Statesmen of the elected Rada. About the leaders of the elected council. Local government reform

Traditionally they designate the ruling circle under Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.

The concept was introduced into circulation by Prince A.M. Kurbsky in “Is-to-ria about the Great Prince of Moscow.” In agreement with Kurb-sko-mu, Ra-du gathered around the king A.F. Ada-shev and Sil-vester, persecution and disgrace for these two persons this means the end of the activity of the Chosen Council. Although the “Chosen Rada” is understood in the re-writing of Ivan IV and Kurb-sky, both op-on-nen-ta from-me- whether in the letters the leading role of Ada-she-va, Sil-ve-st-ra and the “co-advisers” close to them with pro-ti-false we are rated: uni-chi-zhi-tel-but from-ri-tsa-tel-noy from the tsar and exalted-but-zi-tiv-noy from the prince -emig-ran-ta.

In the many-year-long dis-cussion about the timing of the activities and the meaning of the Chosen One, they were glad to do one research (S. F . schi-ka-mi under the tsar and about-la-dav-shiy shi-ro-ki-mi who has full power, but has not become a special scholar -dir-de-no-em. Other races Elected Rada as an in-sti-here, co-ot-vet-st-v-v-shiy or at-personal co-sta-vu of the Bo-Yar-skaya Duma (V. O. Klyuchev- skiy), or Near Du-me (S.V. Bakh-ru-shin, A.A. Zi-min, with a number of special features - I.I. Smir-nov and R . G. Skryn-ni-kov). Third op-re-de-li-whether the Elected Rada according to the status and functions as a government, from the Duma with its su-gu-bo with-ve-sha-tel-ny-mi pre-ro-ga-ti-va-mi, ari-sto-kra-tic composition and, unlike her , acting in the in-te-re-sah of a number of nobles and in the garden of the village (D.N. Al-shits). The activities of the Chosen Rada ended up being pro-bo-yar (S.M. Solov-ev) and pro-noble (I.I. Smir-nov). Some research (S. F. Pla-to-nov, A. E. Pre-snya-kov, S. V. Bakh-ru-shin, A . and pro-ve-den-nyh pre-o-ra-zo-va-ny. In modern is-to-rio-graphy blah-da-rya complex study of the internal and external po-li-ti-ki of the Russian state of the 1550s formed a world-wide view of the Elected Rada based on a more detailed analysis of the processes in which the interaction What is the influence of the monarch and various circles of nobility and the palace of the Kazakh top on each other, the supreme secular and spiritual power, the secular and church elite and wide layers of the nobility and the garden people dey (E. N. No-sov, S. M. Kash-ta-nov, R. G. Skryn-nikov, A. P. Pav-lov, B. N. Florya, V. D. Na-za-rov, A. I. Fi-lyush-kin, M. M. Krom, etc.).

In conjunction with the layer-living-shi-mi, by the middle of the 16th century, a number of functions of the supreme power The chosen one should be considered the Near Duma of Ivan IV. In its first form, it was formed in 1547-1549 under the influence of many pro-ti-vo-re-chi-vyh fac- -to-ditch: formal uk-re-p-le-nie of the av-to-ri-te-ta and personal power of the young mo-nar-ha (wedding on tsar-st-vo in Yan-va-re and same-thread-ba in February 1547) about-is-ho-di-lo on the fo-not ug-lub-lyav-she-go-xia kri-zi- sa in the political elite (Kaz-ni bo-yar and young ari-sto-kra-tov in July 1546 and January 1547 in connection with the in-three-ga-mi princes) zey Glinskikh); The Moscow uprising of 1547; the unlucky Kazan-ho-ho-y of 1547-1548; from-sut-st-viya do-ta-accurate funds in the treasury. About-the-elk and at-the-re-lo-general ha-rak-ter not-to-will-st-in-the-county-of-noble-st-st-va, city-dweller , black-but-sosh-nykh-kre-st-yan administrative and su-deb-ny-mi decisions on-me-st-ni-kovs and hairs, their evil- upot-re-le-niya-mi, “na-si-lia-mi” from the side of the nobility in land and other disputes. The initial program of the pre-ob-ra-zo-va-niy was the for-mu-li-ro-va-na to the so-called. So-bo-ru at-mi-re-niya in February 1549 (tra-di-tsi-on-but is considered in the is-to-rio-graphy as the first zemstvo with -bo-rom), a more extensive variant of the re-form was considered at the Hundred-Head Council of 1551. Pro-ek-you-worked within the framework of the activities of the Chosen Rada, as well as the Bo-Yar Duma as a whole with the active -with the participation of Metropolitan Ma-ka-riy, Sil-ve-st-ra and other clergy.

