grow faster than aerial shoots. From the second year, individuals regularly bloom and bear fruit (9).

Anabasis reproduces only by seed (9, 10, 16, 21). The reference to the possibility of its vegetative propagation under natural conditions (7) seems to be erroneous. However, the anabasis is characterized by the ability to regenerate, due to which the lost parts of individual shoots and the entire bush are restored rather quickly. This phenomenon is of great economic importance, because when harvesting the raw material of anabasis, its green shoots are removed. If the mode of harvesting takes into account the ability of the plant to recover, harvesting does not bring noticeable harm to the anabasis thickets. Since only non-lignified shoots are harvested as raw materials, it is important for harvesters that there be as few old, low-yielding bushes with a highly developed lignified part as possible in the thickets. To increase the productivity of anabasis thickets, they are “rejuvenated” by removing lignified parts. This work is usually performed by a tractor with a metal bar or square attached to it, with which the stems are broken. Broken stems are raked and used for fuel. On the remaining lower parts of the stems and rhizomes, new green shoots suitable for harvesting quickly grow from dormant buds (1, 9, 16).

Resources.

Anabasis belongs to the so-called "multi-tonnage" raw plants. In terms of the volume of procurement of raw materials, it occupies one of the first places among the wild plants of the USSR. In the post-war period, the need for this raw material ranged from 10 to 16 thousand tons. At present, there is a steady demand for the raw material of this plant.

Anabasis raw materials have been harvested in recent years in southern Kazakhstan - in Chimkent, Dzhambul and Kzyl-Orda regions. Preparations were carried out by the specialized state farm "Darmina", which has a network of branches and procurement points.

Given the great demand for anabasis raw materials and a very significant volume of its harvesting, a lot of work was done to identify the thickets of this important plant, map and record the stocks of raw materials almost throughout the entire range (1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11 -13, 19 - 21). Participated in this work; VILR, Soyuzlekrasprom, Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, Academy of Sciences of the TSSR, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR and some other institutions and organizations.

At present, the results of the study of anabasis resources throughout the range, carried out by various researchers before 1960, have been summarized (9). However, in connection with the intensive expansion of irrigated areas, in order to obtain accurate information about the areas occupied by anabasis thickets and the reserves of raw materials in them, it is necessary to periodically conduct clarifying surveys. Their relevance is clearly confirmed by the data in the table.

In addition to the areas indicated in the table, leafless anabasis forms large thickets in the Karmakchinsky, Kazalinsky and Aralsky districts of the Kzyl-Orda region, as well as in a number of districts of the Aktobe, Ural and Guryev regions.

However, the plants in these thickets have an exceptionally low content of the active substance - anabazine. Therefore, raw materials from these areas are not suitable for factory processing.

Thus, as a result of expeditionary surveys, it was found that the total stocks of anabasis raw materials in Kazakhstan have recently decreased by more than half and amount to about 20,000 tons. give each site a year's "rest". Consequently, the maximum annual procurement should be only 75-80% of the total reserves, i.e., not exceed 17 thousand tons in these areas. the introduction of anabasis as a culture and the laying of artificial production plantations of this plant near the Arys settlement in the Chimkent region.

The second large area of ​​concentration of commercial thickets of anabasis leafless is the Turkmen SSR, mainly its northern part, i.e., the Tashauz region. According to V.N. Minervin (13), Anabaeis thickets here occupied 35.5 thousand hectares with a total supply of raw materials of 45.2 thousand tons. Later, due to the plowing of a number of areas, these thickets decreased to 66 thousand hectares, and the reserves raw materials in them amounted to 32 thousand tons (1). Industrial procurement of raw materials has never been carried out in Turkmenistan, so this area continues to be a reserve.

In the Azerbaijan SSR, 62 massifs with more or less dense thickets of leafless anabasis were found, occupying an area of ​​3230 hectares and having a total supply of raw materials of 1270 tons (12). arrays was not practiced, since due to the long-distance transportation of raw materials, the production of preparations from it would be unprofitable.

Anabasis raw materials are harvested manually (using a sickle) or with special units, cutting off the upper parts of the shoots 20-25 cm long. To prevent the thickets from depleting, it is necessary to leave about one third of the shoots intact on each bush. Every 3-4 years (maximum 5 years), the array must be given a “rest”, i.e., no workpieces must be carried out on it. After that, it is desirable to carry out a “rejuvenation” of the thicket in the winter. Rest of the site every 3-5 years may not be enough to ensure the seed renewal of the anabasis, because not every year is favorable for obtaining a good harvest of fruits, seed germination and development of seedlings. Therefore, part of the bushes must be left annually as seed plants. When manually harvested, about one in ten plants should be left intact; during mechanized harvesting, after mowing on a strip 40 m wide, a strip about 5 m wide is left untouched.

