How to calculate coordinates on a map. Geographic latitude of the object. How to determine geographic latitude

The position of each point on the earth’s surface is determined by its coordinates: latitude and longitude (Fig. 3).

Latitude called the angle formed by a plumb line passing through this point on the surface of the Earth, and the plane of the equator (in Fig. 3 for point M angle MOS).

At whatever point on globe no matter where the observer is, his gravity will always be directed towards the center of the Earth. This direction is called plumb or vertical.

Latitude is measured by the arc of the meridian from the equator to the parallel of a given point in the range from 0 to 90° and is designated by the letter f. Thus, the geographic parallel eabq is the locus of points having the same latitude.

Depending on which hemisphere the point is located in, the latitude is given the name northern (N) or southern (S).

Longitude is called the dihedral angle between the planes of the initial meridian and the meridian of a given point (in Fig. 3 for point M angle AOC). Longitude is measured by the smaller of the arcs of the equator between the prime meridian and the meridian of a given point in the range from 0 to 180° and is designated by the letter l. Thus, the geographic meridian PN MCPs is the locus of points having the same longitude.

Depending on which hemisphere the point is located in, the longitude is called eastern (O st) or western (W).

Latitude difference and longitude difference

While sailing, the ship continuously changes its place on the surface of the Earth, therefore, its coordinates also change. The magnitude of the change in latitude Af, resulting from the passage of a ship from the departure point MI to the arrival point C1, is called difference in latitude(RS). RS is measured by the meridian arc between the parallels of departure and arrival points M1C1 (Fig. 4).

Rice. 4

The name of the RS depends on the location of the parallel of the arrival point relative to the parallel of the departure point. If the parallel of the arrival point is located north of the parallel of the departure point, then the RS is considered to be made to N, and if it is to the south, then to S.

The amount of change in longitude Al resulting from the passage of a ship from the departure point M1 to the arrival point C2 is called longitude difference(RD). The taxiway is measured by the smaller arc of the equator between the meridians of the point of departure and the point of arrival MCN (see Fig. 4). If, during the passage of the vessel, the eastern longitude increases or the western one decreases, then the taxiway is considered to be made to O st, and if the eastern longitude decreases or the western longitude increases, then to W. To determine the taxiway and taxiway, the formulas are used:

РШ = φ1 - φ2; (1)

RD = λ1 - λ2 (2)

Where φ1 is the latitude of the departure point;

φ2 - latitude of arrival point;

λ1 - longitude of departure point;

λ2 - longitude of the point of arrival.

In this case, northern latitudes and eastern longitudes are considered positive and are assigned a plus sign, while southern latitudes and western longitudes are considered negative and are assigned a minus sign. When solving problems using formulas (1) and (2), in the case of positive RS results, it will be done to N, and RD - to O st (see example 1), and in the case of negative RS results, it will be made to S, and RD - to W (see example 2). If a RD result is more than 180° with a negative sign, you need to add 360° (see example 3), and if the RD result is more than 180° with a positive sign, you need to subtract 360° (see example 4).

Example 1. Known: φ1 = 62°49" N; λ1 = 34°49" O st ; φ2 = 72°50"N; λ2 = 80°56" O st .

Find RS and RD.

Solution.

Example 2. Known: φ1 = 72°50" N; λ1 = :80°56"O st: φ2 = 62 O st 49"N;

Find RS and RD.

Since the time of man's access to the seas, the need to determine longitude and latitude has been a vital human skill. Epochs changed, and man became able to determine the cardinal directions in any weather. New methods of determining one's position were required.

The captain of a Spanish galleon in the eighteenth century knew exactly where the ship was thanks to the position of the stars in the night sky. A 19th-century traveler could identify deviations from the established route in the forest by natural clues.

Now it’s the twenty-first century and many have lost the knowledge gained from geography lessons. Android or iPhone smartphones can serve as a tool, but they can never replace the knowledge and ability to determine your location.

What is latitude and longitude in geography

Determination of geographical coordinates

Apps that users install on iPhone read location coordinates to provide services or data based on where a person is located. After all, if a subscriber is in Russia, then there is no reason for him to read sites on English. Everything happens in the background.

While the average user will never deal with GPS coordinates, knowing how to obtain and read them can be valuable. In some cases, they can save lives when there is no card nearby.

In any geographical system there are two indicators: latitude and longitude. Geodata from a smartphone shows exactly where the user is located relative to the equator.