The composition of the Chosen One is pleased according to the preserved information, but it is not op-de-la-et. She was noticeably larger in number and representation of clan clans than the Grand Duke's Near Duma mo-s-kov-skogo Va-si-lia III Iva-no-vi-cha in the 1520-1530s. Some of the members of the Chosen Rada stayed in the Tsar’s vicinity on his first trips and walks, and other members of the Chosen Rada -they were in Moscow in the composition of the Bo-Yar commissions. In their activities, the members of the Chosen Rada relied on government officials, the head of the entire royal treasury, but also and palace departments. Inclusion in the “bigger po-li-ti-ku” of non-noble young fa-vo-ri-tov or young pre-sta-vi-te- Lei kno-ti about-is-ho-di-lo of out-of-the-ordinary positions and Duma officials (genus -ni-ki tsa-ri-tsy A. R. Za-har-i-noy-Yur-e-voy from the clan of Za-har-i-nykh-Kosh-ki-nyh) or temporary establishment -nov-le-niya of the new status-of-the-chi-n (“the cooks in the Duma” A.F. Adashev and I.M. Vesh-nya-kov in 1551 year). In the framework of “po-li-ti-ki at-mi-re-niya” prin-tsi-pi-al-but from-men-nil-xia ha-rak-ter so-per-ni-che-st -va different “parties”: after their removal from the main levers of public administration, the executions stopped, oops -ly with the con-fi-ska-tsi-i im-st-va and here is the rank, deprivation of the Duma ranks and re-press-sions against the clan-st-ven- no-cov.

Is-to-ry of the Chosen One is glad to study tra-di-tsi-on-but de-lyat for 2 periods: from the end of 1547 to ru-be-zha 1554 and 1555, from the beginning of 1555 to the spring of 1560. In the 1st period, within the framework of the Elected Rada and the Bo-Yar Duma, the “clans” of Ge- di-mi-no-vi-chey (princes Bel-sky, I.F. Msti-slav-sky, Bul-ga-ko-you-Go-li-tsy-ny and Shche-nya-te-you ), princes Vo-ro-tyn-sky, Obo-len-sky (led by D.I. Kur-la-te-vym), Za-har-i-nykh-Kosh-ki-nykh (Za-khar-i-ny-Yur-e-vy, Za-khar-i-ny-Yakov-li), Mo-ro-zo-vykh, Voron-tso-vykh, etc. One of A.F. Ada-shev became the main co-or-di-na-to-ditch of eastern diplomacy and military po-li-ti-ki. During the 2nd period of the work of the Chosen One, while maintaining several “influence groups” in it, Ada-shev became the main ko-or-di -on-the-rum of all government activities. At the same time, a prominent role in the Chosen Radn game and other figures (Prince F.A. Bul-ga-kov-Ku-ra-kin, Prince D.I. Kur-lya -tev, M. Ya. Mo-ro-zov, F. I. Um-noy-Ko-ly-chev, I. V. Bol-shoy She-re-met-tev, etc.), as well as before-sta-vi-te-li ver-khush-ki pri-kaz-no-go ap-pa-ra-ta (ka-zna-whose F.I. Su-kin, clerk I.E. Tsy -p-la-tev, I. M. Vis-ko-va-ty, Yu. Si-do-rov, S. M. Mit-ro-fa-nov-Ne-cha-ev), providing chi-vav-she-go pro-ve-de-nie re-forms and real-noe func-tion of public administration.

The main benefit of the activities of the Chosen Rada was the creation of the Su-deb-nik of 1550, when new we, for-tra-gi-va-the main problems of life-society, for-mi-ro-va-on the network at-ka-call, pro-ve-de-ny re -forms from the 1550s, incl. 2nd stage of the labial reform of the 1530-1550s, zemstvo reform of 1555-1556, from-me-no-feeding, pre-reform -zo-va-na na-lo-go-vo-fi-nan-so-vaya si-ste-ma, sfor-mu-li-ro-va-ny pra-vi-la place-no-che-st -va at the military names-on-che-ni-yah (1550) and pro-tse-du-ry places-no-ches-to-go-su-da, uni-fi-ci-ro- va-we are the norms of military service of the nobility and all layers of the nobility in accordance with the size of the land Vlad-de-niy and de-gentle-mi you-pla-ta-mi (1556), created a sagittarius army.