Cut shoots are left on the field in small, loosely stacked heaps, which are folded into larger shocks after two or three days. Then the raw material is brought to the current, dried and passed through a threshing machine or a forage cutter, dividing the shoots into segments or internodes. Then the raw material is sifted through screens to remove random impurities, as well as lignified parts of the shoots (8). The finished raw material must contain at least 1.4% anabazine (calculated on an absolutely dry weight) and no more than 12% moisture.

The preparation of raw materials of anabasis is carried out throughout the summer and autumn, before the onset of frost. One bush gives from 600 to 2400 g of green shoots (10). The yield of various associations with the participation of anabasis varies greatly, since the number of plants in the thickets ranges from 2 to 30 thousand/ha. In Kazakhstan, for example, from 100 to 1100 kg of dry raw materials can be collected from 1 ha of thickets, in rarer thickets - 10-50 kg/ha (9). In Turkmenistan, the yield of anabasis in thickets of commercial importance ranges from 200 to 1300 kg of dry raw materials per 1 ha (1). The content of alkaloids in the plant during the vegetative period is constantly decreasing, but at the same time there is an increase in green mass, as a result, the yield of anabazine from a single bush and unit area remains approximately the same. The most favorable period for harvesting is from June to September (1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15-18).

Chemical composition.

The non-lignified green shoots ("grass") of leafless anabasis contain 2-4% (up to 12%) alkaloids: anabasine, afillin, afillidine, lupinine, oxyaphyllin, oxyaphyllidine, etc. The main alkaloid, which makes up at least 60% of the sum of bases, is anabasine (8, 9, 11, 15-18).

Usage.

The sulfate salt of anabasin (anabasin sulfate) is widely used as a contact insecticide to control pests of industrial and agricultural crops, primarily cotton, sugar beet and fruit. From anabasis, you can get nicotinic acid (vitamin PP), which is widely used in medicine for pellagra, liver diseases, vascular spasms, long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers. Anabazine hydrochloride is approved as a smoking cessation aid.

Shepherds use lignified shoots for fuel.

Anabasis is a poisonous plant, but is not eaten by livestock, and therefore poisoning by it is very rare (10).

Literature

1. Anabasis leafless in Turkmenistan. - "Tr. In-ta bot. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960, v. 6, Ashgabat. Authors: V. N. Minervin, A. A. Ashirova, V. A. Kashchenko. B. B. Kerbabaev, R. P. Tarasov.

2. Vernik R. S., Mailun Z. A. Anabasis aphylla (Uldruk) in the zone of the Main Turkmen Canal. - “Izv. Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, 1952. No. 3.

3. Hammerman A. F., Shass Yu. E. Schematic maps of the distribution of the most important medicinal plants of the USSR. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954.

4. Instructions for collecting and drying anabasis leafless. - In Sat: Instructive materials. Issue. 3. M., All-Union Publishing House. conjuncture-inform bureau of the USSR Ministry of Health, 1970.

5. Gubanov I. A. Wild medicinal plants. - In the book: Medicinal plants of the USSR (cultivated and wild). M., Kolos, 1967.

6. Gubanov I. A., Vlasov M. I. Raw resources of anabasis in South Kazakhstan. - Grows, resources, 1966, v. 2, no. 3.

7. Ilyin M. M. Chenopodiaceae Less. - In the book - Flora of the USSR. T. 6. M.-L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1936.

8. Ilyin M. M. Prospects for the study of itsigek in the light of economic tasks. - “Tr, Bot. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1938, ser. 5, no. one.

9. Klyshev L. K. Biology of the leafless anabasis Anabasis aphylla L. Alma-Ata, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1961.

10. Forage plants of hayfields and pastures of the USSR, vol. 2. M.-L., Sel. - household lit., 1951. Author: I. V. Larin. Sh. M. Agababyan, T. A. Rabotnoy, A. F. Lyubskaya, V. K. Larina. M. A. Kasimenko.

11. Massagetov P. S. Anabasis (Anabasis arhylla L.) - “Tr. Vses. scientific - research. in-ta lek. plants”, 1950, vol. 10.

12. Melkumyan G. V., Shchipanova I. A. Distribution areas and stocks of Anabasis aphylla in Azerbaijan. - “Izv. AN AzSSR, 1948, v. 10.