How to determine the latitude and longitude of your location

Let's consider two options for determining geographic coordinates:

Via Android The simplest is the Google Maps application, perhaps the most comprehensive collection of geographic maps in one application. After launch Google apps maps will pinpoint the location on the road map so that the user can get the best possible understanding of the surrounding area. The app also offers an extensive list of features, including real-time GPS navigation, traffic conditions and transit information, as well as detailed information about nearby places, including popular food and recreation spots, photos and reviews.
Via iPhone You won't need any third party app to view latitude and longitude data. The location is determined only with the maps application. To find out the current coordinates, just launch “maps”. Tap the arrow in the upper right corner of the screen, then tap the blue dot - this indicates the location of the phone and the user. Next, we swipe up the screen, and now the user can see the GPS coordinates. Unfortunately, there is no way to copy these coordinates, but you can get similar data.

To copy them you will need another Compass application. It's already installed on your iPhone and you can use it right away.

To view latitude, longitude, and altitude coordinates in the Compass app, simply launch and find the data at the bottom.

Determining the geographical coordinates of Moscow

To do this:

Open maps of the Yandex search engine.
In the address bar, enter the name of our capital “Moscow”.
The city center (Kremlin) opens and under the name of the country we find the numbers 55.753215, 37.622504 - these are the coordinates, that is, 55.753215 north latitude and 37.622504 east longitude.

Throughout the world, GPS coordinates are determined by latitude and longitude according to the wgs-84 coordinate system.

In all situations, the latitude coordinate is a point relative to the equator, and the longitude coordinate is a point relative to the meridian of the British Royal Observatory at Greenwich, in the UK. This defines two important parameters geography online.

Finding the latitude and longitude of St. Petersburg

To consolidate the skill, we will repeat the same algorithm of actions, but for the Northern capital:

Open Yandex cards.
We write down the name of the northern capital “St. Petersburg”.
The result of the request will be a panorama of Palace Square and the required coordinates 59.939095, 30.315868.

Coordinates of Russian cities and world capitals in the table

Cities of Russia	Latitude	Longitude
Moscow	55.753215	37.622504
Saint Petersburg	59.939095	30.315868
Novosibirsk	55.030199	82.920430
Ekaterinburg	56.838011	60.597465
Vladivostok	43.115536	131.885485
Yakutsk	62.028103	129.732663
Chelyabinsk	55.159897	61.402554
Kharkov	49.992167	36.231202
Smolensk	54.782640	32.045134
Omsk	54.989342	73.368212
Krasnoyarsk	56.010563	92.852572
Rostov	57.185866	39.414526
Bryansk	53.243325	34.363731
Sochi	43.585525	39.723062
Ivanovo	57.000348	40.973921

Capitals of world states	Latitude	Longitude
Tokyo	35.682272	139.753137
Brasilia	-15.802118	-47.889062
Kyiv	50.450458	30.523460
Washington	38.891896	-77.033788
Cairo	30.065993	31.266061
Beijing	39.901698	116.391433
Delhi	28.632909	77.220026
Minsk	53.902496	27.561481
Berlin	52.519405	13.406323
Wellington	-41.297278	174.776069

Reading GPS data or where negative numbers come from

The object's geographic positioning system has changed several times. Now, thanks to it, you can quite accurately determine the distance to the desired object and find out the coordinates.

The ability to show location is a vital necessity during search operations of rescue services. Different situations happen with travelers, tourists or extreme sports enthusiasts. It is then that high accuracy is important, when a person is on the verge of life, and minutes count.

Now, dear reader, having such knowledge, you may have questions. There are many of them, but even from the table one of the most interesting emerges - why is the number negative? Let's figure it out.

GPS, when translated into Russian, sounds like this – “global positioning system”. We remember that the distance to the desired geographical object (city, village, village, etc.) is measured according to two landmarks on the globe: the equator and the observatory in London.

At school they talked about latitude and longitude, but in Yandex maps they are replaced with the left and right parts of the code. If the navigator shows positive values, then you are going in a northerly direction. Otherwise, the numbers become negative, indicating southern latitude.

The same goes for longitude. Positive values- this is the eastern longitude, and negative ones are the western longitude.

For example, the coordinates of the Lenin Library in Moscow: 55°45’08.1″N 37°36’36.9″E. It reads like this: “55 degrees 45 minutes and 08.1 seconds north latitude and 37 degrees 36 minutes and 36.9 seconds east longitude” (data from Google maps).

Counted from 0° to 90° on both sides of the equator. The geographic latitude of points lying in the northern hemisphere (northern latitude) is usually considered positive, the latitude of points in the southern hemisphere is considered negative. It is customary to speak of latitudes close to the poles as high, and about those close to the equator - as about low.