Cardinal pro-account of A.F. Ada-she-va in the op-re-de-le-nii of the main external-non-political goals and co-from-no-she strength, as well as strengthening since the end of the 1550s the king’s desire to “go-su-da-rit” himself, to expand tav-neck not-to-will-st-vo Ivan IV style of ve-de-niya of his council-co-vet-niks from the staff of the Chosen Rada, by-degree -but the growing strength of the nobility from the centuries-old wars, op-re-de-lived in the early 1560s, per-spec- Ti-va w-de-niya war on two fronts, ob-st-riv-shie pro-ti-vo-re-chia between different “parties” internal In the spring of 1560, the Chosen One herself was glad to deport Ada-she-va from Moscow to the theater of the Livonian War of 1558-1583, and then to his complete disgrace, which pre-pre-de-li-lo the cessation of the activities of the Chosen Rada in its traditional form and the same co-sta-ve.

Elected Rada

The tsar ruled the country relying on advisory bodies - the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. In addition, Ivan IV gathered around him a circle of close people with progressive views who helped him implement domestic policy aimed at improving the situation in the country. This group of people, who had no official status, was called the Chosen Rada.

“AND? THE CHOSEN RA?DA” - a circle of people close to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, who actually carried out the con. 40s to the end 50s 16th century government functions.

The “Chosen Rada” was led by A. F. Adashev, priest Annunciation Cathedral Moscow Kremlin Sylvester, Metropolitan Macarius, Prince A.M. Kurbsky, etc. The term “Chosen Rada” was first used by Prince A.M. Kurbsky in “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow.”

The “elected Rada” concentrated in its hands all the threads of governing the country. Its activities were aimed at strengthening the state and strengthening the authority of the central government. The most significant event of the “Elected Rada” is considered to be the compilation of the new Code of Laws of 1550 - a legislative code that replaced the Code of Laws of 1497.

Another event of the “Elected Rada” was the regulation of localism. During the military reform, the Streltsy army was created. In Moscow and neighboring districts, it was decided to place a selected thousand nobles, “the best servants”, who became the economic, political and military support of the government. Military reform 1550s completed the “Code of Service”, which determined the scope and nature of the official duties of landowners in strict dependence on the estates and estates they had.

During the years of activity of the “Elected Rada”, Local, Rank, Ambassadorial and other orders were formed, which marked the beginning of the formation of the order system public administration, which was in force until the beginning. 18th century

In 1555–1556 in cities and districts with a black-growing population (depending directly on the state, and not on private owners) and in palace volosts, a zemstvo reform was carried out, which finally eliminated the feeding system. It was replaced by zemstvo self-government, the local representatives of which were zemstvo elders (“favorite heads”), kissers and zemstvo judges elected from among the tax-paying population of cities and black-growing peasants. They were in charge of collecting taxes, handling small court cases, and maintaining order in the territory of the volost or city.

Fearing restrictions on his power, Ivan IV in 1560 refused to rely on the “Elected Rada”. Adashev and Sylvester were removed from government, A.M. Kurbsky fled the country, and Metropolitan Macarius died in 1563. In 1561–1564 disgrace and execution fell on the heads of other leaders of the “Chosen Rada”, as well as their relatives and friends. V.V.

ADA?SHEV Alexey Fedorovich (?– 1561) – statesman, okolnichy since November 1553. Brother of D. F. Adashev.

He comes from a rich, but not well-born family of Kostroma nobles who made a fortune in the salt trade. At the court of Tsar Ivan IV he made a quick career - from ordinary “children of the boyars” he became first a solicitor and bedchamber of the sovereign, then a Duma nobleman, and then a deviant and even a royal bed-keeper. Thanks to his intelligence and organizational abilities, Adashev enjoyed the exceptional trust of the sovereign, who, according to Prince A.M. Kurbsky, could not “arrange or think of anything” without Adashev’s advice. From the end 1540s Adashev was the custodian of the press, archive and personal office of the sovereign, was in charge of compiling discharge books and the official chronicle, and supervised foreign policy Russia, accompanied the tsar on all his campaigns, headed the Petition Order, which controlled the activities of all other government agencies. Adashev actually headed the activities of the “Chosen Rada” - a group of noble persons especially close to the Tsar, who constituted the de facto government of Russia. Adashev became the initiator of the experiments carried out in Russia in the 1550s. transformations received in historical literature the name of the reforms is “Elected Rada”.