13. Minervin VN Anabasis and its raw materials in the Tashauz region, - In the book: Tr. Aral-Casp. forwarder Academy of Sciences of the USSR. M. - L., Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. Issue. four.

14. Minervin V. N. Anabasis thickets in the Tashauz region (map with an explanatory note to it). - In the book: Tr. 1st session of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR. Ashkhabad, Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the TSSR, 1952.

15. Orekhov A.P. Chemistry of alkaloids. 2nd edition M. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955.

16. Rostotsky B. K., Suetin S. A. Sheberstov V. V. Anabasis. M., Medgiz, 1957.

17. Sadykova A. S. Chemistry of Anabasis aphylla alkaloids. Tashkent. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR. 1956.

18. Sadykov A. S., Otroshchenko O. S. Results of the chemical study of the Uldruk Anabasis aphylla L. growing in the Turkmen SSR Tashkent. Ied-vo AN UzSSR. 1956.

19. Suetin S. A. Raw material reserves of the anabasis of the Talas massif - “West. AN KazSSR, 1949, No. 11.

20. Fisyun V.V. Conditions for the growth of anabasis leafless in some areas of the South Kazakhstan region, - “Tr. In-ta bot. AN KazSSR, 1957, v. 5.

21. Shalyg M. S., Sokolov N. M. Leafless blackberry or uldruk (Anabasis aphylla L.) in Turkmenistan. - "Tr. Turmen. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1944, issue 5.

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Anabasis leafless is a succulent (a plant capable of storing moisture in special tissues) of the Marev family, a flattened spherical shrub reaching a height of up to 75 cm.

He is called:

• anabasis leafless;
• leafless barnyard.

All plants on Earth have certain properties that make them useful to humans. It does not depend on their appearance. They may be attractive or repulsive, but this does not reduce their useful qualities. One of the unsightly, but necessary plants for humans is the barnyard.

plant description

It has a hard, woody rhizome that, in search of moisture and nutrients, can reach a depth of 20 m from the soil surface. From the very base, the anabasis stems branch into cylindrical smooth juicy shoots. Leaves in the form of triangular scales are arranged in pairs, but do not have chlorophyll, are undeveloped. Inflorescences in the form of spikelets crown the shoots. The growth of green shoots occurs from April to the end of July, after which it is time to bloom. Lost shoots are regenerated very soon.

Anabasis leafless can be found in the south of Russia, in Kazakhstan, the countries of Central Asia and Azerbaijan. Industrial harvesting is possible only in the Kzyl-Orda region of Kazakhstan. The plant is poisonous, so it is not necessary to judge the taste of the shoots.

Compound

Only the green part is harvested, containing a number of alkaloids: anabasin, afillin, lupunin, oxyaphyllin, oxyaphyllidine, as well as organic acids. H icotinic acid, obtained from the plant, is used to treat the liver, fight spasms and get rid of non-healing wounds. However, anabasin has the greatest value in medicine.

Properties used in medicine

Anabasin has properties that are similar in their effect on the human body to the properties of nicotine and lobelin. A popular pharmacological agent is hydrochloride, an agent that reduces the need to smoke tobacco. Often called "Gamibazin". It is produced in the form of small tablets, coated polymer films and chewing gum containing anabasine.

Small tablets are placed under the tongue and sucked. After resorption, there is a feeling of smoking 5-6 cigarettes. The first doses may cause a slight passing nausea. The daily rate should not exceed 8 tablets. The effectiveness of the tool is very high. Even a heavy smoker after ten days of admission comes a complete cessation of smoking.

A polymer film with anabasine is fixed on the gums or on the mucous membrane of the inside of the cheek. About eight such films can be used during the day.

Gamibazin gum is used for the first 5 days no more than four pieces a day, and then the number of gum decreases.

In folk medicine, barnyard is used as a remedy for tuberculosis, helps to heal wounds. But the main use of this plant is in industry for the synthesis of the substances contained, as well as for the manufacture of a strong contact insecticide.

Recipes

The scope of the plant is very limited due to its high toxicity.

However, there are several relatively affordable recipes that help in the treatment of quite serious diseases.

• The powder of the dried plant is used as a powder for long-term non-healing wounds and ulcers.
• Vodka tincture helps with demodicosis: the affected areas are lubricated with it twice a day.
• A weak decoction of the roots is used by folk healers to treat tuberculosis.

Contraindications

The plant is extremely poisonous: the effect of anabasine is similar to nicotine, it is also

belong to the group of curare-like poisons.

Contact with the skin can cause severe poisoning, and 2-3 drops of the substance inside are fatal.