Due to the difference in the shape of the Earth from a sphere, the geographic latitude of points differs somewhat from their geocentric latitude, that is, from the angle between the direction to a given point from the center of the Earth and the plane of the equator.

Longitude

Longitude- angle λ between the plane of the meridian passing through a given point and the plane of the initial prime meridian from which longitude is measured. Longitudes from 0° to 180° east of the prime meridian are called eastern, and to the west - western. Eastern longitudes are considered to be positive, western longitudes are considered negative.

Height

To completely determine the position of a point in three-dimensional space, a third coordinate is needed - height. The distance to the center of the planet is not used in geography: it is convenient only when describing very deep regions of the planet or, on the contrary, when calculating orbits in space.

Within the geographic envelope, “height above sea level” is usually used, measured from the level of the “smoothed” surface - the geoid. Such a three-coordinate system turns out to be orthogonal, which simplifies a number of calculations. Altitude above sea level is also convenient because it is related to atmospheric pressure.

Distance from the earth's surface (up or down) is often used to describe a place, however Not serves coordinate

Geographic coordinate system

The main disadvantage in practical application GSK in navigation is the large angular velocity of this system at high latitudes, increasing to infinity at the pole. Therefore, instead of the GSK, a semi-free CS in azimuth is used.

Semi-free in azimuth coordinate system

The azimuth-semi-free CS differs from the GSK in only one equation, which has the form:

Accordingly, the system also has starting position that the GCS and their orientation also coincide with the only difference that its axes and are deviated from the corresponding axes of the GCS by an angle for which the equation is valid

The conversion between the GSK and the semi-free CS in azimuth is carried out according to the formula

In reality, all calculations are carried out in this system, and then, to produce output information, the coordinates are converted into the GSK.

Geographic coordinate recording formats

The WGS84 system is used to record geographic coordinates.

Coordinates (latitude from -90° to +90°, longitude from -180° to +180°) can be written:

in ° degrees as a decimal (modern version)
in ° degrees and "minutes s decimal
in ° degrees, "minutes and" seconds with decimal fraction (historical form of notation)

The decimal separator is always a dot. Positive coordinate signs are represented by a (in most cases omitted) "+" sign, or by the letters: "N" - north latitude and "E" - east longitude. Negative signs coordinates are represented either by the sign “-” or by the letters: “S” - southern latitude and “W” - western longitude. Letters can be placed either in front or behind.

There are no uniform rules for recording coordinates.

On the maps search engines By default, coordinates are shown in degrees with decimal fractions, with “-” signs for negative longitude. On Google maps and Yandex maps, first latitude, then longitude (until October 2012, Yandex maps adopted reverse order: first longitude, then latitude). These coordinates are visible, for example, when plotting routes from arbitrary points. Other formats are also recognized when searching.

In navigators, by default, degrees and minutes with a decimal fraction with a letter designation are often shown, for example, in Navitel, in iGO. You can enter coordinates in accordance with other formats. The degrees and minutes format is also recommended for maritime radio communications.

At the same time, the original method of recording with degrees, minutes and seconds is often used. Currently, coordinates can be written in one of many ways or duplicated in two main ways (with degrees and with degrees, minutes and seconds). As an example, options for recording the coordinates of the sign “Zero kilometer of highways of the Russian Federation” - 55.755831 , 37.617673 55°45′20.99″ n. w. 37°37′03.62″ E. d. / 55.755831 , 37.617673 (G) (O) (I):

55.755831°, 37.617673° -- degrees
N55.755831°, E37.617673° -- degrees (+ additional letters)
55°45.35"N, 37°37.06"E -- degrees and minutes (+ additional letters)
55°45"20.9916"N, 37°37"3.6228"E -- degrees, minutes and seconds (+ additional letters)

Notes

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Geographic coordinates” are in other dictionaries:

See Coordinates. Mountain encyclopedia. M.: Soviet encyclopedia. Edited by E. A. Kozlovsky. 1984 1991 … Geological encyclopedia

- (latitude and longitude), determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface. Geographic latitude j is the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90 latitude on both sides of the equator. Geographical longitude l angle… … Modern encyclopedia

Latitude and longitude determine the position of a point on the earth's surface. Geographic latitude? the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured from 0 to 90. in both directions from the equator. Geographic longitude? angle between... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Angular values that determine the position of a point on the Earth’s surface: latitude – the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the earth’s equator, measured from 0 to 90° (north of the equator is northern latitude and south of southern latitude); longitude... ...Nautical Dictionary

Video lesson “Geographical latitude and geographic longitude. Geographic Coordinates" will help you get an idea of geographic latitude and geographic longitude. The teacher will tell you how to correctly determine geographic coordinates.