After Ivan IV’s break with the “Chosen Rada,” which, as the tsar believed, sought to limit his autocratic power, Adashev was sent to war in Livonia (the third commander of a large regiment). Having distinguished himself in battles with the enemy, he did not gain the gratitude of the king and did not return his favor. In addition, Adashev’s enemies slandered him before the tsar: they accused him of poisoning Tsarina Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan IV. Alexey Adashev died in the Yuryev voivodeship from a “fiery illness”, on the eve of the reprisal being prepared against him. Later, all of Adashev’s relatives were subjected to painful executions by order of the king. V.V.

SILVESTER (in monasticism - Spiridon) (? - ca. 1566) - priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, writer, politician.

Comes from a wealthy Novgorod family. In the 40s 16th century, perhaps at the invitation of Metropolitan Macarius, he arrived in Moscow. Sources testify that with bold denunciations he “deceived” the young Tsar Ivan IV, who began to consult him on all issues. In the beginning 50s 16th century Sylvester played a prominent role in the activities of the “Chosen Rada”.

Sylvester's influence on Ivan IV was short-lived. In 1553, after his illness, the tsar began to gradually alienate Sylvester from himself and remove him from business. This change in the tsar’s mood was apparently facilitated, in particular, by Sylvester’s rapprochement with Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky. Those close to Ivan IV insistently insisted that Sylvester was a sorcerer, that he entangled the king with the power of magic and thereby kept him in captivity. In 1560, Sylvester finally retired from the court. Historians disagree as to whether his departure was forced or voluntary. It is only known that Sylvester took monastic vows at the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery under the name of Spiridon.

Sylvester's range of interests was very diverse. Together with his son Anfim, he set up workshops in Moscow for the production of handwritten books, icons, and silver items. Some researchers suggest that the first Moscow printed books published before Apostle Ivan Fedorov could have been printed under the leadership of Sylvester. His name is also associated with the organization of painting of the royal chambers in the Kremlin.

Most of all, Sylvester is known as a talented writer, the author of a number of messages. He composed a “Laudatory speech” for Princess Olga, which was included in the Book of Degrees. Sylvester’s most important work was “Domostroy,” in which he outlined the ideals of “ righteous living"and gave instructions regulating various aspects of spiritual, state, church and private life.

However, some researchers believe that Sylvester owns only part of this unique work or its new edition. G.A.

KURBSKY Andrey Mikhailovich (1528–1583) - prince, governor, boyar from 1556.

Already in his young years, Kurbsky became famous as a commander, took part in the capture of Kazan in 1552. Being close to Tsar Ivan IV and his closest advisors A. Adashev and Sylvester, Kurbsky became a member of the “Chosen Rada”, and at the age of 28 he was awarded the rank of boyar. When during Livonian War The tsar began persecution of his recent friends; Kurbsky commanded the Russian army in the Baltic states. Despite the victories he won, he was soon removed from command and appointed governor of the city of Yuryev (Dorpat) recaptured from the Livonians. Fearing the tsar's wrath, on the night of April 30, 1564, Kurbsky fled to Lithuania.

The Polish king granted the noble fugitive the rich Kovel volost and other land holdings in Lithuania and Poland. The former Russian governor, already on the enemy side, continued to participate in the Livonian War, leading detachments in the Polish-Lithuanian armies in campaigns against Velikiye Luki and Polotsk. Only a serious illness prevented him from joining Stefan Batory, who besieged Pskov in 1581.

Kurbsky gained fame as an original thinker and writer. He called Maxim the Greek his teacher. Kurbsky is the author of many works, including three messages to Ivan the Terrible, in which he accused Ivan the Terrible of numerous crimes. In 1573, Kurbsky wrote “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow” with denunciations of the Tsar and a story about the activities of the “Chosen Rada”. He also owns various works directed against Catholicism and Protestantism. V.V.

PERESVETOV Ivan Semenovich (16th century) – thinker, publicist.

The life of Ivan Semenovich Peresvetov can be judged only by those meager facts that he himself cited in his works: a native of Western (Lithuanian) Rus', a professional “warrior”, in the 20s and 30s. 16th century was in the service of the Hungarian and Czech kings, the Moldavian ruler. In con. 30s Peresvetov arrived in Moscow and unsuccessfully tried to organize a weapons workshop for the production of “hussar shields.” In con. 40s wrote and handed over to Tsar Ivan IV several essays in which he formulated his proposals for improvement government structure Russia. Further fate Peresvetova is unknown.