Geographic latitude- arc length in degrees from the equator to a given point.

To determine the latitude of an object, you need to find the parallel on which this object is located.

For example, the latitude of Moscow is 55 degrees and 45 minutes north latitude, it is written like this: Moscow 55°45"N; latitude of New York - 40°43"N; Sydney - 33°52" S

Geographic longitude is determined by meridians. Longitude can be western (from the 0 meridian to the west to the 180 meridian) and eastern (from the 0 meridian to the east to the 180 meridian). Longitude values are measured in degrees and minutes. Geographic longitude can have values from 0 to 180 degrees.

Geographic longitude- length of the equatorial arc in degrees from the prime meridian (0 degrees) to the meridian of a given point.

The prime meridian is considered to be the Greenwich meridian (0 degrees).

Rice. 2. Determination of longitudes ()

To determine longitude, you need to find the meridian on which a given object is located.

For example, the longitude of Moscow is 37 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude, it is written like this: 37°37" east; the longitude of Mexico City is 99°08" west.

Rice. 3. Geographical latitude and geographic longitude

For precise definition To locate an object on the surface of the Earth, you need to know its geographic latitude and geographic longitude.

Geographic coordinates- quantities that determine the position of a point on the earth’s surface using latitudes and longitudes.

For example, Moscow has the following geographic coordinates: 55°45"N and 37°37"E. The city of Beijing has the following coordinates: 39°56′ N. 116°24′ E First, the latitude value is recorded.

Sometimes you need to find an object at already given coordinates; to do this, you must first guess in which hemispheres the given object is located.

Homework

Paragraphs 12, 13.

1. What are geographic latitude and longitude?

References

Main

1. Basic course in geography: Textbook. for 6th grade. general education institutions / T.P. Gerasimova, N.P. Neklyukova. - 10th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2010. - 176 p.

2. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2011. - 32 p.

3. Geography. 6th grade: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 32 p.

4. Geography. 6th grade: cont. cards. - M.: DIK, Bustard, 2012. - 16 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Rosman-Press, 2006. - 624 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

1. Geography: initial course. Tests. Textbook manual for 6th grade students. - M.: Humanite. ed. VLADOS center, 2011. - 144 p.

2. Tests. Geography. 6-10 grades: Educational and methodological manual/ A.A. Letyagin. - M.: LLC "Agency "KRPA "Olympus": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Russian Geographical Society ().

Geographic latitude and longitude are plotted on a world map. With their help, it is easy to determine the location of an object.

A geographical map of the world is a reduced projection of the earth's surface on a plane. It shows continents, islands, oceans, seas, rivers, as well as countries, large cities and other objects.

On geographical map a coordinate grid is applied.
On it you can clearly see information about the continents, seas and oceans, and the map allows you to create an image of the relief of the world.
Using a geographic map, you can calculate the distance between cities and countries. It is also convenient to search for the location of land and ocean objects.

The shape of the Earth is like a sphere. If you need to determine a point on the surface of this sphere, you can use a globe, which is our planet in miniature. But there is the most common way to find a point on Earth - these are geographical coordinates - latitude and longitude. These parallels are measured in degrees.

Geographic map of the world with latitude and longitude - photo:

The parallels that are drawn along and across the entire map are latitude and longitude. With their help you can quickly and easily find anywhere in the world.

The geographical map of the hemispheres is easy to understand. On one hemisphere (eastern) Africa, Eurasia and Australia are depicted. On the other, the western hemisphere, are North and South America.

Our ancestors studied latitude and longitude. Even then there were world maps that were not similar to modern ones, but with their help you can also determine where an object is located and what. A simple explanation of what the geographic latitude and longitude of an object on a map are:

Latitude is a coordinate value in the system of spherical numbers, which defines a point on the surface of our planet relative to the equator.

If objects are located in the northern hemisphere, then the geographic latitude is called positive, if in the southern hemisphere - negative.
South latitude - the object moves from the equator towards the North Pole.
North latitude - the object is moving towards South Pole from the equator.
On a map, latitudes are lines parallel to each other. The distance between these lines is measured in degrees, minutes, seconds. One degree is 60 minutes, and one minute is 60 seconds.
The equator is zero latitude.

Longitude is a coordinate quantity that determines the location of an object relative to the prime meridian.