Peresvetov's works were preserved in lists of the 17th century.

Peresvetov believed that after the fall in 1453 Byzantine Empire Russia remained the only custodian of the true Christian faith. He is close to the idea that Moscow acts as the successor to Constantinople. Special attention he emphasized the role and significance of the Orthodox king, who is capable of establishing a true Orthodox kingdom. According to Peresvetov, the Lord bestows His grace on that earthly king who can establish “truth” in his kingdom: “In whatever kingdom there is truth, God dwells there, and God’s wrath will not rise against this kingdom.” “Truth,” Peresvetov believed, is higher than faith: “God doesn’t love faith, but truth.” However, only Christianity is capable of expressing the “truth” most fully, which is why God loves the “Christian faith” “more than others.”

Russia, according to Peresvetov, is an arena for the struggle between God and the devil for “truth.” The main problem of the Muscovite kingdom lies in the omnipotence of the “nobles” who limit the power of the tsar. Peresvetov proposed a whole system of measures that could establish “truth” on Russian soil - reliance on the service army, the introduction of “righteous” courts, improvement tax rules, partial abolition of governorship and slavery. Only an autocratic tsar can implement all these measures, and the reforms themselves should maximize his role. He advised Ivan IV to act not only wisely, but also “formidably”: “From the great thunderstorm of your wisdom, the tsar’s crafty judges will wake up as if from a dream... The king of the kingdom is formidable and wise, his kingdom is expanding, and his name is glorious throughout all lands.”

Researchers drew attention to the coincidence of Peresvetov’s views with the ideas of Ivan IV the Terrible himself. It has been suggested that Peresvetov to some extent influenced the tsar’s writings. However, neither in the works of Ivan the Terrible, nor in others literary monuments There are no references to Peresvetov’s works from that time. S.P.

From the book Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great [Fictional Tsar and False Tsar] author

3.2. Infant Dmitry Ivanovich as the second tsar of the “Terrible Time”, who ruled in 1553–1563 Elected Rada Today it is believed that the first son of Ivan IV - infant Dmitry - died immediately after they swore allegiance to him in 1553. However, it follows from the documents that when

From the book Rus' and the Horde. Great Empire middle ages author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

5.2. Infant Dmitry Ivanovich as the second tsar of the “time of the Terrible”, who ruled in 1553–1563 Elected Rada Today it is believed that the first son of Ivan IV - the infant Dmitry - died immediately after they swore allegiance to him in 1553, p. 109. However, it follows from the documents that when

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the 16th century. 6th grade author Chernikova Tatyana Vasilievna

§ 28. THE ELECTED RADA 1. The crowning of the kingdom and the Moscow riot of 1547 Towards the end of the boyar rule, the central government lost all authority. The people, crushed by taxes and arbitrariness, grumbled. To calm the unrest, Ivan IV, apparently on the advice of Metropolitan Macarius, in January

author Bokhanov Alexander Nikolaevich

From the book Vasily III. Ivan the Terrible author

The Elected Rada In his “History of the Grand Duke of Moscow,” Andrei Kurbsky mentioned that under Sylvester and Adashev, the affairs of the state were managed by the Elected Rada. If you believe the letters of Ivan the Terrible, ruling circle consisted entirely of traitorous boyars. According to Kurbsky, to Favorites

From the book Full course Russian history: in one book [in modern presentation] author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Elected Rada (1547) He saw his power as exclusive, as standing above all people in the entire state, without distinction of merit or pedigree, he naively confused two concepts - power and reverence, thinking that power simultaneously gives both respect and authority , And

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century author Froyanov Igor Yakovlevich

Elected Rada Plans for the reconstruction of Russia were hatched by a small group of people. surrounding Ivan IV at that time. One of them was Metropolitan Macarius, the most educated man of that time, who actively participated in government activities 40-50s. To others close

From the book Tsar of Terrible Rus' author Shambarov Valery Evgenievich

18. “CHOSEN RADA” The principles of autocracy were developed back in Byzantium. But in Rus' they were significantly transformed and adapted to other historical and national traditions. One of the theorists of strong monarchical power was St. Kirill

From the book World history: in 6 volumes. Volume 3: The World in Early Modern Times author Team of authors

THE ELECTED RADA The elected Rada (the name was first used later - already in exile - by Prince Andrei Kurbsky) is a ruling circle with a variable composition that operated in the late 1540s - 1550s and was famous primarily for its reform activities. Reforms started

From the book The Time of Ivan the Terrible. XVI century author Team of authors

The elected Rada The Tsar ruled the country, relying on advisory bodies - the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. In addition, Ivan IV gathered around him a circle of close people with progressive views who helped him implement internal policies aimed at

From the book Ivan the Terrible author Dukhopelnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich

“The Chosen Rada” The Moscow uprising of 1547 revealed the fragility of the boyar governments and thereby created favorable opportunities for the nobility to enter the political arena. It was after the uprising that the voice of noble publicists was heard for the first time, and

From the book Great History of Ukraine author Golubets Nikolay

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the 17th century author Sakharov Andrey Nikolaevich

§ 3. “The Chosen Rada” and the Russian Centralized State For a person familiar with the texts of documents from the 50s of the 16th century, the phrase “The Chosen Rada” sounds unusual. The term, however, has long taken root in scientific and popular literature. They often talk about

From the book The Beginning of the Oprichnina author Skrynnikov Ruslan Grigorievich

Chapter I The Chosen Rada and its fall. At the end of the 15th - first quarter of the 16th century. the process of unification of Russian lands within the framework of a single centralized state was completed: the Grand Duchy of Moscow included Yaroslavl, Rostov, Tver

From the book Ukraine at the War for Power. History of the organization and combat operations of the Ukrainian Armed Forces 1917-1921 author Udovichenko Alexander Ivanovich

From the book by Chorna Rad. 1663 author Soroka Yuriy

The term itself is found only in the work of Kurbsky, while Russian sources of that time do not give this circle of people any official name.

Creation

The formation of a select circle of people around the tsar occurs after the Moscow events of the summer of 1547: a fire and then an uprising of Muscovites. According to Kurbsky’s version, during these events Archpriest Sylvester appeared to the king and “threatened the king with a terrible spell from the Holy Scriptures,<...>to<...>stop his riots and moderate his violent temper.”

Compound

The composition of the “Elected Rada” is the subject of debate. Definitely, the priest of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kremlin, the confessor of the Tsar Sylvester and a young figure from a not very noble family A.F. Adashev participated in the “Rada”.

On the other hand, some historians deny the existence of the Elected Rada as an institution led exclusively by the three above-mentioned persons.

Reforms of the Chosen One:

1549 The First Zemsky Sobor is a body of class representation that ensures the connection between the center and the localities, Ivan IV’s speech from the front: condemnation of the wrong boyar rule, announcement of the need for reforms.
Code of Law of 1550 - development of the provisions of the Code of Law of Ivan III, limitation of the power of governors and volosts, strengthening of control of the tsarist administration, uniform amount of court fees, preservation of the right of peasants to cross on St. George’s Day.
The Council of the Hundred Heads in 1551 – unification of church rites, recognition of all locally revered saints as all-Russian, establishment of a strict iconographic canon, requirements for improving the morals of the clergy, prohibition of usury among priests.
Military reform of 1556 - the Code of Service was adopted: restriction of localism for the period of hostilities, in addition to the mounted local militia, organization of a standing army - archers, gunners, a unified order of military service.
Formation of the order system:
- Ambassadorial order - foreign policy
- Petition order (Adashev) – supreme body control
- The local order was in charge of land ownership
- The robber order searched and tried
- Streletsky order was in charge of the created Streltsy army
- Rank - noble army, appointment of governor
- Great Parish - tax collection
- Yamskoy - postal service and stations
- Zemsky - law enforcement in Moscow
Continuation of the provincial reform - the abolition of feedings, all power in the counties passed to elected provincial and zemstvo elders, and in cities - to favorite heads.

The reforms of the Elected Rada outlined the path to strengthening and centralization of the state and contributed to the formation of an estate-representative state.

Fall of the Chosen Rada

The reason for the royal disfavor by some historians [ Who?] is seen in the fact that Ivan IV was dissatisfied with the disagreements of some members of the Rada with the late Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuryeva, the Tsar’s first wife. This is also confirmed by the fact that after the death of his second wife, Maria Temryukovna, Ivan the Terrible also carried out executions of those disliked by the queen and accused the boyars of “harassing” (poisoning) Maria.