This coordinate allows you to find out the location of the object relative to the west and east.
Lines of longitude are meridians. They are located perpendicular to the equator.
The zero reference point for longitude in geography is the Greenwich Laboratory, which is located in east London. This line of longitude is commonly called the Greenwich meridian.
Objects that are located to the east of the Greenwich meridian are the eastern longitude region, and to the west are the western longitude region.
Indicators of eastern longitude are considered positive, and indicators of western longitude are considered negative.

Using the meridian, a direction such as north-south is determined, and vice versa.

Latitude on a geographic map is measured from the equator—zero degrees. At the poles there are 90 degrees of latitude.

From what points, what meridian is geographic longitude measured?

Longitude on a geographic map is measured from Greenwich. The prime meridian is 0°. The farther an object is from Greenwich, the greater its longitude.

To determine the location of an object, you need to know its geographic latitude and longitude. As mentioned above, latitude shows the distance from the equator to a given object, and longitude shows the distance from Greenwich to the desired object or point.

How to measure, find out geographic latitude and longitude on a world map? Each parallel of latitude is designated by a specific number - a degree.

Meridians are also designated by degrees.

Measure, find out geographic latitude and longitude on a world map

Any point will be located either at the intersection of the meridian and the parallel, or at the intersection of intermediate indicators. Therefore, its coordinates are indicated by specific indicators of latitude and longitude. For example, St. Petersburg is located at the following coordinates: 60° north latitude and 30° east longitude.

As stated above, latitude is parallels. To determine it, you need to draw a line parallel to the equator or a nearby parallel.

If the object is located on the parallel itself, then it is easy to determine its location (as described above).
If an object is between parallels, then its latitude is determined by the nearest parallel from the equator.
For example, Moscow is located north of the 50th parallel. The distance to this object is measured along the meridian and it is equal to 6°, which means that Moscow’s geographic latitude is 56°.

A clear example of determining the geographic coordinates of latitude on a world map can be found in the following video:

Video: Geographic latitude and geographic longitude. Geographic coordinates

To determine geographic longitude, you need to determine the meridian on which the point is located, or its intermediate value.

For example, St. Petersburg is located on a meridian whose value is 30°.
But what if the object is located between the meridians? How to determine its longitude?
For example, Moscow is located east of 30° east longitude.
Now add the number of degrees along the parallel to this meridian. It turns out 8° - which means the geographic longitude of Moscow is equal to 38° east longitude.

Another example of determining the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude on a world map in the video:

Video: Determining latitude and longitude

Any map shows all the parallels and meridians. What is the maximum value of geographic latitude and longitude? Highest value geographical latitude is 90°, and longitude is 180°. The most small value latitude is 0° (equator), and the smallest longitude value is also 0° (Greenwich).

Geographic latitude and longitude of the poles and the equator: what is it equal to?

The geographic latitude of points on the earth's equator is 0°, North Pole+90°, South -90°. The longitude of the poles is not determined, since these objects are located on all meridians at once.

Determining geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude on Yandex and Google map online

Schoolchildren may need to determine geographic coordinates from maps in real time when performing test work or on an exam.

It's convenient, fast and simple. Determining the geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude on Yandex and Google maps online can be done on various services on the Internet.
For example, you just need to enter the name of an object, city or country and click on it on the map. The geographic coordinates of this object will instantly appear.
In addition, the resource will show the address of the identified point.

The online mode is convenient because you can find out the necessary information here and now.

How to find a place by coordinates on Yandex and Google map?

If you do not know the exact address of an object, but you know its geographical coordinates, then its location can be easily found on Google or Yandex maps. How to find a place by coordinates on Yandex and Google map? Follow these steps:

For example, go to Google map.
Enter the geographic coordinates in the search box. You can enter degrees, minutes and seconds (for example 41°24’12.2″N 2°10’26.5″E), degrees and decimal minutes(41 24.2028, 2 10.4418), decimal degrees: (41.40338, 2.17403).
Click “Search” and the desired object on the map will appear in front of you.

The result will appear instantly, and the object itself will be marked on the map with a “red drop”.

Finding satellite maps with latitude and longitude coordinates is easy. You just need to enter in the Yandex or Google search window keywords, and the service will instantly give you what you need.

For example, " Satellite maps with latitude and longitude coordinates." Many sites will open providing such a service. Choose any one, click on the desired object and determine the coordinates.

Satellite maps - determining latitude and longitude coordinates

The Internet gives us great opportunities. If previously you only had to use a paper map to determine longitude and latitude, now it is enough to have a gadget with a network connection.