In 1553, Ivan the Terrible fell ill. The illness was so severe that the question of transfer of power arose in the Boyar Duma. Ivan forced the boyars to swear allegiance to their infant son, Tsarevich Dmitry. But among the members of the Rada the idea arose to transfer the Moscow throne cousin Tsar - Vladimir, Prince Staritsky. In particular, Sylvester noted that Vladimir’s quality is that he loves advisers. However, Ivan recovered from his illness, and the conflict, at first glance, was settled. But the king did not forget this story and later used it against Sylvester and Adashev.

The main contradiction was the radical difference in the views of the Tsar and the Rada on the issue of centralization of power in the state (the process of centralization is the process of concentrating state power). Ivan IV wanted to speed up this process. The elected Rada chose the path of gradual and painless reform.

Historical estimates

Among historians there is no unambiguous assessment of the activities of the “Elected Rada”.

Karamzin notes positive traits reign of the “Elected Rada”, emphasizing the “wise moderation” and “philanthropy” of the tsarist government: “Everywhere the people blessed the government’s zeal for the common good, everywhere they replaced unworthy Rulers: they punished them with contempt or prison, without excessive severity; wanted to mark a happy change of state not by the cruel execution of bad old officials, but by the better election of new ones...”

Kostomarov’s influence of the “circle of favorites” is such that “without consulting with the people of this elected council, Ivan not only did not arrange anything, but did not even dare to think,” in this influence the historian sees a “bitter humiliation” for the autocracy of Ivan IV.

Notes

Links

Elected Rada- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Elyanov E. Subjective interpretations: domestic historians about the era of Ivan the Terrible

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what the “Elected Rada” is in other dictionaries:

The unofficial government of the Russian state in the late 1540s and 1550s. The Elected Rada included those close to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. A prominent position in the Elected Rada was occupied by Duma nobleman A.F. Adashev, court priest Sylvester,... ... Political science. Dictionary.

THE ELECTED RADA, the unofficial government of the Russian state under Tsar Ivan IV, in the late 40s and 50s. 16th century (A.F. Adashev, Sylvester, Makariy, A.M. Kurbsky, etc.). Supporters of a compromise between various ruling strata, annexation... ... Modern encyclopedia

circle of people close to Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, in fact former unofficial. pr-vom in con. 40-50s 16th century Polish the term "I.r." (“Council of the Elect”) used in the book. A. Kurbsky in “The History of the Grand Duke of Moscow”. Massive anti-feud. movement in the city and countryside led in the late 40s. to the temporary unity of all groups of domination. class - boyars, church. feudal lords, nobles, in order to carry out changes that could weaken the people. discontent. Leadership position in the I. r. occupied by Duma nobleman A.F. Adashev and court priest Sylvester, as well as Metropolitan Macarius, Duma clerk I.M. Viskovaty, large feudal lords Prince A.M. Kurbsky and others. discussed government plans. reforms and external policies and managed their implementation. From I. r. the appointment of military commanders and leading officials of the center depended. and local government apparatus, decisions by many courts. and local affairs. The Petition Order, headed by Adashev, became important and directed the activities of other institutions. I.r. pursued a compromise policy of extending the rights and privileges of the boyars to the nobles, which, despite its inconsistency, was beneficial primarily to the nobility. The compromise nature of the policy of the I. r. especially manifested itself in the first stage (before 1553); later an offensive against the boyar aristocracy began. During the reign of I. r. The most important reforms were carried out in the center area. And local government and courts (execution of orders, abolition of feedings, publication of the Code of Laws of 1550, etc.) and military. reforms (creation of the Streltsy army, limitation of localism in the army, publication of a service code). Ch. direction external politics I. r. initially it was eastern (the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates), later - the struggle for the Baltic states. In the choice of east. external directions The ideologists of the nobility (I.S. Peresvetov), the boyars (Kurbsky) and the Josephite clergy (Makariy) converged in politics. However, the compromise policy of the I. r. soon ceased to satisfy the nobles interested in more decisions. fight against economic and political privileges of large feudal lords. Some participants of the I. r. became close to the boyars - oppositionists who opposed the continuation of the Livonian War of 1558-83. This led to the fall of the I. r. in 1560. The question of the nature of the policy of the I. r. remains controversial. Most of the nobles and bourgeois. historians, following Ivan IV, considered I. r. conductor of princely-boyar policy. S.V. Bakhrushin, A.A. Zimin, S.O. Schmidt emphasize the compromise composition of the administration, especially before 1553, and note a certain inconsistency in the implementation of the policy of limiting the privileges of the boyar aristocracy. I. I. Smirnov believes it was made in the 50s. conductor of policy in the interests of the nobility, believing that the I. r., members of the swarm shared the views of Kurbsky, did not take such part in the state. management, as: it is usually attributed to. Lit.: Bakhrushin S.V., The Chosen Rada of Ivan the Terrible, in his book: Scientific. tr., vol. 2, M., 1954, p. 329-52; Smirnov I.I., Essays on politics. history of Rus. state 30-50s. XVI century, M.-L., 1958; Zimin A. A., Reforms of Ivan the Terrible, M., 1960; Schmidt S.O., Government. activities of A.F. Adashev, "Uch. zap. MSU", v. 167, 1954; his, Cathedrals of the mid-16th century, "ISSR", 1960, No. 4. S. O. Schmidt. Moscow.

The formation of a select circle of people around the tsar occurred after the Moscow events of the summer of 1547: the fire and the subsequent Moscow uprising. According to Kurbsky’s version, during these events Archpriest Sylvester came to the king and “he threatened the king with a terrible curse from the Holy Scriptures,<…>to<…>stop his riots and moderate his violent temper.” .

Compound

On the other hand, some historians deny the existence of the Elected Rada as an institution led exclusively by the above-mentioned persons.

Reforms of the Chosen One:

1549 The First Zemsky Sobor is a body of class representation that ensures the connection between the center and the localities; Ivan IV's speech from the front: condemnation of the wrong boyar rule, announcement of the need for reforms.
Code of Law of 1550 - development of the provisions of the Code of Law of Ivan III, limitation of the power of governors and volostels, strengthening of control of the tsarist administration, uniform amount of court fees, preservation of the right of peasants to cross on St. George's Day.
Formation of the order system (reforms of central government): The Code of Law of 1550 establishes a system of order management, the basic framework of which remained until the end of the 17th century. Orders are established to provide basic state needs: Petition, Posolsky, Local, Streletsky, Pushkarsky, Bronny, Robbery, Pechatny, Sokolnichiy, Zemsky orders, as well as quarters: Galitskaya, Ustyug, Novaya, Kazan order.
The Council of the Hundred Heads in 1551 - the unification of church rituals, the recognition of all locally revered saints as all-Russian, the establishment of a rigid iconographic canon, requirements for improving the morals of the clergy, and the prohibition of usury among priests.
Military reform of 1556 - the Code of Service was adopted: restriction of localism for the period of hostilities, in addition to the mounted local militia, organization of a standing army - archers, gunners, a unified order of military service.
In 1556, a reform of local government was carried out - the feeding system was abolished. Organs took the place of feeders zemstvo self-government- heads and kissers. Granting rights to the provincial nobility.

The reforms of the Elected Rada outlined the path to strengthening and centralization of the state and contributed to the formation of an estate-representative state.

Fall of the Chosen Rada

In 1553, Ivan the Terrible fell ill. The illness was so severe that the question of transfer of power arose in the Boyar Duma. Ivan forced the boyars to swear allegiance to their infant son, Tsarevich Dmitry. But among the members of the Rada, the idea arose to transfer the Moscow throne to the Tsar’s cousin, Vladimir, Prince Staritsky. In particular, Sylvester noted that Vladimir’s quality is that he loves advisers. However, Ivan recovered from his illness, and the conflict, at first glance, was settled. But the king did not forget this story and subsequently used it against Sylvester and Adashev.

The main contradiction was the radical difference in the views of the Tsar and the Rada on the issue of centralization of power in the state. Ivan IV wanted to speed up this process. The elected Rada chose the path of gradual and painless reform. [ officials, but the best election of new ones..."

For Kostomarov, the influence of the “circle of favorites” is such that “without consulting with the people of this elected council, Ivan not only did not arrange anything, but did not even dare to think”, in this influence the historian sees a “bitter humiliation” for the autocracy of Ivan IV.

Historian A.I. Filyushkin questions the very existence of the Elected Rada as an informal government under Ivan the Terrible.

Statesmen of the elected Rada. About the leaders of the elected council. Local government reform

Creation

Compound

Fall of the Chosen Rada

Historical estimates

See also

Notes

Links

See what the “Elected Rada” is in other dictionaries:

Compound

Fall of the Chosen Rada